Walls of Avignon - Knowledge (XXG)

695: 683: 162: 1169: 29: 399: 289: 728: 877: 249: 354: 1013: 659:. The new gate was again designed by Franque. In 1783 the Porte de l'Oulle, to the west side of the town, was demolished and rebuilt 20 metres to the north of its original position, opposite La Comédie theatre on the other side of the Place Crillon. Vestiges of the arch of the original gate are still visible on the interior surface of the wall. The design was by the architect Jean-Baptiste Péru. The new gate no longer survives: it was demolished in 1900. During this period the 998: 635: 1028: 1077: 857: 387: 370:

section of the moat, which now serves as a main sewer, the external surfaces of the 13th century walls are clearly visible as are the lower portions the semi-circular towers. The towers average 6.2 m (20 ft) in diameter and are spaced about 34 m (37 yd) apart. The façades of the buildings on the south side of the rue des Lice, rue Henri Fabre and rue Joseph Vernet are aligned with the remains of the outer city wall below ground.

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walls. Working clockwise from the northeast the walls followed the rue des Trois-Colombes, the rue Campane, the rue Paul-Saïn, the rue Philonarde, the rue des Lices, the rue Henri-Farbe, the rue Joseph-Vernet and the rue Grande-Fusterie. The path of early walls in northwest corner of the town near the Pont Saint-Bénézet is obscure due to the subsequent changes to the fortifications in this important area.

1199: 1150: 1107: 796: 827: 811: 1215: 911: 525:. No wall was required for a stretch of 270 metres (300 yd) at the north of the town which was protected by the steep sides of the Rocher des Doms. Except for a section near the Rhône between the Porte Saint-Jacques and the Rocher des Doms the walls were surrounded by a moat which was supplied with water from the Sorgue and the Durance. Each of the gates included a 169: 753:

Saint-Lazare at the northeast corner of the town. Almost at the same time a 30 metres (98 ft) section of the medieval wall collapsed at the opposite corner of the town between Port Saint-Dominique and Port Saint-Roch. The collapse sent a wave of water 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) high sweeping along the streets and flooded three quarters of the town.

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position at the end of rue Palapharneri. This account conflicts with evidence from 17th century plans and pictures that show an entrance to the town at a position well away from the Rocher des Doms. A complication is that there was a gate with the same name in the earlier 13th century walls, the Portail Aurose, that was not demolished until 1738.

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Hastily constructed cotterdams prevented water flowing through the gates into the town when the Rhône flooded in December 2003. Outside the walls to the west of town, the Allées de l'Oulle were completely under water. Within the walls, some areas to the east of the centre were flooded to a depth of a

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and the Hôpital Sainte-Marthe to the east that had recently been founded by the legal expert Bernard Rascas and his wife. The area of the town would increase by more than three-fold to 151.7 ha (375 acres). The pope may have initially provided small sums for the project but from January 1358 the

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and a large army en route to a new campaign against the Albigensians. Avignon refused to open its gates but after a siege lasting three months (10 June until 12 September) the city was forced by famine to capitulate. One of the conditions imposed on the town was the dismantling of the city walls. The

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The town had always been subject to flooding by the Rhône. In November 1840 the river reached a height of 8.32 metres (27.3 ft), the highest that has ever been recorded. It caused severe flooding in the town with most streets under water. In some areas the water reached the first floor level of

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defended the papal palace complex against attacks by people from the town. The walls near the bridge were damaged and in 1410 the tower controlling access to the bridge collapsed. It was rebuilt in 1414. Between 1479 and 1488 the walls were repaired and remodelled with the reduction in the number of

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The pairs of arched gateways were retained long after the double set of walls had been demolished and are depicted on 16th and 17th century maps of the town. Many of the old gates were removed in the 18th century but the Portail de Pertuis was not demolished until 1847. The appearance of these gates

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In the 14th century there were two gates in the stretch of wall directly to the east of the Rocher des Doms: Porte Aurose and Porte de la Palefrenerie. Porte Aurose was located near the position of the modern Poterne Banasterie. At an early date, perhaps at the end of the 14th century, Porte Aurose

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In the first two decades of the 13th century the town added a second wall with a second moat outside the earlier wall. The two walls were parallel and separated by around 30 m (33 yd). Built into the outer wall were a series semi-circular towers. Access to the town was provided by twelve

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Water from the Sorgue joined the outer moat near the Portail Imbert, flowed around the walls to the Portail l'Êveque and then flowed away to join the Rhône. With the development of the town the moat was vaulted over although the river remained visible along the rue des Teinturiers. In the covered

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suggests that the Porte de la Palefrenerie was remove in the 15th century and that the Porte Aurose remained in use. In Girard's narrative in the 18th century the Porte Aurose, then referred to as Porte de la Ligne, was moved from its original position at the end of rue Banasterie to its present

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The town was again flooded by the Rhône at the end of May 1856. A rapid thaw of snow in the Alps led to the river rising to a height of 7.83 metres (25.7 ft), only 0.49 metres (1.6 ft) lower than in 1840. A sluice gate on a small sewer failed at the end of Rue Conduit Perrot near Porte

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and three of the seven gates were rebuilt. The Porte de la Ligne at the north of the town was judged to be too narrow. In 1755–1757 a new gatehouse designed by the architect Jean-Pierre Franque was built 50 metres west of the old gate at the end of Rue Palapharnerie. The new gate replaced a

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To facilitate easier access to the southwest part of the town, Porte Saint-Dominique was created in 1839 by opening a gap in the wall at the end of Rue Victor Hugo (formerly Rue Saint-Dominique). This was the first new entrance since three gates had been re-opened in the second half of the 17th

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The only surviving piece of the 13th century fortifications is a small fragment of the outer wall at the junction of rue Joseph-Vernet with rue Saint-Charles. Much of the path of the double defence is preserved in the city plan as modern streets follow what was once the gap between the two city

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to prevent the river water entering the town. A pair of vertical slots were cut into the limestone blocks on either side of the opening. The slots were separated by a distance of between 0.5 m to 1 m and were designed to accommodate wooden planks which could be placed across the gate

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Between 1796 and 1816-1818, the walls around the town were safeguarded as they were considered to be of military significance and were placed under the control of the French military. For the city of Avignon, an advantage of keeping the walls intact was that with only seven entrances it made

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After the Revolution, medieval ruins were considered an obstacle to effective town planning and in the first half of the 19th century the walls around most of the towns and villages in the Vaucluse were pulled down. The walls surrounding Avignon were spared a similar fate although they were

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From the second half of the 17th century some of the defensive structures were dismantled. Beginning in 1661 the three gates that had been walled up during the Wars of Religion were reopened, and a few years later all the drawbridges were removed. In 1679 some of the exterior fortifications

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The original 14th century name was Porte Sainte-Jacques, it later became Porte du Limas. The gate was walled up during the Wars of Religion, and opened again in 1663. Rebuilt by Jean-Baptiste Péru in 1785–1786 20 metres north of the original position, it was demolished in 1900.

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The walls stretch for 4.3 km (2.7 mi) and enclose an area of 150 ha (370 acres). There were originally twelve gates controlling access to the city but this number was reduced to seven when the fortifications were modified between 1481 and 1487 during the

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was closed. Porte de la Palefrenerie became known as Porte de la Ligne. In 1755–1757 the Porte de la Ligne was moved and rebuilt in the classical style by Jean-Pierre Franque in its present position at the end of rue Palaphanerie. The gate was restored in 2003.

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was constructed to protect the gate by Antoine Carteron in 1488. This was replaced in 1568 during the Wars of Religion by a ravelin. The gate was restored and a second entrance created in 1882. At the same time the remains of the ravelin were demolished.

217:, Avignon capitulated and was forced to dismantle the early walls and fill in the moats. Beginning in around 1231, the defences were rebuilt. Although these early walls have not survived, their path is preserved in the street plan of the city. 610:(1562–1598). The walls were repaired, and three of the gates were walled up. These were Porte Saint-Roch, Porte de l'Oulle and Porte de la Ligne. The remaining four gates were strengthened by the addition of protective fortifications ( 463:

decided to protect the expanded town with a new set of walls. The walls were to enclose a large lozenge shaped area that included the Chapelle Notre-Dame-des-Miracles in the southwest that had been founded by the second Avignon pope

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Pedestrian entrance through a tower that was built at the end of the 15th century. The tower is also referred to Tour des Chiens and confusingly as Tour Octogonale although there are eleven sides at the base and ten at the top.

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There are now around 25 entrances through the city walls. Of these, ten are restricted to pedestrians. The list below begins at the north of the town to the east of the Rocher des Doms and progresses in a clockwise direction.

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is unknown as they are not depicted on any print or lithograph. The names of some gates have survived in the modern street names: rue Portail Biensen, rue du Portail Magnanen, rue Portail Matheron and Planet du Portail Peint.

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came from Villeneuve-lès-Avignon and sand came from islands in the Rhône. By 1372 the new walls were sufficiently advanced to protect the town against a band of mercenaries en route to Italy. Work continued and in 1381 the

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a rudimentary wall was erected by reusing material from Roman monuments. It was centred on the Rocher des Doms and enclosed a much smaller area than the Roman town. This wall is mentioned by the Gallo-Roman historian

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the houses. The flooding lasted for over three weeks and deposited large quantities of mud in the streets. Following this event the town decided to make better use of the town walls as a flood barrier and to install

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that had established monasteries outside the city gates in the previous century. The residents of these new suburbs lacked the protection provided by the walls but were exempt from paying the city taxes.

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Gap opened in 1839, enlarged in 1953. This is close to the site of an original 14th century gate, the Porte des Prêcheurs or Porte des Dominicains, that was walled-up at the end of the 14th century.

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whose construction is traditionally dated to between 1177 and 1185. There are no surviving records of when the first city wall was built but historians have suggested dates between 1060 and 1176.

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Tower opened in 1965. Referred to as the "tour de la Navigation", it was purchased by the town from the French state in 1826 and until 1851 housed the office controlling navigation on the Rhône.

475:) on wine brought into the town. Additional taxes were introduced on salt and general merchandise in 1363. The papacy also lent money to the town to allow the work to proceed more rapidly. 402:

Modern entrances. Those dating from the end of the 15th century are indicated by red disks, other vehicular entrances by orange disks and pedestrian entrances are indicated by green disks.

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in 1309. This led to a large expansion of the town so that the free space within the double walls was soon exhausted and church officials began building outside the old walls, joining the

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has taken place in Avignon since the 1960s, especially around the Place de l'Horloge. This has revealed many details of the Roman town but no evidence has been found for a defensive wall.

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Tower opened in 1903 to allow easy access to the town from the army barracks outside the walls, the Caserne Chabran. The Caserne Chabran is now occupied by the Préfecture de Vaucluse.

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by the Canal de l'Hôpital (La Durançole). The double walls extended around a perimeter of approximately 3 km (1.9 mi) and enclosed an area of around 45 ha (110 acres).

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14th century gate demolished in 1896 to allow more space for an electric tramline. A ravelin, constructed to protect the gate at the end of the 16th century, was demolished in 1760.

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For four of the twelve entrances the surviving manuscripts only ever mention a single gate. These are: Portail Pertuis, Portail Saint-Agricol, Portail l'Évêque, and Portail Aurose.

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Gap opened in 1855 to allow access to the railway station. In 1863 Viollet-le-Duc removed two old towers in the existing walls and built a fantasy tower on either side of the gap.

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A 17th century map showing the two arches of the Portail Magnanen at the junction of the Rue du Portail Magnanen and the Rue des Lices. A bridge is shown over the inner moat.

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This was one of the 14th century entrances. Its original name was Ayguière or Eyguière. During the Wars of Religion the gate was protected by a ravelin. It was rebuilt in a

3054:(in French). Montpellier: Centre Historique de Recherches et d'Etudes sur la Méditerranée Médiévale Occidentale, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier III. pp. 63–101. 1188:

defended the papal palaces and bridge tower against attacks by people from the town. The bridge tower collapsed in 1410 during this conflict and was rebuilt in 1414. The

161: 2253: 760:. This was a large project and required the demolition of buildings that had been constructed against the medieval wall. The reinforcement was clad with marble from 2946: 332:

town rebuilt the defences between 1234 and 1237, presumably on the same plan, but in 1251 Avignon lost its independence when the two younger brothers of King

232:, the fifth Avignon pope, work began on the construction of a new set of city walls to enclose the expanded town. The walls took nearly 20 years to complete. 3138: 715:

easier. The octoi was a tax payable on goods brought into the town. The system was abolished in 1793 during the Revolution but was reintroduced in 1800.

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Historians had assumed that during the Roman period Avignon would have been defended by a wall, but this is now considered unlikely. A large amount of

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The current walls replaced an earlier double set of defensive walls that had been completed in the first two decades of the 13th century. During the

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Pair of tunnels for vehicles through the rock that were opened in 1974. They provide access to La Place Ferruce and an underground car park.

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Passageway opened in 1995. The tower, La Pyramide, contains sluices that control the flow of water from the Sorgue to within the city walls.

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The gatehouse controlled access to the town from the bridge. A tower constructed in 1368 was replaced by a larger tower in 1380. During the

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While work on the wall was progressing the town came under attack from unemployed mercenaries whose numbers increased when a truce in the

455:, the Queen of Naples and Countess of Provence, for 80,000 gold florins. Prompted by the threat from the bands of marauding mercenaries ( 1347:

In the 14th century this tower was given the name "Tour Saint-Esprit". It later became "Tour du Bourreau" and "Tour du Moulin des Mort".

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Porte de l'Oulle that was rebuilt in 1783 before its demolition in 1900. The low building to the right of the gate is an office for the

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The walls extended for a length of 4.33 km (2.69 mi) and included 12 gates, 36 large towers and around 50 small towers with

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The positions of the 13th century gates and towers between the Rocher des Doms and the Porte Saint-Lazare are not well documented.

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small tower. The old gatehouse was demolished and replaced by another small tower. In 1760 the Porte du Rhône, to the south of the

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In the 12th century the town enjoyed a degree of independence and became very prosperous. A bridge was built across the Rhône, the

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moved to Avignon and under the papacy the town expanded outside the limits of the earlier city walls. From the 1350s during the

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Défendre la ville dans les pays de la Méditerranée occidentale au Moyen âge : Actes de la Journée d'Études du 6 mars 1999

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Porte Limbert before its demolition in 1896. The structure dated at least from the 15th century and possibly the 14th century.

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La Guerre et la paix, frontières et violences au Moyen âge: Actes du 101e Congrès National des Sociétés Savantes, Lille, 1976

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pairs of gates, each pair consisting of a gate in the inner wall and another in the outer. Water for the moats came from the

210: 102: 2835:(in French). Paris: Secrétariat d'Etat aux Universités. Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques. pp. 193–223. 3133: 663:

were repaired between Porte Saint Roch and Porte d'Oulle as well as between Porte de la Ligne and Porte Saint-Lazare.

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meaning "wood" or more specifically "firewood". The gate gave access to the Quai de la Ligne where wood was brought.

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The original 14th century name was Portail des Miracles. It later became Porte de Champfleury. Closed during the

498: 1055:(1562–1598), it was reopened in 1661. The gate was restored in 1742 and then rebuilt by Viollet-le-Duc in 1865. 744:

on all the canals and drains. Each of the city gates was modified to facilitate the construction of a temporary

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All work on the walls ceased during the French Revolution (1789-1799) and on 24 September 1791 Avignon and the

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Surviving fragment of the 13th century double walls at the junction of Rue Joseph Vernet with Rue Saint Charles

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Hayez, Anne-Marie (1978). "Travaux à l'enceinte d'Avignon sous les pontificats d'Urbain V et de Grégoire XI".

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entrance. The gap between the sets of planks was filled with a mixture of earth and straw to create a dam.

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The river at Avignon is now maintained at a height of 3.55 metres (11.6 ft) by the dam downstream at

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In the first half of the 16th century the crumbling towers were repaired and between 1524 and 1538 extra

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The new suburbs were protected with temporary wooden structures while the stone walls were being built.

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Zerner-Chardavoine, Monique (1988). "Le siège d'Avignon par Louis VIII (10 juin – 10 septembre 1226)".

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now occupies the former site of the hospital. Porte Sainte-Marthe is another name for this entrance.

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rebuilt the gate in 1868. Damaged by American bombs in World War II the gate was restored in 1951.

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Hayez, Anne-Marie (2002). "La défense d'Avignon au temps des papes". In Le Blévec, Daniel (ed.).

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so the 1840 flood peaked at a height of 4.77 metres (15.6 ft) above the current river level.

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Between 1860 and 1870 the base of the walls on the inside were strengthened by the addition of a

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Original 14th century name was Porte Saint-Antoine. In 1595 during the Wars of Religion a

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City walls in the 13th and 14th centuries. The 13th century double walls are shown in red.

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the town became vulnerable to pillage by marauding bands of mercenaries and in 1357 under

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was constructed outside the gate. In 1679 the gate of the ravelin was converted into a

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through the Canal de Vaucluse. After 1229, additional water was also provided from the

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sent his cousin, Fabrizio Serbelloni, to organise the defence of the town against the

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was agreed in Bordeaux between the English and French forces in March 1357. In 1358

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and have been continually rebuilt and repaired throughout their subsequent history.

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for the walls and towers came from a quarry on the other side of the Rhône above

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Hayez, Anne-Marie (1979). "Les gabelles d'Avignon d'Innocent VI à Grégoire XI".

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In the 18th century the walls continued to be maintained up to the time of the

2890:(in French and Occitan). Vol. 2: G-Z. Aix-en-Provence: J. Remondet-Aubin. 2876:(in French and Occitan). Vol. 1: A-F. Aix-en-Provence: J. Remondet-Aubin. 2826:(in Latin and French). Vol. 1. J. Guadet, translator. Paris: J. Renouard. 1214: 910: 660: 534: 530: 526: 522: 2789: 2254:

Monographie de la crue du Rhône de décembre 2003: Déroulement des inondations

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The spelling of the original name varied: Ayguière, Eyguière, Aiguière etc.

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could be particularly violent at this northern edge of the town. The word

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Images du Vieil Avignon : 126 documents anciens choisis et commentés

1189: 391: 346: 277: 46: 459:) that were roaming elsewhere in France, sometime between 1355 and 1357 980: 611: 587: 541:). The towers had tiled roofs and may have originally been fitted with 471: 309: 198:

in the south of France. They were built in the 14th century during the

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View of the interior just south of Porte Saint-Dominique showing the

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Avignon and Its Papacy, 1309–1417: Popes, Institutions, and Society

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Pansier, Pierre (1911). "Les rues d'Avignon au Moyen Âge (suite)".

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Tower opened in 1962 to allow access to the Hôpital Sainte-Marthe.

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century. It increased the number of entrances from seven to eight.

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few tens of centimeters due to the high level of the water table.

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added in the 19th century to strengthen the base of the structure.

726: 693: 681: 633: 581: 502: 397: 385: 377: 352: 287: 247: 194:) are a series of defensive stone walls that surround the city of 3103:. Archives du Sud (in French). Avignon: Aubanel. pp. 43–52. 518:

near the Dominican monastery (Porte des Prêcheurs) were rebuilt.

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and a pair of heavy wooden doors. The walls were crowned with a

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The site of the hospital is now occupied by Avignon University.

490:(known as the Archpriest) with a ransom of 1,000 gold florins. 2176: 2174: 2032: 2030: 2017: 2015: 3035:(in French). Paris: Bibliotèque Nationale. pp. 171–206. 702:

blocking the Porte Saint-Dominique during the floods of 1907.

2524: 2522: 2520: 2319: 2317: 3077:(in French). Vol. 2. Paris: Derache. pp. 341–360. 2967:"Un mur oublié : le rempart du XIIIe siècle à Avignon" 2895:

Pansier, Pierre (1910). "Les rues d'Avignon au Moyen Âge".

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Lou Trésor dou Félibrige ou Dictionnaire provençal-français

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Lou Trésor dou Félibrige ou Dictionnaire provençal-français

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Portail Peint was another name for the old Portail Imbert.

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protecting the Porte Saint Michel were transformed into a

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gates from twelve to seven. The work was initiated by the

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Pedestrian entrance through a small tower opened in 1972

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Two small lateral openings created in the tower in 1972.

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threatened with partial demolition on several occasions.

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Archbishop Giuliano della Rovere who subsequently became

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Walls between the Porte de L'Oulle and the Porte du Rhône

3071:"La constructions des remparts d'Avignon au XIVe siècle" 2146: 2144: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1817: 1815: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1635: 865:

One of the original 14th century entrances. A fortified

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Pedestrian entrance through small tower opened in 1974

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were pierced for the newly acquired cannons. In 1561

3084:"La défense d'Avignon sous Urbain V et Grégorie XI" 2703:

Annuaire de la Société des Amis du Palais des Papes

137: 129: 121: 112: 98: 90: 53: 38: 21: 3009:Taupin, Jean-Louis (1971). "Les murs d'Avignon". 557:(1378 to 1417) that followed the Avignon papacy, 3101:Avignon au Moyen Age : textes et documents 2228: 2165: 1947: 1538: 1420: 424:21. Poterne Georges Pompidou 22. Porte du Rhône 2765:(in French). Aix-en-Provence, France: Édisud. 2701:Breton, Alain (1997). "La Porte de la Ligne". 670:were declared part of France and ceased to be 422:19. Poterne de l'Oratoire 20. Porte de l'Oulle 416:13. Poterne Monclar 14. Porte de la République 408:5. Porte Saint-Lazare 6. Porte de l'Université 374:Avignon papacy and the 14th century city walls 420:17. Poterne Raspail 18. Porte Saint-Dominique 406:3. Porte Saint-Joseph 4. Poterne Saint-Lazare 272:when describing the siege of the town by the 8: 2994:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield. 2804:(in French). Paris: Les Éditions de Minuit. 2716:"Le Rhône à Avignon: données archéologiques" 418:15. Porte Saint-Charles 16. Porte Saint-Roch 412:9. Poterne des Teinturiers 10. Porte Limbert 394:in around 1700 by Robert Bonnart (1652–1733) 469:construction costs were paid for by a tax ( 414:11. Portail Magnanen 12. Porte Saint-Michel 319:the town sided with the Count of Toulouse, 209:the town sided with the Count of Toulouse, 690:showing the flooding of the Rhone in 1856. 404:1. Poterne Banasterie 2. Porte de la Ligne 390:Avignon viewed from the right bank of the 213:but in 1226, after a three-month siege by 27: 18: 2784:(in French). Avignon: Rullière-Libeccio. 2780:Gagnière, Sylvain; Granier, Jean (1978). 1100:Pedestrian entrance opened in the 1980s. 486:bought off a group of mercenaries led by 2954:Annales d'Avignon et du Comtat Venaissin 2683: 2667: 2655: 2643: 2627: 2615: 2600: 2588: 2576: 2564: 2552: 2540: 2511: 2499: 2487: 2475: 2463: 2451: 2439: 2427: 2415: 2403: 2375: 2359: 2347: 2308: 2291: 2279: 2240: 2216: 2204: 2192: 2180: 2123: 2108: 2060: 2036: 2021: 2006: 1976: 1896: 1884: 1872: 1857: 1845: 1794: 1734: 1674: 1475: 1447: 1143:Pedestrian entrance opened in the 1980s 804:Pedestrian entrance opened in the 1980s 779: 168: 2852:"Les remparts d'Avignon au XIXe siècle" 2761:Gagnière, Sylvain; et al. (1979). 2335: 2135: 2084: 1911: 1626: 1610: 1586: 1574: 1499: 1487: 1376: 1246: 3011:Les Monuments Historiques de la France 2742:Clap, Sylvestre; Huet, Oliver (2005). 2528: 2391: 2323: 2150: 2096: 2072: 2048: 1991: 1964: 1935: 1923: 1821: 1782: 1746: 1698: 1686: 1659: 1647: 1598: 1562: 1550: 1526: 1514: 1463: 1390: 919:Gap created in 1879, enlarged in 1908 545:which were later replaced with stone. 3088:Mélanges de l'école française de Rome 1833: 1806: 1770: 1758: 1722: 1710: 1435: 1405: 1128:. They were sold in a nearby market. 578:16th century and the Wars of Religion 350:(magistrate) to administer the town. 136: 128: 120: 111: 7: 344:) took back control and appointed a 327:, descended the Rhône valley with a 3139:Buildings and structures in Avignon 1192:at the corners were added in 1490. 451:purchased the town of Avignon from 426:23. Le Châtelet 24. Tour Polygonale 2922:Mémoires de l'Académie de Vaucluse 2897:Mémoires de l'Académie de Vaucluse 2823:Histoire Ecclésiastique des Francs 655:, was demolished and rebuilt in a 410:7. Poterne Chabran 8. Porte Thiers 14: 16:Historic site in Vaucluse, France 1213: 1197: 1167: 1162:by Jean-Pierre Franque in 1761. 1148: 1133: 1105: 1090: 1075: 1060: 1041: 1026: 1011: 996: 987:. This arch was demolished when 969: 954: 939: 924: 909: 894: 875: 855: 840: 825: 809: 794: 614:) outside the gates themselves. 167: 160: 3075:Congrès Archéologique de France 2746:(in French). Avignon: Benezet. 630:18th century and the Revolution 1330:is derived from the Provençal 435:moved the papacy from Rome to 103:Centre des monuments nationaux 1: 2990:Rollo-Koster, Joëlle (2015). 586:Porte Saint-Lazare with its 133:1906, 1914, 1915, 1933, 1937 3129:Military history of Avignon 2947:"La Tour du Pont d'Avignon" 537:which protected a walkway ( 323:. In 1226 the French king, 3155: 2924:. 2nd series (in French). 2899:. 2nd series (in French). 2802:Évocation du Vieil Avignon 1299:Évocation du Vieil Avignon 1124:is a "cooking pot" in the 549:15th century modifications 2818:Grégoire, George Florence 2714:Carru, Dominique (1999). 284:13th century double walls 280:, in around 500 AD. 155: 151: 147: 108: 26: 2965:Rolland, Franck (1989). 2945:Pansier, Pierre (1930). 2490:, pp. 22 Fn 52, 91. 1140:Poterne Georges Pompidou 772:List of modern entrances 723:Walls as a flood barrier 125:Remparts et leurs abords 3082:Michel, Robert (1910). 3069:Michel, Robert (1910). 2850:Maureau, Alain (1994). 2735:10.3406/galia.1999.3248 931:Poterne des Teinturiers 608:French Wars of Religion 238:French Wars of Religion 2983:10.3406/arcme.1989.955 2744:Les Remparts d'Avignon 1186:antipope Benedict XIII 1018:Porte de la République 736: 703: 691: 643: 591: 563:antipope Benedict XIII 499:Villeneuve-lès-Avignon 429: 395: 383: 358: 340:and Charles of Anjou ( 293: 253: 192:Les Remparts d'Avignon 191: 2971:Archéologie Médiévale 1360:means "water" in the 1097:Poterne de l'Oratoire 1082:Porte Saint-Dominique 989:Eugène Viollet-le-Duc 882:Porte de l'Université 730: 697: 685: 637: 626:(in post 1676–1689). 590:on a 17th-century map 585: 401: 389: 381: 356: 291: 251: 3134:City walls in France 2684:Clap & Huet 2005 2656:Clap & Huet 2005 2644:Clap & Huet 2005 2616:Clap & Huet 2005 2601:Clap & Huet 2005 2589:Clap & Huet 2005 2577:Clap & Huet 2005 2565:Clap & Huet 2005 2553:Clap & Huet 2005 2541:Clap & Huet 2005 2512:Clap & Huet 2005 2500:Clap & Huet 2005 2488:Clap & Huet 2005 2476:Clap & Huet 2005 2464:Clap & Huet 2005 2452:Clap & Huet 2005 2440:Clap & Huet 2005 2428:Clap & Huet 2005 2416:Clap & Huet 2005 2404:Clap & Huet 2005 2348:Clap & Huet 2005 2309:Clap & Huet 2005 2292:Clap & Huet 2005 2280:Clap & Huet 2005 2241:Clap & Huet 2005 2229:Gagnière et al. 1979 2217:Clap & Huet 2005 2205:Clap & Huet 2005 2193:Clap & Huet 2005 2181:Clap & Huet 2005 2166:Gagnière et al. 1979 2124:Clap & Huet 2005 2109:Clap & Huet 2005 2061:Clap & Huet 2005 2037:Clap & Huet 2005 2022:Clap & Huet 2005 2009:, pp. 104, 119. 2007:Clap & Huet 2005 1977:Clap & Huet 2005 1948:Gagnière et al. 1979 1897:Clap & Huet 2005 1885:Clap & Huet 2005 1873:Clap & Huet 2005 1858:Clap & Huet 2005 1846:Clap & Huet 2005 1795:Clap & Huet 2005 1735:Clap & Huet 2005 1675:Clap & Huet 2005 1539:Gagnière et al. 1979 1476:Clap & Huet 2005 1421:Gagnière et al. 1979 1322:meaning "wind". The 847:Poterne Saint-Lazare 653:Saint-Bénézet bridge 338:Alphonse of Poitiers 244:Early fortifications 215:Louis VIII of France 75:43.94806°N 4.80694°E 2856:Provence Historique 2658:, p. 21 Fn 45. 2531:, pp. 342–344. 2514:, pp. 89, 112. 2502:, pp. 90, 117. 2466:, pp. 93, 112. 2394:, p. 343 Fn 2. 2326:, pp. 343–344. 2183:, pp. 125–126. 2168:, pp. 560–561. 2075:, pp. 344–345. 2039:, pp. 71, 114. 2024:, pp. 67, 113. 1926:, pp. 342–343. 1836:, pp. 213–215. 1809:, pp. 203–204. 1761:, pp. 196–199. 1737:, p. 16 Fn 25. 1629:, pp. 187–190. 1589:, pp. 185–186. 1236:Timeline of Avignon 1184:troops paid by the 1036:Gap opened in 1902 1033:Porte Saint-Charles 964:Gap opened in 1902 561:troops paid by the 428:25. Porte du Rocher 342:Charles I of Naples 317:Albigensian Crusade 207:Albigensian Crusade 115:Monument historique 71: / 2763:Histoire d'Avignon 1887:, p. 122-123. 1749:, pp. 28, 52. 1565:, p. 26 Fn 1. 976:Porte Saint-Michel 887:Avignon University 862:Porte Saint-Lazare 832:Porte Saint-Joseph 801:Poterne Banasterie 737: 704: 692: 644: 592: 480:Hundred Years' War 453:Joanna I of Naples 430: 396: 384: 359: 298:Pont Saint-Bénézet 294: 258:rescue archaeology 254: 226:Hundred Years' War 176:Location in France 138:Reference no. 3110:978-2-7006-0132-9 3061:978-2-84269-524-8 3042:978-2-7177-1478-4 3001:978-1-4422-1532-0 2882:Mistral, Frédéric 2868:Mistral, Frédéric 2842:978-2-7177-1430-2 2266:978-2-11-098406-7 2243:, pp. 82–83. 1529:, pp. 32–33. 1517:, pp. 27–28. 1466:, pp. 24–25. 1362:Provençal dialect 1317:Provençal dialect 1297:in his 1958 book 1227: 1226: 1126:Provençal dialect 816:Porte de la Ligne 648:French Revolution 642:(toll) collector. 501:, wood came from 488:Arnaud de Cervole 184: 183: 80:43.94806; 4.80694 3146: 3114: 3095: 3078: 3065: 3046: 3018: 3005: 2986: 2961: 2951: 2941: 2916: 2891: 2877: 2863: 2846: 2827: 2813: 2793: 2776: 2757: 2738: 2720: 2710: 2687: 2681: 2675: 2665: 2659: 2653: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2625: 2619: 2613: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2586: 2580: 2574: 2568: 2562: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2526: 2515: 2509: 2503: 2497: 2491: 2485: 2479: 2473: 2467: 2461: 2455: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2407: 2401: 2395: 2389: 2383: 2373: 2367: 2357: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2327: 2321: 2312: 2306: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2270: 2258: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2184: 2178: 2169: 2163: 2154: 2148: 2139: 2133: 2127: 2121: 2112: 2106: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2076: 2070: 2064: 2058: 2052: 2046: 2040: 2034: 2025: 2019: 2010: 2004: 1995: 1989: 1980: 1974: 1968: 1962: 1951: 1945: 1939: 1933: 1927: 1921: 1915: 1909: 1900: 1894: 1888: 1882: 1876: 1870: 1861: 1855: 1849: 1843: 1837: 1831: 1825: 1819: 1810: 1804: 1798: 1792: 1786: 1780: 1774: 1768: 1762: 1756: 1750: 1744: 1738: 1732: 1726: 1720: 1714: 1708: 1702: 1696: 1690: 1684: 1678: 1672: 1663: 1657: 1651: 1645: 1630: 1624: 1618: 1608: 1602: 1596: 1590: 1584: 1578: 1572: 1566: 1560: 1554: 1548: 1542: 1536: 1530: 1524: 1518: 1512: 1503: 1497: 1491: 1485: 1479: 1473: 1467: 1461: 1455: 1445: 1439: 1433: 1424: 1418: 1409: 1403: 1394: 1388: 1365: 1354: 1348: 1345: 1339: 1315:is derived from 1309: 1303: 1291: 1285: 1278: 1272: 1269: 1263: 1260: 1254: 1251: 1217: 1201: 1171: 1152: 1137: 1112:Porte de l'Oulle 1109: 1094: 1079: 1064: 1053:Wars of Religion 1048:Porte Saint-Roch 1045: 1030: 1015: 1000: 973: 961:Portail Magnanen 958: 943: 928: 913: 898: 879: 859: 844: 829: 813: 798: 780: 668:Comtat Venaissin 624:Pope Innocent XI 484:Pope Innocent VI 461:Pope Innocent VI 441:mendicant orders 270:Gregory of Tours 188:walls of Avignon 171: 170: 164: 86: 85: 83: 82: 81: 76: 72: 69: 68: 67: 64: 31: 22:Walls of Avignon 19: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3148: 3147: 3145: 3144: 3143: 3119: 3118: 3117: 3111: 3098: 3081: 3068: 3062: 3049: 3043: 3030: 3026: 3024:Further reading 3021: 3017:(2–3): 141–186. 3008: 3002: 2989: 2964: 2949: 2944: 2919: 2894: 2880: 2866: 2862:(176): 211–223. 2849: 2843: 2830: 2816: 2796: 2779: 2773: 2760: 2754: 2741: 2718: 2713: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2690: 2682: 2678: 2666: 2662: 2654: 2650: 2642: 2638: 2626: 2622: 2614: 2607: 2599: 2595: 2587: 2583: 2575: 2571: 2563: 2559: 2551: 2547: 2539: 2535: 2527: 2518: 2510: 2506: 2498: 2494: 2486: 2482: 2474: 2470: 2462: 2458: 2450: 2446: 2438: 2434: 2426: 2422: 2414: 2410: 2402: 2398: 2390: 2386: 2374: 2370: 2358: 2354: 2346: 2342: 2334: 2330: 2322: 2315: 2307: 2298: 2290: 2286: 2278: 2274: 2267: 2256: 2252: 2251: 2247: 2239: 2235: 2227: 2223: 2215: 2211: 2203: 2199: 2191: 2187: 2179: 2172: 2164: 2157: 2149: 2142: 2134: 2130: 2122: 2115: 2107: 2103: 2095: 2091: 2083: 2079: 2071: 2067: 2059: 2055: 2047: 2043: 2035: 2028: 2020: 2013: 2005: 1998: 1990: 1983: 1975: 1971: 1963: 1954: 1946: 1942: 1934: 1930: 1922: 1918: 1910: 1903: 1895: 1891: 1883: 1879: 1871: 1864: 1856: 1852: 1844: 1840: 1832: 1828: 1820: 1813: 1805: 1801: 1793: 1789: 1781: 1777: 1773:, pp. 201. 1769: 1765: 1757: 1753: 1745: 1741: 1733: 1729: 1721: 1717: 1709: 1705: 1697: 1693: 1685: 1681: 1673: 1666: 1658: 1654: 1646: 1633: 1625: 1621: 1609: 1605: 1597: 1593: 1585: 1581: 1573: 1569: 1561: 1557: 1549: 1545: 1541:, p. 1049. 1537: 1533: 1525: 1521: 1513: 1506: 1498: 1494: 1486: 1482: 1474: 1470: 1462: 1458: 1446: 1442: 1434: 1427: 1419: 1412: 1404: 1397: 1389: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1355: 1351: 1346: 1342: 1310: 1306: 1292: 1288: 1279: 1275: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1257: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1232: 1220:Porte du Rocher 1204:Tour Polygonale 1160:classical style 1067:Poterne Raspail 1003:Poterne Monclar 901:Poterne Chabran 774: 725: 711:collecting the 680: 657:classical style 632: 580: 551: 543:wooded hoarding 539:chemin de ronde 449:Pope Clement VI 427: 425: 423: 421: 419: 417: 415: 413: 411: 409: 407: 405: 403: 376: 286: 246: 180: 179: 178: 177: 174: 173: 172: 117: 79: 77: 73: 70: 65: 62: 60: 58: 57: 34: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3152: 3150: 3142: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3121: 3120: 3116: 3115: 3109: 3096: 3079: 3066: 3060: 3047: 3041: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3019: 3006: 3000: 2987: 2962: 2942: 2917: 2892: 2878: 2864: 2847: 2841: 2828: 2814: 2798:Girard, Joseph 2794: 2777: 2771: 2758: 2753:2-9522-367-1-2 2752: 2739: 2711: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2689: 2688: 2686:, p. 108. 2676: 2660: 2648: 2636: 2620: 2605: 2593: 2591:, p. 115. 2581: 2569: 2557: 2545: 2543:, p. 116. 2533: 2516: 2504: 2492: 2480: 2468: 2456: 2444: 2432: 2430:, p. 118. 2420: 2408: 2406:, p. 102. 2396: 2384: 2368: 2352: 2350:, p. 104. 2340: 2338:, p. 185. 2328: 2313: 2311:, p. 119. 2296: 2294:, p. 105. 2284: 2282:, p. 112. 2272: 2265: 2245: 2233: 2231:, p. 561. 2221: 2219:, p. 128. 2209: 2207:, p. 127. 2197: 2185: 2170: 2155: 2153:, p. 349. 2140: 2138:, p. 216. 2128: 2113: 2101: 2099:, p. 152. 2089: 2087:, p. 213. 2077: 2065: 2053: 2041: 2026: 2011: 1996: 1981: 1969: 1967:, p. 344. 1952: 1950:, p. 344. 1940: 1928: 1916: 1901: 1889: 1877: 1875:, p. 107. 1862: 1850: 1838: 1826: 1824:, p. 342. 1811: 1799: 1787: 1775: 1763: 1751: 1739: 1727: 1725:, p. 204. 1715: 1713:, p. 203. 1703: 1691: 1679: 1664: 1652: 1650:, p. 343. 1631: 1619: 1603: 1601:, p. 312. 1591: 1579: 1577:, p. 186. 1567: 1555: 1543: 1531: 1519: 1504: 1502:, p. 178. 1492: 1490:, p. 175. 1480: 1468: 1456: 1440: 1438:, p. 112. 1425: 1423:, p. 107. 1410: 1408:, p. 111. 1395: 1375: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1366: 1349: 1340: 1304: 1286: 1273: 1264: 1255: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1239: 1238: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1210: 1209: 1205: 1202: 1194: 1193: 1179:Western Schism 1175: 1172: 1164: 1163: 1156: 1155:Porte du Rhône 1153: 1145: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1130: 1129: 1113: 1110: 1102: 1101: 1098: 1095: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1072: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1057: 1056: 1049: 1046: 1038: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1008: 1007: 1004: 1001: 993: 992: 985:triumphal arch 977: 974: 966: 965: 962: 959: 951: 950: 947: 944: 936: 935: 932: 929: 921: 920: 917: 914: 906: 905: 902: 899: 891: 890: 883: 880: 872: 871: 863: 860: 852: 851: 848: 845: 837: 836: 833: 830: 822: 821: 817: 814: 806: 805: 802: 799: 791: 790: 787: 784: 773: 770: 758:retaining wall 733:retaining wall 724: 721: 688:Édouard Baldus 686:Photograph by 679: 676: 631: 628: 620:triumphal arch 579: 576: 572:Pope Julius II 555:western schism 550: 547: 457:free companies 433:Pope Clement V 375: 372: 285: 282: 265:late antiquity 245: 242: 222:Pope Clement V 200:Avignon papacy 182: 181: 175: 166: 165: 159: 158: 157: 156: 153: 152: 149: 148: 145: 144: 139: 135: 134: 131: 127: 126: 123: 119: 118: 113: 110: 109: 106: 105: 100: 96: 95: 92: 88: 87: 55: 51: 50: 40: 36: 35: 32: 24: 23: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3151: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3126: 3124: 3112: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3093: 3090:(in French). 3089: 3085: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3063: 3057: 3053: 3048: 3044: 3038: 3034: 3029: 3028: 3023: 3016: 3013:(in French). 3012: 3007: 3003: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2973:(in French). 2972: 2968: 2963: 2959: 2956:(in French). 2955: 2948: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2893: 2889: 2888: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2874: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2858:(in French). 2857: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2825: 2824: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2774: 2772:2-85744-056-1 2768: 2764: 2759: 2755: 2749: 2745: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2725:(in French). 2724: 2717: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2699: 2698: 2693: 2685: 2680: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2668:Mistral 1879a 2664: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2649: 2646:, p. 69. 2645: 2640: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2628:Mistral 1879b 2624: 2621: 2618:, p. 71. 2617: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2603:, p. 79. 2602: 2597: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2582: 2579:, p. 83. 2578: 2573: 2570: 2567:, p. 84. 2566: 2561: 2558: 2555:, p. 85. 2554: 2549: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2505: 2501: 2496: 2493: 2489: 2484: 2481: 2478:, p. 91. 2477: 2472: 2469: 2465: 2460: 2457: 2454:, p. 94. 2453: 2448: 2445: 2442:, p. 96. 2441: 2436: 2433: 2429: 2424: 2421: 2418:, p. 99. 2417: 2412: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2376:Mistral 1879b 2372: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2360:Mistral 1879a 2356: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2329: 2325: 2320: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2288: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2273: 2268: 2262: 2255: 2249: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2198: 2195:, p. 41. 2194: 2189: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2129: 2126:, p. 74. 2125: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2111:, p. 42. 2110: 2105: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2066: 2063:, p. 38. 2062: 2057: 2054: 2051:, p. 88. 2050: 2045: 2042: 2038: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1979:, p. 26. 1978: 1973: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1941: 1938:, p. 75. 1937: 1932: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1899:, p. 72. 1898: 1893: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1860:, p. 22. 1859: 1854: 1851: 1848:, p. 20. 1847: 1842: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1800: 1797:, p. 19. 1796: 1791: 1788: 1785:, p. 42. 1784: 1779: 1776: 1772: 1767: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1752: 1748: 1743: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1728: 1724: 1719: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1704: 1701:, p. 41. 1700: 1695: 1692: 1689:, p. 34. 1688: 1683: 1680: 1677:, p. 16. 1676: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1662:, p. 37. 1661: 1656: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1607: 1604: 1600: 1595: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1580: 1576: 1571: 1568: 1564: 1559: 1556: 1553:, p. 33. 1552: 1547: 1544: 1540: 1535: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1496: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1481: 1478:, p. 13. 1477: 1472: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1448:Grégoire 1836 1444: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1393:, p. 26. 1392: 1387: 1385: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1370: 1363: 1359: 1353: 1350: 1344: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1318: 1314: 1308: 1305: 1300: 1296: 1295:Joseph Girard 1290: 1287: 1283: 1277: 1274: 1268: 1265: 1259: 1256: 1250: 1247: 1241: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1229: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1212: 1211: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1196: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1180: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1147: 1146: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1132: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1104: 1103: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1089: 1088: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1074: 1073: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1059: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1040: 1039: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1025: 1024: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1010: 1009: 1005: 1002: 999: 995: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 975: 972: 968: 967: 963: 960: 957: 953: 952: 948: 946:Porte Limbert 945: 942: 938: 937: 933: 930: 927: 923: 922: 918: 915: 912: 908: 907: 903: 900: 897: 893: 892: 888: 884: 881: 878: 874: 873: 868: 864: 861: 858: 854: 853: 849: 846: 843: 839: 838: 834: 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legate 552: 523:blind arches 520: 492: 477: 470: 446: 431: 368: 364: 360: 345: 329:papal legate 314: 302: 295: 262: 255: 234: 219: 204: 187: 185: 94:14th century 2977:: 173–208. 2729:: 109–120. 2529:Girard 1958 2392:Girard 1958 2324:Girard 1958 2151:Girard 1958 2097:Taupin 1971 2073:Girard 1958 2049:Girard 1958 1992:Breton 1997 1965:Girard 1958 1936:Girard 1958 1924:Girard 1958 1822:Girard 1958 1783:Girard 1958 1747:Girard 1958 1699:Girard 1958 1687:Girard 1958 1660:Girard 1958 1648:Girard 1958 1599:Girard 1958 1563:Girard 1958 1551:Girard 1958 1527:Girard 1958 1515:Girard 1958 1464:Girard 1958 1450:, pp. 1391:Girard 1958 1174:Le Châtelet 867:avant-corps 762:Tavel, Gard 661:battlements 606:during the 553:During the 321:Raymond VII 315:During the 230:Innocent VI 211:Raymond VII 78: / 54:Coordinates 3123:Categories 3094:: 129–154. 2670:, p. 2630:, p. 2378:, p. 2362:, p. 1834:Hayez 1978 1807:Hayez 1978 1771:Hayez 1978 1759:Hayez 1978 1723:Hayez 1978 1711:Hayez 1978 1613:, p. 1436:Carru 1999 1406:Carru 1999 1371:References 535:battlement 531:portcullis 527:drawbridge 325:Louis VIII 142:PA00081943 130:Designated 63:43°56′53″N 2884:(1879b). 2870:(1879a). 2790:919032410 1311:The name 1190:bartizans 1182:Aragonese 746:cofferdam 700:cofferdam 604:Huguenots 596:loopholes 559:Aragonese 495:Limestone 466:John XXII 190:(French: 66:4°48′25″E 2820:(1836). 2800:(1958). 2709:: 51–58. 1230:See also 612:ravelins 509:for the 447:In 1348 334:Louis IX 278:Clovis I 274:Frankish 220:In 1309 49:, France 47:Vaucluse 39:Location 2960:: 5–19. 2938:355–405 2934:281–322 2913:209–244 2909:147–200 2810:5391399 2694:Sources 1324:mistral 981:ravelin 588:ravelin 516:merlons 472:gabelle 437:Avignon 347:viguier 310:Durance 196:Avignon 43:Avignon 3107: 3058: 3039: 2998: 2930:89–101 2839: 2808: 2788: 2769: 2750: 2723:Gallia 2263: 1313:Aurose 789:Notes 713:octroi 640:octroi 511:mortar 306:Sorgue 276:king, 2950:(PDF) 2905:41–74 2719:(PDF) 2257:(PDF) 1336:legno 1332:ligno 1328:ligne 1242:Notes 1118:Oulle 783:Image 503:Savoy 392:Rhône 99:Owner 91:Built 3105:ISBN 3056:ISBN 3037:ISBN 2996:ISBN 2837:ISBN 2806:OCLC 2786:OCLC 2767:ISBN 2748:ISBN 2261:ISBN 1358:Aigo 1320:Auro 1122:Oulo 786:Gate 529:, a 507:lime 186:The 2979:doi 2731:doi 2632:436 2380:215 2364:182 1615:313 1452:224 1334:or 1120:or 263:In 3125:: 3092:30 3086:. 3073:. 3015:17 2975:19 2969:. 2958:16 2952:. 2936:, 2932:, 2928:: 2926:11 2911:, 2907:, 2903:: 2901:10 2860:44 2854:. 2727:56 2721:. 2707:74 2705:. 2672:57 2608:^ 2519:^ 2316:^ 2299:^ 2173:^ 2158:^ 2143:^ 2116:^ 2029:^ 2014:^ 1999:^ 1984:^ 1955:^ 1904:^ 1865:^ 1814:^ 1667:^ 1634:^ 1507:^ 1428:^ 1413:^ 1398:^ 1379:^ 698:A 674:. 574:. 505:, 336:, 45:, 3113:. 3064:. 3045:. 3004:. 2985:. 2981:: 2940:. 2915:. 2845:. 2812:. 2792:. 2775:. 2756:. 2737:. 2733:: 2674:. 2634:. 2382:. 2366:. 2269:. 1994:. 1914:. 1617:. 1454:. 1364:.

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