29:
198:
October 1787 the Crown purchased the mills from John Walton for ÂŁ10,000, starting a 204-year ownership. Congreve was a man of immense drive and vision, a pioneer of careful management, quality control and the application of the scientific method. Under his regime manufacture moved from what had been a black art to, in the context of its day, an advanced technology. The distinguished engineer
404:. Visitors can see exhibits related to gunpowder making, tour the site on a land train An attempt to demolish the cordite mills and replace them with dormitories for young people staying at a children's activity centre was rejected by Epping Forest District Council in 2016 after exposure in the national press.
244:
for use in guns, or as a military explosive for demolition, etc., improvements effected there were a strong influence on private industry producing for civil activity – construction, mining, quarrying, tunnelling, railway building etc. which created a massive demand for gunpowder in the 19th century.
746:
After the closure of ERDE, the inherited archive material passed through a number of hands and storage locations, particularly in the latter period before opening to the public, when outside staff from the firm designing the exhibition had to have free access. Consequently, by 2001 the archive had
197:
advocated that the
Waltham Abbey Mills should be purchased by the Crown to ensure secure supplies and to establish what would now be called a centre of excellence for development of manufacturing processes and to establish quality and cost standards by which private contractors could be judged. In
180:
as additional production facilities were added; the material progressing from one building to another as it passed through the various processes. The
Waltham Abbey Mills were one of the first examples in the 18th century of an industrialised factory system, not often recognised. In 1735 they were
268:
After World War I there was another period of quiet before anxieties about the future surfaced again. It was decided that production at
Waltham Abbey would be gradually transferred to the west of the country, more distant and thus safer from air attack from Europe. However, in the meantime,
710:: Shortly after the end of World War II the protagonist Nathaniel Williams helps his mentor, 'The Darter', transporting illegal greyhounds and, later, boxed cargo inland through the canal network from the River Thames, including the Gunpowder Mills canal system.
171:
The Hudson family sold out to
William Walton at the end of the 17th century, starting a family connection lasting almost a hundred years. The enterprise was successful under the Walton's tenure, especially thanks to the efforts of William's widow,
747:
become rather disorganised. The opportunity has therefore been taken to start a ground-up exercise involving a complete check of the holding and the design of computer databases of the material in order to produce the digital catalogue.
265:, was built at this time. Staff numbers increased by around 3,000 to a total of 6,230. The 3,000 additional workers were largely female, recruited from the surrounding area, and this was a significant social phenomenon.
668:
After the South site, also known as
Quinton Hill, was vacated and also decontaminated and redeveloped, much of the remaining land was converted into the 255 acres (103 ha) Gunpowder Park, which is part of the
221:
in 1815. In the years following
Waterloo the Mills entered a period of quiet with a steep decline in staff numbers and production levels. However, there was a steady advance in machinery and process development.
2317:
365:, engine and generator starter cartridges – these applications have been called 'a measured strong shove'. The rocket activity later extended to the production of rocket motors, including work on the
202:
coined the phrase 'The Old
Establishment' in his 1806 report on the Royal Gun Powder Factory. The term refers to the gunpowder mills when they were still privately owned, before they were acquired by
2327:
931:
1370:
347:
102:
380:
106:
156:
gunpowder supply shortages were encountered and the oil mill was converted to gunpowder production, possibly in response to this. In 1665 it was acquired by Ralph Hudson using
361:
propellants, solid and liquid and a range of specialised applications, e.g. 'snifters' for altering space vehicles direction when in flight, cartridges for firing aircraft
2254:
2402:
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1820:
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357:. As a research centre Waltham Abbey was responsible for military propellant and high explosives and expanded into the increasingly significant field of
209:
Reflecting this, the mills were able to respond successfully in volume and quality to the massive increases in demand which arose over the period of the
695:
Here there were rumours of
Martians at Epping, and news of the destruction of Waltham Abbey Powdermills in a vain attempt to blow up one of the invaders
2342:
1790:
1705:
28:
67:
Mills, Waltham Abbey, were in operation for over 300 years. Starting in the mid-1850s the site became involved in the development of revolutionary
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All of this provided the impulse for further development. Whilst the mills' function was to provide gunpowder for military use, either as a
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2007:
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In the 1780s there was fresh concern over security, quality and economy of supply. The deputy comptroller of the Royal
Laboratory at
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881:
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289:, Waltham Abbey remained an important cordite production unit and for the first two years of the war was the sole producer of
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94:
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In 1945 the establishment re-opened as a research centre known as The
Explosives Research and Development Establishment, or
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57:
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148:. Mills were adaptable and in the early 17th century it was converted to an 'Oyle Mill', i.e. for producing
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2012:
2002:
1917:
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627:
520:
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The North side however remained in Ministry of Defence control as a research centre; becoming part of the
120:, set in 175 acres (0.71 km) of parkland and containing 21 buildings of major historical importance.
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2120:
2080:
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1987:
1952:
1937:
1880:
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1815:
1770:
1670:
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described by Thomas Fuller, a local historian, as "the largest and compleatest works in Great Britain."
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1947:
1810:
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194:
233:, followed by the Indian Mutiny and a succession of colonial conflicts followed, culminating in the
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1992:
1967:
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and was opened in 2004. The regenerated parkland is dedicated to the arts, science and wildlife.
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2017:
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from 1914 to 1918 brought a huge upsurge in demand. The East Flank, including a long range of
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Funding for the online archive was donated by the Royal Gunpowder Mills Friends Association.
701:
366:
153:
79:
846:
1865:
1845:
1710:
1409:
792:
670:
308:; and dispersal of cordite production to new propellant factories located: in the west of
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83:
1200:
Dangerous Energy: The archaeology of Gunpowder and military explosives manufacture
424:
is 700 yards (640 m) long and has two stations. It is sometimes known as the
1323:
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751:
Our archive has been digitised and is available to view online at www.wargm.org.
718:
689:
321:
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226:
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75:
71:
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383:. After various reorganisations, the research centre finally closed in 1991.
1800:
1112:
1087:
932:"Ministry of Defence: Further Examination of the Sale of Royal Ordnance plc"
782:
203:
145:
64:
1217:
Elliott, Bryn (1996). "The Royal Gunpowder Factory Explosions 1940". In:
706:
309:
1282:
The Royal Gunpowder Factory, Waltham Abbey, Essex: An RCHME Survey, 1993
1137:
772:
636:
258:
1034:
372:
In 1984 the South site and the Lower Island works were handed over to
1318:
358:
294:
269:
production continued and crucial development work was carried out on
230:
60:). Waltham Abbey is the only site to have survived virtually intact.
1284:. London: Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England.
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352:
317:
137:
1333:
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2152:
2069:
1906:
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225:
The quiet was not to last. Conflict broke out in 1854 with the
140:
production; originally set up by the monks of the Abbey on the
1328:
797:
714:
290:
274:
1263:
From Gunpowder to Guns: The Story of Two Lea Valley Armouries
1238:
Elliott, Bryn (1998). "Royal Gunpowder Factory Sequel". In:
757:
The archive is also listed on The National Archives website.
304:
Total transfer of RDX production to the west of England, to
713:
On 3 May 2020 the mills were featured in an episode of the
331:
The Royal Gunpowder Mills finally closed on 28 July 1945.
144:, an engineered water course tapping the waters of the
2318:
Military research establishments of the United Kingdom
677:
Waltham Abbey Royal Gunpowder Mills in popular culture
348:
Propellants, Explosives and Rocket Motor Establishment
103:
Propellants, Explosives and Rocket Motor Establishment
381:
Royal Armament Research and Development Establishment
107:
Royal Armament Research and Development Establishment
2328:
European Route of Industrial Heritage Anchor Points
1568:
1402:
1010:
Narrow Gauge Railways London and South East England
882:"Fracking firm to drill on former explosives site"
1174:"The Waltham Abbey Royal Gunpowder Mills Archive"
983:"Short fuses over holiday camp at gunpowder site"
387:Sale of the North site by the Ministry of Defence
99:Explosives Research and Development Establishment
396:A large area of the north site is listed as the
16:Former industrial site in Waltham Abbey, England
1382:, museums and preservation societies in England
871:. London: Cassell Military Paperbacks. p. 144.
2043:Museum of the Great Western Railway (Swindon)
1364:
1339:A history of the Gunpowder Mills watercourses
8:
2200:Great Yorkshire Railway Preservation Society
2028:Somerset & Dorset Railway Heritage Trust
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
2149:
2066:
1903:
1821:Rushden, Higham and Wellingborough Railway
1399:
1388:
1371:
1357:
1349:
640:
600:
217:from 1789, culminating in the victory at
1791:Northamptonshire Ironstone Railway Trust
664:Sale of the South site by Royal Ordnance
533:
504:
475:
430:
195:Lieutenant General, Sir William Congreve
27:
1520:Sittingbourne and Kemsley Light Railway
1132:
1130:
819:
560:
376:immediately before it was privatised.
32:Napoleonic War battle reenactment event
1626:Chinnor and Princes Risborough Railway
693:Book 1 Chapter 17 'The Thunder Child'
2403:Grade II* listed industrial buildings
2190:Electric Railway Museum, Warwickshire
2185:Derbyshire Dales Narrow Gauge Railway
1933:Coleford Great Western Railway Museum
1686:Embsay and Bolton Abbey Steam Railway
918:
906:
297:, the explosive that was used in the
128:The story of gunpowder production at
118:European Route of Industrial Heritage
7:
1701:Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway
849:. Royal Gunpowder Mills. 6 June 2019
273:production and on the new explosive
2398:Grade I listed industrial buildings
2393:Royal Ordnance Factories in England
2388:Grade II* listed buildings in Essex
2358:Military and war museums in England
1721:Keighley & Worth Valley Railway
1500:Romney, Hythe and Dymchurch Railway
1420:Bredgar and Wormshill Light Railway
1160:Waltham Abbey Royal Gunpowder Mills
1973:London Museum of Water & Steam
1545:Wells and Walsingham Light Railway
1113:"The Hidden Wilds of the Motorway"
937:. National Audit Office. p. 1
768:Ballincollig Royal Gunpowder Mills
14:
2408:1945 disestablishments in England
2383:Grade I listed buildings in Essex
2333:Buildings and structures in Essex
2205:North Woolwich Old Station Museum
1731:Lakeside and Haverthwaite Railway
1334:Royal Gunpowder Mills The Armoury
261:incorporating mills, designed by
185:Purchase of the site by the Crown
2343:Military establishments in Essex
2086:Bideford Railway Heritage Centre
735:The Hidden Wilds of the Motorway
312:, three co-located factories at
176:, and the Mills expanded up the
40:are a former industrial site in
2018:National Railway Museum Shildon
1786:Northampton and Lamport Railway
1631:Cholsey and Wallingford Railway
1430:Cleethorpes Coast Light Railway
1012:. Narrow Gauge Railway Society.
400:and another separate area is a
105:Waltham Abbey; and finally the
44:, England. It was one of three
21:Rocket Propulsion Establishment
2136:Wisbech and March Bramley Line
1928:Buckinghamshire Railway Centre
1495:Ravenglass and Eskdale Railway
1470:Leighton Buzzard Light Railway
1266:. Middlesex University Press.
788:Gunpowder magazines in England
335:Post World War use of the site
95:Defence Research Establishment
82:". The site grew in size, and
1:
2023:Shillingstone Railway Project
1851:Swindon and Cricklade Railway
1781:North Yorkshire Moors Railway
1550:West Lancashire Light Railway
1485:North Gloucestershire Railway
1480:Lynton and Barnstaple Railway
1460:Hythe Pier, Railway and Ferry
1324:Royal Gunpowder Mills Archive
778:Faversham explosives industry
657:) ex-Bicton Woodland Railway
617:) ex-Bicton Woodland Railway
124:Pre-gunpowder use of the site
2368:Transport museums in England
1776:North Tyneside Steam Railway
1726:Kent and East Sussex Railway
1656:Derwent Valley Light Railway
1535:Steeple Grange Light Railway
1008:James, Jonathan (May 2021).
2181:(mainline service restored)
2008:Nottingham Heritage Railway
1963:Hollycombe Steam Collection
1958:East Anglian Railway Museum
1796:Nottingham Heritage Railway
1756:Midland Railway – Butterley
1716:Isle of Wight Steam Railway
1676:Ecclesbourne Valley Railway
1329:Royal Gunpowder Mills Books
1037:Retrieved 15 September 2009
2429:
2353:Science museums in England
2338:Heritage railways in Essex
2121:Poulton & Wyre Railway
1741:Lincolnshire Wolds Railway
1616:Cambrian Heritage Railways
1601:Bodmin and Wenford Railway
1581:Appleby Frodingham Railway
1505:Rudyard Lake Steam Railway
1475:London Post Office Railway
1450:Hastings Miniature Railway
1198:Cocroft, Wayne D. (2000).
1062:Ondaatje, Michael (2018).
737:broadcast on 30 June 2020.
402:scheduled ancient monument
293:. RDX is one component of
18:
2222:
2159:
2148:
2076:
2065:
2038:Stephenson Railway Museum
1983:Mid-Suffolk Light Railway
1913:
1902:
1398:
1387:
1025:Retrieved 23 October 2009
700:The mill also appears in
324:, and to the North East,
2363:History museums in Essex
2195:Elsecar Heritage Railway
2101:Lea Bailey Light Railway
2048:Tyseley Locomotive Works
1923:Bressingham Steam Museum
1591:Battlefield Line Railway
1465:Launceston Steam Railway
729:visited the site in the
414:2 ft 6 in
19:For PERME Westcott, see
2106:Norfolk Orbital Railway
2033:Southall Railway Centre
1998:National Railway Museum
1978:Mangapps Railway Museum
1943:Crowle Peatland Railway
1886:Yorkshire Wolds Railway
1666:East Lancashire Railway
1646:Dartmouth Steam Railway
1611:Bristol Harbour Railway
1540:Volk's Electric Railway
1455:Hayling Seaside Railway
1440:Great Whipsnade Railway
1415:Amberley Museum Railway
86:became less important.
2116:North Somerset Railway
2013:Rutland Railway Museum
2003:North Ings Farm Museum
1918:Barrow Hill Roundhouse
1636:Churnet Valley Railway
1525:South Tynedale Railway
867:Sweetman, John (2002)
847:"300 years of history"
725:Author and naturalist
346:In 1977 it became the
33:
2210:Wells Harbour Railway
2081:Berkeley Vale Railway
2053:Yeovil Railway Centre
1988:Moseley Railway Trust
1953:Didcot Railway Centre
1938:Crewe Heritage Centre
1881:West Somerset Railway
1861:Telford Steam Railway
1826:Severn Valley Railway
1816:Rother Valley Railway
1771:North Norfolk Railway
1706:Great Central Railway
1671:East Somerset Railway
1530:Southend Pier Railway
1435:Gartell Light Railway
1319:Royal Gunpowder Mills
1156:"Friends Association"
1049:The War of the Worlds
1047:Wells, H. G. (1898).
961:Royal Gunpowder Mills
684:The War of the Worlds
52:(the others being at
46:Royal Gunpowder Mills
38:Royal Gunpowder Mills
31:
2174:Cadeby Light Railway
2169:Ashford Steam Centre
2131:Tarka Valley Railway
2111:North Dorset Railway
1948:Devon Railway Centre
1811:Ribble Steam Railway
1691:Epping Ongar Railway
1641:Colne Valley Railway
1560:Yaxham Light Railway
1510:Ruislip Lido Railway
1445:Great Woburn Railway
1393:Operational railways
1051:. William Heinemann.
588:Ruston & Hornsby
550:Greenwood and Batley
432:List of locomotives
422:narrow-gauge railway
408:Narrow-gauge railway
350:, Waltham Abbey, or
2280: /
2164:Abbey Light Railway
1993:Mountsorrel Railway
1968:Hopetown Darlington
1908:Centres and museums
1876:Wensleydale Railway
1831:South Devon Railway
1806:Plym Valley Railway
1766:Nene Valley Railway
1761:Mountsorrel Railway
1746:Mid-Norfolk Railway
1681:Eden Valley Railway
1651:Dean Forest Railway
1586:Avon Valley Railway
1425:Bure Valley Railway
1260:Lewis, Jim (2009).
1176:. National Archives
1066:. Alfred A. Knopf.
869:The Dambusters Raid
433:
263:Harry Bell Measures
93:it became solely a
2227:Heritage railways:
2096:Don Valley Railway
1836:Spa Valley Railway
1621:Chasewater Railway
1576:Aln Valley Railway
1555:Whistlestop Valley
1490:Perrygrove Railway
957:"Land Train Tours"
431:
398:Waltham Abbey SSSI
374:Royal Ordnance Plc
89:Shortly after the
34:
2263:
2262:
2218:
2217:
2144:
2143:
2126:Southwold Railway
2061:
2060:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1841:Stainmore Railway
1751:Middleton Railway
1661:East Kent Railway
1380:Heritage railways
1273:978-1-904750-85-7
1073:978-0-525-52119-8
1023:National archives
661:
660:
211:French Revolution
112:The Mills are an
2420:
2348:Museums in Essex
2295:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2284:51.693°N 0.009°W
2281:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2245:Northern Ireland
2150:
2071:Planned railways
2067:
1904:
1871:Weardale Railway
1856:Tanfield Railway
1696:Foxfield Railway
1596:Bluebell Railway
1400:
1389:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1350:
1277:
1241:After the Battle
1220:After the Battle
1204:English Heritage
1186:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1152:
1146:
1145:
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1038:
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994:
979:
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904:
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897:
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893:
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872:
865:
859:
858:
856:
854:
843:
702:Michael Ondaatje
656:
652:
644:
642:
616:
612:
604:
602:
576:
572:
564:
562:
537:
535:
508:
506:
479:
477:
434:
419:
415:
287:Second World War
281:Second World War
237:of 1899 – 1902.
154:Second Dutch War
91:Second World War
80:smokeless powder
2428:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2378:Lee Valley Park
2323:Gunpowder mills
2298:
2297:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2259:
2255:Channel Islands
2214:
2155:
2140:
2072:
2057:
1909:
1890:
1866:Watercress Line
1846:Swanage Railway
1711:Helston Railway
1564:
1410:Amerton Railway
1394:
1383:
1377:
1344:Geograph images
1315:
1280:(N/A), (1993).
1274:
1259:
1190:
1189:
1179:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1138:"Archive Index"
1136:
1135:
1128:
1118:
1116:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1096:
1094:
1092:BBC Countryfile
1086:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1035:Gunpowder Park
1033:
1029:
1021:
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1007:
1006:
1002:
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990:
981:
980:
976:
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929:
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917:
913:
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901:
891:
889:
880:
879:
875:
866:
862:
852:
850:
845:
844:
821:
811:
764:
744:
742:Digital archive
727:Helen Macdonald
679:
671:Lee Valley Park
666:
654:
650:
635:
614:
610:
595:
574:
570:
557:
528:
499:
470:
417:
413:
410:
394:
389:
337:
283:
255:First World War
251:
249:First World War
215:Napoleonic Wars
193:, Major, later
187:
178:Millhead Stream
174:Philippa Walton
142:Millhead Stream
126:
109:Waltham Abbey.
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2308:Explosive ROFs
2300:
2299:
2289:51.693; -0.009
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2213:
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1313:External links
1311:
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1299:London Orbital
1295:Sinclair, Iain
1292:
1278:
1272:
1257:
1248:, pp 49 – 51.
1236:
1227:, pp 34 – 49.
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1162:. 4 July 2018.
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888:. 4 April 2014
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426:Hidden Railway
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306:ROF Bridgwater
282:
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150:vegetable oils
132:begins with a
125:
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97:– firstly the
50:United Kingdom
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392:Heritage site
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360:
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355:Waltham Abbey
354:
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314:ROF Bishopton
311:
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299:Bouncing Bomb
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42:Waltham Abbey
39:
30:
26:
22:
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2154:Closed sites
1403:Narrow-gauge
1301:, pp105–107
1298:
1281:
1262:
1245:
1239:
1224:
1218:
1199:
1178:. Retrieved
1168:
1159:
1150:
1141:
1117:. Retrieved
1107:
1095:. Retrieved
1091:
1082:
1063:
1057:
1048:
1042:
1030:
1018:
1009:
1003:
991:. Retrieved
986:
977:
965:. Retrieved
960:
951:
939:. Retrieved
926:
921:, p. 76
914:
909:, p. 73
902:
890:. Retrieved
886:The Guardian
885:
876:
868:
863:
851:. Retrieved
803:J. E. Gordon
745:
734:
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705:
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688:
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667:
622:
582:
457:
425:
411:
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378:
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351:
345:
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338:
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326:ROF Ranskill
303:
284:
267:
252:
239:
224:
208:
188:
170:
162:Bedfordshire
134:fulling mill
127:
114:Anchor Point
113:
111:
98:
88:
84:black powder
62:
54:Ballincollig
37:
35:
25:
2287: /
2250:Isle of Man
1202:. Swindon:
1180:20 February
993:21 February
941:21 February
892:21 February
853:21 February
719:Countryfile
690:H. G. Wells
655:457 mm
615:457 mm
575:914 mm
418:762 mm
322:ROF Wrexham
227:Crimean War
200:John Rennie
101:, then the
76:propellants
69:nitro-based
2302:Categories
2272:51°41′35″N
2091:Combe Rail
919:Lewis 2009
907:Lewis 2009
809:References
733:programme
722:programme.
651:18 in
611:18 in
492:Ruhrthaler
242:propellant
78:known as "
72:explosives
63:The Royal
2373:River Lea
2275:0°00′32″W
1801:Peak Rail
1254:0306-154X
1233:0306-154X
1142:wargm.org
987:The Times
967:16 August
783:Gunpowder
571:3 ft
369:project.
206:in 1787.
204:The Crown
158:saltpetre
152:. In the
146:River Lea
65:Gunpowder
58:Faversham
2235:Scotland
1297:(2002).
1064:Warlight
762:See also
707:Warlight
623:Carneige
583:Budleigh
577:) gauge
440:Builder
420:) gauge
310:Scotland
235:Boer War
219:Waterloo
191:Woolwich
160:made in
2313:Cordite
2230:England
1193:Sources
1119:13 July
773:Cordite
637:0-4-4-0
628:Hunslet
521:Hunslet
367:Skylark
285:During
259:Cordite
116:of the
48:in the
1305:
1288:
1270:
1252:
1231:
1210:
1070:
963:. 2014
592:235624
452:Notes
449:Built
359:rocket
295:torpex
231:Russia
2240:Wales
1115:. BBC
1097:4 May
935:(PDF)
814:Notes
540:19679
530:0-4-0
501:0-4-0
446:Type
437:Name
353:PERME
318:Wales
316:, to
229:with
138:cloth
1303:ISBN
1286:ISBN
1268:ISBN
1250:ISSN
1229:ISSN
1208:ISBN
1182:2022
1121:2020
1099:2020
1068:ISBN
995:2022
969:2014
943:2022
894:2022
855:2022
731:BBC4
715:BBCs
647:1954
632:4524
607:1945
567:1964
558:2w-2
554:6099
525:8828
511:1969
496:3920
482:1981
467:3755
412:The
341:ERDE
253:The
213:and
164:and
136:for
74:and
56:and
36:The
1246:101
798:RDX
793:TNT
687:by
291:RDX
277:.
275:RDX
271:TNT
2304::
1244:,
1225:93
1223:,
1206:.
1158:.
1140:.
1129:^
1090:.
985:.
959:.
884:.
822:^
641:DM
601:DM
597:4w
561:DE
534:BE
505:DH
476:DH
472:4w
428:.
343:.
328:.
320:,
301:.
168:.
1372:e
1365:t
1358:v
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857:.
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653:(
613:(
573:(
416:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
