232:, and fair in his governance. He was also said to be good at maintaining diplomatic relationships with other warlords, allowing his people to rest from the wars of the time, and therefore was much praised by other warlords of the time. There was an occasion when one of his maternal uncles, while drunk, killed someone. The victim's family brought an accusation against Wang's uncle, and Wang initially tried to placate the family by giving them a large cash reward. The victim's family refused the award, and Wang decided that he could not ignore the law, so he had his uncle punished. His mother, in anger, refused to see him for three years, but despite her refusal, he still went to visit her house three to four times a day and bowed to her from outside the house during the duration, hoping to change her mind. Whenever a new magistrate for Qing Prefecture's central county,
449:), but while Li Keyong wrote back, praising Wang for his actions, Li Keyong did not appear to send troops to aid Wang, particularly since, by this point, Li Maozhen had capitulated to Zhu and, after slaughtering the leading eunuchs, surrendered the emperor to Zhu to sue for peace. By late spring 903, Zhu's main troops were back at Xuanwu, preparing for a major attack on Wang, and Zhu Youning had defeated an attack by Wang Shifan's younger brother Wang Shilu on Qi Prefecture and cut off the communications between Wang Shifan and Liu.
468:), Wang Shifan took up defensive positions with troops from Deng and Lai (萊州, also in modern Yantai) Prefectures. Zhu first defeated the soldiers from Deng Prefecture, but wore his own troops out in the process; Wang Shifan and Wang Maozhang then jointly counterattacked, killing Zhu Youning in battle. A subsequent attack by Zhu Quanzhong himself against Wang Shifan and Wang Maozhang was inconclusive, but Wang Maozhang, believing defeat to be inevitable, withdrew in the middle of the night. Yang's general Zhang Xun (
236:, reported for duty, Wang would personally go to pay tribute to the magistrate; he bowed to the magistrate and referred to himself as "your citizen, Wang Shifan." When his staff members tried to stop him, arguing that that was too extreme a show of humility, he responded that this was to show proper respect to the elders of the locale such that his descendants would not forget their roots. Meanwhile, while Wang was able to maintain his control of Pinglu, three nearby circuits (Tianping (天平, headquartered in modern
549:
clan members, and then responded, "No one can escape death, particularly the guilty ones. I do not wish for our bodies to lie around without order between the elders and the children." After the feast started, he ordered that the clan members, from the youngest ones first, be led to the pit to be executed. Some 200 died, including Wang himself and his brothers Wang Shihui and Wang Shiyue. In 925, by which time Later Liang had been destroyed and Li Keyong's son
104:
207:) to attack Zhang, but Lu turned his army around and prepared to attack Qing Prefecture instead. Wang Shifan sent messengers to present gifts to Lu, claiming that he was ready to surrender the circuit to Lu if Lu would be willing to spare his life. Lu believed Wang and took no precautions in entering the city; subsequently, Wang's officer
330:, who had ruled Taining at one point, as the military governor of Pinglu. Upon reading the edict, Wang was greatly distressed, and commented, "We are the outer defenses for the Emperor. How can we just sit here and watch the Son of Heaven be trapped and humiliated? Do we have these troops just to defend ourselves?" The retired chancellor
543:
Your
Imperial Majesty turned the clan into the imperial clan, and the clan members all received glory and favor. But the husband of your servant girl alone suffered misfortune, having died on the battlefield due to the rebellion of Wang Shifan. My deadly enemy is still alive, and your servant girl
313:
were about to slaughter them. Cui, who was allied with Zhu, in turn summoned Zhu, who put
Fengxiang's capital Fengxiang Municipality under siege. In early 903, with Fengxiang's situation becoming increasingly desperate, Han had Emperor Zhaozong issue an edict calling on the military governors around
548:
Emperor Taizu responded, "I almost forgot about this bandit." He then sent an emissary to
Luoyang to order the Wang clan be massacred. When the emissary got to Luoyang, he dug a large pit in the ground and then announced Emperor Taizu's edict. Wang Shifan set up a large feast table and sat with his
528:), he changed his clothes into plain civilian clothes and rode a donkey from that point on, to show humility. When he reached Bian Prefecture, Zhu still treated him as an honored guest, and had him commissioned the military governor of Heyang Circuit (河陽, headquartered in modern Luoyang).
337:
With most of Zhu's elite troops at
Fengxiang with him, Wang devised a daring plan to have his own officers disguised at merchants, to simultaneously start uprising at a large number of locations throughout the territory controlled by Zhu, including Xuanwu's capital Bian Prefecture
481:
The morale of Wang Shifan's army was still quite high at that time, and the officers advocated holding out against Zhu. However, because Wang Shike had been captured by the Xuanwu army, Wang Shifan decided to sue for peace. He sent his deputy military governor Li Siye
539:(with him as its Emperor Taizu). Wang was thereafter recalled from Heyang to Luoyang and made a general of the imperial guards. Meanwhile, after Emperor Taizu subsequently created many of his sons and nephews' imperial princes, Zhu Youning's wife wept and told him:
422:, not the previously mentioned Hua Prefecture). However, in most circumstances, the Pinglu officers who planned the uprising were informed on by others and arrested in advance. Only Liu Xun was able to surprise the defenders of Yan Prefecture and seize it.
930:
211:, under Wang's orders, assassinated Lu. Wang then reviewed his troops and encouraged them with kind words, and then personally led his troops to attack Di. He captured and executed Zhang, while Cui fled back to the imperial capital
474:), who had taken over Mi Prefecture, also withdrew from Mi, leaving Wang Shifan without outside aid. Further, his brother Wang Shike was then captured in an attack on Linqu (臨朐, in modern Weifang) by Zhu's general
85:. (Whether the edict was actually the will of Emperor Zhaozong was unclear.) After he was defeated by Zhu, he resubmitted to Zhu. In 908, by which point Zhu had taken over the Tang throne and established a new
183:, Wang Jingwu died. The soldiers supported then-15-year-old Wang Shifan to succeed him. Wang Shifan thus claimed the title of acting military governor, but Wang Jingwu's subordinate Zhang Chan (
520:
to be the acting military governor of Pinglu to replace Wang. Upon Li's arrival, the Wang clan left it and travelled west toward Bian
Prefecture. When Wang Shifan reached Puyang (濮陽, in modern
915:
119:, who would have been at the time of his birth or would later become an officer at Pinglu Circuit. Both Wang Jingwu and Wang Shifan's mother were from Pinglu's capital Qing Prefecture (
920:
500:), he accepted Wang Shifan's surrender and recommissioned him as the acting military governor of Pinglu — but sent his own officers to take over Deng, Lai, Zi (淄州, in modern
488:) and Wang Shiyue to offer to surrender and let Wang Shilu serve as a hostage. With Zhu then fearing a joint attack by a rejuvenated Li Maozhen and Li Maozhen's adoptive son
905:
900:
201:
the military governor of Pinglu, and Zhang welcomed Cui to Di
Prefecture to coordinate the campaign against Wang Shifan. In 891, Wang Shifan sent the officer Lu Hong (
910:
197:), refused to support Wang Shifan, and instead requested the imperial government to send a different military governor. Emperor Zhaozong thus made the general
940:
508:), and Di Prefectures, leaving Wang Shifan in effective control of just Qing Prefecture. At Wang's direction, Liu Xun also surrendered Yan Prefecture.
935:
176:, who was then in command of the overall operations against Qi, and was subsequently commissioned as the military governor by Wang Duo.
636:
to execute Wang Shifan and his family; it is not completely clear that that was the exact date when Wang and his family were executed.
161:), took over Pinglu, and claimed the title of acting military governor. He subsequently pledged loyalty to the agrarian rebel leader
925:
837:
825:
682:
425:
In response, Zhu
Quanzhong's nephew Zhu Youning, who was at Bian Prefecture at that time, prepared to attack Wang, and he summoned
550:
314:
the realm to rise and attack Zhu. The edict particularly singled out Wang as an adherent of Zhu's and, as part of the order to
69:) from 891 to 903). He was initially a vassal of the powerful military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern
456:
to aid Wang Shifan. The joint forces of Wang
Maozhang and Wang Shifan's brother Wang Shihui were thereafter able to capture
264:
of Xuanwu
Circuit, and as a result, by 897, Wang did not dare to disobey Zhu and became, effectively, a vassal of Zhu's.
536:
86:
874:
870:
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429:, who was the military governor of Taining at the time but who was then stationed at Xing Prefecture (邢州, in modern
95:), who was killed in Wang's resistance campaign, Emperor Taizu ordered that Wang and his entire family be executed.
170:
165:, who had declared himself the emperor of a new state of Qi, but was subsequently persuaded by the Tang official
460:. However, with Zhu Youning having captured Bochang (博昌, in modern Binzhou) and Deng Prefecture (登州, in modern
437:). Zhu Quanzhong also sent additional troops to reinforce Zhu Youning. Wang wrote to Zhu Quanzhong's archrival
180:
82:
818:
662:
286:
112:
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208:
452:
With his own defensive positions in danger, Wang sought aid from Yang Xingmi. Yang sent his general
895:
890:
334:
also wrote to Wang and encouraged to rise against Zhu
Quanzhong. Wang therefore prepared to do so.
557:(as Emperor Zhuangzong), Emperor Zhuangzong ordered that Wang Shifan be given posthumous honors.
532:
89:
as its Emperor Taizu, in response to the plea by the wife of Emperor Taizu's nephew Zhu Youning (
516:
Wang Shifan remained at Pinglu until 905. That year, Zhu Quanzhong commissioned his associate
813:
657:
49:
37:
21:
849:
580:
26:
884:
457:
453:
215:. Emperor Zhaozong subsequently commissioned him as the military governor of Pinglu.
414:), Guo Prefecture (虢州, also in modern Sanmenxia), and Hua Prefecture (華州, in modern
107:
Map of warlords before the end of Tang dynasty, with the territory under Wang Shifan
103:
229:
52:
17:
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315:
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In 889, by which time Emperor Xizong had died and been succeeded by his brother
116:
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People executed by a Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms state by decapitation
505:
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309:, as the eunuchs feared that Emperor Zhaozong and the leading chancellor
249:
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60:
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155:). In 881 or 882, Wang Jingwu expelled the military governor An Shiru (
78:
70:
56:
492:
the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (靜難, headquartered in modern
318:
the military governor of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern
521:
461:
446:
441:
the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern
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In 898, Emperor Zhaozong bestowed the honorary chancellor title of
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293:, seized Emperor Zhaozong and took him from the imperial capital
620:
501:
81:, but rose against Zhu in 903 in response to an edict issued by
169:
to return his allegiance to Tang. He sent troops to aid the
535:
to yield the throne to him, ending Tang and starting a new
632:
July 10, 908 was the date given for the order issued by
531:
In 907, Zhu forced Emperor Zhaozong's son and successor
55:, who ruled Pinglu Circuit (平盧, headquartered in modern
63:) from 889 to 905 (formally, as its military governor (
378:), Henan Municipality (河南, i.e., the eastern capital
131:), and at least four younger brothers, Wang Shike (
125:). He had at least one older brother, Wang Shiyue (
621:Academia Sinica Chinese-Western Calendar Converter
297:to Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern
111:Wang Shifan was born in 874, during the reign of
916:People executed by Later Liang (Five Dynasties)
541:
189:), the prefect of Di Prefecture (棣州, in modern
228:Wang Shifan was said to be studious, favoring
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244:), Taining (泰寧, headquartered in modern
48:July 10, 908) was a warlord late in the
906:Tang dynasty jiedushi of Heyang Circuit
901:Tang dynasty jiedushi of Pinglu Circuit
677:
675:
673:
671:
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553:was the emperor of a newly established
398:), Hezhong Municipality (河中, in modern
260:)) were conquered by the major warlord
356:), Tianping's capital Yun Prefecture (
911:Later Liang (Five Dynasties) generals
350:), Taining's capital Yan Prefecture (
7:
941:Tang dynasty generals from Shandong
344:), Ganhua's capital Xu Prefecture (
326:), commissioned Yang's subordinate
305:), then ruled by the eunuchs' ally
406:), Shan Prefecture (陝州, in modern
382:), Meng Prefecture (孟州, in modern
14:
838:New History of the Five Dynasties
390:), Hua Prefecture (滑州, in modern
274:Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi
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362:), Qi Prefecture (齊州, in modern
470:
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185:
1:
936:Executed people from Shandong
826:History of the Five Dynasties
683:History of the Five Dynasties
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926:Politicians from Weifang
83:Emperor Zhaozong of Tang
546:
512:After departing Pinglu
108:
285:In 901, the powerful
219:As Jiedushi of Pinglu
106:
561:Notes and references
149:), and Wang Shiyue (
282:) on Wang Shifan.
109:
115:. His father was
948:
814:New Book of Tang
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544:is suffering.
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458:Mi Prefecture
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454:Wang Maozhang
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53:Tang dynasty
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25:
18:Chinese name
537:Later Liang
476:Yang Shihou
427:Ge Congzhou
316:Yang Xingmi
291:Han Quanhui
117:Wang Jingwu
87:Later Liang
34:Wang Shifan
22:family name
896:908 deaths
891:874 births
885:Categories
555:Later Tang
533:Emperor Ai
307:Li Maozhen
224:Early rule
199:Cui Anqian
171:chancellor
163:Huang Chao
99:Background
439:Li Keyong
408:Sanmenxia
332:Zhang Jun
289:, led by
268:Late rule
167:Zhang Jun
44:) (874 –
853:, vols.
819:vol. 187
803:vol. 265
787:vol. 263
762:vol. 262
746:vol. 261
727:vol. 255
711:vol. 264
663:vol. 187
609:vol. 266
586:vol. 258
551:Li Cunxu
506:Shandong
494:Xianyang
490:Li Jihui
466:Shandong
400:Yuncheng
376:Shandong
368:Shandong
320:Yangzhou
295:Chang'an
279:同中書門下平章事
250:Shandong
242:Shandong
213:Chang'an
195:Shandong
174:Wang Duo
66:Jiedushi
61:Shandong
16:In this
843:vol. 42
831:vol. 13
688:vol. 13
634:Zhu Wen
518:Li Zhen
498:Shaanxi
443:Taiyuan
431:Xingtai
420:Shaanxi
384:Jiaozuo
380:Luoyang
328:Zhu Jin
324:Jiangsu
311:Cui Yin
303:Shaanxi
287:eunuchs
258:Jiangsu
209:Liu Xun
191:Binzhou
71:Kaifeng
57:Weifang
50:Chinese
38:Chinese
522:Puyang
462:Yantai
447:Shanxi
416:Weinan
404:Shanxi
392:Anyang
254:Xuzhou
246:Jining
238:Tai'an
40::
20:, the
526:Henan
435:Hebei
412:Henan
396:Henan
388:Henan
372:Linyi
364:Jinan
299:Baoji
75:Henan
502:Zibo
234:Yidu
27:Wang
875:266
871:265
867:264
863:263
859:261
855:258
485:李嗣業
158:安師儒
152:王師悅
146:王師魯
140:王師誨
134:王師克
128:王師悅
92:朱友寧
77:),
42:王師範
24:is
887::
873:,
869:,
865:,
861:,
857:,
841:,
829:,
817:,
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769:^
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744:,
734:^
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709:,
695:^
686:,
670:^
661:,
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607:,
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584:,
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478:.
471:張訓
464:,
445:,
433:,
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366:,
359:鄆州
353:兗州
347:徐州
341:汴州
322:,
301:,
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204:盧弘
193:,
186:張蟾
122:青州
73:,
59:,
46:c.
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