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slave trade increased steadily. The ivory trade greatly increased the slave trade, although it had long been important in intra- and inter-regional trade. As with cattle, slaves were also needed and wanted for their prestige value, for men could gain influence and social connections, they could even make marriage payments with them. The slave was seldom used just to carry ivory. Ivory porters should be viewed as free and voluntary labor, although it is true that they were at times financially abused by their chiefs, but later these people were defeated by Arabs.
492:, dominating as traders and porters since 1850. (While Iliffe lists a likely 100,000 people traveling to and from the coast, Abrahams lists a possible 200,000 using many of the side 'roads', some making the trip as many as 20 times.) Despite the Nyamwezi's outside contacts, Nyamwezi colonies were remarkably resistant to foreign culture. Nyamwezi colonies outside the Unyamwezi long remained culturally distinct. In Unyamwezi itself, differing lifestyles were either absorbed into the existing order, similar to the
469:, who went into exile in Ulyankhulu. When Mnywasele later tried to increase his control over the Unyanyembe trading community, those allied with Mkasiwa, which led to a greater conflict between Unyanyembe and Ulyankhulu in 1860. The result of the conflict was that Mkasiwa gained the throne of Unyanyembe. In 1871 Unyanyembe was involved in another war, this time against Urambo, which at this time was ruled by the slaver and ivory trader known as
636:, sexual refusal of the wife, and having an abortion, were all adequate reasons. Grounds for a husband to claim divorce were failure of the wife to carry out household duties, visiting a doctor without permission, and possible infertility. A wife could divorce if the husband deserted for a period of time without supporting her; if the husband seriously injured her by, for example, breaking a limb, but not simply beating her; the husband's
648:
need to maintain a large population; and while no one had the right to sell land in a chiefdom, the people had considerable security in their rights to the land. Permission to clear land was not needed, but care was taken so as not to conflict with others in the area. If there was a shortage of land in an area to be inherited, a headman could insist upon other holdings. Water was free to all.
33:
417:
332:, who were never united. All groups normally merged have broadly similar cultures, but it is an oversimplification to view them as a single group. The Nyamwezi have close ties with the Sukuma and are believed to have been one ethnic group up until the Nyamwezi started their forrays to the Coast for long distance trade. The Sukuma would refer to the Nyamwezi as the
528:
transformed the region, for trade generated the wealth needed to obtain firearms. Chiefs were normally ritual figures who had no very rigid rules of succession. They lived very restricted lives, with the most significant duties being carried out by headmen. They were strangled when they became seriously ill (as probably happened to
Mirambo while dying of
688:
was ailing in 1857 because of severe competition from India, and over the next sixty years almost disappeared. Ironwork came from localized settlements whose products were then traded over wide areas: bows, arrows, spears, the payment of fines, and the extremely valuable hoes for bridewealth were all produced with considerable ritual by the smiths.
532:), for the well being of the state and its continuation was identified with chief and his subordinate administrators. A hierarchy of territorial offices came into being. There were sub-chiefs, assistant chiefs, headmen elders, ritual officials, etc., as each dynasty seized power from another. Greater Nyamwezi had become a war zone.
429:, these may have numbered over 150, each with its own councilors, elders, and court slaves. In the 19th century, they were already recognized as large slave-owners and were famous for their herds. While cattle were important, their care was not part of tribal life. The Nyamwezi often hired professional herdsmen, the immigrant
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wives, and any children who still lived with them. Sometimes relatives, such as a mother, younger unmarried brothers or sisters, and their children could be found together. The sexes usually ate separately. In general men did the heavy work, while women did the recurring tasks and much of the everyday agricultural work.
588:
Unyamwezi lands and subsequently
Tanganyika. The German strategy to form a collaborative strong coalition of Isike's enemies, paid off. Otherwise, it would have been a strenuous task. It would have taken the Germans longer to defeat Isike's resolve. Only Isike's brother Swetu openly continued to resist in the periphery.
687:
In addition to agriculture, crafts were a part-time occupation and were not hereditary. Regionally traded products of importance were drums, ladles, stools, storage boxes for grain, and snuffboxes of horn. Iron and cloth were very important in regional networks, but the cloth industry in particular
683:
was also common. Goats were used for ancestor sacrifices, but the economic value of goats and sheep lay in their meat and skins. By tradition five goats or sheep equated one bull; two bulls were worth one cow. Their year is divided into two seasons, wet and dry, with considerable variation depending
647:
It had always been part or the
Nyamwezi system for the chief to receive tribute, bring success and prosperity to the people, and play an active role in ceremonies. All land was said to have belonged to the chief and he had the right to expel witches and undesirables; abuse was checked by the general
591:
When Isike's
Itetemia fortress fell in the German's hands, his brother Swetu retreated into the miyombo forest terrain with the remaining faithful ruga-ruga platoons. Swetu launched sporadic guerrilla attacks against the German invaders for about two years. However, Swetu's guerrilla tactics were not
547:
Isike was prudent in his dealings with all foreigners. His centrist view endeavoured to strike the middle way to balance the triangular relationship in the caravan trade. The triangular power relations between 1. local rulers, 2. Arab-Indians and 3. Europeans. His awareness and knowledge of the power
535:
By 1890 the
Germans advanced further towards Tabora the western part of Tanganyika. It is located in the interior of Nyamwezi land. There, they met stiff resistance from Isike the Unyanyembe hereditary ruler. Isike was the only leader in Nyamweziland who was prepared to defend his country to the last
480:
In the 19th century, settlements were described as typically large, compact, and fortified for defense with strong wooden stockades, often in high inaccessible rocky places. When the
Germans finally imposed peace, the population did not immediately disperse, but slowly, over a fifty-year period, the
622:
Ideally every adult person should be married, and every married woman should have her own household and bring her own household utensils. The husband is said to technically own his wife's hut, fields, and most of the household's food, but a wise husband usually listened to the wife's advice. There
595:
Unyamwezi was "pacified" by the
Germans in 1893; only Chief Isike around Tabora giving any serious opposition. The Germans adopted a form of indirect rule in the region with chiefs becoming the administrative agents of the central government, receiving account books as a formal mark of recognition.
579:
In 1891 the
Germans learnt a bitter lesson when they lost half their troops in Kalenga. Their military was annihilated when they attacked the Hehe ruler Mkwawa—Isike's son-in-law and a staunch ally. The Germans knew the two leaders conspired keeping in close contact and sharing intelligence in their
551:
In anticipation of foreign invasions Isike constructed a fortress around the
Nyanyembe royal courts in Itetemia. It was a purpose built defence stronghold to keep invaders at bay. Built with thick walls built with stones and mud mortar, strengthened with fire. The walls were approximately three feet
700:
became more and more important, and since many men were traveling, labor for cultivation became increasingly scarce and slaves were needed more and more. Slaves remaining in the local area seem to have had a life easier and more secure than those sent to the coast. Domestic slaves often lived and
539:
According to
European intelligence and correspondence information provided by missionaries and explorers, Isike was on top the German list of serious opponents of the Europeans. With the coming of the Germans Isike was going to be alone—his Arab allies caved in, they abandoned the long relationship
412:
reached the Nyamwezi by 1825. They also started to acquire guns, and establish regular armies, with intra-tribal wars and some conflicts with Arabs on the coast throughout the 19th century. They could be considered an acquisitive society, often accused of thinking of nothing but how to earn money.
704:
Even though slave trading and raiding outside of Unyamwezi was considerable, some people became slaves as a result of debt. Before the 19th century, slavery was tolerated but looked down upon by the Nyamwezi. During the social and economic changes of the 19th century, the attitude changed, and the
571:
specifically to challenge and crash Isike's resistance by any means necessary. This time the Germans were better prepared with the additional reinforcement including the local ruga-ruga deserters who were lured with handsome rewards to work for the Germans as mercenaries. Lieutenant Tom von Prince
618:
Historically, villages were normally not kinship units and people found their relatives spread over wide areas. Spouses generally came from outside the Tembes and sons commonly moved away from their father's homestead. The core members of a "domestic group" consisted of the husband, his wife or
584:
instead of surrendering to be captured alive by the victors Isike took his life in a suicide. He ignited the remaining gunpowder kegs stocked in the armoury where he barricaded himself with willing relatives and wives. He did not want to live an undignified miserable life under foreign occupiers.
583:
Prior to 1893, the Germans launched two major unsuccessful attacks as attempt to defeat Isike and followed with intermittent multiple skirmishes. The Germans third ferocious offensive was decisive big blow. The German military; was able to break into Isike's stronghold. Realising imminent defeat,
559:
Unlike Isike's contemporaries Mirambo and Nyungu-ya-Mawe (Isike's cousin) who participated in the forefront of the battles lines leading their vicious ruga-ruga armies Isike chose to control his ruga-ruga forces from his command centre inside the fortress. He never complied with German demands or
659:
Elephant hunters have historically been one of the most prestigious occupations among the Nyamwezi, since the elephant hunters could get very rich from ivory trade. The elephant hunters were organised in a guild, which only accepted those who could pass the apprenticeship and the tests that were
575:
He also forged a coalition of the willing deserters, the skilled and experienced Arab militia with the support of princess Nyanso (Isike's rival cousin), and Ruga-ruga from other complying Nyamwezi rulers. The Ruga-ruga mercenaries and Arab militia puppets not only strengthened the German's army
587:
Before Isike's defeat in 1891 Nyanso was installed as the German's allied ruler of Unyanyembe. Isike's death in 1893 cemented German's victory against him. This occurrence sealed the fate of the Nyamwezi dominance of the central caravan trade route. The Germans freely exalted their authority in
527:
Conflicts between chiefs and Arab traders lasted through the last half of the 19th century. Chiefs such as Isike and Mirambo, no longer being purely ritual, had found that the arrival of firearms enabled them to create standing armies and a new state organization. It was firearms and trade that
663:
The guildmembers believed they possessed powerful hunting medicine acquired through rigorous apprenticeships, tracking game in all types of terrain and moving swiftly and silently through thorny underbrush. The elephant hunting led to a decrease in elephant population, which combined with the
364:
It was only in the 19th century that the name could be found in European literature; the term might include almost anyone from the western plateau. Travel taught them that others called them Nyamwezi, and almost all men accepted the name given to them by the coastal people indicating that the
643:
It was customary for the younger brother of her former husband to inherit a widow (a kind of "widows and orphans" security system), although it was not done against her will. Among some, inheritance of a widow by her husband's sister's son was particularly favored.
424:
The Nyamwezi had long been a settled agricultural and cattle-owning people, arriving on the western plateau in the 16th century, and originally living in a mosaic of small and independent chiefdoms slowly carved out by ruling dynasties. According to a Catholic
631:
minus the number and sex of the children born. Divorce was most often accomplished by the separation of either party. Chiefdom courts found certain reasons to automatically justify divorce: a woman's desertion, being struck by a wife, the wife's
701:
ate with their owners, were allowed to work on their own, and could possess their own slaves and livestock; loyal slaves could even be given part of a chiefdom, and it was not unusual for slaves to acquire positions of great influence and power.
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becoming just another chiefdom, or became isolated like the Arabs of Tabora. But for all their poor relationships with the coast and their conservatism, being able to travel was considered a valuable and manly attribute.
543:
Isike was a committed ruler who dedicated his life to longevity of his Nyanyembe state. He was attentive on matters of state governance. A man of few words. In communication with people he listened more than talking.
623:
was little ranking between co-wives, although seniority in terms of who was first married was at times recognized. Jealously and sorcery were common, much depending on how well co-wives got along. Unlike the
596:
Over time, the chiefs were expected to keep order and collect taxes. Where earlier officers welcomed their collaboration, later officers became suspicious of it, even deliberately dismantling a chiefdom.
365:
Nyamwezi came from the west. A century later, their land is still called "Greater Unyamwezi", about 35,000 square miles (91,000 km) of rolling land at an elevation of about 4,000 feet (1,200 m).
563:
The German's first attempt to pacify Isike failed dismally in 1890. Their small army and weak military equipment was not up to the task. Isike stuck to his tactic of barricading himself in his fortress.
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is a more frequent daily practice. Offerings of sheep or goats are made to ancestors, and the help of Likube is invoked beforehand. Spirits also play an active role in Nyamwezi religious life, with
397:
and confirms their presence there in the late 17th century. They were once fishermen and nomadic farmers due to the poor quality of soil in the area. Their travels made them professional traders.
599:
As late as 1906, Karl Weule, a German ethnolonogist had the following to say; "Even European caravans had their porters expect to receive food and drink from native villages they passed through"
794:
during the 19th century and Islam even influenced the fashion of those that didn't convert. During the same century, other Nyamwezi converted to Protestant Christianity via the work of the
660:
associated with it. Hunting had a wide variety of forms. Guild members often used lethal poison, and when they used it, in a German sergeant's words, "it worked slowly but surely."
1128:
540:
they had from the time of Isike's father Mkasiwa. The Arabs recognised and acknowledged the European military power they sided with them in the war against Isike.
390:, the Nyamwezi are thought to have settled in west central Tanzania (their present location) some time in the 17th century. The earliest evidence comes from the
798:
established in the region. Even with conversion, both the Christian and especially the Muslim Nyamwezi retained much of their traditional customs and beliefs.
937:"Nyamwezi and Sukuma." Encyclopedia of World Cultures, Vol. 9: Africa and the Middle East. Human Relations Area Files, 1995. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group.
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invitation to attend supposedly peace talks. Instead, he sent envoys only. He refused to come out of his fortress to personally negotiate with the invaders.
627:, divorce was common, a large majority of persons experiencing al least one divorce by the time they were fifty years of age, which included the return of
520:. With their deep involvement in commerce, the Nyamwezi welcomed traders. The most hospitable chiefdom was Unyanyembe, where Arab traders established the
378:
504:. The western Nyamwezi arrived at the coast with ivory around 1800, and coastal traders soon followed this up by finally entering Unyamwezi and reaching
725:. Today, the Moravian Church In Western Tanzania (MCWT) has about 80,000 Nyamwezi adherents and many continue to evangelize among the Sukuma people.
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or perversions; or if her husband generally failed to maintain her and her children properly. A husband's adultery would not be one of the grounds.
1100:
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Many trade routes crossed Unyamwezi, and the Nyamwezi had access to ivory and slaves, stretching from the coast to the inland, as far as
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Most follow a traditional religion, despite conversion attempts by Islam and Christianity. They believe in a powerful god called
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Slavery was important and chiefs and other government officials owned the largest number, sometimes well over a thousand, for as
50:
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origin, and translates as "people of the moon" or "people of the west", the latter being more meaningful to the context.
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personnel in size, they also volunteered all vital intelligence that could undermine Isike's defence strategies.
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1920:
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from Tabora resulting in the price of ivory rising globally. The war lasted until Mirambo's death in 1884.
1994:
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as organized as Mkwawa's. The German's military effort focused on Mkwawa after the conquest of Unyamwezi.
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Ancient Indian texts refer to the Nyamwezi, or 'the men of the moon', a term still in use to identify the
552:
in width and ten feet in height. At the top of the walls holes were curved strategically designed for
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509:
953:
Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival [4 volumes]
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1103:, Greeting and installation songs for chiefs of the Nyamwezi people from Tabora district, Tanzania
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606:, the British took over in 1919 and ruled until the Tanzanian independence of 1961. To combat
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The Nyamwezi were highly religious with ntemi as their ritual, religious, leader and priest.
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90:
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1905:
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488:), found the Nyamwezi heavily involved in trade relations with the Arabs and the island of
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Historically, there have been five ethnic groups, all of which referring to themselves as
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increased trade in slaves, led to large changes in the social and economic conditions.
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453:. Unyanyembe was perhaps the most powerful, since it controlled the trading city of
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Boundless universe: The culture of expansion among the Sukuma-Nyamwezi of Tanzania
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inherited the throne of Unyanyembe in 1858, the Arabs helped him expel his rival
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German colonialists controlling Tanzania from the late 19th century (calling it
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Weule, Karl. (Kolonial-Lexicon Band III S 672 & Native Life in East Africa)
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Bundesarchiv Bild 105-DOA0243, Deutsch-Ostafrika, Einheimische aus Urambi
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The Nyamwezi are predominantly subsistence farmers and cattle herders.
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In the early 1800s, there were a number of Nyamwezi kingdoms, such as
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and served with meat and vegetables. Beer made from fermented corn,
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workings of the three sides of the triangle sustained his authority.
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Brandström (1990), Chapter 2: Who is a Sukuma and who is a Nyamwezi?
336:, meaning 'people of the south', and the Dakama would refer to the
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With the establishment of German East Africa in the 19th century,
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610:, many people were moved into new villages free from the disease.
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History of the Tanzania (Western) Province of the Moravian Church
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W.H. Ingrams (1967), Zanzibar: Its History and Its People,
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By 1800 they were taking caravans to the coast to trade in
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snipers to place weapons in defence of the fortress base.
285:. The Nyamwezi people's ancestral homeland is in parts of
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Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East
1052:. Dept. of Cultural Anthropology, Uppsala University.
732:, classified as the Sukuma–Nyamwezi group of Bantu.
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57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
602:After the Germans were removed from Tabora during
481:modern pattern of scattered settlements emerged.
779:) is a powerful force in Nyamwezi culture. The
728:About 926,000 Nyamwezi speak a language of the
457:, and had close connections with the Arabs of
281:. They are the second-largest ethnic group in
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461:, through the Arab community of Tabora. When
8:
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667:Nyamwezi staple food has historically been
572:Military was equipped with better weapons.
129:Ethnic group from Tabora Region of Tanzania
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1010:The Peoples of Greater Unyamwezi, Tanzania
567:The German authority appointed Lieutenant
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783:society recruits people possessed by the
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
512:took place for the ivory of the Congo's
880:
524:of Tabora to the Lake district beyond.
473:. 1873 the Urambo forces blockaded the
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7:
1026:Bauer, Andreus. (Street of Caravans)
983:. Infobase Publishing. p. 506.
977:Incorporated, Facts On File (2009).
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943:
167:Regions with significant populations
55:adding citations to reliable sources
1012:. International African Institute.
853:, Former National Assembly Speaker
580:bid to wade off foreign invasion.
433:, to care for their cattle herds.
25:
1041:Mirambo of Tanzania Ca. 1840-1884
420:Wanyamwezi hairstyles, circa 1860
350:, but many also speak Swahili or
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31:
1039:Bennett, Norman Robert (1971).
926:The Cambridge History of Africa
914:The Cambridge History of Africa
42:needs additional citations for
1092:Sukuma/ Nyamwezi Language Page
1061:. Cambridge University Press.
1059:A Modern History of Tanganyika
1032:Durch Massailand zur Nilquelle
950:Williams, Victoria R. (2020).
404:copper, wax, salt, ivory, and
346:, and they speak the language
1:
1094:, African Studies Center at
717:missionaries arrived in the
408:. Arab and Indian slave and
205:African Traditional Religion
790:Many Nyamwezi converted to
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1043:. Oxford University Press.
1138:Ethnic groups in Tanzania
1096:Michigan State University
956:. ABC-CLIO. p. 824.
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1101:Smithsonian Global Sound
1048:Brandström, Per (1990).
1008:Abrahams, R. G. (1967).
1030:Baumann, Oscar (1894).
838:Margaret Simwanza Sitta
671:, a porridge made from
904:, Routledge, pp. 33-35
421:
383:
1057:Iliffe, John (1979).
655:Economic organisation
419:
381:
211:Related ethnic groups
759:(the Universe), but
510:California Gold Rush
51:improve this article
684:on time and place.
614:Social organisation
508:by 1831. A kind of
147:Nyamwezi people in
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2164:Chinese Tanzanians
832:Hamisi Kigwangalla
486:German East Africa
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149:German East Africa
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2169:Indian Tanzanians
1034:. Berlin: Reimer.
990:978-1-4381-2676-0
963:978-1-4408-6118-5
608:sleeping sickness
273:, are one of the
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66:"Nyamwezi people"
16:(Redirected from
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2159:White Tanzanians
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1078:. (The Nyamwezi)
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295:Shinyanga Region
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157:Total population
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814:
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807:Royal figures
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410:ivory traders
407:
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398:
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394:
389:
386:According to
380:
374:Early history
373:
368:
366:
362:
361:in Tanzania.
360:
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349:
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331:
327:
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319:
315:
310:
308:
304:
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299:Katavi Region
296:
292:
288:
287:Tabora Region
284:
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217:Sukuma people
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68: –
67:
63:
62:Find sources:
56:
52:
46:
45:
40:This article
38:
34:
29:
28:
19:
2045:
1948:
1058:
1049:
1040:
1031:
1009:
979:
972:
952:
933:
925:
921:
913:
909:
892:
883:
851:Samuel Sitta
845:Statespeople
789:
784:
780:
772:
769:witchdoctors
764:
756:
752:
748:
747:(High God),
744:
742:
734:
730:Bantu family
727:
712:
709:Demographics
703:
695:
686:
666:
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658:
650:
646:
642:
621:
617:
601:
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483:
479:
440:
437:19th century
423:
399:
391:
385:
363:
358:
356:
341:
337:
333:
324:, Nyamwezi,
313:
311:
302:
270:
266:
264:
197:Christianity
132:Ethnic group
113:
104:
94:
87:
80:
73:
61:
49:Please help
44:verification
41:
1435:Kilimanjaro
826:Politicians
792:Sunni Islam
751:(Creator),
719:Lake Malawi
629:bridewealth
604:World War I
475:ivory trade
301:. The term
279:East Africa
2189:Categories
2151:Immigrants
1820:Ndengereko
1002:References
777:witchcraft
723:Tanganyika
721:region of
447:Ulyankhulu
443:Unyanyembe
427:missionary
348:Kinyamwezi
314:Wanyamwezi
277:groups of
271:Wanyamwezi
251:Kinyamwezi
243:Wanyamwezi
77:newspapers
18:Wanyamwezi
2051:Nyanyembe
2018:Nyamwanga
1931:Shinyanga
1906:Ndendeule
749:Limatunda
638:impotence
554:ruga-ruga
463:Mnywasele
393:Galahansa
343:Unyamwezi
259:Unyamwezi
235:Mnyamwezi
179:Languages
162:4 million
107:June 2024
2195:Nyamwezi
2119:Zanzibar
2046:Nyamwezi
1949:Nyamwezi
1655:Morogoro
1630:Nyakyusa
1529:Barabaig
1471:Machinga
1400:Holoholo
928:, vol. 5
916:, vol. 6
858:See also
787:spirit.
757:Liwelolo
634:adultery
490:Zanzibar
459:Zanzibar
303:Nyamwezi
283:Tanzania
267:Nyamwezi
248:Language
227:Nyamwezi
191:Religion
185:Nyamwezi
173:Tanzania
136:Nyamwezi
2141:Swahili
2136:Shirazi
2109:Swahili
2056:Swahili
1995:Nyaturu
1977:Singida
1896:Matengo
1873:Tumbuka
1830:Swahili
1721:Swahili
1706:Makonde
1688:Vidunda
1592:Ngurimi
1539:Kw'adza
1511:Manyara
1501:Swahili
1486:Makonde
1476:Matumbi
1420:Swahili
1410:Manyema
1362:Konongo
1319:Hangaza
1245:Sandawe
1225:Burunge
1197:Swahili
1159:Datooga
864:Mirambo
813:Mirambo
781:Baswezi
739:Culture
698:porters
692:Slavery
677:sorghum
514:Manjema
471:Mirambo
467:Mkasiwa
402:Katanga
369:History
352:English
322:Konongo
307:Swahili
256:Country
91:scholar
2131:Hadimu
2121:&
2104:Zigula
2099:Sambaa
2094:Segeju
2079:Dhaiso
2074:Bondei
2038:Tabora
2028:Lambya
2013:Malila
2005:Songwe
1990:Isanzu
1985:Iramba
1967:Sukuma
1959:Simiyu
1944:Sukuma
1939:Iramba
1888:Ruvuma
1868:Mambwe
1840:Zigula
1835:Zaramo
1825:Rufiji
1787:Pangwa
1759:Njombe
1749:Sukuma
1744:Kerewe
1731:Mwanza
1716:Maviha
1698:Mtwara
1683:Sagara
1678:Pogolo
1673:Luguru
1663:Kaguru
1607:Zanaki
1549:Mbugwe
1544:Maasai
1496:Ngindo
1491:Ndonde
1443:Chagga
1415:Tongwe
1382:Kigoma
1372:Rungwa
1367:Pimbwe
1344:Katavi
1329:Nyambo
1311:Kagera
1301:Ndamba
1296:Mbunga
1283:Iringa
1268:Sumbwa
1263:Sukuma
1235:Gorowa
1220:Alagwa
1212:Dodoma
1202:Zaramo
1179:Maasai
1154:Arusha
1146:Arusha
1065:
1016:
987:
960:
900:
773:Bulogi
745:Likube
681:millet
673:hominy
625:Wagogo
530:cancer
455:Tabora
451:Urambo
406:slaves
338:Sukuma
334:Dakama
330:Sumbwa
328:, and
326:Sukuma
305:is of
240:People
232:Person
151:, 1914
93:
86:
79:
72:
64:
2174:Arabs
2123:Pemba
2089:Ngulu
2084:Mbugu
2066:Tanga
2023:Ndali
1916:Nindi
1911:Ngoni
1901:Mpoto
1878:Wanda
1863:Lungu
1850:Rukwa
1802:Pwani
1792:Wanji
1782:Manda
1772:Kinga
1711:Makua
1645:Sangu
1640:Safwa
1635:Nyiha
1625:Kimbu
1617:Mbeya
1587:Kuria
1582:Kabwa
1572:Ikoma
1567:Ikizu
1534:Iraqw
1481:Mwera
1463:Lindi
1448:Ngasa
1425:Vinza
1357:Bende
1352:Bembe
1334:Shubi
1273:Zinza
1255:Geita
1240:Rangi
1174:Sonjo
1164:Hadza
875:Notes
869:Msiri
840:- CCM
834:- CCM
819:Msiri
785:Swezi
765:mfumu
679:, or
669:ugali
522:nexus
506:Ujiji
502:Congo
494:Ngoni
431:Tutsi
318:Kimbu
275:Bantu
269:, or
201:Islam
98:JSTOR
84:books
1858:Fipa
1815:Kami
1777:Kisi
1767:Bena
1739:Kara
1668:Kutu
1602:Ware
1597:Suba
1577:Jita
1559:Mara
1519:Akie
1453:Pare
1405:Jiji
1390:Goma
1324:Haya
1291:Hehe
1230:Gogo
1169:Meru
1063:ISBN
1014:ISBN
985:ISBN
958:ISBN
898:ISBN
753:Limi
449:and
297:and
265:The
70:news
1921:Yao
1810:Doe
1524:Asa
53:by
2191::
1395:Ha
942:^
767:,
445:,
354:.
320:,
293:,
289:,
203:,
199:,
1130:e
1123:t
1116:v
1071:.
1022:.
993:.
966:.
775:(
395:,
120:)
114:(
109:)
105:(
95:·
88:·
81:·
74:·
47:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
