1623:
417:
38:
2321:
1634:
2311:
46:
1797:
1051:
2358:
286:) and 3- Disposal. This was heavily criticised because it was putting recycling at the same level of incineration which was coherent with the traditional pro-incineration position from the European Commission. The pressure from NGOs and member states managed to turn the initial non-binding 3-step hierarchy into a quasi-binding 5-step hierarchy.
153:
The
European Union Waste Framework Directive has introduced the concept of life-cycle thinking into waste policies. This duality approach gives a broader view of all environmental aspects and ensures any action has an overall benefit compared to other options. The actions to deal with waste along
306:
The task of implementing the waste hierarchy in waste management practices within a country may be delegated to the different levels of government (national, regional, local) and to other possible factors including industry, private companies and households. Local and regional authorities can be
392:
is a more controversial approach to source reduction that targets and measures reductions in the upstream use of toxic materials. Toxic use reduction emphasizes the more preventive aspects of source reduction but, due to its emphasis on toxic chemical inputs, has been opposed more vigorously by
293:
to its waste legislation, Directive 2008/98/EC, which member states must introduce into national waste management laws. Article 4 of the directive lays down a five-step hierarchy of waste management options which must be applied by Member States in this priority order. Waste prevention, as the
1480:
30:
137:
provides an approach to ensure that the best outcome for the environment can be identified and put in place. It involves looking at all stages of a product's life to find where improvements can be made to reduce environmental impacts and improve the use or
248:
The waste hierarchy is a concept of environmental literature and some EU member-states environmental legislation but before the of 2008 was not part of the
European legislation. The waste framework directive of 1975 had no reference to a waste hierarchy.
405:. The 3 R's represent the 'Waste Hierarchy' which lists the best ways of managing waste from the most to the least desirable. Many of the things we currently throw away could be reused again with just a little thought and imagination.
86:
indicates an order of preference for action to reduce and manage waste, and is usually presented diagrammatically in the form of a pyramid. The hierarchy captures the progression of a material or product through successive stages of
98:
The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount of waste. The proper application of the waste hierarchy can have several benefits. It can help prevent
336:
An effective horizontal co-operation between local authorities and municipalities and a vertical co-operation between the different levels of government, local to regional and when beneficial, also at the national level need to
274:
In 1989, it was formalized into a hierarchy of management options in the
European Commission's Community Strategy for Waste Management and this waste strategy was further endorsed in the Commission's review in 1996.
349:
A lack of administrative capacity at the regional and local level. The lack of finances, information, and technical expertise must be overcome for effective implementation and success of the waste management
145:
For example, life-cycle analysis has shown that it is often better for the environment to replace an old washing machine, despite the waste generated, than to continue to use an older machine which is less
240:
the
European Waste Hierarchy is legally binding except in cases that may require specific waste streams to depart from the hierarchy. This should be justified on the basis of life-cycle thinking.
150:. This is because a washing machine's greatest environmental impact is during its use phase. Buying an energy-efficient machine and using low-temperature detergent reduce environmental impacts.
271:
A fundament to the waste hierarchy concept is known as 'Lansink's Ladder', named after the Member of the Dutch
Parliament who proposed it in 1979 to be incorporated into Dutch policy in 1993.
142:
of resources. A key goal is to avoid actions that shift negative impacts from one stage to another. Life cycle thinking can be applied to the five stages of the waste management hierarchy.
188:
giving the products a second life before they become waste. This might involve reusing the product as-is, or reuse with modification, such as repurposing, refurbishing and remanufacture.
133:
and to identify the best environmental options. It can help policy makers understand the benefits and trade-offs they have to face when making decisions on waste management strategies.
1537:
1473:
2698:
298:
and as a last option, safe disposal. Among engineers, a similar hierarchy of waste management has been known as ARRE strategy: avoid, reduce, recycle, eliminate.
1458:
196:
any recovery operation by which waste materials are reprocessed into products, materials or substances whether for the original or other purposes. It includes
2396:
123:
and environmentally sound choice but in some cases refining decisions within the hierarchy or departing from it can lead to better environmental outcomes.
1305:
256:(1975/442/EEC) introduced for the first time the elements of the waste hierarchy concept into European waste policy. It emphasized the importance of
2626:
340:
Finding financing for the establishing or upgrading of expensive sustainable waste management infrastructure to address the needs of managing waste
1567:
437:
343:
A lack of data available on waste management strategies must be overcome and monitoring requirements must be met to implement the waste programs
528:
346:
The enforcement and control of business plans and practices be established and applied to maximize benefits to the environment and human health
1468:
1315:
750:
577:
1967:
1582:
815:
79:. To be sustainable, waste management cannot be solved only with technical end-of-pipe solutions and an integrated approach is necessary.
1691:
268:, as a priority. Following the 1975 Directive, European Union policy and legislation adapted to the principles of the waste hierarchy.
2693:
2444:
1648:
1643:
666:
903:
373:
Another method of source reduction is to increase incentives for recycling. Many communities in the United States are implementing
2560:
2389:
2344:
2065:
1562:
564:
2454:
2449:
2007:
1997:
1365:
1355:
1270:
1120:
870:
366:
and other materials by modifying industrial production. Source reduction methods involve changes in manufacturing technology,
119:
for production to manufacture, distribution, use and disposal. Following the waste hierarchy will generally lead to the most
2334:
2019:
1463:
1340:
1300:
1295:
2585:
2339:
2329:
2231:
2012:
1360:
1320:
1285:
2525:
2040:
1992:
1658:
1653:
1448:
1385:
1375:
103:, reduce pollutants, save energy, conserve resources, create jobs and stimulate the development of green technologies.
2723:
2708:
2469:
2382:
2351:
1926:
1572:
1395:
1290:
1280:
1275:
1125:
943:
711:
449:
1542:
618:
2621:
2535:
1947:
1850:
1426:
1400:
1390:
1380:
1350:
1330:
1160:
2424:
75:
from most favourable to least favourable actions. The hierarchy establishes preferred program priorities based on
2688:
1911:
1443:
1370:
1335:
1325:
1310:
455:
253:
237:
167:
2636:
2545:
2484:
1818:
261:
100:
64:
2651:
2641:
2580:
2575:
2520:
2256:
1766:
1684:
1485:
2464:
393:
chemical manufacturers. Toxic use reduction programs have been set up by legislation in some states, e.g.,
2489:
2296:
2140:
2095:
1952:
1860:
1195:
370:
inputs, and product formulation. At times, the term "pollution prevention" may refer to source reduction.
810:
2565:
2479:
2085:
2080:
1987:
1982:
1708:
995:
975:
134:
2362:
2631:
2570:
2550:
2499:
2439:
2291:
2281:
1833:
1805:
1597:
1345:
1190:
1095:
500:
389:
147:
112:
68:
2540:
2241:
2105:
2055:
2002:
1972:
1962:
1957:
1921:
1813:
1716:
1557:
1145:
1065:
1010:
908:
895:
863:
461:
279:
2310:
282:
suggested a 3-step hierarchy composed of 1- Prevention and Reuse, 2- Recycling and
Recovery (with
2718:
2703:
2616:
2600:
2595:
2405:
2324:
2314:
2185:
2164:
2130:
2075:
1977:
1840:
1726:
1677:
1627:
1602:
1547:
1453:
1242:
1212:
928:
805:
422:
319:
257:
120:
72:
788:
2419:
2125:
2115:
2060:
1885:
1875:
1823:
1761:
1506:
1436:
1431:
1416:
1207:
1175:
1170:
1150:
1090:
1015:
746:
573:
467:
203:
126:
92:
820:
307:
particularly challenged by the following issues when applying the waste hierarchy approach.
2661:
2515:
2286:
2276:
2160:
2135:
2035:
1855:
1828:
1776:
1751:
1741:
1736:
1721:
1622:
1490:
1421:
1262:
1232:
1222:
1180:
1155:
1135:
1130:
970:
938:
933:
913:
887:
738:
431:
416:
378:
374:
359:
312:
215:
174:
130:
88:
566:
Guidelines for
National Waste Management Strategies Moving from Challenges to Opportunities
2646:
2271:
2236:
2175:
2155:
1916:
1865:
1786:
1756:
1746:
1516:
1252:
1247:
1217:
1115:
1100:
1005:
1000:
960:
824:
670:
594:
546:
382:
363:
330:
295:
17:
848:
37:
2713:
2530:
2216:
2110:
2090:
1880:
1845:
1638:
1511:
1185:
1165:
1075:
1035:
923:
856:
76:
2682:
2656:
2261:
2251:
2120:
2070:
1931:
1901:
1870:
1781:
1577:
1237:
985:
394:
323:
116:
2221:
2190:
2050:
1521:
1227:
1105:
1085:
1030:
443:
367:
283:
265:
225:
209:
29:
2195:
2145:
2045:
1552:
1202:
1040:
955:
918:
488:
1796:
45:
2494:
2246:
2200:
2100:
1607:
965:
950:
742:
412:
398:
388:
Source reduction is typically measured by efficiencies and cutbacks in waste.
129:
thinking and assessment can be used to support decision-making in the area of
767:
684:
2474:
2170:
1700:
1587:
1140:
879:
835:
473:
229:
50:
33:
The waste management hierarchy starts from prevention and reduction actions.
1050:
53:
logo. It is sometimes accompanied by the text "reduce, reuse and recycle".
2434:
1906:
1110:
1070:
990:
221:
154:
the hierarchy should be compatible with other environmental initiatives.
2459:
2226:
1080:
197:
191:
527:
Hansen, Wenke; Christopher, Maria; Verbuecheln, Maic (December 2002).
294:
preferred option, is followed by reuse, recycling, recovery including
2555:
2374:
1731:
1025:
980:
529:"EU Waste Policies and Challenges for Local and Regional Authorities"
479:
402:
2429:
2266:
2150:
1771:
1020:
883:
641:
Directive of the
European Parliament and of the Council on waste.
494:
182:
139:
44:
830:
491: – Using object intended for one purpose in alternative way
326:
systems for many different waste streams need to be established.
2378:
1673:
852:
839:
381:- PAYT) which has been effective in reducing the size of the
1669:
434: – Production model to minimise wastage and emissions
166:
refers to the five steps included in the article 4 of the
811:
Directive 2008/98/EC on waste (Waste
Framework Directive)
619:"Life Cycle Thinking and Assessment for Waste Management"
593:
Waste-to-Energy
Research and Technology Council (2009).
484:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
458: – Prioritising vulnerable sustainable road users
57:
Tool to evaluate processes protecting the environment
2609:
2508:
2412:
2209:
2028:
1940:
1894:
1804:
1707:
1530:
1499:
1409:
1261:
1058:
894:
710:Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs.
476: – Japanese term translates as "What a waste!"
63:is a tool used in the evaluation of processes that
1538:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
737:. Springer International Publishing. p. 197.
482: – Maintaining a device in working condition
464: – Awareness of ongoing environmental impact
212:that upgrades the less inefficient incinerators.
278:In the first legislative proposals of 2006 the
49:The three chasing arrows of the international
2390:
1685:
864:
827:article on European Debate on Waste Hierarchy
563:United Nations Environmental Program (2013).
302:Challenges for local and regional authorities
289:In 2008, the European Union introduced a new
8:
333:and disposal facilities must be established.
232:, gasification and other finalist solutions.
503: – Environmentally-beneficial products
2397:
2383:
2375:
1692:
1678:
1670:
871:
857:
849:
836:
712:"Guidance on Applying the Waste Hierarchy"
547:"Non-Hazardous Waste Management Hierarchy"
735:Fundamentals of Electronic Systems Design
660:
658:
656:
440: – Agency of the European Commission
179:preventing and reducing waste generation.
2627:Earth systems engineering and management
545:Environmental Protection Agency (2013).
522:
520:
518:
91:, and represents the latter part of the
36:
28:
2699:Waste legislation in the European Union
1568:High-level radioactive waste management
816:Directorate General for the Environment
514:
438:Directorate-General for the Environment
558:
556:
200:and it does not include incineration.
7:
2357:
1583:Sewage regulation and administration
612:
610:
608:
606:
604:
452: – Agency of the European Union
220:processes to dispose of waste be it
446: – Good that has long term use
41:Enhanced version of waste hierarchy
2445:Environmental full-cost accounting
377:for waste disposal (also known as
25:
2561:Extended producer responsibility
2356:
2320:
2319:
2309:
2066:Extended producer responsibility
1795:
1633:
1632:
1621:
1563:Extended producer responsibility
1049:
768:"Pay-As-You-Throw - Let's Start"
415:
2455:Environmental management system
2450:Environmental impact assessment
1121:Mechanical biological treatment
733:J. Lienig; H. Bruemmer (2017).
111:All products and services have
252:In 1975, The European Union's
1:
2232:Container-deposit legislation
470: – Supply chain document
262:protection of the environment
101:emissions of greenhouse gases
806:Waste unit in DG Environment
789:"Effective waste management"
665:European Commission (2014).
61:Waste (management) hierarchy
2470:Integrated chain management
1927:Materials recovery facility
1573:History of waste management
450:European Environment Agency
362:involves efforts to reduce
93:life-cycle for each product
2740:
2536:Eco-industrial development
1161:fluorescent lamp recycling
84:waste management hierarchy
18:Waste management hierarchy
2694:Waste management concepts
2305:
1793:
1616:
1047:
846:
841:Links to related articles
743:10.1007/978-3-319-55840-0
456:Green transport hierarchy
291:five-step waste hierarchy
254:Waste Framework Directive
238:Waste Framework Directive
185:and preparation for reuse
168:Waste Framework Directive
115:, from the extraction of
2637:Ecological modernization
2546:Ecological modernization
2485:Life-cycle cost analysis
1543:China's waste import ban
164:European waste hierarchy
2652:Sustainable development
2642:Environmental economics
2581:Precautionary principle
2576:Polluter pays principle
2521:Cradle-to-cradle design
2257:Reverse vending machine
904:Agricultural wastewater
691:(in Dutch). 5 June 2014
315:strategy must be set up
65:protect the environment
2622:Design for environment
2490:Material flow analysis
2297:Water recycling shower
2141:Reuse of human excreta
2111:Recycling (ecological)
2096:Material flow analysis
1628:Environment portal
1306:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1196:water recycling shower
667:"EU Waste Legislation"
650:(Directive 75/442/EEC)
54:
42:
34:
2566:Industrial metabolism
2480:Life-cycle assessment
2425:Cost–benefit analysis
2086:Interchangeable parts
2081:Industrial metabolism
996:Municipal solid waste
976:Industrial wastewater
831:Getting to Zero Waste
617:European Commission.
375:variable-rate pricing
135:Life-cycle assessment
113:environmental impacts
48:
40:
32:
2632:Ecological economics
2571:Industrial symbiosis
2551:Efficient energy use
2500:Stakeholder analysis
2440:Ecological footprint
2292:Water heat recycling
2282:Waste management law
1191:water heat recycling
1096:Garden waste dumping
689:Ad Lansink's Website
685:"Ladder van Lansink"
509:Notes and references
501:Sustainable products
390:Toxics use reduction
2541:Eco-industrial park
2242:Ethical consumerism
2176:Urban lumberjacking
2106:Product stewardship
2056:Eco-industrial park
1558:Eco-industrial park
1146:appliance recycling
1066:Anaerobic digestion
1011:Post-consumer waste
909:Biodegradable waste
497: – Using again
462:Life cycle thinking
280:European Commission
107:Life-cycle thinking
2724:Waste minimisation
2709:Industrial ecology
2617:Cleaner production
2601:Waste valorization
2596:Waste minimisation
2465:Input–output model
2406:Industrial ecology
2315:Environment portal
2186:Waste minimisation
2131:Reusable packaging
2076:Industrial ecology
1603:Waste minimisation
1548:Cleaner production
1213:Reusable packaging
1126:Mechanical sorting
929:Construction waste
423:Environment portal
258:waste minimization
121:resource-efficient
73:energy consumption
55:
43:
35:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2669:
2526:Dematerialization
2420:Agent-based model
2372:
2371:
2126:Resource recovery
2116:Refill (campaign)
2061:Ecological design
2041:Dematerialization
1851:Fluorescent lamps
1667:
1666:
1598:Waste legislation
1507:Sanitation worker
1481:London Convention
1417:Bamako Convention
1208:Resource recovery
1176:textile recycling
1171:plastic recycling
1151:battery recycling
1091:Ecological design
1016:Radioactive waste
752:978-3-319-55839-4
673:on 12 March 2014.
595:"Waste Hierarchy"
579:978-92-807-3333-4
468:Material passport
236:According to the
16:(Redirected from
2731:
2689:Waste management
2662:Urban metabolism
2516:Circular economy
2399:
2392:
2385:
2376:
2360:
2359:
2323:
2322:
2313:
2287:Waste management
2277:Waste collection
2136:Reuse of bottles
2036:Circular economy
2013:Northern Ireland
1799:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1671:
1636:
1635:
1626:
1625:
1491:OSPAR Convention
1422:Basel Convention
1233:Waste collection
1223:Sewage treatment
1181:timber recycling
1156:bottle recycling
1136:Reclaimed lumber
1131:Photodegradation
1053:
971:Industrial waste
939:Electronic waste
934:Demolition waste
914:Biomedical waste
888:waste management
873:
866:
859:
850:
837:
793:
792:
785:
779:
778:
776:
774:
763:
757:
756:
730:
724:
723:
721:
719:
707:
701:
700:
698:
696:
681:
675:
674:
669:. Archived from
662:
651:
648:
642:
639:
633:
632:
630:
628:
623:
614:
599:
598:
590:
584:
583:
571:
560:
551:
550:
542:
536:
535:
533:
524:
485:
432:Circular economy
425:
420:
419:
379:Pay As You Throw
360:Source reduction
355:Source reduction
313:waste management
148:energy-efficient
131:waste management
89:waste management
21:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2647:Green chemistry
2605:
2591:Waste hierarchy
2504:
2408:
2403:
2373:
2368:
2301:
2272:Waste-to-energy
2237:Dumpster diving
2205:
2181:Waste hierarchy
2156:Right to repair
2024:
1993:The Netherlands
1948:Rate by country
1936:
1890:
1800:
1791:
1703:
1698:
1668:
1663:
1639:Category: Waste
1620:
1612:
1593:Waste hierarchy
1526:
1517:Waste collector
1495:
1486:Oslo Convention
1405:
1257:
1253:Waste-to-energy
1248:Waste treatment
1218:Right to repair
1116:Landfill mining
1101:Illegal dumping
1054:
1045:
1006:Packaging waste
1001:Open defecation
961:Hazardous waste
890:
877:
842:
825:Letsrecycle.com
802:
797:
796:
787:
786:
782:
772:
770:
765:
764:
760:
753:
732:
731:
727:
717:
715:
709:
708:
704:
694:
692:
683:
682:
678:
664:
663:
654:
649:
645:
640:
636:
626:
624:
621:
616:
615:
602:
592:
591:
587:
580:
569:
562:
561:
554:
544:
543:
539:
531:
526:
525:
516:
511:
506:
483:
421:
414:
411:
383:municipal waste
364:hazardous waste
357:
304:
296:energy recovery
246:
160:
109:
58:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2737:
2735:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2681:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2613:
2611:
2610:Related fields
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2586:Rebound effect
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2531:Eco-efficiency
2528:
2523:
2518:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2379:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2354:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2317:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2217:Bottle cutting
2213:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2091:Land recycling
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2008:United Kingdom
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
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766:Mark Ruzzin.
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117:raw materials
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2222:Cogeneration
2180:
2051:Durable good
1592:
1531:Other topics
1522:Waste picker
1449:incineration
1228:Urban mining
1106:Incineration
1086:Durable good
1031:Sharps waste
991:Mining waste
783:
771:. Retrieved
761:
734:
728:
716:. Retrieved
705:
693:. Retrieved
688:
679:
671:the original
646:
637:
625:. Retrieved
588:
565:
540:
444:Durable good
387:
372:
368:raw material
358:
305:
290:
288:
284:incineration
277:
273:
270:
266:human health
251:
247:
235:
226:incineration
210:incineration
163:
161:
152:
144:
125:
110:
97:
83:
81:
60:
59:
26:
2335:by material
2196:Wishcycling
2146:Repurposing
2046:Downcycling
1998:Switzerland
1834:PET bottles
1782:Cooking oil
1767:Refrigerant
1553:Downcycling
1500:Occupations
1469:waste water
1366:Switzerland
1356:South Korea
1346:New Zealand
1271:Afghanistan
1243:Waste trade
1203:Repurposing
1041:Toxic waste
1021:Scrap metal
956:Green waste
919:Brown waste
896:Major types
821:Letsrecycle
773:26 November
695:21 February
489:Repurposing
337:established
311:A coherent
222:landfilling
208:some waste
2683:Categories
2495:MET Matrix
2340:by product
2330:by country
2247:Freeganism
2227:Composting
2201:Zero waste
2101:Precycling
1922:Collection
1912:Blue boxes
1814:Appliances
1608:Zero waste
1410:Agreements
1341:Kazakhstan
1296:Bangladesh
1081:Composting
966:Heat waste
951:Food waste
944:by country
399:New Jersey
320:collection
260:, and the
198:composting
175:Prevention
127:Life cycle
67:alongside
2719:Recycling
2704:Hierarchy
2475:ISO 14000
2171:Upcycling
2165:Green Dot
1953:Australia
1941:Countries
1907:Blue bags
1895:Apparatus
1841:Computers
1824:Batteries
1717:Aluminium
1709:Materials
1701:Recycling
1588:Upcycling
1454:landfills
1444:framework
1437:Recycling
1432:batteries
1361:Sri Lanka
1321:Hong Kong
1286:Australia
1263:Countries
1141:Recycling
1059:Processes
880:Biosolids
474:Mottainai
350:policies.
331:treatment
329:Adequate
318:Separate
230:pyrolysis
51:recycling
2509:Concepts
2435:Ecolabel
2325:Category
2210:See also
2029:Concepts
1988:Mongolia
1983:Malaysia
1886:Vehicles
1876:Textiles
1806:Products
1727:Concrete
1649:Journals
1464:vehicles
1386:Thailand
1376:Tanzania
1111:Landfill
1071:Balefill
714:. gov.uk
409:See also
385:stream.
216:Disposal
204:Recovery
69:resource
2460:EIO-LCA
2363:Commons
1968:Ireland
1829:Bottles
1762:Plastic
1722:Asphalt
1316:Georgia
1291:Belgium
1281:Armenia
1276:Albania
324:sorting
244:History
192:Recycle
2556:Exergy
2161:Symbol
2003:Taiwan
1973:Israel
1963:Canada
1958:Brazil
1856:Lumber
1777:Timber
1752:Gypsum
1742:Energy
1737:Cotton
1732:Copper
1637:
1391:Turkey
1381:Taiwan
1351:Russia
1331:Israel
1301:Brazil
1026:Sewage
981:Litter
886:, and
749:
718:19 May
627:19 May
576:
480:Repair
403:Oregon
401:, and
2714:Reuse
2430:DPSIR
2413:Tools
2352:Index
2267:Waste
2151:Reuse
1978:Japan
1917:Codes
1881:Tires
1871:Ships
1866:Paint
1846:Drugs
1787:Water
1772:Scrap
1757:Paper
1747:Glass
1654:Lists
1644:Index
1371:Syria
1336:Japan
1326:India
1311:Egypt
884:waste
622:(PDF)
570:(PDF)
532:(PDF)
495:Reuse
183:Reuse
140:reuse
1902:Bins
1474:WEEE
1459:RoHS
775:2006
747:ISBN
720:2016
697:2020
629:2016
574:ISBN
322:and
264:and
162:The
82:The
71:and
739:doi
2685::
882:,
823:,
745:.
687:.
655:^
603:^
572:.
555:^
517:^
397:,
228:,
224:,
170::
95:.
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2391:t
2384:v
2167:)
2163:(
1693:e
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1679:v
872:e
865:t
858:v
791:.
777:.
755:.
741::
722:.
699:.
631:.
597:.
582:.
549:.
534:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
