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to accompany the troops were organized into "pools", where small groups were escorted into combat zones by US troops and allowed to share their findings later. Those who attempted to strike out on their own and operate outside the pool system claim to have found themselves obstructed directly or indirectly by the military, with passport visas revoked and photographs and notes taken by force from journalists while US forces observed.
736:
and accurately than ever before. Additionally, the US Military allowed unprecedented access for journalists, with almost no restrictions on the press, unlike in previous conflicts. These factors produced military coverage the likes of which had never been seen or anticipated, with explicit coverage of the human suffering produced by the war available right in the living rooms of everyday people.
36:
138:
410:, received far less substantial coverage. This is typical for wars among less-developed countries, as audiences are less interested and the reports do little to increase sales and ratings. The lack of infrastructure makes reporting more difficult and expensive, and the conflicts are also far more dangerous for war correspondents.
735:
saw the tools and access available to war correspondents expanded significantly. Innovations such as cheap and reliable hand-held color video cameras, and the proliferation of television sets in
Western homes give Vietnam-era correspondents the ability to portray conditions on the ground more vividly
790:
blamed the media for the loss of the
Vietnam war, and prominent military leaders did not believe the United States could sustain a prolonged and heavily televised war. As a result, numerous restrictions were placed on the activities of correspondents covering the war in the Gulf. Journalists allowed
794:
Beyond military efforts to control the press, observers noted that press reaction to the Gulf War was markedly different from that of
Vietnam. Critics claim that coverage of the war was "jingoistic" and overly favorable towards American forces, in harsh contrast to the criticism and muckraking that
743:
and discussion of the ethics surrounding the war and
America's role in it. Reporters from dozens of media outlets were dispatched to Vietnam, with the number of correspondents surpassing 400 at the peak of the war. Vietnam was a dangerous war for these journalists, and 68 would be killed before the
382:
News coverage gives combatants an opportunity to forward information and arguments to the media. By this means, conflict parties attempt to use the media to gain support from their constituencies and dissuade their opponents. The continued progress of technology has allowed live coverage of events
209:
War correspondence stands as one of journalism's most important and impactful forms. War correspondents operate in the most conflict-ridden parts of the world. Once there, they attempt to get close enough to the action to provide written accounts, photos, or film footage. It is often considered the
767:
During the
Vietnam War, UPI correspondent Joseph Galloway was present at the battle of the Ia Drang. The U.S. Army awarded him the Bronze Star for his actions during the battle, a rare event for a journalist. Along with Gen. Hal Moore, who commanded U.S. forces in the battle, Galloway subsequently
747:
Many within the US Government and elsewhere would blame the media for the
American failure in Vietnam, claiming that media focus on atrocities, the horrors of combat and the impact on soldiers damaged morale and eliminated support for the war at home. Unlike in older conflicts, where Allied
748:
journalism was almost universally supportive of the war effort, journalists in the
Vietnam theater were often harshly critical of the US military, and painted a very bleak picture of the war. In an era where the media was already playing a significant role in domestic events such as the
752:, war correspondence in Vietnam would have a major impact on the American political scene. Some have argued that the conduct of war correspondents in Vietnam is to blame for the tightening of restrictions on journalists by the US in wars that followed, including the
237:
611:
lived as fugitives near the Front, sending back their reports. The
Government eventually allowed some accredited reporters in April 1915, and this continued until the end of the war. This allowed the Government to control what they saw.
321:, who in 1653 took to sea in a small boat to observe a naval battle between the Dutch and the English, of which he made many sketches on the spot, which he later developed into one big drawing that he added to a report he wrote to the
683:
became one the first ‘eye-witness’ who joined the BEF units in France in
September 1939. The first official group of British, Commonwealth and American correspondents arrived in France on October 10, 1939 (among them were
803:
were lambasted for reporting anything that could be construed as contrary to the war effort, and commentators observed that coverage of the war in general was "saccharine" and heavily biased towards the
American account.
678:
urged all the major newspapers to nominate men to accompany the BEF. While the official process of vetting journalists took place, the War Office authorised to provide a limited ‘eye-witness’ coverage. Journalist
532:
was affected by restrictions on the movement of reporters and strict censorship. In all military conflicts which followed this 1904–1905 war, close attention to more managed reporting was considered essential.
643:
378:
when networks from around the world sent cameramen with portable cameras and correspondents. This proved damaging to the United States as the full brutality of war became a daily feature on the nightly news.
579:(1913) between Bulgaria and its former allies Serbia and Greece, was actively covered by a large number of foreign newspapers, news agencies, and movie companies. An estimated 200–300 war correspondents,
440:, was perhaps the first modern war correspondent. The stories from this era, which were almost as lengthy and analytical as early books on war, took numerous weeks from being written to being published.
528:
was developed, reports could be sent on a daily basis and events could be reported as they occurred. That is when short, mainly descriptive stories as used today became common. Press coverage of the
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implemented a policy that curtailed war correspondents' presence on its ships. This positioned them as the most conservative branch of the British military in terms of media engagement.
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French authorities were equally opposed to war journalism, but less competent (criticisms of the French high command were leaked to the press during the
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714:
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and television news rarely had war correspondents. Rather, they would simply collect footage provided by other sources, often the government, and the
303:
1015:
307:
245:
494:. Claretie wrote, "Nothing could be more fantastic and cruelly true than this tableau of agony. Reportage has never given a superior artwork."
808:
761:
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370:. This footage was often staged as cameras were large and bulky until the introduction of small, portable motion picture cameras during
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At the beginning of the war the matters of war reporting came under the authority of a Public Relations Section created as part of the
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421:. In general, journalists are considered civilians so they have all rights related to the civilians in a conflict.
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was a commander and an observer to the events he described. Memoirs of soldiers became an important source of
68:
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addressing Allied war correspondents at a press conference at his headquarters in Normandy during June 1944
176:
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received a great deal of coverage. In contrast, the largest war in the last half of the 20th century, the
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The First Casualty: The War Correspondent As Hero Propagandist Myth-Maker from the Crimea to the Gulf War
1402:
749:
460:
1615:"Covering D-Day: An Allied Journalist's Perspective" – a report written by David J. Marcou for
699:
334:
222:
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Vietnam-era war correspondence was markedly different from that of WWI and WWII, with more focus on
603:
hated reporters, and they were banned from the Front at the start of the war. But reporters such as
221:. Its presence grew in the middle of the nineteenth century, with American journalists covering the
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830:
816:
628:
507:
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403:
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1256:, revised edition, London, Melbourne, New York, p. 206-208; Luckhurst, T. (2023).
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663:
529:
384:
268:
407:
1623:
Biographical dictionary of 24,000+ British and Irish journalists who died between 1800 and 1960
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1383:
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969:
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884:
847:
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576:
214:
1611:"A statistical analysis of journalists killed in Iraq since hostilities began in March 2003"
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Modern war correspondence emerged from the news reporting of military conflicts during the
1203:
1085:
718:
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Only some conflicts receive extensive worldwide coverage, however. Among recent wars, the
351:
whose letters describing the Battle of Trafalgar (1805) were also published in The Times.
218:
150:
474:, was known for his extremely gory style in his articles but involving at the same time.
1586:
The First Casualty: The War Correspondent As Hero and Myth-Maker From The Crimea to Iraq
1063:
The First Casualty: The War Correspondent As Hero and Myth-Maker From The Crimea to Iraq
155:
Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the
1376:
572:
475:
363:
338:
1631:
1610:
632:
587:, and war cinematographers were active during these two nearly sequential conflicts.
552:
182:
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Framing Public Life: Perspectives on Media and Our Understanding of the Social World
800:
787:
608:
604:
371:
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Taken by Storm: The Media, Public Opinion, and U.S. Foreign Policy in the Gulf War
17:
732:
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433:
375:
314:
226:
35:
287:, began working after the printing of news for publication became commonplace.
271:
is similar to journalism, though he did not himself participate in the events.
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959:
703:
675:
564:
525:
395:
355:, working as a correspondent, became notorious as an escaped prisoner of war.
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272:
199:
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926:
1135:"Protection of Journalists | How does law protect in war? - Online casebook"
768:
wrote about his experiences in the book, We Were Soldier Once.. And Young.
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343:
326:
264:
851:
137:
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Stephen D. Reese, Stephen D., Oscar H. Gandy and August E. Grant. (2001).
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783:
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359:
330:
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On Their Own: Women Journalists and the American Experience in Vietnam
1403:
https://homeofheroes.com/heroes-stories/vietnam-war/joseph-l-galloway/
1522:
War Torn: Stories of War from the Women Reporters Who Covered Vietnam
865:
560:
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All of the war reporting was subject to censorship, directed by the
225:(1846-1848) and the European newspapermen writing reports from the
1593:
Reporting the Second World War: The Press and the People 1939-1945
1478:"Great Conversations - Sebastian Junger and Joe Klein - Season 19"
1271:
Reporting the Second World War: The Press and the People 1939-1945
1258:
Reporting the Second World War: The Press and the People 1939-1945
1214:
1212:
1052: (2009). United States: SAGE Publications, p. 1441.
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are particularly poignant because she was in the midst of battle.
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when that specialty developed. War correspondents, as specialized
236:
1622:
1572:
Journalism's Roving Eye: A History of American Foreign Reporting
869:
1254:
The First Casualty The War Correspondent as Hero and Myth-Maker
1241:
The First Casualty The War Correspondent as Hero and Myth-Maker
1220:
The First Casualty The War Correspondent as Hero and Myth-Maker
644:
List of military attachés and war correspondents in World War I
391:
has led to a heightened demand for material to fill the hours.
992:, a 1945 newsreel short about Canadian WWII war correspondents
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796:
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would prove to be quite different from their role in Vietnam.
203:
131:
29:
1079:"Instrumental Actualization: A Theory of Mediated Conflicts,"
1343:"The war without end is a war with hardly any news coverage"
1588:, United Kingdom: Johns Hopkins University Press.
1243:, revised edition, London, Melbourne, New York, p. 206-208.
1222:, revised edition, London, Melbourne, New York, p. 202-203.
815:
wars, where the pool model was replaced by a new system of
1065:, United Kingdom: Johns Hopkins University Press, p. 4-39.
510:
and war correspondents with the Japanese forces after the
520:
Military attachés and observers in the Russo-Japanese War
795:
had characterized coverage of Vietnam. Journalists like
1579:
Fighting Words: The War Correspondents of World War Two
1537:
by Joyce Hoffmann. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2008.
1378:
The Uncensored War : The Media and the Vietnam War
1326:
Reporting Vietnam: Media & Military at War (vol. 1)
1001:
List of foreign correspondents in the Spanish Civil War
452:, Italian correspondent of European newspapers such as
325:. A further modernization came with the development of
263:
People have written about wars for thousands of years.
27:
Journalist specializing in coverage of armed conflicts
721:
conducting an interview in Hue during February 1968
306:. Her description of the events that took place in
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1375:
623:was imposed by the United States, though General
313:The first modern war correspondent is said to be
1231:In this group of correspondents there were also
300:and the Capture of the German Troops at Saratoga
1099:
1097:
599:was characterized by rigid censorship. British
621:By far the most rigid and authoritarian regime
374:. The situation changed dramatically with the
1239:). More details in Philip Knightley (1982),
674:(BEF). At the beginning of World War II, the
486:, was amazed about his correspondence of the
333:. One of the earliest war correspondents was
8:
1570:Hamilton, J. M. (2011).
479:
347:of London. Another early correspondent was
243:
1619:magazine for the 60th anniversary of D-Day
1524:by Tad Bartimus. NY: Random House, 2002.
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1016:Military journalism in the United States
413:War correspondents are protected by the
175:
1606:War Correspondents: A Book Bibliography
1186:, Bibliothèque Charpentier, 1896, p.367
1042:
290:In the eighteenth century the Baroness
1551:Pritzker Military Museum & Library
1300:from the original on December 17, 2015
782:The role of war correspondents in the
1591:Luckhurst, T. (2023).
1584:Knightley, P. (2004).
1574:. United States: LSU Press.
1444:
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1279:
1269:Luckhurst, T. (2023).
901:. Fourth Estate. ISBN 1-4000-7517-3.
807:These trends would continue into the
296:Letters and Journals Relating to the
202:who covers stories first-hand from a
180:Alan Wood, war correspondent for the
7:
880:War Is a Force That Gives Us Meaning
450:Ferdinando Petruccelli della Gattina
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1581:. New York: St. Martin's.
1577:Collier, R. (1989).
1418:"The persian gulf war - Television"
1292:Mitchell, Bill (December 9, 2002).
727:U.S. news media and the Vietnam War
210:most dangerous form of journalism.
1159:"WAR CULTURE – War Correspondents"
25:
1115:from the original on 5 March 2018
1089:European Journal of Communication
635:had been severely wounded at the
492:Third Italian War of Independence
444:Third Italian War of Independence
1507:, Maywah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
1422:www.americanforeignrelations.com
1260:, Bloomsbury Academic, p. 25-30.
1091:, Vol. 6, No. 3, 263–290 (1991).
962:
277:history of the Peloponnesian War
149:about war correspondents in the
136:
34:
1456:. University of Chicago Press.
1428:from the original on 2015-12-07
1353:from the original on 2015-12-22
1294:"When a Journalist Goes to War"
275:, who some years later wrote a
45:needs additional citations for
1560:New ed. London: Andre Deutsch.
996:Journalists of the Balkan Wars
978:Breathing (memorial sculpture)
899:The Great War for Civilisation
778:Media coverage of the Gulf War
702:. At the start of the war the
543:Journalists of the Balkan Wars
389:twenty-four hour news channels
298:War of the American Revolution
186:, types a dispatch during the
1:
1328:. University Press of Kansas.
1273:, Bloomsbury Academic, p. 29.
1206:World of Jack London website.
448:Another renowned journalist,
339:Napoleon's campaigns in Spain
253:Willem van de Velde the Elder
1031:War correspondents 1942–1943
856:Previous ed. also available.
537:First and Second Balkan Wars
292:Frederika Charlotte Riedesel
1556:Knightley Phillip. (2003).
1452:; Paletz, David L. (1994).
1382:. Oxford University Press.
823:Books by war correspondents
672:British Expeditionary Force
1664:
1643:People associated with war
1050:Encyclopedia of Journalism
1006:List of war correspondents
934:Junger, Sebastian (2010).
775:
744:conflict came to a close.
724:
641:
540:
517:
415:Geneva Conventions of 1949
1324:Hammond, William (1998).
1252:Philip Knightley (1982),
1237:Captain Arthur Pilkington
1218:Philip Knightley (1982),
1074:Kepplinger, Hans Mathias
353:Winston Churchill in 1899
304:account of war by a woman
302:is regarded as the first
1233:Captain Charles Tremayne
1163:Military History Matters
905:Filkins, Dexter (2008).
741:investigative journalism
551:(1912–1913) between the
1374:Hallin, Daniel (1986).
860:Weber, Olivier (2002).
1595:, Bloomsbury Academic.
1347:www.niemanwatchdog.org
1061:Knightley, P. (2004).
877:Hedges, Chris (2002).
840:Herr, Michael (1978).
733:US conflict in Vietnam
722:
667:
637:Battle of Belleau Wood
515:
480:
430:William Howard Russell
260:
244:
242:Battle council on the
191:
147:is missing information
1638:Reporting specialties
897:Fisk, Robert (2005).
829:Tolstoy, Leo (1855).
756:and the conflicts in
750:Civil Rights Movement
717:
661:
642:Further information:
505:
255:. The prelude to the
240:
179:
1197:"Jack London's War."
700:George Pirie Thomson
419:additional protocols
335:Henry Crabb Robinson
223:Mexican-American War
54:improve this article
1553:on October 30, 2008
1111:. 3 December 2016.
983:Embedded journalism
911:. Alfred A. Knopf.
832:Sevastopol Sketches
817:embedded journalism
404:Russo-Ukrainian war
319:Willem van de Velde
246:De Zeven Provinciën
69:"War correspondent"
1648:War correspondents
1484:. October 16, 2016
1202:2012-10-17 at the
1084:2016-03-05 at the
723:
697:chief press censor
668:
664:Bernard Montgomery
629:embedded reporters
530:Russo-Japanese War
516:
498:Russo-Japanese War
466:Indépendance Belge
461:Journal des débats
432:, who covered the
385:satellite up-links
308:the Marshall House
267:'s account of the
261:
192:
1513:978-0-8058-3653-0
1450:Bennett, W. Lance
1195:Walker, Dale L.
1139:casebook.icrc.org
970:Journalism portal
940:. Grand Central.
883:. PublicAffairs.
862:Afghan Eternities
581:war photographers
577:Second Balkan War
508:military attachés
488:Battle of Custoza
372:World War II
215:French Revolution
196:war correspondent
190:in September 1944
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18:War Correspondent
16:(Redirected from
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585:war artists
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434:Crimean War
425:Crimean War
376:Vietnam War
364:news anchor
358:Early film
285:journalists
227:Crimean War
165:August 2024
1632:Categories
1463:0226042596
1432:2015-12-11
1389:0198020864
1357:2015-12-11
1169:2019-02-12
1144:2021-11-12
1037:References
1026:Press pool
843:Dispatches
704:Royal Navy
676:War Office
639:in 1918).
619:in 1916).
575:, and the
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368:narration
360:newsreels
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331:magazines
265:Herodotus
157:talk page
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1351:Archived
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1200:Archived
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