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543:. The Potsdam Declaration (July 1945) had stated, "stern justice shall be meted out to all war criminals, including those who have visited cruelties upon our prisoners", though it did not specifically foreshadow trials. The terms of reference for the Tribunal were set out in the IMTFE Charter, issued on January 19, 1946. There was major disagreement, both among the Allies and within their administrations, about whom to try and how to try them. Despite the lack of consensus, General
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284:, formerly German Emperor, for a supreme offence against international morality and the sanctity of treaties." The former Kaiser had escaped to the Netherlands, however, and despite demands for his extradition having been made, the Dutch refused to surrender him, and he was not brought to trial. Germany, as a signatory to the treaty, thus was placed on notice as to what might occur in the event of a subsequent war.
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742:. As with the Dostler case, it also rejected the contention of a number of the defendants that they were not legally responsible for their acts because they performed the acts under the orders of superior authority, stating that "the true test . . . is not the existence of the order but whether moral choice (in executing it) was in fact possible."
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The
Dostler case became precedent for the Nuremberg trials of German generals, officials, and Nazi leaders, beginning in November 1945, that the use of Superior orders as a defense did not relieve officers from responsibility of carrying out illegal orders or the liability of being punished in court.
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was prosecuted as a war crime. The ICTY was the first international war crimes tribunal since the
Nuremberg Trials. Ultimately, nearly 161 individuals were indicted in the ICTY: 68% of Serb ethnicity. Croatian-Serb, Bosnian-Serb, Serbian, and Bosnian-Croat officials were convicted of crimes against
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The judgment of the
International Military Tribunal was handed down on September 30 and October 1, 1946. Among notable features of the decision was the conclusion, in accordance with the London Agreement, that to plan or instigate an aggressive war is a crime under the principles of international
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The tribunals, while effective in prosecution of individuals, proved to be a costly venture, and exposed the need for a permanent tribunal, which was eventually known as the
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charging 24 individuals with a variety of crimes and atrocities, including the deliberate instigation of aggressive wars, extermination of racial and religious groups,
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555:'s war cabinet. Tojo tried to commit suicide, but was resuscitated with the help of U.S. doctors. He was later found guilty among others, and hanged.
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following the massive war crimes, and acts of "ethnic cleansing" in the former
Yugoslavia by Bosnian-Serb forces, the United Nations established the
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policy of the German government, at least 5 million persons had been forcibly deported from their homes to
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that such acts had not previously been defined as crimes under international law and that therefore the condemnation of the
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treatment. The tribunal also found that atrocities had been committed on a large scale and as a matter of official policy.
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With respect to war crimes and crimes against humanity, the tribunal found overwhelming evidence of a systematic rule of
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886:, & Waterlow, Jonathan. (2015). War crimes trials. In Richard Bosworth & Joseph Maiolo (Eds.),
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following the April–June genocide in that country of Hutu nationals.
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in 1474, was the first "international" war crimes trials and also of
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International Center for
Transitional Justice, Criminal Justice page
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By
Edoardo Greppi, Associate Professor of International Law at the
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and one alternate judge from each of the signatory nations, to try
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An
Introduction to the International Criminal Court, Third Edition
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343:, Germany, under the authority of two legal instruments. One, the
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on August 8, 1945; the other, Law No. 10, was promulgated by the
937:"Exhibit highlights the first international war crimes tribunal"
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Turtola, Martti (2000). "Risto Ryti". In
Marjomaa, Ulpu (ed.).
410:(violations of the laws and customs of war as embodied in the
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occupied by its forces. Millions of persons were murdered in
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International
Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
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The London Charter provided for the establishment of the
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of 1942 which required the immediate execution of all
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and similar principles were found in sections of the
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in Italy ordered by Dostler was an implementation of
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57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
703:The trial began on November 20, 1945. Much of the
1000:. WW1 World War One Ieper 1917. 23 January 2014.
723:law. The tribunal rejected the contention of the
833:humanity, and Bosnian-Serb leaders of genocide.
402:(crimes involving the planning, initiating, and
332:leaders in courts established by the victorious
265:for crimes allegedly committed during that war.
324:, the phrase referred usually to the trials of
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888:The Cambridge History of the Second World War
719:after the collapse of the German government.
473:from his superiors. The execution of 15 U.S.
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1019:. Finnish Literature Society. p. 403.
605:of hundreds of thousands of inhabitants of
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838:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
205:where many Union soldiers died during the
438:groups and other such atrocities against
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
1745:Post-conflict reception of war criminals
923:International Committee of the Red Cross
796:, 'Security Service'), and the Gestapo.
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664:. These organizations included the SS (
236:and many civilian noncombatants in the
1047:. National Diet Library. July 26, 1945
925:No. 835, p. 531-553, October 30, 1999.
684:, 'Secret State Police'), and the SA (
549:Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers
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514:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
453:to be tried for war crimes by a U.S.
347:was signed by representatives of the
133:is the trial of persons charged with
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1175:Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868
857:United Nations War Crimes Commission
609:occupied by Germany during the war.
310:President of the Republic of Finland
55:adding citations to reliable sources
761:, many of which were equipped with
636:Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach
1180:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
1045:Birth of the Constitution of Japan
1004:from the original on Aug 20, 2023.
986:from the original on Aug 20, 2023.
692:, 'Storm Troops'), as well as the
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390:. Under the London Charter, the
312:, was the main defendant in the
276:and the Allied Powers after the
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1702:Yemeni civil war (2014–present)
867:Court martial of Breaker Morant
731:would violate the principle of
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569:On October 18, 1945, the chief
504:This principle was codified in
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339:The former trials were held in
242:Court-martial of Breaker Morant
42:needs additional citations for
788:of the party, the SS, the SD (
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288:Trials of World War II crimes
1242:International Criminal Court
935:Grant, Linda (Spring 2006).
845:International Criminal Court
414:and generally recognized by
398:fell into three categories:
253:Trials of World War I crimes
1642:Russian invasion of Ukraine
836:In 1994, the UN opened the
612:Among the accused were the
272:, the peace treaty between
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1616:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
963:Cambridge University Press
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527:, Japan, to implement the
494:executed by a firing squad
404:waging a war of aggression
282:William II of Hohenzollern
141:and related principles of
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1302:Joint criminal enterprise
1232:Responsibility to protect
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765:for the extermination of
308:(in the middle), the 5th
263:Leipzig War Crimes Trials
804:In May 1993, during the
759:Nazi concentration camps
672:, 'Defense Corps'), the
496:on December 1, 1945, in
1769:Crimes against humanity
1607:Libyan civil war (2011)
1467:Wartime sexual violence
1415:Human trophy collecting
1400:Enforced disappearances
961:", William A. Schabas,
822:crimes against humanity
537:Instrument of Surrender
420:crimes against humanity
139:laws and customs of war
1420:Indiscriminate attacks
1405:Extrajudicial killings
1276:Command responsibility
1017:100 faces from Finland
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375:on December 20, 1945.
369:Allied Control Council
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171:command responsibility
1740:List of global issues
1569:Gaza–Israel conflict
1395:Desecration of graves
1375:Collective punishment
1041:"Potsdam Declaration"
680:Geheime Staatspolizei
614:Nationalist Socialist
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179:only following orders
1795:‡ Does not apply to
1774:Crimes of aggression
1756:international crimes
1654:Sri Lankan Civil War
1462:Use of human shields
1360:humanitarian workers
941:HLS: Alumni Bulletin
510:Nuremberg Principles
445:On October 8, 1945,
400:crimes against peace
280:, "publicly arraign
270:Treaty of Versailles
203:Andersonville Prison
51:improve this article
1632:Russo-Ukrainian War
1269:Civilian casualties
915:University of Turin
533:Potsdam Declaration
268:Article 227 of the
159:Peter von Hagenbach
1735:War crime apologia
1649:Second Chechen War
1352:War crimes by type
1312:Military necessity
1307:Medical neutrality
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1190:Geneva Conventions
1141:List of war crimes
814:Geneva Conventions
467:Operation Ginny II
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135:criminal violation
66:"War crimes trial"
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541:Moscow Conference
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459:Palace Of Justice
455:military tribunal
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62:Find sources:
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46:
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40:This article
38:
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29:
28:
19:
1801:paratroopers
1729:
1692:
1691: /
1679:World War II
1578:2023–present
1527:Soviet Union
1364:parachutists
1362: /
1339:Safe conduct
1331:
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1278: /
1237:Rome Statute
1210:Third (1949)
1200:First (1949)
1073:. Retrieved
1061:
1049:. Retrieved
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979:
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953:
945:the original
940:
930:
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878:Bibliography
842:
835:
803:
783:
763:gas chambers
744:
735:prohibiting
721:
702:
698:armed forces
650:Erich Raeder
611:
599:mistreatment
587:mistreatment
568:
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506:Principle IV
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361:Soviet Union
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322:World War II
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248:20th century
218:British Army
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193:19th century
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107:October 2013
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49:Please help
44:verification
41:
1674:World War I
1664:Tigray war‎
1358:Attacks on
1285:Distinction
1170:Lieber Code
775:slave labor
755:territories
740:punishments
709:prosecution
622:Rudolf Hess
603:deportation
571:prosecutors
553:Hideki Tojo
259:World War I
212:During the
1885:Categories
1712:Kosovo War
1625:Second war
1597:Korean War
1476:War crimes
1452:Starvation
1442:No quarter
1130:War crimes
898:References
818:war crimes
729:defendants
713:diplomatic
593:, and the
575:indictment
573:lodged an
539:, and the
408:war crimes
396:defendants
359:, and the
306:Risto Ryti
296:After the
199:Henry Wirz
77:newspapers
1863:Countries
1694:Wehrmacht
1620:First war
1583:by Israel
1573:2008–2009
1510:Palestine
1430:Massacres
1260:Civilians
751:terrorism
658:officials
607:countries
577:with the
490:commandos
440:civilians
436:religious
341:Nuremberg
336:nations.
197:In 1865,
181:from the
1812:Category
1779:Genocide
1592:Iraq War
1002:Archived
984:Archived
851:See also
826:genocide
779:inhumane
747:violence
705:evidence
662:criminal
645:, Grand
626:diplomat
616:leaders
579:tribunal
416:military
330:Japanese
175:Breisach
1875:Society
1825:Portals
1490:Germany
1485:Croatia
1457:Torture
1447:Perfidy
1425:Looting
1162:Sources
1075:May 26,
1051:May 24,
771:Gypsies
733:justice
725:defense
674:Gestapo
647:Admiral
640:Marshal
508:of the
457:at the
302:Finland
274:Germany
153:History
137:of the
91:scholar
1799:(i.e.
1754:Other
1684:Allied
1539:Turkey
1534:Serbia
1522:Russia
1495:Israel
1297:Intent
1253:Topics
1023:
861:Harry
824:, and
631:, the
624:, the
601:, and
595:murder
583:murder
547:, the
535:, the
531:, the
521:trials
498:Aversa
487:Allied
479:Hitler
434:, and
432:ethnic
428:racial
392:crimes
373:Berlin
365:London
357:France
334:Allied
326:German
320:After
257:After
216:, the
163:ad hoc
161:by an
93:
86:
79:
72:
64:
1851:Crime
1515:Hamas
1505:Japan
1500:Italy
1070:(PDF)
919:Italy
525:Tokyo
384:judge
240:(see
98:JSTOR
84:books
1689:Axis
1262:and
1195:1864
1077:2018
1053:2018
1021:ISBN
865:and
767:Jews
620:and
585:and
519:The
463:Rome
328:and
234:POWs
70:news
1839:Law
589:of
481:'s
461:in
426:of
406:);
371:in
363:in
300:in
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