47:
687:ā reportedly the longest in the history of California. Jim Pierce felt that he needed to sell the company to keep it operation, so he sold the company on March 30, 1987, to Tradewest, an arcade game licensor and manufacturer operated by Leland Cook, Byron Cook, and John Rowe. Cinematronics was taken through bankruptcy, with Tradewest acquiring all of the assets and reforming them as
533:ās production had ceased but failed to find the same success. They attempted to formalize product development, bringing in official managers to set deadlines as well as leading to them developing a tank gunner simulator under a military contract. Their development of a color vector hardware resulted in the release of the unsuccessful
410:
Throughout 1978, Cinematronics experienced a realignment of management. Ralph Clarke departed the company and Tom Stroud's son Tom A Stroud took on the responsibility of salesman. Pierce briefly stepped down as president before reassuming the role. The company did not release any product that year,
545:
Former Vice
President of Finance of the company, Fred Fukumoto, assumed the Presidency of Cinematronics from Jim Pierce in January 1982. Fukumoto's plan for assuring product flow into the company was to license video games from Japanese companies, similar to how Midway had found success with the
426:
Jim Pierce and Tom Stroud kept in communication with
Rosenthal to convince them to sell his patents to them. After little more than a year of independence, Vectorbeam was sold to Cinematronics along with the rights to his two patents on vector game technology on June 1, 1979. Vectorbeam became a
393:
of the time. The game became the best-selling coin-operated video game of 1978 and sold around 7,000 units. The success helped save
Cinematronics, but Rosenthal along with Bill Cravens were discontented with the company. In April 1978, Rosenthal left the company to found a new operation called
505:
was co-developed by Skelly and new programmer Scott Boden. It became
Cinematronicsā most successful game, selling over 10,000 units and remaining in production over most of 1981. A dispute between Skelly and Cinematronics management led to his departure from the company. He was then hired by
406:
Luckily, Cinematronics managed to continue creating games due to two bits of happenstance. Firstly, an engineer named Bob Long had copied the operational codes for
Rosenthal's system. Second, Rosenthal had evaluated a new employee named Tim Skelly prior to his departure. Skelly arrived at
660:, the Cinemat was a standardized cabinet which allowed operators to change out their current games for a fraction of the price of a full upright cabinet. The software, marquee, and control panel could be changed out of a standard housing. Their first release
151:
319:
football team, Dennis Partee and Gary
Garrison, as well as Jimmie Dale āJimā Pierce (1937ā2011) in San Diego, California. Garrison initially served as president until Pierce assumed that role. The company first entered the market creating clones of
402:
to create games using Larry
Rosenthal's patents for his vector hardware, but was deprived on the knowledge to do so. Rosenthal's company was eventually renamed Vectorbeam, a marketing name that had been used for the technology at Cinematronics.
605:. The heads of all three companies formed the entity Starcom to control the rights for the game and any subsequent Laserdisc game releases. Cinematronics organized the production of the game and rode a wave of massive interest to success.
618:(1984), the partnership between the companies had fallen apart. The collapse of Laserdisc games and the diverging interests of AMS and Don Bluth Productions led them away from developing more games together. Cinematronics location tested
636:
Still in bankruptcy, Cinematronics reformed its internal development structure. They abandoned the development of the vector game technology and started creating their own raster games again for the first time since
724:. Though the game was criticized for its lack of interactivity, it was the first commercially successful game incorporating traditional audio-visual elements with video game mechanics. Subsequent versions of
2077:
378:
and salesman Bill
Cravens to help sell the game. To finance the operation and keep the company from dissolving, San Diego coin-op operator Thomas B. Stroud bought out Partee's share in the company.
374:
was first shown at the
Amusement and Music Operators of America show in October 1977, but Cinematronics was not ready to produce it. They brought in manufacturing expert Ken Beuck who had worked at
297:
released vector-display games, which offered a distinctive look and a greater graphic capability (at the time), at the cost of being only black and white (initially). Cinematronics also published
2072:
2102:
568:(1982) which were both unsuccessful. They canceled many projects including their military contract. In August 1982, they were foreclosed on by Security Pacific Bank and entered
2117:
2097:
785:
after their purchase of
Tradewest in 1994. Tim Skelly was asked to sign a legally binding agreement to give the rights to his games developed at Cinematronics to Midway.
517:
The company moved into a newly built 78,000 sq ft facility on 1841 Friendship Drive in El Cajon in June 1981. After releasing the last game developed by Skelly for them,
2092:
2087:
407:
Cinematronics after Rosenthal had left and developed their first new game after the departure, with the help of technical engineers Dennis Halverson and Rob Patton.
2112:
1021:(1983) An advanced vector graphics game utilizing polarized 3D imaging. Was location tested and planned to be shown at a trade show, but was shelved in favor of
2067:
2062:
398:. At the behest of his lawyer, he took with him all the documentation necessary to create vector games on his hardware system. Cinematronics retained a
2107:
641:. Many of the developers came from Sega/Gremlin, another San Diego company who had recently shed their internal development apparatus. Starting with
465:
In 1980, Cinematronics began exploiting their rights to the vector game patents more readily. They sued Atari Inc. for their creation of games like
368:
display. Cinematronics, approaching bankruptcy, agreed to manufacture the game in exchange for a five percent royalty on each cabinet to Rosenthal.
707:, and Sega/Gremlin all created vector games after viewing the success of Cinematronics. Developments in 3D-based vector hardware, as in Atari's
417:(1979), at the Amusement Trade Expo (ATE) in January 1979. Released in March, the game was successful, outcompeting the offering by Vectorbeam,
1290:
1114:
427:
subsidiary, with Tom A Stroud as the President and Tim Skelly as head of product development. Rosenthal continued developing games including
999:(1980) A Tim Skelly concept where players were their own shooting projectile. Later worked on at Sega/Gremlin before eventually becoming
597:
299:
254:
130:
477:
with their own vector system. The case was eventually settled out of court. They began licensing their games to be produced in the
673:
1134:
351:
467:
68:
64:
1541:
1250:
620:
111:
1561:
703:, Cinematronics helped to inaugurate an entirely different type of arcade game. Large video game manufacturers like Atari,
510:, who was also developing vector games, inciting Cinematronics to sue Gremlin and Skelly personally over alleged theft of
450:(1979) were released under the Vectorbeam name. In November 1979, Cinematronics sold the Vectorbeam factory and assets to
83:
2082:
709:
2037:
437:(1979) before departing the company. He later sued Cinematronics for payment of his contractual buyout of his patents.
736:
and converted to various home systems in the 1980s and 1990s, though they did not contain the Cinematronics branding.
713:, also provided the technological basis for some of the earliest games with three-dimensional graphics in the arcade.
493:(1982). They later gained a landmark judgement in video game copyright when they halted the sale of illegal copies of
454:
who relabeled them as Exidy II. Through this, Exidy gained the rights to develop vector games after their release of
90:
413:
1638:"Cinematronics Up & Cookin' with New 'Cinemat' System's First Game, 'Cerberus'; Celebrates 10th Anniversary".
2030:
1011:(1981) A fixed turret shooting game at advancing targets developed by Scott Boden and Tim Skelly. Evolved into
97:
57:
440:
Vectorbeam served as an alternative factory and label for Cinematronics products through the rest of 1979.
752:
473:
79:
609:
kept the company out of bankruptcy and gave them a national profile as leaders in video game technology.
1039:
684:
602:
569:
446:
35:
575:
Still operating in bankruptcy, they maintained a small internal development team ā developing the game
1001:
704:
564:
282:
213:
1562:"The Golden Age Arcade Historian: The Ultimate (So Far) History of Cinematronics/Vectorbeam - Pt. 6"
1251:"The Golden Age Arcade Historian: The Ultimate (So Far) History of Cinematronics/Vectorbeam, Pt. 3"
1135:"The Golden Age Arcade Historian: The Ultimate (So Far) History of Cinematronics/Vectorbeam - Pt 2"
649:
399:
395:
161:
648:
In 1985, Cinematronics introduced the Cinemat system hardware. Part of a trend which included the
688:
625:
523:(1981), Cinematronics struggled to find new product to fill their factory. Scott Boden developed
507:
316:
195:
31:
1286:
1110:
582:
17:
2005:
1107:
They create worlds: the story of the people and companies that shaped the video game industry
1619:
Ressner, Jeffrey (1983-05-21). "Cinematronics Gambling With Laserdisc-Controlled Vid Game".
657:
1285:. Contemporary approaches to film and media series. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
104:
2046:
1087:
390:
386:
333:
290:
286:
624:, but did not release it at the time. It would eventually be the final arcade release of
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592:
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478:
365:
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games in the late 1970s and early 1980s. While other companies released games based on
150:
2056:
983:
748:
2024:
332:(1977). The company struggled to stay afloat and in 1977 Garrison sold his share to
921:(February 1984) Developed by Advanced Microcomputer Systems. Licensed from Magicom.
782:
577:
519:
511:
747:
have been praised as innovative takes on arcade gameplay, showing early stages of
897:(December 1982) Developed by Advanced Microcomputer Systems. Later renamed Brix.
525:
495:
429:
419:
375:
294:
279:
248:
46:
915:(July 1983) Developed by Advanced Microcomputer Systems. Licensed from Starcom.
845:(March 1980) Developed by Vectorbeam. Later released by Exidy as Tailgunner II.
721:
672:
was a huge technological leap and a significant hit for the company after the
346:
264:
242:
217:
187:
903:(February 1983) Also offered in a kit form by Progressive Game Distributors.
614:
360:
355:
304:
191:
1526:"Cinematronics Hosts Housewarming For New El Cajon, California Facility".
350:, developed by independent game developer Larry Rosenthal. The game was a
324:, selling them in the local area. Their first game offered nationally was
1835:"Cinematronics 'Armor Attack' Brings combat Action To The City Streets".
1109:. Boca Raton, London New York, : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis group.
587:
554:
482:
1778:"Exciting Space Combat Action In New Cinematronics 'Tailgunner' Video".
2018:
1158:"Cinematronics Has New Management Team: Pierce Stays On As President".
771:
733:
691:. The legal entity of Cinematronics was dissolved on October 21, 1987.
462:. A few Vectorbeam staff took positions at Cinematronics in San Diego.
315:
Cinematronics Inc. was founded on April 1, 1975, by two players of the
1683:"Combat On The High Seas Is Theme Of New 'Embargo' By Cinematronics".
1542:
A Culture of Innovation: Insider Accounts of Computing and Life at BBN
1005:(1982) which Skelly independently developed for D. Gottlieb & Co.
882:
653:
572:. Fukumoto left the company and Pierce resumed duties as president.
1037:(1984) A top-down racing and maze game with similar objectives to
815:(December 1977) Developed by independent designer Larry Rosenthal.
591:(1982), AMS convinced Cinematronics to manufacture their proposed
451:
774:
home console under license. One of the original Vectrex titles,
1604:
Shaw, Mike (1982-10-15). "Pierce Back to Save Cinematronics".
869:(October 1981) Developed by independent developer Scott Boden.
767:
have been considered among the best arcade games of all time.
40:
1344:
Lally II, Ralph (1979-03-15). "It wasn't too bad after all".
1031:(c. 1983) A game where players destroyed the web of a spider.
793:
All games developed by Cinematronics unless otherwise noted.
716:
Cinematronicsā other major innovation, the Laserdisc game in
778:(1982), was converted into an arcade game by Cinematronics.
720:, has been seen as a landmark moment in the evolution of
699:
In bringing vector graphics to the coin-op industry with
1435:"Cinematronics sues Atari, claims patent infringement".
1545:, edited by David Walden and Raymond Nickerson, p. 503.
1492:"Star Castle copies come to El Cajon under fed order".
2078:
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1982
683:
were nearly as successful and the company remained in
385:
was the first commercially available video game using
381:
When the first units were shipped at the end of 1977,
781:
The rights to Cinematronicsā titles were retained by
2006:
Tim Skelly's History of Cinematronics and Vectorbeam
1702:"3-D Action In New Cinematronics 'Starhawk' Video".
989:, experimented by Tim Skelly with immediately after
581:(1983) ā and started a partnership with the company
344:
At the end of 1977, Cinematronics released the game
2073:
Companies that have filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy
1721:"Vectorbeam Bows New 'Barrier' 3-D Video Machine".
839:(October 1979) Released under the Vectorbeam label.
770:Many of Cinematronicsā games received ports to the
263:
237:
223:
209:
201:
183:
175:
167:
157:
71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
827:(August 1979) Released under the Vectorbeam label.
2103:Defunct video game companies of the United States
645:(1984), they rebuilt their game-making capacity.
485:, who used their license to develop vector games
389:, which enabled a higher resolution display than
982:(1980) A vector-based combat game based on the
612:By the time of the follow-up to Dragon's Lair,
1085:Rhoades, Frank (1977-04-29). "Cinematronics".
411:but debuted Tim Skelly's first game for them,
8:
2038:The Dot Eaters.com: History of Cinematronics
969:(December 1986) Also published by Tradewest.
293:, early in their history, Cinematronics and
143:
2118:Entertainment companies based in California
2098:Video game companies disestablished in 1987
2040:and the development of early games such as
1283:Before the crash: early video game history
149:
142:
131:Learn how and when to remove this message
2093:Video game companies established in 1975
2088:Companies based in El Cajon, California
2047:History of Cinematronics and Vectorbeam
1873:"Cinematronics, Dynamo Announce Pact".
1759:"Vectorbeam Delivers 'Warrior' Video".
1063:
664:(1985) was followed by more, including
679:None of their follow-up products from
2113:Defunct companies based in California
1797:"Cinematronics Announces 'Rip Off'".
1555:
1553:
1551:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1214:, Sunrise Research, Inc., May 5, 1978
1049:(c. 1986) The four player version of
7:
2068:1987 disestablishments in California
1128:
1126:
1100:
1098:
1074:, Cinematronics, Inc., April 1, 1975
891:(1982) Developed by Hara Industries.
69:adding citations to reliable sources
30:For the Windows game developer, see
1401:Garcia, Guy (1979-08-13). "Oops!".
1306:"Cineamtronics & Segasa Pact".
25:
2063:1975 establishments in California
1740:"Cinematronics Bows 'Sundance'".
1473:"Star Castle 'copies' in court".
1382:"Cinematronics/Vectorbeam Pact".
1225:"Space Wars man starts company".
269:Cinematronics International, Inc.
2108:Video game development companies
1668:"Tradewest buys Cinematronics".
1416:"Vectorbeam Is Now 'Exidy II'".
674:Golden Age of Arcade Video Games
45:
1566:The Golden Age Arcade Historian
1255:The Golden Age Arcade Historian
1139:The Golden Age Arcade Historian
632:Raster Games and Cinemat System
56:needs additional citations for
34:. For the album by Ugress, see
2031:KLOVāKiller List of Videogames
583:Advanced Microcomputer Systems
541:Bankruptcy and LaserDisc Games
18:War of the Worlds (video game)
1:
1949:"The Making Of... Warrior".
601:(1983), in partnership with
529:(1981) to fill a slot after
2021:history of Laser Disc games
1560:Smith, Keith (2013-01-05).
1511:"El Cajon's "Hit Castle"".
1249:Smith, Keith (2012-11-26).
1133:Smith, Keith (2012-11-21).
621:Dragonās Lair II: Time Warp
585:. After releasing the game
194:and assets used to created
2134:
987:character of the same name
558:. They imported the games
433:(1979) and the unreleased
276:Cinematronics Incorporated
259:"World Series: The Season"
144:Cinematronics Incorporated
29:
2019:The Dragon's Lair Project
1953:: 101ā103. December 2006.
1281:Wolf, Mark J. P. (2012).
1212:Articles of Incorporation
1196:"THE 25ļæ SPACE PROGRAM".
1105:Smith, Alexander (2020).
1072:Articles of Incorporation
881:(June 1982) Developed by
797:Unknown Pong clone (1975)
364:which ran using a custom
354:-based recreation of the
303:in 1983, the first major
148:
1854:"Search & Destroy".
1816:"California Clippings".
1729:(11): 49ā50. 1979-08-11.
1325:"California Clippings".
1177:"California Clippings".
949:World Series: The Season
765:World Series: The Season
666:World Series: The Season
285:that primarily released
2025:KLOV.com: Cinematronics
2008:Retrieved Jul. 8, 2005.
1862:(22): C-15. 1981-10-31.
229:Jim Pierce (co-founder)
1805:(44): 103. 1980-03-29.
1515:: 71ā72. January 1981.
1462:(19): 148. 1981-10-15.
689:The Leland Corporation
626:The Leland Corporation
205:The Leland Corporation
196:The Leland Corporation
1991:(22): 29. 1984-11-17.
1983:"The AMOA Exhibits".
1972:(41): 32. 1983-04-02.
1938:(46): 45. 1983-05-07.
1919:(47): 35. 1982-05-01.
1881:(50): 42. 1982-05-22.
1824:(21): 46. 1980-10-18.
1786:(41): 41. 1980-03-08.
1767:(20): 57. 1979-10-13.
1748:(20): 56. 1979-10-13.
1710:(42): 49. 1979-03-17.
1691:(49): 54. 1977-05-07.
1593:(34): 41. 1982-01-30.
1500:(13): 34. 1981-07-15.
1481:(10): 22. 1981-06-01.
1424:(43): 42. 1980-03-22.
1333:(21): 67. 1978-10-21.
1233:(13): 67. 1978-07-15.
1185:(29): 49. 1977-12-17.
1166:(35): 60. 1978-01-28.
753:co-operative gameplay
685:Chapter 11 bankruptcy
603:Don Bluth Productions
570:Chapter 11 Bankruptcy
36:Cinematronics (album)
27:Arcade game developer
1964:"Around the Route".
1900:(2): 41. 1982-06-19.
1843:(1): 37. 1981-06-06.
1585:"Around The Route".
1443:(7): 41. 1980-04-15.
1371:(13): 59. July 1979.
889:Jack the Giantkiller
565:Jack the Giantkiller
394:Sunrise Research in
65:improve this article
2083:Cinematronics games
1911:"Storybook Video".
1363:"Vectorbeam sold".
789:Coin-Operated Games
400:licensing agreement
396:Northern California
328:(1976) followed by
145:
1642:: 139. March 1985.
1390:(9): 7. June 1979.
1314:(8): 13. May 1978.
656:'s CPS, and later
650:Nintendo VS System
317:San Diego Chargers
32:Cinematronics, LLC
1892:"Naughty Video".
1672:: 38. April 1987.
1292:978-0-8143-3450-8
1116:978-1-138-38990-8
901:War of the Worlds
273:
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140:
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16:(Redirected from
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1657:: 4. April 1987.
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1530:: 56. July 1981.
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1035:Express Delivery
945:(September 1985)
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1653:"A Done Deal".
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1200:: 16. May 1979.
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1091:. pp. B-2.
1088:San Diego Union
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997:Catch and Throw
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963:(December 1986)
951:(November 1985)
933:(February 1985)
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391:raster graphics
387:vector graphics
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334:mortgage broker
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291:raster displays
287:vector graphics
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994:
980:Doctor Strange
975:
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964:
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946:
940:
934:
928:
927:(January 1985)
922:
916:
910:
904:
898:
892:
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876:
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864:
858:
857:(October 1980)
852:
846:
840:
834:
833:(October 1979)
828:
822:
816:
810:
804:
798:
790:
787:
749:fighting games
696:
693:
633:
630:
593:Laserdisc game
549:Space Invaders
542:
539:
479:cocktail table
366:vector monitor
341:
338:
336:Ralph Clarke.
312:
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2058:
2049:by Tim Skelly
2048:
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2039:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2029:entry on the
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2007:
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1990:
1986:
1979:
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1971:
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1627:(48): 37, 41.
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1528:Vending Times
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1024:
1023:Dragonās Lair
1020:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1003:
998:
995:
992:
988:
985:
984:Marvel Comics
981:
978:
977:
973:
968:
967:Redline Racer
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
913:Dragonās Lair
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
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871:
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731:
727:
726:Dragonās Lair
723:
719:
718:Dragonās Lair
714:
712:
711:
706:
702:
694:
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677:
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651:
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627:
623:
622:
617:
616:
610:
608:
607:Dragonās Lair
604:
600:
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598:Dragonās Lair
594:
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584:
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579:
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567:
566:
561:
557:
556:
551:
550:
540:
538:
536:
532:
528:
527:
522:
521:
515:
513:
512:trade secrets
509:
504:
500:
498:
497:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
475:
470:
469:
463:
461:
460:Tailgunner II
457:
453:
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448:
443:
438:
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421:
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415:
408:
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337:
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331:
327:
323:
318:
310:
308:
306:
302:
301:
300:Dragon's Lair
296:
292:
288:
284:
281:
277:
268:
266:
262:
257:
256:
255:Dragon's Lair
251:
250:
245:
244:
240:
236:
233:Fred Fukumoto
231:Thomas Stroud
228:
222:
219:
215:
212:
208:
204:
200:
197:
193:
189:
186:
182:
178:
174:
171:April 1, 1975
170:
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152:
147:
135:
132:
124:
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82: ā
81:
77:
76:Find sources:
70:
66:
60:
59:
54:This article
52:
48:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
2041:
2028:
2000:Bibliography
1988:
1984:
1978:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1950:
1944:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1897:
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1654:
1648:
1639:
1633:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1605:
1599:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1569:. Retrieved
1565:
1540:
1536:
1527:
1521:
1512:
1506:
1497:
1493:
1487:
1478:
1474:
1468:
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1440:
1436:
1430:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1402:
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1387:
1383:
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1364:
1358:
1349:
1345:
1339:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1282:
1258:. Retrieved
1254:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1211:
1206:
1197:
1191:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1142:. Retrieved
1138:
1106:
1086:
1080:
1071:
1066:
1050:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1018:
1012:
1008:
1000:
996:
990:
979:
966:
960:
955:Alley Master
954:
948:
942:
939:(March 1985)
936:
930:
924:
918:
912:
909:(April 1983)
907:Cosmic Chasm
906:
900:
894:
888:
878:
872:
866:
861:Armor Attack
860:
854:
851:(March 1980)
848:
842:
836:
830:
824:
821:(March 1979)
818:
812:
806:
801:Flipper Ball
800:
792:
783:Midway Games
780:
776:Cosmic Chasm
775:
769:
764:
761:Armor Attack
760:
756:
744:
740:
738:
729:
725:
717:
715:
708:
700:
698:
681:World Series
680:
678:
670:World Series
669:
665:
661:
647:
642:
638:
635:
619:
613:
611:
606:
596:
586:
578:Cosmic Chasm
576:
574:
563:
559:
553:
547:
544:
534:
530:
524:
520:Armor Attack
518:
516:
508:Sega/Gremlin
502:
501:
494:
490:
486:
472:
468:Lunar Lander
466:
464:
459:
455:
445:
441:
439:
434:
428:
425:
418:
412:
409:
405:
382:
380:
371:
370:
359:
345:
343:
340:Vector Games
329:
326:Flipper Ball
325:
321:
314:
307:video game.
298:
275:
274:
265:Subsidiaries
253:
247:
241:
210:Headquarters
127:
118:
108:
101:
94:
87:
75:
63:Please help
58:verification
55:
1951:Edge Gaming
1352:(5): 46ā48.
1013:Boxing Bugs
961:Danger Zone
937:Mayhem 2002
879:Naughty Boy
873:Boxing Bugs
867:Solar Quest
863:(June 1981)
855:Star Castle
757:Star Castle
739:Games like
562:(1982) and
560:Naughty Boy
535:Boxing Bugs
531:Star Castle
526:Solar Quest
503:Star Castle
496:Star Castle
489:(1982) and
444:(1979) and
430:Tail Gunner
420:Speed Freak
295:Atari, Inc.
280:arcade game
249:Star Castle
162:Video games
2057:Categories
2042:Space Wars
1670:Play Meter
1606:Play Meter
1571:2024-03-02
1494:Play Meter
1475:Play Meter
1456:Play Meter
1437:Play Meter
1365:Play Meter
1346:Play Meter
1260:2024-02-28
1227:Play Meter
1144:2024-02-28
1058:References
1051:Power Play
1019:Hovercraft
974:Unreleased
957:(May 1986)
943:Power Play
875:(May 1982)
843:Tailgunner
813:Space Wars
809:(May 1977)
722:multimedia
710:Battlezone
701:Space Wars
481:format by
456:Tailgunner
452:Exidy Inc.
383:Space Wars
376:Atari Inc.
372:Space Wars
347:Space Wars
243:Space Wars
225:Key people
218:California
121:April 2019
91:newspapers
919:Space Ace
730:Space Ace
628:in 1991.
615:Space Ace
546:likes of
474:Asteroids
361:Spacewar!
356:mainframe
305:LaserDisc
283:developer
202:Successor
192:Tradewest
188:Purchased
1985:Cash Box
1966:Cash Box
1932:Cash Box
1913:Cash Box
1894:Cash Box
1875:Cash Box
1856:Cash Box
1837:Cash Box
1818:Cash Box
1799:Cash Box
1780:Cash Box
1761:Cash Box
1742:Cash Box
1723:Cash Box
1704:Cash Box
1685:Cash Box
1621:Cash Box
1608:: 19ā20.
1587:Cash Box
1418:Cash Box
1403:New West
1327:Cash Box
1179:Cash Box
1160:Cash Box
1040:Paperboy
1009:Sentinel
931:Cerberus
895:Zzyzzyxx
831:Sundance
819:Starhawk
668:(1985).
662:Cerberus
588:Zzyzzyxx
555:Galaxian
537:(1982).
499:(1980).
483:Rock-Ola
423:(1979).
414:Starhawk
238:Products
214:El Cajon
158:Industry
1198:Starlog
1047:Striker
1043:(1985).
1002:Reactor
991:Warrior
849:Rip Off
837:Warrior
825:Barrier
807:Embargo
772:Vectrex
745:Rip Off
741:Warrior
658:Neo Geo
639:Embargo
447:Warrior
442:Barrier
330:Embargo
311:History
278:was an
176:Defunct
168:Founded
105:scholar
1655:RePlay
1640:RePlay
1513:RePlay
1384:RePlay
1308:RePlay
1289:
1113:
1029:Cutter
925:Freeze
883:Jaleco
803:(1976)
763:, and
734:ported
705:Midway
695:Legacy
654:Capcom
643:Freeze
487:Demon!
107:
100:
93:
86:
78:
1405:: 10.
732:were
435:Oops!
358:game
112:JSTOR
98:books
1287:ISBN
1111:ISBN
751:and
743:and
728:and
552:and
491:QB-3
471:and
322:Pong
184:Fate
84:news
458:as
352:TTL
190:by
67:by
2059::
2027:ā
1989:47
1987:.
1970:44
1968:.
1936:44
1934:.
1917:43
1915:.
1898:44
1896:.
1879:43
1877:.
1860:43
1858:.
1841:43
1839:.
1822:42
1820:.
1803:41
1801:.
1784:41
1782:.
1765:41
1763:.
1746:41
1744:.
1727:41
1725:.
1708:40
1706:.
1689:38
1687:.
1625:44
1623:.
1591:43
1589:.
1564:.
1550:^
1496:.
1477:.
1458:.
1439:.
1422:41
1420:.
1386:.
1367:.
1348:.
1331:40
1329:.
1310:.
1269:^
1253:.
1239:^
1229:.
1183:39
1181:.
1164:39
1162:.
1137:.
1125:^
1097:^
759:,
676:.
652:,
595:,
514:.
216:,
2034:.
1574:.
1498:7
1479:7
1460:7
1441:6
1388:4
1369:5
1350:5
1312:3
1295:.
1263:.
1231:4
1147:.
1119:.
1053:.
1025:.
1015:.
993:.
885:.
134:)
128:(
123:)
119:(
109:Ā·
102:Ā·
95:Ā·
88:Ā·
61:.
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
