471:
1886:
2207:, on June 3, 1571, was a naval engagement that marked the last resistance by locals to the Spanish Empire's occupation and colonization of the Pasig River delta, which had been the site of the indigenous polities of Maynila and Tondo. Tarik Sulayman, the chief of Macabebes, refused to ally with the Spanish and decided to mount an attack at Bangkusay Channel on Spanish forces, led by Miguel LĂłpez de Legazpi. Sulayman's forces were defeated, and Sulayman himself was killed. The Spanish victory in Bangkusay and Legazpi's alliance with Lakandula of Tondo, enabled the Spaniards to establish themselves throughout the city and its neighboring towns.
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of friendship, since Cainta was a fortified polity which was perfectly capable of defending itself. In August 1571, Legazpi assigned his nephew, Juan de
Salcedo, to "pacify" Cainta. After travelling several days upriver, Salcedo lay siege to the city, and eventually found a weak spot on the wall. The final Spanish attack over 400 residents of Cainta killed.
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When the
Spanish forces of Miguel LĂłpez de Legazpi first established the City of Manila in 1571, Cainta was one of the surrounding polities who went to Manila to negotiate for friendship with Manila. However, Cainta's envoys noted the small size of Legaspi's forces and decided to withdraw their offer
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The
Philippine Islands, 1493-1803, Volume V., 1582-1583: Explorations By Early Navigators, Descriptions Of The Islands And Their Peoples, Their History And Records Of The Catholic Missions, As Related In Contemporaneous Books And Manuscripts, Showing The Political, Economic, Commercial And Religious
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binding on the front, which was also coated with a resin that turned rock-hard upon drying. These shields were generally 0.5 meters by 1.5 meters in size and, along with missile deflecting helmets, provided full body protection that was difficult to penetrate. Thus, it is not surprising that most of
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The former sultan of
Malacca decided to retake his city from the Portuguese with a fleet of ships from Lusung in 1525 A.D., SOURCE: Barros, Joao de, Decada terciera de Asia de Ioano de Barros dos feitos que os Portugueses fezarao no descubrimiento dos mares e terras de Oriente , Lisbon, 1777,
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was fought in Manila between the native
Filipinos led by Rajah Sulayman, a vassal to the Sultan of Brunei, and the Spaniards led by Martin de Goiti, Maestre de Campo, on May 24, 1570. The forces under Goiti were victorious and as a result, Manila became the capital of the Spanish East Indies.
1917:, bamboo, tree bark, sharkskin, and water buffalo hide to deflect piercing blows by cutlasses or spear points. Tagalog people were known used round bucklers, carabao horn corselets, breastplates and padded armor, the also occasionally use Chinese peak helmets and Japanese katana. Visayan
1992:
built forts made of stone walls that averaged several meters in width and about two to three times the width in height around 2000 BC. Spanish descriptions indicate that the typical fortifications consisted of raised earthworks with a wooden palisade along the top (called a
2015:
on hills and elevated areas. These fortifications were likened to
European castles because of their purpose. Usually, the only entrance to the castles would be via a rope ladder that would only be lowered for the villagers and could be kept away when invaders arrived.
1838:
Pre-colonial
Filipinos also used larger cannons made of iron and resembling culverins that provided heavier firepower. They were sometimes mounted on a boat or fortification that can be wheeled, allowing the gunner to quickly track a moving target. The iron cannon at
2890:
Lucoes warriors aided the
Burmese king in his invasion of Siam in 1547 AD. At the same time, Lusung warriors fought alongside the Siamese king and faced the same elephant army of the Burmese king in the defence of the Siamese capital at
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1941:
was worn against the body under the barote; the body armor itself extended to the elbow and knee with an ankle-length variety with sleeves for manning defenses, although for greater agility confident warriors preferred to go without them.
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were built behind the fortifications as a stand for archers armed with long bows. There are reports of well constructed wooden fortifications around the political centers of Manila, Tondo, Cebu, Mindoro and numerous other coastal towns.
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The making of swords involved elaborate rituals that were based mainly on the auspicious conjunctions of planets. The passage of the sword from the maker entailed a mystical ceremony that was coupled with beliefs. The lowlanders of
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in expeditions against rebellious tribes and Dutch and
British forces. Some of the larger rowed vessels held up to a hundred rowers on each side besides a contingent of armed troops. Generally, the larger vessels held at least one
2081:
had double sails that seemed to rise well over a hundred feet from the surface of the water. Despite their large size, these ships had double outriggers. Some of the larger sailing ships, however, did not have outriggers.
2144:. At the same time, Lusung warriors fought with the Siamese king against the elephant army of the Burmese king in the defence of the Siamese capital at Ayuthaya, where they were employed as traders and mercenaries.
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Another strategy used throughout the islands were ambushes where they would lead large enemy troops into an ambush of surrounding men or attacking enemies from behind when their defenses are down. The
Spanish
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1872:, were made of light, fibrous wood designed to enmesh any spear or dagger that penetrated its surface and to prevent their retrieval by the enemy. Shields were strengthened and decorated with an elaborate
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tactics to repel invaders gave rise to the name Kang Sri Lumayng Sugbo (literally "that of Sri Lumay's great fire") to the town, which was later shortened to Sugbo ("scorched earth").
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2707:. During the time of their hispanization, the principalities of the Confederation were already developed settlements with distinct social structure, culture, customs, and religion.
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in Tagalog) surrounded by a ditch or water-filled moat. However, local variations on construction technique were specific to the local environment. In Bicol, bamboo towers called
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for use on the battlefield, and swords were an important part of native weaponry. In some parts of the Philippines, armor was made from diverse materials such as
2454:"ENGAGING THE ENEMY AT THE LITTORALS: A HISTORY OF COASTAL DEFENSE IN THE PHILIPPINES from the Pre-Spanish period to the Second World War. – The Maritime Review"
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courtesy of William Henry Scott, Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippine Culture and Society, Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1994, page 194.
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Arabic author Al Ya'akubi writing in 800 CE recorded that the kingdom of Musa (Muja, which is old Brunei) was in alliance with the kingdom of Mayd (either
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2226:. After the victory of Muhyiddin and his forces, the eastern part of Sabah was given to the Sulu Sultanate as a reward for assisting Muhyiddin's forces.
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of Maynila was also known to have big iron cannons measuring around 17 feet (5.18 m), it was made by a native blacksmith and cannon maker known as
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The Ivatan people of the northern islands of Batanes often built fortifications to protect themselves during times of war. They built their so-called
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the raids that were successful in terms of taking captives and heads, were surprise ambushes that literally caught the enemy with their shields down.
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The tactics and strategies prevalent during the Philippines' early historic period were shaped by the archipelagic nature of the islands.
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2441:. The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803, Volume II, 1521-1569, by Emma Helen Blair. p. 126, Volume II.
1499:) against enemies and enemies of their allies. Participation and conduct in raids and other battles were recorded permanently by the
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Conditions Of Those Islands From Their Earliest Relations With European Nations To The Beginning Of The Nineteenth Century
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in 1547 AD. At the same time, Lusung warriors fought alongside the Siamese king and faced the same elephant army of the
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Emma Helen Blair; James Alex; er Robertson, eds. (1903). "Relacion de las Yslas Filipinas (1582) by Miguel de Loarca".
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2664:. Smithsonian Institution - United States National Museum - Bulletin 137. Washington: Government Printing Office.
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The Collection of Primitive Weapons and Armor of the Philippine Islands in the United States National Museum
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1762:) were either straight or wavy double-edged, with bronze or iron blades and hilts made of hardwoods, bone,
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were also locally manufactured and used by the natives. The most fearsome among these native guns was the
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was noted for his strict policies in defending against Moro raiders and slavers from Mindanao. His use of
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had their own forces, divided between the islands, each one with its own ruler. These forces were called
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1933:, after the cotton-padded exemplars they found in the New World. The barote was woven of thick braided
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Shields were important defensive weapons in all lowland societies of the Philippines. Visayan shields,
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2733:(1969) . "First voyage round the world". Translated by J.A. Robertson. Manila: Filipiniana Book Guild.
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were extensively used by the indigenous polities throughout the archipelago, the fortified polity of
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A suma oriental de Tomé Pires e o livro de Francisco Rodriguez: Leitura e notas de Armando Cortesão
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or bark cords, tight enough to be waterproof and knotted intricately so that cuts did not spread.
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at the front of the vessel or another one placed at the stern. Philippine sailing ships called
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were breastplates and back plates made of bamboo bark, hardwood like ebony or in Mindanao, and
1467:. As well as military operations, the forces provided policing and coastal watching functions.
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2121:. They gained power in their region through effective trade and through military campaigns in
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1784:, which were portable swivel guns. Another type of firearm found in the Philippines is called
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on 1571, a Spanish chronicler mentioned that the native warships was equipped with one or two
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Marivir Montebon, Retracing Our Roots – A Journey into Cebu's Pre-Colonial Past, p.15
2006:
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1495:, are usually regular annual expeditions undertaken by the community (similar to the
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organized the first recorded military action against the Spanish colonizers in the
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1843:'s house was about 17 feet (5.18 m) and was made out of clay and wax moulds.
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government bureaucrat, reported a group of "ferocious raiders" near the coast of
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refers to the military history of the Philippines prior to Spanish colonization.
2770:"Continuity and Change in the Austronesian Transition to Islam and Christianity"
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Participating in land and sea raids were an essential part of the duties of the
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It was integrated to the Spanish Empire through pacts and treaties (c.1569) by
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horn or elephant hide from Jolo. Sharkskin was used effectively for helmets or
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in the Philippines), against the Chinese Empire which they waged war against.
1918:
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2785:. Canberra: Department of Anthropology, The Australian National University.
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1973:
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described the preparations and the undertaking of such raids in his book
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in the form of tattoos on their bodies, hence the Spanish name for them—
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Myron (1939). "The Study of The Artistic Antiquities of Dutch India".
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Lach, Donald Frederick (1994). "Chapter 8: The Philippine Islands".
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with a fleet of ships from Lusung in 1525 AD. Luções (warriors from
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153:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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2676:"15 Most Intense Archaeological Discoveries in Philippine History"
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The Moros later adopted European armour and firearms during their
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1794:-controlled areas of the south. These arquebuses also appeared in
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Brunei Rediscovered: A Survey of Early Times By Robert Nicholl
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2117:(Formosa). In the 1500s, the people of Luzon were called the
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2713:
2537:"10 Reasons Why Life Was Better In Pre-Colonial Philippines"
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were of excellent quality and some of them were used by the
469:
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The Austronesians: Historical and comparative perspectives
2557:"The Filipino People Before the Arrival of the Spaniards"
2133:, where Lucoes were employed as traders and mercenaries.
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king in the defence of the Siamese capital at Ayuthaya.
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2321:
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In 1521, the Visayan ruler of the indigenous polity of
1929:: quilted or corded body armor. Spaniards called these
142:
2881:
Eyewitness to History website Accessed 3 August 2017
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Between 1174 and 1190 CE, Chau Ju-Kua, a travelling
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of the south still continue the tradition of making
1717:) and detail of a Malay istinggar, which was called
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2589:Filipino Blade Culture and the Advent of Firearms
2421:G. Nye Steiger, H. Otley Beyer, Conrado Benitez,
2261:Cultural achievements of pre-colonial Philippines
2498:. The A.H. Clark Company (republished online by
2390:. Archived from the original on October 18, 2009
2524:Ancient and Pre-Spanish Era of the Philippines
2425:, Oxford: 1929, Ginn and Company, pp. 122-123.
1901:), like this of an 18th or 19th century brass
1643:and was used against enemy ships and also for
2819:(1944). Armando Cortesao (translator) (ed.).
1798:through contacts with Borneo, as recorded by
1411:
8:
2823:(in Portuguese). Cambridge: Hakluyt Society.
2573:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2184:) aided the Burmese king in his invasion of
2382:del Mundo, Clodualdo (September 20, 1999).
50:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2315:p. 38 citing Ferrand. Relations. Page 344.
2136:In 1547 CE, Luções warriors supported the
1677:due to lack of knowledge on native names.
1418:
1404:
444:
355:Mayd-Musa alliance against Imperial China
211:
2790:
2113:and believed they were from the south of
2048:Historia de las islas e indios de Bisayas
1647:against enemy settlements during raids.
870:Igorot resistance to Spanish colonization
187:Learn how and when to remove this message
169:Learn how and when to remove this message
107:Learn how and when to remove this message
2858:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2519:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
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1856:
1689:
1537:(literally "destroyers of peace"), from
435:Various Datus, Lakan, Rajahs and Sultans
70:This article includes a list of general
2302:
1443:List of wars involving the Philippines
609:Historically documented states/polities
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2400:
2281:List of wars involving the Philippines
1909:Pre-colonial Filipinos made excellent
1621:. Several native warships such as the
198:
2908:History of the Philippines (900–1565)
2435:Blair, Emma Helen (August 25, 2004).
2241:History of the Philippines (900–1521)
1553:(literally " which belong to Daya").
7:
2286:List of conflicts in the Philippines
2176:decided to retake his city from the
2042:17th-century depiction of a Spanish
1447:List of conflicts in the Philippines
2913:Military history of the Philippines
2772:. In Peter Bellwood; James J. Fox;
1545:was in, were collectively known as
1431:Warfare in pre-colonial Philippines
2345:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
1984:to protect their communities. The
1774:Firearms in the form of matchlock
1567:Ambush and surprise attack tactics
76:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
2602:"Cracks in the Parchment Curtain"
1517:(literally "the painted ones").
810:Voyage of Miguel LĂłpez de Legazpi
523:Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens
31:This article has multiple issues.
1491:. These raids, locally known as
1387:
123:
61:
20:
2464:from the original on 2022-08-11
2246:Armed Forces of the Philippines
2218:fought in a civil war, and the
1976:built strong fortresses called
1968:Architecture of the Philippines
1591:Native bronze cannons known as
1581:Relacion de las Yslas Filipinas
39:or discuss these issues on the
2526:. Accessed September 04, 2008.
2058:Philippine ships, such as the
1713:Close up of firing mechanism (
1216:2000 campaign against the MILF
721:Laguna Copperplate Inscription
575:Maitum anthropomorphic pottery
1:
2879:"The Death of Magellan, 1521"
2384:"Ako'y Si Ragam (I am Ragam)"
2251:Philippine Revolutionary Army
2222:provided help for the Sultan
1451:In the pre-colonial era, the
880:Battles of La Naval de Manila
370:Burmese–Siamese War (1547–49)
2856:Asia in the Making of Europe
2636:Robertson, James Alexander.
2452:Condeno, Mark (2022-01-25).
731:Limestone tombs of Kamhantik
359:Visayan Raids against China
2658:Herbert W. Krieger (1899).
2073:
1830:
1780:
1673:
1665:Battle of Bangkusay Channel
1656:
1639:
1609:
1593:
1479:Raiding and coastal defense
1221:2nd People Power Revolution
1211:1997 Asian financial crisis
945:Declaration of Independence
382:Battle of Bangkusay Channel
149:the claims made and adding
2934:
2353:Harvard-Yenching Institute
2236:History of the Philippines
2031:
2004:
1965:
1861:Armors and shields in the
1850:
1809:
1440:
950:American capture of Manila
2555:Barrows, David P., Ph.D.
2407:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2291:Battle of the Philippines
830:Spanish capture of Manila
217:Kampilan sword on display
210:
2140:king in his invasion of
2052:Francisco Ignacio Alcina
1790:, mostly encountered in
1671:, probably mistaken the
1613:for fort defense. Rajah
1290:Administrative divisions
1005:American colonial period
925:Republic of Biak-na-Bato
761:Butuan Silver Paleograph
746:Batanes Ijang fortresses
689:Sultanate of Maguindanao
560:Cordillera Rice Terraces
361:Majapahit-Luzon conflict
2701:Miguel LĂłpez de Legazpi
2423:A History of the Orient
2214:From 1660 to 1673, the
1654:A karakoa armed with a
1185:People Power Revolution
965:Philippine–American War
799:Spanish colonial period
378:Battle of Manila (1570)
91:more precise citations.
2746:Cite journal requires
2617:Cite journal requires
2600:Scott, William Henry.
2438:The Philippine Islands
2055:
1906:
1865:
1835:
1722:
1706:
1660:
1607:used various sizes of
1521:Scorched earth tactics
1471:Tactics and strategies
1394:Philippines portal
1370:Science and technology
987:UST Baybayin Documents
935:Treaty of Paris (1898)
513:Austronesian expansion
498:Early hominin activity
474:
386:Siege of Cainta (1571)
236:Philippine archipelago
2561:Artes Delas Filipinas
2041:
1966:Further information:
1888:
1860:
1827:
1712:
1693:
1653:
1441:Further information:
1315:Cultural achievements
1139:Filipino First policy
1129:Mutual Defense Treaty
1083:Philippine resistance
915:Philippine Revolution
875:Spanish–Moro conflict
865:Revolts and uprisings
751:Golden Tara of Agusan
473:
2086:Historical incidents
1375:World Heritage Sites
1241:Territorial disputes
1144:North Borneo dispute
1134:Hukbalahap Rebellion
1098:Philippines campaign
1093:Battle of Leyte Gulf
1073:Battle of Corregidor
1048:Tydings–McDuffie Act
940:Battle of Manila Bay
930:Spanish–American War
538:Precolonial barangay
2256:Burmese–Siamese War
2224:Muhyiddin of Brunei
2205:Battle of Bangkusay
2109:. Chau called them
1730:no longer used the
1681:Military technology
1633:were equipped with
1529:fought against the
1236:Philippine drug war
1198:Contemporary period
1165:Communist rebellion
1063:Japanese occupation
1028:Military Government
982:Doctrina Christiana
890:Propaganda Movement
845:Spanish East Indies
835:Battle of Bangkusay
781:Magellan expedition
699:Sultanates of Lanao
694:Sultanate of Buayan
409:Battle honours
2839:has generic name (
2792:10.22459/A.09.2006
2731:Pigafetta, Antonio
2056:
2020:Naval technologies
1907:
1866:
1836:
1723:
1721:in the Philippines
1707:
1661:
1541:. The islands the
1038:Insular Government
1023:Zamboanga Republic
920:Tejeros Convention
910:Cry of Pugad Lawin
895:1872 Cavite mutiny
603:Precolonial period
543:Maritime Silk Road
518:Angono Petroglyphs
490:Prehistoric period
475:
367:Bruneian Invasion
134:possibly contains
2703:and his grandson
2643:Project Gutenberg
2500:Project Gutenberg
2458:maritimereview.ph
2388:Diwang Kayumanggi
2328:Jobers Bersales,
2220:Sultanate of Sulu
1800:Antonio Pigafetta
1645:naval bombardment
1547:Pulua Kang Dayang
1527:Rajahnate of Cebu
1463:("Knights"), and
1428:
1427:
1275:Ancient religions
1256:COVID-19 pandemic
1111:Post-independence
850:Captaincy General
726:Butuan Ivory Seal
704:Sultanate of Sulu
585:Prehistoric beads
440:
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389:Spanish Conquest
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202:Sandatahang Lakas
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2163:Battle of Mactan
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1068:Battle of Bataan
1013:Tagalog Republic
955:Malolos Congress
900:La Liga Filipina
885:British invasion
855:Tondo Conspiracy
825:Blockade of Cebu
786:Battle of Mactan
710:Events/Artifacts
613:(north to south)
549:Events/Artifacts
533:Sa Huỳnh culture
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392:Brunei Civil War
374:Battle of Mactan
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1200:(1986–present)
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1170:Moro conflict
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273:
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264:
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247:Palace guards
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241:
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226:c. 800 – 1673
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159:December 2019
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132:This article
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97:December 2019
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18:
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2918:Army history
2886:
2874:
2855:
2849:
2820:
2811:
2778:
2760:
2739:cite journal
2725:
2695:
2683:. Retrieved
2679:
2670:
2660:
2653:
2648:June 5, 2013
2641:
2631:
2610:cite journal
2604:(1978): 177.
2595:
2584:
2560:
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2540:
2531:
2493:
2486:
2477:
2466:. Retrieved
2457:
2447:
2437:
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2417:
2392:. Retrieved
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2152:
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2110:
2100:
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2078:
2063:
2059:
2057:
2047:
2043:
2026:
2012:
2010:
1998:
1994:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1955:
1947:
1943:
1930:
1926:
1925:were called
1908:
1898:
1869:
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1734:, while the
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1574:conquistador
1570:
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1524:
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1474:
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1459:("Guards"),
1456:
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1430:
1429:
1058:World War II
1053:Commonwealth
970:
969:
804:
771:Barter rings
709:
708:
612:
611:
608:
570:Kalanay Cave
548:
547:
528:Jade culture
357:Expeditions
300:Part of
205:Armed forces
183:
165:
156:
133:
103:
94:
75:
47:
40:
34:
33:Please help
30:
2817:Pires, Tomé
2276:Juramentado
2168:The former
1863:Philippines
1834:in a museum
1619:Panday Pira
1533:, known as
1493:pangangayaw
1300:Archaeology
1295:Agriculture
1175:Martial law
1159:(1965–1986)
1113:(1946–1965)
1007:(1898–1946)
992:Velarde map
977:Boxer Codex
801:(1565–1898)
590:Shell tools
565:Grave goods
460:History of
398:Decorations
352:Engagements
310:Garrison/HQ
89:introducing
2902:Categories
2680:FilipiKnow
2541:Filipiknow
2468:2023-08-14
2394:2008-09-30
2297:References
2178:Portuguese
2131:East Timor
2050:(1668) by
1931:escaupiles
1776:arquebuses
1754:. Swords (
1437:Background
1251:Bangsamoro
1157:Marcos era
1088:Hukbalahap
766:Piloncitos
605:(900–1565)
431:commanders
424:Commanders
338:Singhapala
265:Regiments
143:improve it
72:references
36:improve it
2891:Ayuthaya.
2829:cite book
2355:: 59–68.
2266:Maharlika
2154:Lapu-Lapu
2068:Spaniards
1974:Filipinos
1923:cuirasses
1919:chainmail
1895:rebellion
1806:Artillery
1787:astinggal
1719:astinggal
1669:culverins
1587:Artillery
1557:Sri Lumay
1543:rajahnate
1489:maharlika
1453:Filipinos
1345:Languages
1335:Geography
1325:Education
1310:Conflicts
1043:Jones Law
971:Artifacts
905:Katipunan
840:New Spain
508:Tabon Man
492:(pre-900)
342:Kota bato
304:Feudalism
253:Artillery
234:Various (
147:verifying
42:talk page
2776:(eds.).
2768:(1995).
2685:17 March
2569:cite web
2462:Archived
2403:cite web
2230:See also
2096:Madja-as
1972:Ancient
1956:moriones
1831:lantakas
1770:Firearms
1760:kampilan
1745:kampilan
1740:animists
1700:holding
1674:lantakas
1640:lantakas
1615:Sulayman
1610:lantakas
1595:lantakas
1583:(1582).
1551:Kangdaya
1539:Mindanao
1514:pintados
1505:and the
1365:Politics
1355:Military
1350:Medicine
1268:By topic
1226:EDSA III
741:Baybayin
716:Maragtas
684:Sanmalan
664:Madja-as
619:Caboloan
555:Balangay
481:Timeline
451:a series
449:Part of
346:Kota Sug
314:Pampanga
263:Infantry
2369:2717905
2190:Burmese
2174:Malacca
2138:Burmese
2127:Malacca
2123:Myanmar
2111:Pishoye
2103:Chinese
2074:lantaka
2064:korkoa,
2060:karakoa
2044:joangan
2034:Karakoa
2027:Karakoa
2013:idjangs
1999:bantara
1990:Igorots
1952:carabao
1915:cordage
1905:helmet.
1899:Embadir
1870:kalasag
1853:Kalasag
1847:Shields
1816:Cetbang
1812:Lantaka
1796:Palawan
1781:lantaka
1732:bararao
1663:In the
1657:lantaka
1624:karakoa
1601:Maynila
1535:magalos
1497:Vikings
1457:Sandigs
1330:Economy
815:Sandugo
776:Luzones
669:Dapitan
639:Maynila
634:Namayan
429:Notable
402:Batikan
318:Maynila
272:Marines
258:Cavalry
231:Country
141:Please
85:improve
2862:
2799:
2367:
2271:Timawa
2170:sultan
2149:Mactan
2119:Luções
2115:Taiwan
2107:Fujian
1939:Burlap
1927:barote
1903:morion
1874:rattan
1818:, and
1792:Muslim
1764:antler
1630:lanong
1605:Cainta
1502:timawa
1485:timawa
1465:Tanods
1280:Rulers
805:Events
679:Butuan
659:Sandao
654:Pulilu
644:Ibalon
624:Cainta
453:on the
418:Slaves
334:Kalibo
330:Lubang
326:Laguna
322:Cainta
260:Corps
255:Corps
243:Branch
223:Active
74:, but
2783:(PDF)
2365:JSTOR
2351:(1).
2182:Luzon
2157:, in
2079:praos
2046:from
1986:Moros
1944:Pakil
1935:abacá
1911:armor
1881:Armor
1756:kalis
1736:Moros
1728:Luzon
1703:sibat
1697:kawal
1635:lelas
1508:tumao
1461:Kawal
1360:Names
629:Tondo
2860:ISBN
2841:help
2797:ISBN
2752:help
2687:2015
2623:help
2575:link
2409:link
2203:The
2186:Siam
2159:Cebu
2142:Siam
2129:and
2092:Ma-i
2025:The
1995:kuta
1982:moog
1978:kota
1946:and
1921:and
1893:and
1758:and
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1748:and
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1627:and
1603:and
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649:Ma-i
414:Gold
292:Role
286:Navy
282:Army
278:Type
268:Navy
2787:doi
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