20:
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shell. There are theoretical models of water clusters of more than 700 water molecules, but they have not been observed experimentally. One line of research uses graph invariants for generating hydrogen bond topologies and predicting physical properties of water clusters and ice. The utility of graph invariants was shown in a study considering the (H
222:. The experimental detection and characterization of the clusters has been achieved with the following methods: far-infrared spectroscopy|far-infrared (FIR), vibration-rotation-tunneling spectroscopy|vibration-rotation-tunneling (VRT), Н-NMR, and neutron diffraction. The hexamer is found to have planar geometry in liquid helium, a
137:
to oxygen distance is found to decrease which is attributed to so-called cooperative many-body interactions: due to a change in charge distribution the H-acceptor molecule becomes a better H-donor molecule with each expansion of the water assembly. Many isomeric forms seem to exist for the hexamer
185:
network (with each water molecule coordinate to 4 others). The latter, which is 3 nm in diameter, consists of nested icosahedral shells with 280 and 100 molecules. There is also an augmented version with another shell of 320 molecules. There is increased stability with the addition of each
1011:
Liu, Kun; Fellers, Raymond; Viant, Mark; McLaughlin, Ryan; Brown, Mac; Saykally, Richard (1996). "A long path length pulsed slit valve appropriate for high temperature operation: Infrared spectroscopy of jet-cooled large water clusters and nucleotide bases".
1090:
Turov, Volodymyr; Krupskaya, Tetiana; Barvinchenko, Valentina; Lipkovska, Natalia; Kartel, Mykola; Suvorova, Liudmyla (2016). "Peculiarities of water cluster formation on the surface of dispersed KCl: The influence of hydrophobic silica and organic media".
1346:
A. Müller; E. Krickemeyer; H. Bögge; M. Schmidtmann; S. Roy; A. Berkle (2002). "Changeable Pore Sizes
Allowing Effective and Specific Recognition by a Molybdenum-Oxide Based "Nanosponge": En Route to Sphere-Surface and Nanoporous-Cluster Chemistry".
1183:
Yoshida, Koji; Ishuda, Shigeru; Yamaguchi, Toshio (2019). "Hydrogen bonding and clusters in supercritical methanol–water mixture by neutron diffraction with H/D substitution combined with empirical potential structure refinement modelling".
1309:
T. Mitra; P. Miró; A.-R. Tomsa; A. Merca; H. Bögge; J. B. Ávalos; J. M. Poblet; C. Bo; A. Müller (2009). "Gated and
Differently Functionalized (New) Porous Capsules Direct Encapsulates' Structures: Higher and Lower Density Water".
1392:
Lehmann, S. B. C.; Spickermann, C.; Kirchner, B. (2009). "Quantum
Cluster Equilibrium Theory Applied in Hydrogen Bond Number Studies of Water. 1. Assessment of the Quantum Cluster Equilibrium Model for Liquid Water".
632:
Ignatov, Ignat; Gluhchev, Georgi; Neshev, Nikolai; Mehandjiev, Dimitar (2021). "Structuring of Water
Clusters Depending on the Energy of Hydrogen Bonds in Electrochemically Activated Waters Anolyte and Catholyte".
210:
Experimental study of any supramolecular structures in bulk water is difficult because of their short lifetime: the hydrogen bonds are continually breaking and reforming at timescales faster than 200 femtoseconds.
265:, the presence of an n=24 cluster is invoked. In another model, bulk water is built up from a mixture of hexamer and pentamer rings containing cavities capable of enclosing small solutes. In yet another model an
848:
Kuo, Jer-Lai; Coe, James; Singer, Sherwin (2001). "On the use of graph invariants for efficiently generating hydrogen bond topologies and predicting physical properties of water clusters and ice".
269:
exists between a cubic water octamer and two cyclic tetramers. However, none of these models yet have reproduced the experimentally-observed density maximum of water as a function of temperature.
945:
C. J. Gruenloh; J. R. Carney; C. A. Arrington; T. S. Zwier; S. Y. Fredericks; K. D. Jordan (1997). "Infrared
Spectrum of a Molecular Ice Cube: The S4 and D2d Water Octamers in Benzene-(Water)8".
1428:
Borowski, Piotr; Jaroniec, Justyna; Janowski, Tomasz; Woliński, Krzysztof (2003). "Quantum cluster equilibrium theory treatment of hydrogen-bonded liquids: Water, methanol and ethanol".
538:
A. D. Kulkarni; R. K. Pathak; L. J. Bartolotti. (2005). "Structures, Energetics, and
Vibrational Spectra of H2O2···(H2O)n, n = 1−6 Clusters: Ab Initio Quantum Chemical Investigations".
384:
Ghosh, Sujit; Bhardwaj, Parimal (2004). "A Dodecameric Water
Cluster Built around a Cyclic Quasiplanar Hexameric Core in an Organic Supramolecular Complex of a Cryptand".
492:
Fowler, P. W., Quinn, C. M., Redmond, D. B. (1991) Decorated fullerenes and model structures for water clusters, The
Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 95, No 10, p. 7678.
974:
M. R. Viant; J. D. Cruzan; D. D. Lucas; M. G. Brown; K. Liu; R. J. Saykally (1997). "Pseudorotation in Water Trimer
Isotopomers Using Terahertz Laser Spectroscopy".
133:; these have been predicted to exist for n = 3 to 60. At low temperatures, nearly 50% of water molecules are included in clusters. With increasing cluster size the
1765:
241:
can be used. Conformation of a water heptamer was determined (cyclic twisted nonplanar) using this method. Further, multi-layered water clusters with formulae (H
257:
Several models attempt to account for the bulk properties of water by assuming that they are dominated by cluster formation within the liquid. According to the
501:
Keutsch, F. N. and
Saykally, R. J. (2001) Water clusters: Untangling the mysteries of the liquid, one molecule at a time, PNAS, Vol. 98, № 19, pp. 10533–10540.
313:
Xantheas, Sotiris; Dunning Jr., Thorn (1993). "Ab initio studies of cyclic water clusters (H2O)n, n=1–6. I. Optimal structures and vibrational spectra".
709:
G. S. Fanourgakis; E. Aprà; W. A. de Jong; S. S. Xantheas (2005). "High-level ab initio calculations for the four low-lying families of minima of (H
511:
Maheshwary, Shruti; Patel, Nitin; Sathyamurthy, Narayanasami; Kulkarni, Anand (2001). "Structure and Stability of Water Clusters (H2O)n, n = 8-20".
429:
456:
A. D. Kulkarni; K. Babu; L. J. Bartolotti; S. R. Gadre. (2004). "Exploring Hydration Patterns of Aldehydes and Amides: Ab Initio Investigations".
1227:
M. H. Mir; J. J. Vittal (2007). "Phase Transition Accompanied by Transformation of an Elusive Discrete Cyclic Water Heptamer to a Bicyclic (H
781:
Sykes, М. (2007) Simulations of RNA Base Pairs in a Nanodroplet Reveal Solvation-Dependent Stability, PNAS, Vol. 104, № 30, pp. 12336–12340.
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dodecahedron, which are associated with roughly the same oxygen atom arrangements as in the solid and liquid phases of water.
214:
Nevertheless, water clusters have been observed in the gas phase and in dilute mixtures of water and non-polar solvents like
1740:
883:
Smith, Jared D.; Christopher D. Cappa; Kevin R. Wilson; Ronald C. Cohen; Phillip L. Geissler; Richard J. Saykally (2005).
583:
S. Maheshwary; N. Patel; N Sathyamurthy; A. D. Kulkarni; S. R. Gadre (2001). "Structure and Stability of Water Clusters (H
146:: from ring, book, bag, cage, to prism shape with nearly identical energy. Two cage-like isomers exist for heptamers (H
261:(QCE) theory of liquids, n=8 clusters dominate the liquid water bulk phase, followed by n=5 and n=6 clusters. Near the
1675:
419:
A. D. Kulkarni; S. R. Gadre; S. Nagase (2008). "Quantum chemical and electrostatic studies of anionic water clusters(H
122:
predict the occurrence of water clusters, as configurations of water molecules whose total energy is a local minimum.
1898:
1273:"An odd-numbered heptameric water cluster containing a puckered pentamer self-assembled in a Ag(I) polymeric solid"
1118:
Oka, Kouki; Shibue, Natsuhiko; Sugimuka, Natsuhiko; Watabe, Yuki; Winther-Jensen, Bjorn; Hiroyuki, Wishide (2019).
1712:
165:
Other theoretical studies predict clusters with more complex three-dimensional structures. Examples include the
1903:
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structures. They are expected to play a role also in the hydration of molecules and ions dissolved in water.
1382:
L Shu, L Jegatheesan, V Jegatheesan, CQ Li (2020) The structure of water, Fluid Phase Equilibria 511, 112514
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in organic solvents, and a cage structure in the gas phase. Experiments combining IR spectroscopy with
1873:
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Tokmachev, A.M., Tchougreeff, A.L., Dronskowski, R. (2010) Hydrogen-Bond Networks in Water Clusters (H
1813:
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Zenin, S. V.(2002)Water, Federal Center for Traditional Methods for Diagnostics and Treatment, Moscow
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654:"A hierarchical clustering method of hydrogen bond networks in liquid water undergoing shear flow"
19:
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He, W.J.; Luo, G.-G.; Wu, D.-L.; Liu, L.; Xia, J.-X.; Li, D.-X.; Dai, J.-C.; Xiao, Z.-J. (2012).
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trapped inside cavities of several polyoxometalate clusters were also reported by Mueller et al.
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1120:"Long-lived water clusters in hydrophobic solvents investigated by standard NMR techniques"
885:"Unified description of temperature-dependent hydrogen-bond rearrangements in liquid water"
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with temperature. Water clusters are also implicated in the stabilization of certain
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g pentagonal prisms, and edge-sharing pentagonal prisms hydrogen bonding networks".
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772:: An Exhaustive Quantum-Chemical Analysis, ChemPhysChem, Vol. 11, №2, pp. 384–388.
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Chaplin, M. F. (2013) What is liquid water, Science in Society, Iss. 58, 41-45.
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717:. II. Spectroscopic signatures of the dodecahedron, fused cubes, face-sharin
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10.1002/1521-3773(20010518)40:10<1808::AID-ANIE1808>3.0.CO;2-1
63:), and some have been detected experimentally in various contexts such as
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52:
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Liu, Kun; Cruzan, Jeffery; Saykally, Richard (1996). "Water Clusters".
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Water clusters have been proposed as an explanation for some anomalous
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Cluster of water molecules held together through hydrogen bonding
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reveal cubic configurations for clusters in the range n=(8-10).
59:. Many such clusters have been predicted by theoretical models (
1502:
1593:
64:
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1498:
348:
Ralf Ludwig (2001). "Water: From Clusters to the Bulk".
31:
icosahedral water cluster and the underlying structure.
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When the water is part of a crystal structure as in a
1801:
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162:are found either cyclic or in the shape of a cube.
1483:- Includes water clusters calculated with various
793:"Theoretical study on icosahedral water clusters"
125:Of particular interest are the cyclic clusters (H
1474:Water clusters at London South Bank University
791:Loboda, Oleksandr; Goncharuk, Vladyslav (2010).
1514:
8:
652:Gao, Yitian; Fang, Hongwei; Ni, Ke (2021).
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1395:Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation
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430:Journal of Molecular Structure: THEOCHEM
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181:, and the 280-water-molecule monster
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71:, in dilute mixtures with non-polar
253:Cluster models of bulk liquid water
102:, such as its unusual variation of
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14:
635:Bulgarian Chemical Communications
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1014:Review of Scientific Instruments
513:Journal of Physical Chemistry A
315:The Journal of Chemical Physics
83:. The simplest example is the
1481:The Cambridge Cluster Database
1105:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.03.069
443:10.1016/j.theochem.2007.11.019
1:
1741:Extraterrestrial liquid water
1489:water clusters explored with
1206:10.1080/00268976.2019.1633481
961:10.1126/science.276.5319.1678
1289:10.1016/j.inoche.2011.12.036
1069:10.1126/science.271.5251.929
817:10.1016/j.cplett.2009.11.025
67:, bulk liquid water, in the
1450:10.1080/0026897031000085083
850:Journal of Chemical Physics
259:quantum cluster equilibrium
1920:
1144:10.1038/s41598-018-36787-1
892:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
678:10.1038/s41598-021-88810-7
100:properties of liquid water
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206:Experimental observations
797:Chemical Physics Letters
1093:Colloids and Surfaces A
913:10.1073/pnas.0506899102
114:Theoretical predictions
1751:Planetary oceanography
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1325:10.1002/chem.200801602
1250:10.1002/anie.200701779
406:10.1002/ange.200454002
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1350:Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
1238:Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
351:Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
22:
1814:Ocean stratification
1647:Doubly labeled water
1819:Lake stratification
1802:Physical parameters
1442:2003MolPh.101.1413B
1198:2019MolPh.117.3297Y
1136:2019NatSR...9..223O
1061:1996Sci...271..929L
1026:1996RScI...67..410L
990:1997JPCA..101.9032V
904:2005PNAS..10214171S
898:(40): 14171–14174.
862:2001JChPh.114.2527K
809:2010CPL...484..144L
736:2005JChPh.122m4304F
670:2021NatSR..11.9542G
611:2001JPCA..10510525M
554:2005JPCA..109.4583K
472:2004JPCA..108.2492K
398:2004AngCh.116.3661G
327:1993JChPh..99.8774X
294:Richard J. Saykally
289:Properties of water
1766:List of Candidates
1627:Deuterium-depleted
1574:
1124:Scientific Reports
658:Scientific Reports
224:chair conformation
75:, and as water of
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1430:Molecular Physics
1407:10.1021/ct800310a
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386:Angewandte Chemie
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239:x-ray diffraction
228:mass spectrometry
154:, and octamers (H
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41:water cluster
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1691:Hydrobiology
1676:Distribution
1490:
1485:water models
1436:(10): 1413.
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1429:
1423:
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1292:. Retrieved
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318:
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263:triple point
258:
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178:
177:, named the
164:
124:
120:water models
117:
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47:assembly or
40:
34:
1756:Ocean world
1681:Hydrosphere
1609:superheated
719:bucky water
664:(1): 9542.
267:equilibrium
194:cage and (H
183:icosahedral
85:water dimer
1893:Categories
1878:Wiktionary
1713:management
1559:Properties
1235:Cluster".
1130:(1): 223.
1099:: 97–102.
300:References
1791:Enceladus
1772:Specific
1708:Resources
1703:Pollution
1686:Hydrology
1652:Hydronium
1642:Tritiated
1632:Semiheavy
1537:Overviews
1491:ab initio
1214:198343685
1077:220091855
593:Ab Initio
167:fullerene
118:Detailed
77:hydration
69:gas phase
61:in silico
53:molecules
37:chemistry
1856:Category
1487:and the
1458:96921359
1415:26609856
1370:12370905
1333:19130528
1258:17577896
1170:58026218
1162:30659206
932:16179387
752:15847462
696:33953246
570:16833795
371:11385651
273:See also
73:solvents
1867:Commons
1544:Outline
1493:methods
1438:Bibcode
1294:31 July
1283:: 4–7.
1194:Bibcode
1153:6338722
1132:Bibcode
1057:Bibcode
1049:Science
1022:Bibcode
986:Bibcode
948:Science
923:1242322
900:Bibcode
858:Bibcode
805:Bibcode
732:Bibcode
687:8100111
666:Bibcode
607:Bibcode
550:Bibcode
468:Bibcode
394:Bibcode
323:Bibcode
235:hydrate
216:benzene
104:density
49:cluster
1871:
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1849:
1845:Portal
1838:
1776:Europa
1725:Supply
1718:policy
1698:Origin
1589:Liquid
1581:States
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135:oxygen
1671:Cycle
1663:Earth
1637:Heavy
1620:Forms
1604:Steam
1599:Vapor
1554:Model
1530:Water
1454:S2CID
1210:S2CID
1166:S2CID
1073:S2CID
888:(PDF)
57:water
1786:Moon
1781:Mars
1549:Data
1476:Link
1411:PMID
1366:PMID
1329:PMID
1296:2022
1254:PMID
1158:PMID
928:PMID
748:PMID
692:PMID
566:PMID
367:PMID
218:and
39:, a
1661:On
1594:Ice
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1358:doi
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