Water fluoridation by country

199:, with 97–98% choosing not to fluoridate drinking water. Fluoridated salt and milk is promoted in some European countries instead. Water fluoridation has been replaced by other modes in many countries where water supplies are too decentralized for it to be a practical choice, or existing natural fluoride levels were already ample, including Germany, Finland, Japan, Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland (Switzerland has 1 mg fluoride per 1 liter, USA only between 0.3 mg and 0.7 mg) water Denmark and at a time Israel. Cessation of water fluoridation has been demonstrated in scientific studies such as a recent one in Calgary, Alberta, to result in increased rates of dental decay. While fluoridation can result in mild dental fluorosis, this effect is barely detectable and causes no concerns with the appearance or health of teeth. Countries practicing artificial water fluoridation vary in their recommended fluoride levels according to what health authorities in each have determined to be most effective for its citizens. The US recently reset the recommended optimal level of fluoride in drinking water, lowering it slightly, because of observed increased 19: 1253: 154:, affecting 60–90% of schoolchildren and the vast majority of adults. Water fluoridation reduces cavities in children, while efficacy in adults is less clear. A Cochrane review estimates that when water fluoridation is used by children who have no other access to sources of fluoride, there is a reduction in cavities by 35% in baby teeth and 26% in permanent teeth. Recent studies suggest that water fluoridation, particularly in industrialized countries, may be unnecessary because topical fluorides (such as in toothpaste) are widely used and cavity rates have become low. For this reason, some scientists consider fluoridation to be unethical due to the lack of 1239:

municipalities, such as Portland, Oregon, have chosen not to fluoridate their water, citing concerns over potential health risks and the ethical implications of mass medication. Conversely, areas like San Francisco, California, have maintained their fluoridation programs, emphasizing the public health benefits, particularly for low-income populations who may have limited access to dental care. A 2022 study in the Journal of Public Health Dentistry found that cessation of water fluoridation in Calgary, Alberta, led to an increase in dental caries among children, reinforcing the CDC's stance on the importance of fluoridation.

1227:(EPA) proposed to reduce the recommended level of fluoride in drinking water to the lowest end of the current range, 0.7 milligrams per liter of water (mg/L), from the previous recommended maximum of 0.7 to 1.2 mg/L in recognition of the increase in sources of fluoride such as fluoridated toothpastes and mouthwashes. This could effectively terminate municipal water fluoridation in areas where fluoride levels from mineral deposits and industrial pollution exceed the new recommendation. As of 2021 the federal 1776:. WHO, 2006. Page 32. Quote: "Concentrations in drinking-water of about 1 mg l–1 are associated with a lower incidence of dental caries, particularly in children, whereas excess intake of fluoride can result in dental fluorosis. In severe cases this can result in erosion of enamel. The margin between the beneficial effects of fluoride and the occurrence of dental fluorosis is small and public health programmes seek to retain a suitable balance between the two" 625:. Children in those towns were part of large long-running studies of caries prevalence. A fluoride cessation study found that consistent with a previously observed population-wide phenomenon that the rate of cavities continued to drop after the fluoride concentration in water fell from the augmented 1.0 ppm to its natural level below 0.2 ppm. Water fluoridation was discontinued after the German reunification although still exists on some US military bases. 1196: 1405: 333:. The maximum permissible limit of fluoride in drinking water in India is 1.2 mg/L, and the government has been obligated to install fluoride removal plants of various technologies to reduce fluoride levels from industrial waste and mineral deposits. Now reverse osmosis plants are widely used. Household and public system reverse osmosis plants are common in the market. Alleppey in 1451:, in 1953. A 1974 federal law required new or enlarged water treatment plants to have fluoridation, and its availability was greatly expanded in the 1980s, with optimum fluoridation levels set at 0.8 mg/L. Today, the expansion of fluoridation in Brazil is a governmental priority; Between 2005 and 2008, fluoridation became available to 7.6 million people in 503 399:

to health. When fluoride is supplied via drinking water, there is no control regarding the amount of fluoride actually consumed, which could lead to excessive consumption. Supply of fluoridated water forces those who do not so wish to also consume water with added fluoride." Many in the medical and dental communities in Israel criticized the decision as a mistake.

937:, and salt fluoridation in the rest of Switzerland (around 83% of domestic salt sold had fluoride added). However it became increasingly difficult to keep the two programs separate. As a result, some of the population of Basel were assumed to use both fluoridated salt and fluoridated water. In order to correct the situation, in April 2003 the 760:'s water was fluoridated; by 1973, other urban centers were too. Studies from the late 1970s to mid 1990s showed a decrease in (and lower incidence of) dental decay in school children living in areas where water was fluoridated than in areas where water was not fluoridated. The government of the Republic of Ireland has yet to carry out a 883:

that there is no need for water fluoridation due to the low prevalence of dental caries and the availability of fluoride through other means, such as toothpaste and professional dental treatments. Public debate in Norway remains focused on promoting overall dental hygiene rather than introducing fluoridation of public water supplies.

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committee voted to remove fluoride from late June 2013. A referendum was held during the council elections in October 2013 with approximately 70% of voters voting for fluoride to be added back into the water supply, and in March 2014, the council voted 9 to 1 to re-introduce fluoride into the supply.

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Australia now provides fluoridated water for 70% or more of the population in all states and territories. Many of Australia's drinking water supplies began fluoridation in the 1960s and 1970s. By 1984 almost 66% of the Australian population had access to fluoridated drinking water, represented by 850

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press release statement, the reasons it ended water fluoridation were: "Only some 1% of the water is used for drinking, while 99% of the water is intended for other uses (industry, agriculture, flushing toilets etc.). There is also scientific evidence that fluoride in large amounts can lead to damage

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Fluoride was required in water supplies nationwide by legislation passed in 2002, but the requirement was repealed in 2014, and artificial fluoridation was disparaged by national health officials, effectively ending the practice in Israel for a short while. After the election of 2015 the fluoridation

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Currently about 372 million people (around 5.7% of the world population) receive artificially-fluoridated water in about 24 countries, including Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Republic of Ireland, Malaysia, the U.S., and Vietnam. 57.4 million people receive naturally occurring fluoridated water at

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In 2008, the recommended fluoride levels in Canada were reduced from 0.8 to 1.0 mg/L to 0.7 mg/L to minimize the risk of dental fluorosis. Ontario, Alberta, and Manitoba have the highest rates of fluoridation, about 70–75%. The lowest rates are in Quebec (about 6%), British Columbia (about

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in 1961, re-legalized in 1962 and finally prohibited by the parliament in 1971, after considerable debate. The parliament majority said that there were other and better ways of reducing tooth decay than water fluoridation. Four cities received permission to fluoridate tap water when it was legal. An

379:, Israel's national water company states, "In the South of the country, it is unnecessary to add fluoride because it is found naturally in the water." Water fluoridation was introduced in Israel's large cities in 1981, and a national effort to fluoridate all the country's water was approved in 1988. 1487:

is the only city which preserves an annual oral health prevention programme based on education and fluoridated mouth rinses in public schools since 1981, and its drinking water contains an average Fluoride concentration of 0.05 ppm. Cartagena is located in the coastal region of Colombia, presenting

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The decision to fluoridate lies with local governments, with guidelines set by provincial, territorial, and federal governments. Brantford, Ontario, became the first city in Canada to fluoridate its water supplies in 1945. In 1955, Toronto approved water fluoridation, but delayed implementation of

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reported that no cities in Norway were practicing water fluoridation. There had been intense discussion of the issue around 1980, but no ongoing political discussion in 2000. In recent years, Norway has continued its policy against water fluoridation. The Norwegian Directorate of Health has stated

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include fluoridation of toothpaste, salt, and milk. The views on the most effective method for community prevention of tooth decay are mixed. The Australian government states that water fluoridation is the most effective means of achieving fluoride exposure that is community-wide. The World Health

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gets its water from Windsor, and Tecmuseh's council had voted on 13 March 2012 to ask Windsor to stop fluoridating. Money formerly spent on fluoridation was reallocated to oral health and nutrition education programs. Windsor's water had been fluoridated for over fifty years. On 14 December 2018,

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Many European countries have rejected water fluoridation, including: Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Northern Ireland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Scotland, Iceland, and Italy. A 2003 survey of over 500 Europeans from 16 countries concluded that "the

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The government of India launched the National Programme for Prevention and Control of Fluorosis in 2008–2009. In 2013–2014, the programme was brought under the National Rural Health Mission, which has so far covered 111 districts. The programme includes surveillance of fluorosis in the community,

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Many areas in China have fluoride at levels far higher than recommended due to natural occurrence or industrial contamination, which has resulted in a large amount of skeletal fluorosis. Water fluoridation levels are set at a national standard of 1 mg/L, with higher levels for rural areas at

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from water fluoridation, as revealed by the York review from 2000. A 2007 Australian systematic review used the same inclusion criteria as York's, plus one additional study. This did not affect the York conclusions. Fluoride's effects depend on the total daily intake of fluoride from all sources.

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district of the city, but was halted in 1983 after opponents claimed that fluoride levels were already sufficiently high in local foods and tea. Later analysis in 1988 found that the incidence of dental caries among 4-year-old children had increased by 62%. The fluoridation reduced the number of

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Less than 1% of Japan practices water fluoridation. Instead, as of March 2010, a total of 7,479 schools and 777,596 preschool to junior high school children were participating in school-based fluoride mouth-rinsing programme (S-FMR), with an estimate of 2,000,000 children participating in 2020.

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by forcing them to be medicated, and that the long-term effects of fluoridation were insufficiently acknowledged. They also lacked a proper study on the effects of fluoridation on formula-fed infants. In the year 2004 the allowed amount of fluoride in the water was decreased to 1,5 mg/L.

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In 2021, Regina, Saskatchewan, city council voted to add fluoride to the city’s drinking water with the program expected to start once upgrades to the Buffalo Water Treatment plant are completed in 2025. Communities such as Saskatoon and Moose Jaw fluoridate their water, while others do not.

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The majority of drinking water in the Republic, (but not Northern Ireland), is fluoridated. In 2012, roughly 3.25 million people received artificially-fluoridated water. Almost 71% of the population in 2002 resided in fluoridated communities. All public water supplies are fluoridated and the

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As of 2023, approximately 73% of the U.S. population continues to receive fluoridated water. In the same year, the CDC reported that water fluoridation prevents roughly 25% of cavities in children and adults. Despite this, debates about the safety and necessity of fluoridation persist. Some

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area to address the high incidence of tooth decay in children there. Surveys had found that the majority of surveyed Southampton residents opposed the plan, but the Southampton City Primary Care Trust decided that "public vote could not be the deciding factor and that medical evidence shows

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In 2002, the Union of Local Authorities (ULA) and others petitioned Israel's High Court to stop the Health Ministry from forcing cities to implement water fluoridation. The court soon issued a restraining order, but after half a year ULA withdrew its petition upon the request of the court.

501:

Austria has never implemented fluoridation due to an adequate level of fluoride in drinking water according to a study conducted in 1993. (Nell A, Sperr W. Fluoridgehaltuntersuchung des Trinkwassers in Osterreich 1993 . Wien Klin Wochenschr. 1994;106(19):608-14. German. PMID 7998407.)

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city council voted 8–3 to reintroduce fluoridation of Windsor's drinking water. According to the Oral Health 2018 report released by the health unit, the percentage of children with tooth decay or requiring urgent care has increased by 51 per cent in 2016–17 compared to 2011–12.

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held a non-binding referendum for residents to decide whether water fluoridation should continue. The result of the vote was 50.3% voting against fluoridation. The regional council honored the vote, and over forty years of fluoridation in Waterloo Region ended in November.

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The first community water fluoridation programme was in Kyoto prefecture in 1952, lasting 13 years. The second was established by US military authorities in Okinawa prefecture in 1957, lasting 15 years. The last experience was in Mie Prefecture in 1967, lasting 4 years.

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has water fluoridation, whereas only 70% get their water from public supplies. Many places in Vietnam already have sufficient levels of fluoride or in some cases, fluoride concentrations were already too high and needed to be reduced to avoid the effects of fluorosis.

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By 2011, about 65% of the municipalities and local authorities in Israel had agreed to allow fluoridation, and there was active opposition to the spread of fluoridation to the towns where it has not yet been instituted. In 2011, the Health and Welfare Committee of the

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Only a fraction of Nigerians receive water from waterworks, so water fluoridation affects very few people. A 2009 study found that about 21% of water sources naturally contain fluoride to the recommended range of 0.3–0.6 ppm. About 62% have fluoride below this range.

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declared fluoridation of drinking water unauthorized. Dutch authorities had no legal basis for adding chemicals to drinking water if they would not contribute to a sound water supply. Drinking water has not been fluoridated in any part of the Netherlands since 1973.

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Out of a population of about three-quarters of a billion, under 14 million people (approximately 2%) in Europe receive artificially-fluoridated water. Those people are in the UK (5,797,000), Republic of Ireland (4,780,000), Spain (4,250,000), and Serbia (300,000).

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which recommended fluoridation at 1.0 ppm of public water supplies, then accessed by approximately 50% of the population. This was felt to be an effective way of preventing tooth decay, in an era before fluoridated toothpaste was commonly used. This led to the

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Public drinking water supplies are not currently fluoridated in any part of Germany, however for children and adolescents use of fluoridated salt and toothpaste, as well as fluoride tablets and washes is strongly encouraged by the German Ministry of Health.

103:, and is handled differently by countries across the world. Fluoridated water contains fluoride at a level that is proven effective for preventing cavities; this can occur naturally or by adding fluoride. Fluoridated water creates low levels of fluoride in 1071:

fluoridation will reduce tooth decay – and failed to back up claims of serious negative side effects". Fluoridation plans in the northwest of England were delayed after concerns over increased projected costs and health risks were raised. In October 2014,

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made in 1962–65 under the 1960 Act were separate for each local authority, setting the level of fluoride in drinking water to 0.8–1.0 ppm. The current regulations date from 2007, and set the level to 0.6–0.8 ppm, with a target value of 0.7 ppm.

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As of July 2021, although in practice there is no legal impediment today to the return of drinking water fluoridation, it has not yet been returned in practice, and for about seven years there has been no drinking water fluoridation in Israel.

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proposed legislation for compulsory water fluoridation for municipalities. The legislation failed, and only 29 out of around 250 municipal governments had introduced water fluoridation at that time. Fluoridation was proposed again in 2012.

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There are currently no community fluoridation schemes in Wales. The Welsh Government stated in November 2014 that it had no plans to fluoridate the water supply, but said that it was something the Welsh Government will continue to review.

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passed similar motions. However, because of the 1960 law forcing artificial fluoridation of the public water, city councils and corporations can only vote to stop fluoridation but have no power to stop it, unless the law is repealed.

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training and manpower support, establishment of diagnostic facilities, treatment and health education. The Indian Council of Medical Research has formed a task force on fluorosis to address issues related to prevention and control.

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bedrock (small, but densely populated regions), 22% of well waters and 55% of drilled well waters exceed the legal limit of 1.5 mg/L; generally, surface and well waters have 0.5-2.0 mg/L fluoride in affected regions.

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The water supply in Northern Ireland has never been artificially fluoridated except in two small localities where fluoride was added to the water for about 30 years. By 1999, fluoridation ceased in those two areas, as well.

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Denmark has released test results for levels of various water contaminants, including fluoride, in the drinking water of some cities: Copenhagen, Brøndby, Albertslund, Dragør, Hvidovre, Rødovre, Vallensbæk, and Herlev.

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in 1954. A Commission of Inquiry was held in 1957 and then its use rapidly expanded in the mid 1960s. New Zealand now has fluoridated water supplied to about half of the total population. Of the six main centers, only

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As of May 2000, 42 of the 50 largest U.S. cities had water fluoridation. In 2010, 66% of all U.S. residents and 74% of U.S. residents with access to community water systems receive fluoridated water. In 2010, a U.S.

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briefly fluoridated its water. The program was discontinued due to technical problems and a public view that fluoridation did not seem reasonable. Hungary has not used artificially fluoridated water since then.

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Commonwealth Department of Health, Fluoridation of Water: A Collection. 9; Commonwealth Department of Health, Fluoridation of Water in Australia 1984 (Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1985),

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In 2010, Bernama reported, "Principal Director (Oral Health) in the Health Ministry, Datuk Dr Norain Abu Taib said that only 75.5% of the country's population are enjoying the benefits of water fluoridation".

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city council voted 10–3 to stop adding fluoride to the city's drinking water, having started water fluoridation in 1991. A research project has been planned to study the effects of Calgary's cessation, using

239:'s Health Department recommends adding fluoridation chemicals to drinking water in some areas. It also advises removal of fluoride from drinking water (defluoridation) where the fluoride content is too high. 1256:

Australian residents served with community water fluoridation, 2005 and 2012. The percentages are the proportions of the resident population served by public water supplies who are receiving fluoridated

1199:

U.S. residents served with community water fluoridation, 1992 and 2006. The percentages are the proportions of the resident population served by public water supplies who are receiving fluoridated water.

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abandoned plans for water fluoridation for 195,000 people in Southampton and neighbouring parts of south-west Hampshire due to opposition from both Hampshire County Council and Southampton City Council.

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Seppä L, Hausen H, Kärkkäinen S, Larmas M (2002). "Caries Occurrence in a Fluoridated and a Nonfluoridated Town in Finland: A Retrospective Study Using Longitudinal Data from Public Dental Records".

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is most affected with over-fluoridated water. Government-installed reverse osmosis plants supply free filtered water. Rotary International Club, Saratoga USA, helped to install 3 RO Plants in rural

598:

became the second location in Europe where water fluoridation was practiced in 1952. By 1962, no other part of the FRG was fluoridating, and Kassel-Wahlershausen discontinued the practice in 1971.

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fluoridates rainwater from 17 local reservoirs, in 21 treatment plants. Recent tests showed drinking water to have an average fluoride level of 0.48 mg/L, and a maximum of 0.69 mg/L.

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Legislation around mandatory fluoridation was introduced in 2002, but has been delayed since then pending further research after opposition from water companies, municipalities and the public.

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population had access to fluoridated water supplies in 2007. A 2008 telephone survey found that about half of Canadian adults knew about fluoridation, and of these, 62% supported the idea.

6291:"New York Codes, Rules and Regulations. Title 10, SubPart 5-1—Public Water Supplies. Public Water Systems; Maximum Contaminant Levels; Monitoring Requirements; Notification Requirements" 555:

There is no water fluoridation in Estonia. About 5% of the population may be exposed to excessive natural fluoride in drinking waters, and there are measures to remove excess fluoride.

1192:

Mexico has no water fluoridation program; instead it has a table salt fluoridation program. But the potable water in Mexico City has higher levels of fluoride than recommended by WHO.

3110: 2744: 1526:(2nd ed.). Manchester: The British Fluoridation Society, The UK Public Health Association; The British Dental Association; The Faculty of Public Health. 2004. pp. 55–80. 953:, and about 6 million total receive fluoridated water. The Water Act 2003 required water suppliers to comply with requests from local health authorities to fluoridate their water. 5208: 2652:

McLaren, Lindsay; Patterson, Steven K.; Faris, Peter; Chen, Guanmin; Thawer, Salima; Figueiredo, Rafael; Weijs, Cynthia; McNeil, Deborah; Waye, Arianna; Potestio, Melissa (2022).

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to add fluoride to their water supplies. Bloomfield stated that this measure would boost the number of the New Zealand population receiving water fluoridation by from 51% to 60%.

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and Sweden in 1952, bringing fluoridated water to about 42,000 people. By mid-1962, about 1 million Europeans in 18 communities in 11 countries were receiving fluoridated water.

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The South Central Strategic Health Authority carried out the first public consultation under the Water Act 2003, and in 2009 its board voted to fluoridate water supplies in the

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was the first Asian country to institute a water fluoridation program that covered 100% of the population. Water is fluoridated to a typical value of 0.4-0.6 mg per litre.

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fluoridation started in 1975. It was stopped in Prague in 1988 and subsequently in the whole country. Since 2008 no water has been fluoridated. Fluoridated salt is available.

6610: 2620: 6454: 2502: 356:

has 1122 and Madhya Pradesh has 1055 habitation. Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Odisha, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh also has such habitations.

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Petersen PE, Kwan S, Zhu L, Zhang BX, Bian JY (December 2008). "Effective use of fluorides in the People's Republic of China--a model for WHO Mega Country initiatives".

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L.J.A. Damen; P. Nicolaï; J.L. Boxum; K.J. de Graaf; J.H. Jans; A.P. Klap; A.T. Marseille; A.R. Neerhof; B.K. Olivier; B.J. Schueler; F.R. Vermeer; R.L. Vucsán (2005).

2824: 2638: 2456: 2397: 2304: 2256: 2185: 2038: 1825: 1748: 1638: 1231:

for fluoride in public water systems remains at 4.0 mg/L, which had been promulgated by EPA in 1986. Several states have set more stringent standards, including

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city council voted 8–3 to cease fluoridation of Windsor's drinking water for five years, honoring a February 2012 recommendation by the Windsor Utilities Commission.

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4% - Vancouver does not add Fluoride), and Newfoundland and Labrador (1.5%), with Nunavut and the Yukon having no fluoridation at all. Overall, about 45% of the

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found no significant difference between individuals who receive fluoridated water and those who don't in terms of missing teeth and reducing social inequities.

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Künzel W, Fischer T, Lorenz R, Brühmann S (October 2000). "Decline of caries prevalence after the cessation of water fluoridation in the former East Germany".

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Organization states water fluoridation, when feasible and culturally acceptable, has substantial advantages, especially for subgroups at high risk, while the

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Potgieter, Everhardus Johannes; Buijis, Johan Theodoor; Hall, Jakob Nikolaas van; Muller, Pieter Nicolaas; Quack, Hendrik Peter Godfried (13 February 1976).

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Around 14% of the population of the United Kingdom receives fluoridated water. About half a million people receive water that is naturally fluoridated with

691: 4308: 4262: 4216: 4170: 4124: 4078: 4032: 3986: 1659:

How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda

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There is no water or food fluoridation in Italy. Except for isolated locations near volcanos or polluters, fluoride in water is low across the country.

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is the only community in Finland with at least 70,000 people that has ever had water fluoridated. Kuopio stopped fluoridation in 1992. In regions with

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The average fluoride residing in Bogota and Medellin is comparable with the values reported for the optimally waterfluoridated area of Indianapolis

5384: 4962: 3426:"Associations between oral health behavior and anxiety about water fluoridation and motivation to establish water fluoridation in Japanese residents" 6441:

P Forster, Queensland Health Systems Review. The Consultancy Bureau, Brisbane, 2005, p. 53. Forster acknowledges this diagram as that of AJ Spencer.

3486:"National survey on school-based fluoride mouth-rinsing programme in Japan: regional spread conditions from preschool to junior high school in 2010" 5785: 3467: 579:

Fluoridated salt is available in France, and 3% of the population uses naturally fluoridated water, but the water is not artificially fluoridated.

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suggested a level of fluoride from 0.5 to 1.5 mg/L (milligrams per liter), depending on climate, local environment, and other sources of fluoride.

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official commission was formed, which published its final report in 1981. They recommended other ways of reducing tooth decay (improving food and

5601: 4648: 3722: 3194: 285:; the fluoride levels could have been set too high, and low-quality equipment led to inconsistent, and often excessive, fluoride concentrations. 6533: 4856: 3114: 3006: 2701: 2052: 1389: 912: 3456: 2654:"Fluoridation cessation and children's dental caries: A 7-year follow-up evaluation of Grade 2 schoolchildren in Calgary and Edmonton, Canada" 1887:

Iheozor-Ejiofor, Z; Worthington, HV; Walsh, T; O'Malley, L; Clarkson, JE; Macey, R; Alam, R; Tugwell, P; Welch, V; Glenny, AM (18 June 2015).

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remainder of the supplies are group water schemes which are privately owned and not fluoridated artificially. The fluoridation agent used is

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or above optimal levels in countries such as Sweden, China, Sri Lanka, Finland, Zimbabwe and Gabon. Community water fluoridation is rare in

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It was reported in 2007 that the UK Milk Fluoridation Programme, centered in the northwest of England, involved more than 16,000 children.

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levels, likely due to additional fluoride sources like toothpaste and mouthwash which were not present when this level was originally set.

2755: 1694: 4184: 4000: 6518: 5215: 4908: 4092: 6614: 6569: 4276: 177:, the differences are mild and usually not considered to be of aesthetic or public-health concern. There is no clear evidence of other 6156: 5044: 1537: 5339:

Larsson, Gerhard; Bengt Bengtsson; Eva Hjelmström; Ove Karlsson; Maj-Inger Klingvall; Knut Wachtmeister; Karin Östergren (May 1981).

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Künzel W, Fischer T (1997). "Rise and fall of caries prevalence in German towns with different F concentrations in drinking water".

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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States

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one of the highest average temperatures in the country and its drinking water has an average Fluoride concentration of 0.08 ppm.

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habits) instead of fluoridating tap water. They also found that many people found fluoridation to infringe upon personal liberty/

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As of 2014, there are 14,132 habitations in 19 States still containing fluoride above the permissible levels in drinking water.

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housewife Gladys Ryan challenged the Act as an “invasion of family rights”. Ryan lost the case, which lasted 65 days, at the

678: 6361:"U.S. Public Health Service Recommendation for Fluoride Concentration in Drinking Water for the Prevention of Dental Caries" 3168: 2368: 1467:

70.5% of the population receives fluoridated water (10.1 million added by chemical means, 604,000 naturally occurring). The

784: 5193: 2367:

Fawell J, Bailey K, Chilton J, Dahi E, Fewtrell L, Magara Y (2006). "Environmental occurrence, geochemistry and exposure".

2100: 6879: 6611:"Tauranga City Council > Council Services > Water & Drainage > Water Supply > Water Quality > Fluoride" 6290: 5899: 5412:"Basel-Stadt schafft umstrittene Trinkwasserfluoridierung ab (tr: Basel-Stadt abolishes controversial water fluoridation)" 4963:"Dáil Éireann – 12/Nov/2013 Health (Fluoridation of Water Supplies)(Repeal) Bill 2013: Second Stage (Resumed) (Continued)" 3305: 1595:

Pizzo G, Piscopo MR, Pizzo I, Giuliana G (2007). "Community water fluoridation and caries prevention: a critical review".

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levels in the groundwater, which was estimated in 1991 to provide drinking water to approximately 0.9% of the population.

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In September 2021, the UK's chief medical officers concluded that fluoridation of water supplies would cut tooth decay.

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In 2004, following a public consultation, Scotland's parliament rejected proposals to fluoridate public drinking water.

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Taricska JR, Wang LK, Hung YT, Li KH (2006). "Fluoridation and Defluoridation". In Wang LK, Hung YT, Shammas NK (ed.).

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became the last state to formally require the addition of fluoride to public drinking water supplies in December 2008.

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Ireland is the only European country with a policy of mandatory water fluoridation. Worldwide, the Irish Republic and

297:

residents receive natural occurring fluoride in water, at about half the traditionally-recommended fluoride level. The

6987: 5683: 4473: 4417: 2510: 395: 5490: 5016: 3850: 3074:"Fluoridation and Fluorosis Disaster – India: Fluoride in water takes its toll in Assam – La Leva di Archimede (ENG)" 22:

Percentage of population receiving fluoridated water, including both artificial and natural fluoridation, as of 2012:

4989: 4472:. Recognize – Assess – Act : On the Health of Children and Adolescents in Germany, Germany Ministry of Health. 2579: 2442: 6917: 6668: 6134: 602: 6068: 5515: 911:

in Sweden became one of the first cities in Europe to fluoridate its water supply. It was declared illegal by the

6992: 3377: 1228: 972: 866: 298: 128: 112: 6092: 3910: 933:

In Switzerland, since 1962, two fluoridation programs had operated in tandem: water fluoridation in the City of

702:

Implementation of fluoridation was held up by preliminary dental surveying and water testing, and a court case,

276:. It was interrupted during 1976–1978 due to the shortage of sodium silico-fluoride. It was resumed only in the 6628: 2841: 1452: 742: 151: 2916: 772: 6693: 5690: 5667: 4711: 3961: 3940: 1292: 1219:

study determined that "40.7% of adolescents aged 12–15 had dental fluorosis ". In response, in 2011 the U.S.

3201: 3095: 750: 746: 730: 663: 211:

Of Africa's 1.1 billion people, about 400,000 get artificially-fluoridated water (in Libya, data pre-2003).

170: 5530: 1773: 605:(East Germany) in the late 1980s, about 3.4 million people (20%) were receiving water with added fluoride. 6916:[Eighth Region wins the fight for non-fluoridation of drinking water] (in Spanish). Archived from 3683: 2983:. Water Supplies Department, The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Archived from 1276: 1060: 5990: 5291:

Mullen J; European Association for Paediatric Dentistry (October 2005). "History of water fluoridation".

4495:"Scientific knowledge in controversy: the social dynamics of the fluoridation debate, electronic edition" 1761: 3464: 3330: 2818: 2450: 2298: 2250: 2032: 1819: 1632: 1363:

were against water fluoridation for all Wards. Ashburton and Greymouth also voted against fluoridation.

1351: 1348: 1329: 1308: 1296: 1072: 5851: 5760: 5401:

J. MEYER and P. Wiehl in Schweiz Monatsschr. Zahnmed 2003; 113: 702 (in French) and 728-729 (in German)

5343:(in Swedish). Stockholm: Statens offentliga utredningar / Socialdepartementet. p. 12. SOU 1981:32. 3252: 3227: 6455:"Inquiry into Water Fluoridation in the ACT – Report by the Standing Committee on Social Policy, 1991" 5576: 3278: 3137: 3016:. Water Supplies Department, The Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Archived from 1844:"Effective use of fluorides for the prevention of dental caries in the 21st century: the WHO approach" 606: 6105:"Análisis de la concentración de fluoruro en agua potable de la delegación Tláhuac, Ciudad de México" 4933: 1146: 815: 803: 794:

There is much local government opposition to compulsory fluoridation, legally mandated nationwide by

726: 695: 250:

Approximately 947,000 (7% of the population) receives water with naturally occurring fluoride in it.

3017: 6720: 6359:

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Federal Panel on Community Water Fluoridation (2015).

5926:"The Impact of Removing Fluoridation from Municipal Water Supplies in Canada: a Tale of Two Cities" 5531:"Public Health England (PHE) takes no further action to implement fluoridation scheme in Hampshire" 3453: 811: 799: 394:

On 26 August 2014, Israel officially stopped adding fluoride to its water supplies. According to a

188: 5477: 4237: 4053: 258:

Roughly 2,600,000 (21% of the population) receives water with naturally occurring fluoride in it.

5316: 4755: 4751: 4655: 4398: 3876:

Griffin M, Shickle D, Moran N (April 2008), "European citizens' opinions on water fluoridation",

2391: 2149: 1843: 1742: 1620: 1142: 966: 310: 277: 196: 88: 6116: 5107: 795: 4191: 4007: 2621:"Leitungswasser in den USA: Viele Kinder mit besseren Zähnen, nur wenige mit mehr Blei im Blut" 1677: 1657: 127:

is needed when the naturally occurring fluoride level exceeds recommended limits. In 2011, the

6963: 6493: 6398: 6380: 6212: 6112: 5738: 5650: 5308: 4934:"Health (Fluoridation of Water Supplies) (Repeal) Bill 2013 [PMB] (Number 47 of 2013)" 4576: 4541: 4390: 4355: 4302: 4256: 4210: 4164: 4118: 4099: 4072: 4026: 3980: 3893: 3778: 3665: 3638: 3523: 3505: 2958: 2806: 2781: 2683: 2632: 2557: 2434: 2377: 2349: 2341: 2286: 2238: 2179: 2141: 2090: 2020: 1921: 1866: 1807: 1765: 1728: 1612: 1572: 1561:"Recommendations for using fluoride to prevent and control dental caries in the United States" 1527: 1448: 1385: 1171: 1152: 1136: 921: 807: 348:

has the highest number of habitations (7,670) with high amount of fluoride in drinking water.

6903:

Information from the Oral Health Department of the Chilean Ministry of Health. December 2004.

4777: 4448:"Question: European countries have rejected fluoridation, so why should we fluoridate water?" 4283: 1888: 1440:

By 2008, 41% of people (73.2 million) in Brazil were getting artificially-fluoridated water.

6955: 6573: 6513: 6388: 6372: 6182: 6160: 5728: 5720: 5451: 5300: 4568: 4533: 4382: 4345: 4335: 3885: 3768: 3760: 3629:

Loh T (September 1996). "Thirty-eight years of water fluoridation--the Singapore scenario".

3513: 3497: 2950: 2796: 2673: 2665: 2547: 2539: 2424: 2331: 2276: 2228: 2220: 2131: 2010: 2000: 1911: 1903: 1858: 1799: 1720: 1673: 1653: 1604: 1455:. As of 2008, 3,351 municipalities (60.6%) had adopted fluoridation, up from 2,466 in 2000. 1360: 1356: 1232: 1195: 1176: 1167: 1063:

South whereby fluoridation was introduced progressively in the years between 1964 and 1988.

984: 950: 734: 714: 314: 282: 200: 183: 166: 155: 5052: 6844: 6758: 5694: 4659: 4480: 3824: 3692: 3471: 3460: 2845: 2506: 1942:. European Commission Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks (SCHER). 2011 1787: 1163:

have recently chosen to continue fluoridation. Toronto treats its water to 0.6 mg/L.

1156: 1108: 1032: 780: 674:). In a 2002 public survey, 45% of respondents expressed some concern about fluoridation. 5551: 4572: 4474:

Erkennen – Bewerten – Handeln: Zur Gesundheit von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland

4418:"HAKKU – Portti Suomen geologiseen tietoon – Gateway to Finland's geological information" 309:

Water fluoridation is not practiced in India. Due to naturally-occurring fluoride, both

6654: 6393: 6360: 5733: 5708: 4994: 4350: 4323: 3773: 3748: 3518: 3485: 2801: 2678: 2653: 2552: 2527: 2429: 2015: 1988: 1916: 1044: 1036: 830: 826: 788: 757: 710: 519: 403: 370: 178: 124: 120: 4803: 1404: 775:

to end fluoridation was defeated in the Dáil on 12 November 2013. It was supported by

764:

survey on the effects of fluoridation, even though this is required to under the 1960

6981: 6959: 5455: 3889: 3425: 2858: 2233: 2208: 2153: 1862: 1560: 1468: 1056: 1048: 1016: 1004: 996: 960: 908: 761: 147: 132: 116: 6715: 6205: 4402: 1624: 1355:

In a 2007 referendum about half of voters in the Central Otago, South Otago and the

865:

Water was fluoridated in large parts of the Netherlands from 1960 to 1973, when the

5606: 5141: 4840: 3454:

Fluoridation Facts: Antifluoride Assertion – "Advanced Countries Shun Fluoridation"

1907: 1444: 1341: 1313: 1040: 992: 978: 917: 738: 595: 486: 330: 236: 174: 108: 96: 4324:"Reducing Exposure to High Fluoride Drinking Water in Estonia—A Countrywide Study" 3399: 3059: 2903:"Fluoride, arsenic and iodine in China's drinking water poisons 50 million people" 2168: 891:

About 300,000 people in Serbia (3%) were receiving fluoridated water before 2003.

776: 5320: 3484:

Komiyama, Karin; Kimoto, Kazunari; Taura, Katsuhiko; Sakai, Osamu (1 June 2014).

6595:

Newman, Sue (14 June 2005). "Christchurch targeted for new fluoridation drive".

5635: 4676:"Fluoride-Free Water – Anti-Fluoridation Campaign for Drinking Water in Ireland" 2619:Ärzteblatt, Deutscher Ärzteverlag GmbH, Redaktion Deutsches (30 November 2017). 2543: 2265:"The York review—a systematic review of public water fluoridation: a commentary" 2193:"Fluoridation of drinking water: a systematic review of its efficacy and safety" 1724: 1484: 1067: 1020: 322: 143: 100: 6376: 6296:. Albany, NY: New York State Department of Health. 2018. Section 5-1.52—Tables. 6279:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 5 January 2021. 3801:"Statements from European Health & Environment Authorities on Fluoridation" 2954: 2263:

Treasure ET, Chestnutt IG, Whiting P, McDonagh M, Wilson P, Kleijnen J (2002).

2005: 1962: 1803: 745:

worked on a pro bono basis and expenses were paid by fundraising. In 1965, the

510:

Belgium does not fluoridate its water supply, although legislation permits it.

123:, a process that in the U.S. costs an average of about $ 1.32 per person-year. 6941:"Total fluoride intake in children aged 22–35 months in four Colombian cities" 6492:. Sydney, NSW, Australia: Fairfax, Syme & Weldon Associates. p. 366. 5170: 2782:"Geographical mapping of fluoride levels in drinking water sources in Nigeria" 1608: 1521: 1321: 1280: 1052: 1028: 1012: 1000: 825:

was opposed to compulsory water fluoridation but they now support the policy.

6384: 6216: 6204:

Beltrán-Aaguilar, Eugenio D.; Barker, Laurie; Dye, Bruce A. (November 2010).

3509: 2702:"US lowers fluoride levels in drinking water for first time in over 50 years" 2345: 2224: 2192: 1107:

the program until 1963 due to a campaign against fluoridation by broadcaster

6766: 5442:

Gibson-Moore H (2009). "Water fluoridation for some—should it be for all?".

4340: 3787:

This paper includes some history of water fluoridation in Europe, 1952–1962.

2281: 2264: 1963:"Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Review of Fluoridation and Regulation Issues" 1116: 941:

resolved to cease water fluoridation and expand salt fluoridation to Basel.

822: 655: 622: 457: 432: 353: 349: 345: 338: 326: 294: 273: 219:

Before 2003, 400,000 Libyans were receiving artificially-fluoridated water.

6967: 6840:"Dr Ashley Bloomfield orders 14 councils' water supplies to be fluoridated" 6789:"Health Effects of Water Fluoridation: a Review of the Scientific Evidence" 6744:

Waitaki District Council: all Wards with referendum vote NO to fluoridation

6402: 6206:

Prevalence and Severity of Dental Fluorosis in the United States, 1999–2004

5742: 5671: 5654: 5312: 5304: 5241: 5021: 4580: 4425: 4394: 4359: 3897: 3782: 3764: 3656:

Teo CS (April 1984). "Fluoridation of public water supplies in Singapore".

3527: 2962: 2810: 2687: 2561: 2438: 2353: 2336: 2319: 2290: 2242: 2145: 2136: 2119: 2024: 1925: 1870: 1811: 1719:. Handbook of Environmental Engineering 4. Humana Press. pp. 293–315. 1616: 1576: 1480: 1295:

announced that it would add fluoride to water supplied to residents of the

899:

Around 10% of the population (4,250,000 people) receive fluoridated water.

609:

were also provided. The fluoridated areas of the GDR included the towns of

4545: 3669: 3642: 6230: 3361: 1337: 1333: 1317: 1269: 1008: 610: 567: 523: 92: 5131:"The Italian perspective on fluoride intake in children and adolescents" 4494: 3007:"Drinking Water Quality for the Period of October 2013 – September 2014" 1989:"The Untold Story of Fluoridation: Revisiting the Changing Perspectives" 1788:"Bottled, filtered, and tap water use in Latino and non-Latino children" 1786:

Hobson WL, Knochel ML, Byington CL, Young PC, Hoff CJ, Buchi KF (2007).

806:

passed motions for the cessation of water fluoridation. In Autumn 2014,

6534:"Suva/Nausori corridor residents benefit from fluoride in water supply" 6211:(Report). Hyattsville, MD: CDC, National Center for Health Statistics. 5790: 5724: 2669: 1772:. Page 168, 175, 372 and see also pp 370-73. See also J. Fawell, et al 1160: 1131: 1024: 642: 469: 391:

criticized the Health Ministry for continuation of water fluoridation.

388: 376: 6488:

Graham Aplin; S.G. Foster; Michael McKernan, eds. (1987). "Tasmania".

4804:"S.I. No. 42 of 2007: Fluoridation of Water Supplies Regulations 2007" 4537: 4386: 3585:

Rahimah A. Kadir (14 June 1998), "Dental Fluorosis: Facts and Myths",

3501: 741:

since people had no option but to drink it. Ryan's lawyers, including

6821:

New Health New Zealand Incorporated v South Taranaki District Council

6673: 3918: 1325: 722: 658:

are the only countries which implement mandatory water fluoridation.

618: 614: 591: 563: 527: 334: 272:

1.2 mg/L. Water fluoridation began in 1965 in the urban area of

104: 6954:(1). CES University, Medellin, Antioquia University, Medellin: 1–8. 6632: 5262: 4782:

S.I. No. 42 of 2007: Fluoridation of Water Supplies Regulations 2007

2838: 191:

finds no advantage to water fluoridation compared with topical use.

5557:. UK Department of Health, Social Services, and Public Safety. 2007 4675: 3800: 2053:"Future benefits of water fluoridation not guaranteed, study shows" 1987:

Maitreyee P. Unde, Raju Umaji Patil, and Persis P. Dastoor (2018).

1471:

is the only administrative division that doesn't fluoridate water.

6159:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Archived from 5813: 5687: 5129:

R. Ferro; A. Besostri; M.R. Giuca; R. Docimo; R. Gatto; G. Marzo.

2601: 1464: 1299:, with the long term goal of adding fluoride to water nationwide. 1251: 1194: 956:

The following UK water utility companies fluoridate their supply:

934: 6417: 6334: 6308: 6131:"Healthy People 2010 Progress Review, Focus Area 21, Oral Health" 5925: 5341:

Fluor i kariesförebyggande syfte – Betänkande av fluorberedningen

4514:

This work contains a world survey of water fluoridation ca. 1988.

4328:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

2080:

National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia) (2007).

2057:

Future benefits of water fluoridation not guaranteed, study shows

1483:, the average drinking water fluoride concentration is 0.08 ppm. 182:

Drinking water is typically the largest source; other methods of

6914:"Octava Región gana pelea por la no fluoración del agua potable" 6678: 6554:. New Zealand Ministry of Health. 30 August 2011. Archived from 6069:"Windsor to put fluoride back into the water after council vote" 5602:"Fluoride will be added to UK drinking water to cut tooth decay" 2120:"A systematic review of the efficacy and safety of fluoridation" 1370:

published a report on the health effects of water fluoridation.

854: 6250:"Feds To Lower Fluoride Limits For Water To Avoid Tooth Damage" 1275:

The first town to fluoridate the water supply in Australia was

991:

Earlier plans were undertaken in the Health Authority areas of

6878:. Ministro do Planejamento, Orçamento e Gestão. Archived from 5757:"Past Results, 2010 Municipal Election: Monday, Oct. 25, 2010" 3911:"MEDICAL TRIBUNE CZ > Sláva a pád jedné preventivní metody" 3400:"פלואוריד במשחת שיניים - כבר מהשן הראשונה, וכמה צריך בכל גיל?" 2083:

A systematic review of the efficacy and safety of fluoridation

1443:

Water fluoridation was first adopted in Brazil in the city of

1399: 159: 3169:"Deputy health minister moves to restore water fluoridation" 2752:

One in a Million: the facts about water fluoridation, 3rd Ed

1379:

New Health New Zealand Inc v South Taranaki District Council

1366:

In 2014, the Prime Minister's Chief Science Advisor and the

406:

announced that the fluoridation program will be re-debated.

369:

program was to be re-debated the new deputy Health Minister

444:

In 1998, 66% of Malaysians were getting fluoridated water.

402:

After the election of 2015, the new deputy Health Minister

1381:

upheld the legality of water fluoridation in New Zealand.

1324:'s water supply is mostly fluoridated, but the suburbs of 829:

is in favour of compulsory water fluoridation and in 2004

3753:

American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health

3138:"Water Fluoridation in Israel: Ethical and Legal Aspects" 2837:

ml "Water Fluoridation – The Facts", from South Africa's

2471:"What role does fluoride play in preventing tooth decay?" 1993:

Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

6871:

INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA (IBGE).

2754:. British Fluoridation Society. May 2012. Archived from 2207:

McDonagh MS, Whiting PF, Wilson PM; et al. (2000).

1889:"Water fluoridation for the prevention of dental caries" 749:

rejected Gladys Ryan's appeal that the Act violated the

6570:"Drinking Water Supplies of New Zealand by LA District" 6133:. National Center for Health Statistics. Archived from 5075:"FG election promise to ban fluoride in drinking water" 4670: 4668: 3253:"Court Petition to Stop Fluorination of Drinking Water" 1416: 5960:"Windsor votes to remove fluoride from drinking water" 4857:"'Brave woman' who challenged State over fluoridation" 4721:. Stationery Office, Government of Ireland. p. 71 4652: 3742: 3740: 2576:"98 percent of Europe banned water fluoridation – TIP" 2167:

McDonagh M, Whiting P, Bradley M; et al. (2000).

6669:"Fluoride to be removed from Hamilton's water supply" 6631:. Greater Wellington Regional Council. Archived from 5786:"City officials to support 'no' vote on fluoridation" 4909:"Fluoride in our water: are we brushing with danger?" 857:'s upper limit on natural fluoride is 1.5 mg/L. 737:

who argued that fluoridation was an infringement of

493:

vast majority of people opposed water fluoridation".

1523:

One in a Million: The facts about water fluoridation

1111:. The city continues to fluoridate its water today. 2780:Akpata ES, Danfillo IS, Otoh EC, Mafeni JO (2009). 1940:"Introduction to the SCHER opinion on Fluoridation" 1559:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2001). 1268:towns and cities. Some areas within Australia have 6572:. ESR Water Group. 20 January 2011. Archived from 5629: 5627: 5625: 4898:Report of the Forum on Fluoridation 2002, pp.76–78 4880:Report of the Forum on Fluoridation 2002, pp.74–76 4692:Report of the Forum on Fluoridation 2002, pp.29–30 3304:Rinat, Zafir; Reinfeld, Moshe (21 November 2002). 2169:"A systematic review of public water fluoridation" 1762:Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, 4th Edition 111:demineralizes, and increases the rate at which it 5709:"Public opinions on community water fluoridation" 5286: 5284: 5045:"Ireland Begins To Give Up On Water Fluoridation" 4752:Health (Fluoridation of Water Supplies) Act, 1960 3378:"Israel to discontinue fluoridation of tap water" 3331:"If Danger is Proven – We Will Stop Fluorination" 2413:"The effective use of fluorides in public health" 2411:Jones S, Burt BA, Petersen PE, Lennon MA (2005). 6692:Akoorie, Natalie; Ihaka, James (27 March 2014). 5814:"Ontario Cities Vote Against Water Fluoridation" 5636:"Water fluoridation in Canada: past and present" 5437: 5435: 5433: 4957: 4955: 4832: 4830: 3749:"Status and Prospects of Fluoridation in Europe" 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2195:. NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination. 2000 690:1960, which mandated compulsory fluoridation by 119:. Typically, a fluoridated compound is added to 5334: 5332: 5330: 5196:. G. J. A. Beijerinck – via Google Books. 4851: 4849: 4766:Report of the Forum on Fluoridation 2002, p.170 4625:"Argument for fluoridation doesn't hold water?" 3715:"High fluoride levels in water endanger health" 2877:"Fluoridation scheme halted by health concerns" 1837: 1835: 753:'s guarantee of the right to bodily integrity. 6873:"Pesquisa Nacional de saneamento Básico, 2008" 6449: 6447: 4889:Report of the Forum on Fluoridation 2002, p.76 4824:Report of the Forum on Fluoridation 2002, p.73 4742:Report of the Forum on Fluoridation 2002, p.72 4701:Report of the Forum on Fluoridation 2002, p.37 3941:"Malý zub taky zub aneb zoubky našich dětí IV" 3228:"The Fluoride Debate Goes On – in the Knesset" 2859:"The Water Page – Rand Water and Fluoridation" 2739: 2737: 2735: 2708:. Associated Press in New York. 27 April 2015. 1882: 1880: 1384:In late July 2022, Director-General of Health 880:Norwegian National Institute for Public Health 485:The first water fluoridation in Europe was in 6277:"National Primary Drinking Water Regulations" 6266:fluoridealert.org/re/thiessen-2-14-11.hhs.pdf 5874:"Calgary removing fluoride from water supply" 5684:"Water supply – R. L. Clark Filtration Plant" 5552:"Oral Health Strategies for Northern Ireland" 5491:"Southampton Fluoridation Challenge Launched" 3747:E. Auermann; H. Lingelbach (September 1964). 3109:Kak Ramachandran, Smriti (28 December 2014). 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 1307:The use of water fluoridation first began in 538:Croatia does not fluoridate their tap water. 8: 6418:"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention" 6335:"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention" 6309:"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention" 5953: 5951: 3819: 3817: 3658:Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 3163: 3161: 2823:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2637:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2521: 2519: 2455:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2396:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2376:. World Health Organization. pp. 5–27. 2303:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2255:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2184:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2037:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1824:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1747:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1717:Advanced Physicochemical Treatment Processes 1637:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1359:did not want fluoridation and voters in the 4990:"Fluoride will stay in water after charges" 4738: 4736: 3606:. Bernama. 31 December 2010. Archived from 3221: 3219: 3113:. The Hindu: Mobile Edition. Archived from 1896:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1235:, where the fluoride MCL is 2.2 mg/L. 766:Health (Fluoridation of Water Supplies) Act 719:Health (Fluoridation of Water Supplies) Act 688:Health (Fluoridation of Water Supplies) Act 6016:"Windsor to stop adding fluoride to water" 5780: 5778: 5672:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Archives 5373:(in Swedish). 19 November 1971. p. 1. 5214:. Boom Uitgevers, Den Haag. Archived from 1217:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 853:There is no water fluoridation in Latvia. 633:There is no water fluoridation in Greece. 6948:Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 6392: 5732: 5529:Public Health England (28 October 2014). 4349: 4339: 3772: 3517: 3279:"Cities Can\'t Be Forced to Add Fluoride" 2800: 2677: 2658:Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 2602:"Willkommen beim Kantonalen Laboratorium" 2551: 2526:Cheng KK, Chalmers I, Sheldon TA (2007). 2428: 2335: 2280: 2232: 2209:"Systematic review of water fluoridation" 2135: 2014: 2004: 1915: 835:Irish Expert Body on Fluorides and Health 6694:"Hamilton votes to restart fluoridation" 5900:"Calgary stops adding fluoride to water" 5138:European Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 4649:Report of the Forum on Fluoridation 2002 3795: 3793: 3564:"South Korea Debates Water Fluoridation" 3448: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3092:"WHO | Naturally occurring hazards" 2075: 2073: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1320:do not have a fluoridated water supply. 522:) started water fluoridation in 1958 in 17: 6111:, 2011, vol.27, n.4, pp. 283–289. 5017:"TDs call for end to fluoride in water" 3306:"Court paves way for fluoridated water" 2500:End of Mandatory Fluoridation in Israel 1695:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–" 1590: 1588: 1586: 1500: 1221:Department of Health and Human Services 1210:Water fluoridation in the United States 135:typically has unknown fluoride levels. 6042:"Tecumseh wants fluoride out of water" 4307:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4300: 4261:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4254: 4215:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4208: 4169:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4162: 4123:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4116: 4077:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4070: 4031:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4024: 3985:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3978: 2917:"Standards for Drinking Water Quality" 2816: 2630: 2448: 2389: 2296: 2248: 2177: 2030: 1817: 1740: 1630: 1554: 1552: 1550: 1149:have voted to end water fluoridation. 913:Supreme Administrative Court of Sweden 6716:"Voters say no to water fluoridation" 6022:. The Canadian Press. 29 January 2013 4806:. Irish Statute Book. 2 February 2007 4784:. Irish Statute Book. 2 February 2007 3851:"Is Fluoridated Drinking Water Safe?" 3145:Public Health Reviews, Vol. 34, No. 1 1693:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. 1332:receive a non-fluoridated supply. In 7: 6183:"2010 Water Fluoridation Statistics" 4988:Brennan, Michael (9 November 2013). 4573:10.1034/j.1600-0528.2000.028005382.x 4322:Ene Intermitte; et al. (2014). 169:, which can alter the appearance of 158:. However, a recent study funded by 6519:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 6231:"Community Water Fluoridation FAQs" 3825:"Fluoride plan goes down the drain" 3541:Moon, Gwang-lip (7 November 2005). 3111:"Huge population at fluorosis risk" 2528:"Adding fluoride to water supplies" 733:. Ryan was represented in court by 468:Only about 4% of the population of 5850:. 30 November 2010. Archived from 5242:"Norway Has Rejected Fluoridation" 3600:"Water fluoridation re-introduced" 2318:Richards, Derek (1 January 2008). 1518:"The extent of water fluoridation" 107:, which reduces the rate at which 14: 6852:from the original on 30 July 2022 6613:. 12 January 2011. Archived from 6248:Barclay, Eliza (7 January 2011). 5697:website. Retrieved 27 March 2006. 5674:website. Retrieved 27 March 2006. 5240:Krogh; Hofshagen (1 March 2000). 4595:"Θεραπεία Φθορίου & Τερηδόνα" 2848:website. Retrieved 29 April 2006. 321:in at least 20 states, including 6960:10.1111/j.1600-0528.2004.00164.x 5958:Doug Schmidt (30 January 2013). 5844:"Fluoride officially turned off" 5456:10.1111/j.1467-3010.2009.01762.x 3890:10.1111/j.1600-0528.2007.00373.x 3543:"NGOs Oppose Water Fluoridation" 3376:Jalil, Justin (25 August 2014). 3357:"Israel Bans Water Fluoridation" 2498:Press Releases (17 August 2014) 1863:10.1111/j.1600-0528.2004.00175.x 1403: 878:In 2000, representatives of the 165:Although fluoridation can cause 6838:Harris, Sophie (27 July 2022). 5991:"Fluoride to stay in tap water" 5989:Natalie Alcoba (5 April 2011). 5358:(in Swedish). 22 November 1962. 3398:מזור, ד"ר סיגל (19 July 2021). 3056:"Control of Fluorosis in India" 1842:Petersen PE, Lennon MA (2004). 1263:Water fluoridation in Australia 1225:Environmental Protection Agency 867:High Council of The Netherlands 641:In the early 1960s the city of 6759:"Ashburton fluoride bid fails" 6514:"Qld to get fluoridated water" 5707:Quiñonez CR, Locker D (2009). 5508:"Fluoride plan costs increase" 3855:Harvard Public Health Magazine 2745:"Extent of Water Fluoridation" 2513:. Retrieved 29 September 2014. 1961:Tiemann, Mary (5 April 2013). 1908:10.1002/14651858.CD010856.pub2 91:is the controlled addition of 1: 6794:. August 2014. Archived from 6757:Keast, John (12 March 2007). 6490:Australians:Events and Places 6067:CBC News (14 December 2018). 5354:"Fluoreringsfrågan avgjord". 5169:. 3 July 2014. Archived from 4712:"Forum on Fluoridation, 2002" 4561:Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 3878:Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1851:Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 683:Fluorine Consultative Council 6129:Klein RJ (7 February 2008). 6103:Galicia Chacon, Luis et al. 3490:International Dental Journal 1687:American Antiquarian Society 1667:American Antiquarian Society 1375:Supreme Court of New Zealand 1368:Royal Society of New Zealand 939:Grand Council of Basel-Stadt 5581:nhsdirectwales.wales.nhs.uk 5209:"Bestuursrecht 1, 2de druk" 5140:. 15/1-2014. Archived from 4653:Dept of Health and Children 2544:10.1136/bmj.39318.562951.BE 2511:Ministry of Health (Israel) 1725:10.1007/978-1-59745-029-4_9 785:Fine Gael-Labour government 518:Czech Republic (previously 7009: 6377:10.1177/003335491513000408 6157:"The Benefits of Fluoride" 3917:(in Czech). Archived from 3335:www.israelnationalnews.com 3283:www.israelnationalnews.com 3257:www.israelnationalnews.com 3232:www.israelnationalnews.com 3226:Lev, David (18 May 2011). 3173:www.israelnationalnews.com 2955:10.1922/CDH_2475Petersen11 2370:Fluoride in Drinking-water 2006:10.4103/ijoem.IJOEM_124_18 1804:10.1001/archpedi.161.5.457 1774:Fluoride in Drinking-water 1260: 1207: 6219:. NCHS Data Brief No. 53. 6109:Rev. Int. Contam. Ambient 5634:Rabb-Waytowich D (2009). 5371:Västmanlands läns tidning 5356:Västmanlands läns tidning 4778:"Schedule 2: Revocations" 4719:www.fluoridesandhealth.ie 2977:"Water Treatment Process" 2844:27 September 2007 at the 1609:10.1007/s00784-007-0111-6 1344:do not fluoridate water. 1229:maximum contaminant level 973:South Staffordshire Water 299:Water Supplies Department 129:World Health Organization 6696:. The New Zealand Herald 5848:www.waterloochronicle.ca 5668:"Gordon Sinclair's rant" 5385:"Fluor – Svenskt Vatten" 4940:. Oireachtas. 9 May 2013 4837:Ryan v. Attorney General 4680:www.fluoridefreewater.ie 2505:17 November 2014 at the 2324:Evidence-Based Dentistry 2225:10.1136/bmj.321.7265.855 1792:Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 833:set up the pro-fluoride 743:Richie Ryan (politician) 704:Ryan v. Attorney General 281:cavities, but increased 152:industrialized countries 6939:Franco, Angela (2005). 6237:. CDC. 21 January 2020. 5418:. bsk/sda. 9 April 2012 5100:"Forum on Fluoridation" 4658:8 November 2008 at the 4341:10.3390/ijerph110303132 3631:Community Dental Health 3433:Journal of Oral Science 3043:The Drinking Water Book 3041:Ingram, Colin. (2006). 2943:Community Dental Health 2417:Bull World Health Organ 2282:10.1038/sj.bdj.4801410a 1390:territorial authorities 1293:Water Authority of Fiji 751:Constitution of Ireland 664:hydrofluorosilicic acid 115:in the early stages of 6552:"Fluoridation history" 5305:10.1038/sj.bdj.4812863 5293:British Dental Journal 3765:10.2105/AJPH.54.9.1545 2606:www.kantonslabor.bs.ch 2337:10.1038/sj.ebd.6400575 2137:10.1038/sj.ebd.6400578 1277:Beaconsfield, Tasmania 1258: 1200: 729:, and appealed to the 717:, brought forward the 85: 6365:Public Health Reports 6254:National Public Radio 5995:news.nationalpost.com 5964:blogs.windsorstar.com 5693:16 March 2009 at the 5269:(in Norwegian Bokmål) 4841:[1965] IESC 1 4599:www.ododiatros.com.gr 4493:Brian Martin (1991). 3470:15 March 2016 at the 3463:. Drawn from the ADA 3459:25 April 2012 at the 2949:(4 Suppl 1): 257–67. 2261:Authors' commentary: 1309:Hastings, New Zealand 1297:Suva-Nausori corridor 1255: 1198: 1073:Public Health England 773:private member's bill 713:minister for health, 696:statutory instruments 21: 6828: (27 June 2018). 6826:2018 NZSC 59 6416:CDC (24 June 2024). 6333:CDC (24 June 2024). 6307:CDC (24 June 2024). 5512:Lancashire Telegraph 5389:www.svensktvatten.se 5221:on 29 September 2007 4967:Dáil Éireann debates 3684:Public Utility Board 2987:on 30 September 2015 2863:www.africanwater.org 2839:Department of Health 2625:Deutsches Ärzteblatt 1543:on 22 November 2008. 1166:On 28 January 2013, 816:Kerry County Council 804:Laois County Council 727:High Court (Ireland) 679:Department of Health 431:In 2005, the ruling 6721:The Southland Times 6558:on 22 October 2014. 6538:www.fijivillage.com 5713:Can J Public Health 5610:. 23 September 2021 5369:"Stopp för fluor". 5263:"Helsedirektoratet" 5110:on 17 November 2017 4479:5 July 2016 at the 4289:on 21 December 2014 4243:on 21 December 2014 4197:on 21 December 2014 4151:on 21 December 2014 4105:on 21 December 2014 4059:on 21 December 2014 4013:on 21 December 2014 3967:on 21 December 2014 3610:on 19 February 2013 812:Dublin City Council 800:Cork County Council 783:and opposed by the 189:European Commission 97:public water supply 6988:Water fluoridation 6801:on 24 January 2016 6635:on 27 January 2015 6617:on 4 October 2012. 6597:Ashburton Guardian 6522:. 5 December 2007. 6137:on 21 January 2009 5970:on 14 January 2015 5936:. 11 February 2014 5854:on 14 January 2015 5763:on 14 January 2015 5725:10.1007/BF03405514 5444:Nutrition Bulletin 4969:. 12 November 2013 4843: (3 July 1965) 4775:A full list is in 4756:Irish Statute Book 4454:on 6 February 2017 3831:. 18 November 2004 3725:on 19 October 2021 3637:(Suppl 2): 47–50. 3465:Fluoridation Facts 3136:Shlomo P. Zusman. 3062:on 19 August 2008. 3023:on 15 October 2014 2883:on 20 October 2012 2670:10.1111/cdoe.12685 2205:Authors' summary: 2106:on 14 October 2009 1597:Clin Oral Investig 1415:. You can help by 1373:In June 2018, the 1259: 1201: 1124:Region of Waterloo 967:Northumbrian Water 594:-Wahlershausen in 396:Ministry of Health 197:Continental Europe 89:Water fluoridation 86: 6746:, 18 October 2007 6724:. 3 November 2007 6499:978-0-521-34073-1 6467:on 26 March 2012. 6163:on 28 August 2006 5880:. 8 February 2011 5794:. 26 October 2010 5518:on 26 March 2010. 5267:Helsedirektoratet 5079:Irish Independent 5055:on 2 January 2015 5025:. 9 November 2013 4913:Irish Independent 4629:Irish Independent 4538:10.1159/000262393 4387:10.1159/000065960 3682:Water Treatment, 3566:. 17 January 2012 3502:10.1111/idj.12068 3365:. 29 August 2014. 3204:on 8 January 2013 3198:www.mekorot.co.il 2538:(7622): 699–702. 2445:on 14 March 2010. 2118:Yeung CA (2008). 2096:978-1-86496-415-8 1734:978-1-59745-029-4 1533:978-0-9547684-0-9 1433: 1432: 1386:Ashley Bloomfield 922:freedom of choice 808:Cork City Council 798:. Early in 2014, 692:local authorities 7000: 6993:Water by country 6972: 6971: 6945: 6936: 6930: 6929: 6927: 6925: 6910: 6904: 6901: 6895: 6894: 6892: 6890: 6885:on 13 April 2015 6884: 6877: 6868: 6862: 6861: 6859: 6857: 6835: 6829: 6823: 6817: 6811: 6810: 6808: 6806: 6800: 6793: 6785: 6779: 6778: 6776: 6774: 6763: 6754: 6748: 6747: 6740: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6729: 6712: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6701: 6689: 6683: 6682: 6665: 6659: 6658: 6651: 6645: 6644: 6642: 6640: 6625: 6619: 6618: 6607: 6601: 6600: 6592: 6586: 6585: 6583: 6581: 6566: 6560: 6559: 6548: 6542: 6541: 6530: 6524: 6523: 6510: 6504: 6503: 6485: 6479: 6475: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6460:. 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Archived from 3680: 3674: 3673: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3587:New Sunday Times 3582: 3576: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3538: 3532: 3531: 3521: 3481: 3475: 3450: 3437: 3436: 3430: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3373: 3367: 3366: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3301: 3295: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3275: 3269: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3249: 3243: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3223: 3214: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3200:. Archived from 3191: 3185: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3165: 3156: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3142: 3133: 3127: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3098:on 30 June 2008. 3094:. Archived from 3088: 3082: 3081: 3070: 3064: 3063: 3058:. Archived from 3052: 3046: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3022: 3011: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2938: 2932: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2921: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2899: 2893: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2879:. 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Archived from 1514: 1428: 1425: 1407: 1400: 1361:Waitaki District 1357:Southland Region 1270:natural fluoride 985:United Utilities 951:calcium fluoride 779:and some of the 613:(now Chemnitz), 607:Fluoride tablets 319:endemic in India 315:dental fluorosis 283:dental fluorosis 184:fluoride therapy 175:enamel fluorosis 171:developing teeth 167:dental fluorosis 156:informed consent 150:concern in most 81: 76: 72: 67: 63: 58: 54: 49: 45: 40: 36: 31: 27: 7008: 7007: 7003: 7002: 7001: 6999: 6998: 6997: 6978: 6977: 6976: 6975: 6943: 6938: 6937: 6933: 6923: 6921: 6920:on 8 April 2017 6912: 6911: 6907: 6902: 6898: 6888: 6886: 6882: 6875: 6870: 6869: 6865: 6855: 6853: 6837: 6836: 6832: 6819: 6818: 6814: 6804: 6802: 6798: 6791: 6787: 6786: 6782: 6772: 6770: 6761: 6756: 6755: 6751: 6742: 6741: 6737: 6727: 6725: 6714: 6713: 6709: 6699: 6697: 6691: 6690: 6686: 6667: 6666: 6662: 6655:"Auckland City" 6653: 6652: 6648: 6638: 6636: 6627: 6626: 6622: 6609: 6608: 6604: 6594: 6593: 6589: 6579: 6577: 6576:on 24 July 2011 6568: 6567: 6563: 6550: 6549: 6545: 6532: 6531: 6527: 6512: 6511: 6507: 6500: 6487: 6486: 6482: 6476: 6472: 6464: 6457: 6453: 6452: 6445: 6440: 6436: 6426: 6424: 6415: 6414: 6410: 6358: 6357: 6353: 6343: 6341: 6332: 6331: 6327: 6317: 6315: 6306: 6305: 6301: 6293: 6289: 6288: 6284: 6275: 6274: 6270: 6265: 6261: 6247: 6246: 6242: 6229: 6228: 6224: 6208: 6203: 6202: 6198: 6188: 6186: 6181: 6180: 6176: 6166: 6164: 6155: 6154: 6150: 6140: 6138: 6128: 6127: 6123: 6102: 6098: 6091: 6087: 6077: 6075: 6066: 6065: 6061: 6051: 6049: 6048:. 14 March 2012 6040: 6039: 6035: 6025: 6023: 6020:www.thestar.com 6014: 6013: 6009: 5999: 5997: 5988: 5987: 5983: 5973: 5971: 5957: 5956: 5949: 5939: 5937: 5924: 5923: 5919: 5909: 5907: 5898: 5897: 5893: 5883: 5881: 5872: 5871: 5867: 5857: 5855: 5842: 5841: 5837: 5827: 5825: 5812: 5811: 5807: 5797: 5795: 5784: 5783: 5776: 5766: 5764: 5755: 5754: 5750: 5706: 5705: 5701: 5695:Wayback Machine 5682: 5678: 5666: 5662: 5638: 5633: 5632: 5623: 5613: 5611: 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2981:www.wsd.gov.hk 2968: 2933: 2908: 2894: 2868: 2850: 2830: 2789:Afr Health Sci 2772: 2711: 2693: 2664:(5): 391–403. 2644: 2611: 2593: 2567: 2515: 2484: 2462: 2403: 2382: 2359: 2320:"Fluoridation" 2310: 2159: 2095: 2069: 2044: 1999:(3): 121–127. 1979: 1968:. pp. 1–4 1953: 1931: 1876: 1831: 1778: 1754: 1733: 1707: 1691:1800–present: 1644: 1582: 1546: 1532: 1499: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1476: 1473: 1460: 1457: 1453:municipalities 1437: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1410: 1408: 1397: 1394: 1336:, the suburbs 1304: 1301: 1288: 1285: 1261:Main article: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1208:Main article: 1205: 1202: 1189: 1186: 1139:as a control. 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1045:Northumberland 1037:East Yorkshire 989: 988: 982: 976: 970: 964: 946: 945:United Kingdom 943: 930: 927: 904: 901: 896: 893: 888: 885: 875: 872: 862: 859: 850: 847: 842: 839: 831:Micheal Martin 758:Greater Dublin 681:established a 671: 667: 651: 648: 638: 635: 630: 627: 584: 581: 576: 573: 560: 557: 552: 549: 543: 540: 535: 532: 520:Czechoslovakia 515: 514:Czech Republic 512: 507: 504: 498: 495: 478: 475: 465: 462: 453: 450: 441: 438: 428: 425: 415: 412: 404:Yaakov Litzman 371:Yaakov Litzman 365: 362: 306: 303: 290: 287: 268: 265: 263: 260: 255: 252: 247: 244: 233: 230: 224: 221: 216: 213: 208: 205: 140: 139:Health effects 137: 125:Defluoridation 121:drinking water 78: 69: 60: 51: 42: 33: 24: 23: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7005: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6985: 6983: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6942: 6935: 6932: 6919: 6915: 6909: 6906: 6900: 6897: 6881: 6874: 6867: 6864: 6851: 6847: 6846: 6841: 6834: 6831: 6827: 6822: 6816: 6813: 6797: 6790: 6784: 6781: 6769: 6768: 6760: 6753: 6750: 6745: 6739: 6736: 6723: 6722: 6717: 6711: 6708: 6695: 6688: 6685: 6680: 6676: 6675: 6670: 6664: 6661: 6656: 6650: 6647: 6634: 6630: 6624: 6621: 6616: 6612: 6606: 6603: 6598: 6591: 6588: 6575: 6571: 6565: 6562: 6557: 6553: 6547: 6544: 6539: 6535: 6529: 6526: 6521: 6520: 6515: 6509: 6506: 6501: 6495: 6491: 6484: 6481: 6474: 6471: 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1456: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1435: 1427: 1424:February 2018 1418: 1414: 1411:This section 1409: 1406: 1402: 1401: 1396:South America 1395: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1369: 1364: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1350: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1310: 1302: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1286: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1273: 1271: 1264: 1254: 1247: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1223:and the U.S. 1222: 1218: 1211: 1204:United States 1203: 1197: 1193: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1178: 1173: 1169: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1125: 1122:In 2010, the 1120: 1118: 1112: 1110: 1101: 1097:North America 1096: 1094: 1091: 1087: 1084: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1062: 1061:West Midlands 1058: 1057:Staffordshire 1054: 1050: 1049:Tyne and Wear 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1017:County Durham 1014: 1010: 1006: 1005:Black Country 1002: 998: 997:Hertfordshire 994: 986: 983: 980: 977: 974: 971: 968: 965: 962: 961:Anglian Water 959: 958: 957: 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