1226:
municipalities to pay parts of their water and sanitation bills. Rural water systems receive a partial investment subsidy that is defined in the Ley del
Subsidio al Agua Potable y Saneamiento. By law, the subsidy can cover 25-85 percent of a household's water and sewer bill up to 15 m³ per month. The client pays the rest of the bill. Beyond 15 m³, households are charged full price. The subsidy is meant to target only those households that are unable to buy water at a subsistence level and is based on willingness to pay. In 1998, about 13% of households benefited at a level of ~$ 10 per month. The total cost of the program in 1998 was US $ 36 million. Opponents argue this subsidy program can act as a regressive policy and actually hurt the poor because a false assumption is made that high consumption is positively correlated to high income. On the contrary, poor families do not have access to efficient methods of using water in cooking, cleaning, and washing.
1197:
679:
3432:
2786:
829:—on the stock exchange, primarily to individual local and foreign shareholders. The sale of the 30% stake in Aguas Andinas alone brought the state revenues of USD 984 million. The sale of the stakes in the two other companies brought USD 564 million in revenues. However, the planned sale of shares in a fourth water company, Essal, was suspended because of low prices offered. In 2015, Antofagasta plc, which had won the concession for the local water supply in
83:
754:, the law was amended in 1998 to promote private-sector participation. The stated motive was to increase efficiency, improve service quality and mobilize capital to extend wastewater treatment. Subsequently, all regional branches of SENDOS, as well as the water and sanitation companies of Santiago and Valparaiso, were privatized. Staffing was further reduced, new complaints management procedures were introduced and the share of collected
208:
119:
42:
778:- increased their labor productivity significantly. Tariffs increased for both types of companies, but more so for the privatized ones. However, according to one study, "in Chile a social consensus emerged that has made the higher water rates acceptable given the improvements in service quality and the addition of new services such as wastewater treatment."
851:
762:
and profitability since the legal reforms of 1988-1990. This may explain the stable process of private sector participation compared to other Latin
American cases. A factor that explains the continuity of sector policies during various administrations is the fact that all Presidents since Chile's return to democracy in 1990 belonged to the same
717:
733:
sector: Efficient cost levels were estimated for an imaginary model company and used as a benchmark to set tariffs for the utilities. Means-tested subsidies (i.e. subsidies that are granted only to those that demonstrably have limited means) were also introduced at the same time to cushion the effect
618:
The
Chilean water supply and sanitation sector today are recognized with one of the best coverage and quality levels in Latin America. One of the reasons was a gradual and lasting extension of infrastructure which began in the 1970s. In the 1990s, most utilities improved their economic efficiency and
605:
Water use has gradually decreased since 1998. An estimated 96% of water consumption is measured, resulting in precise information concerning water consumption. In 2006, the total water consumption was 958 million m³. Therefore each customer used on average of 19.9 m³ per month, resulting in
761:
Contrary to the case of many other Latin
American cities where the private sector was asked to provide services, the Chilean service providers were financially self-sufficient when the private sector took responsibility for them. The public companies had been prepared to gradually improve efficiency
898:
In the
Chilean rural areas, the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Economy are responsible for supervising water cooperatives and water committees. In rural areas there is no independent regulator, such as the SISS in urban areas. Since 1994, the Direction for Water Works (DOH) is in charge of
781:
The participation of the private sector occurred in two different ways. From 1998 to 2001, when the biggest companies were privatized, the majority of their shares were sold to private actors. The government then decided to not continue to sell parts of the companies, but to transfer the operation
1232:
Since the sector was prepared for self-sufficiency, investment increased significantly from an annual average of about US$ 100m in the period 1965 to 1989 to an annual average of US$ 242m in the period 1990 to 1998, when the first company was privatized. According to SISS, since 1998 the annual
881:
The SISS controls water and sanitation services in urban areas according to financial and quality norms (see above). To guarantee political independence, it is a decentralized organization with its own budget. The SISS has the right to impose fines on the service providers in case of violation of
773:
was carried out in stages, beginning with the five largest of the 13 regional water companies serving more than 75% of users. Because of the staging, it is possible to compare the performance of the privatized and public utilities at that time. This comparison shows that from 1998 to 2001 private
627:
Before 1977, urban water and sewer services in Chile were provided by a multitude of public entities. The largest entity was the
Sanitation Department (Dirección de Obras Sanitarias, DOS) of the Ministry of Public Works, which was in charge of service provision in towns outside of the two largest
1273:
The World Bank supports the water and sanitation sector through a US$ 90m project approved in 2005, of which about 30% will be used for rural water supply and sanitation. The project is being executed by the Vice-Ministry of
Regional Development in the Ministry of Interior. Investments are being
789:
According to the World Bank's
Private Participation in Infrastructure database, investment commitments by the private sector in Chile's water and sanitation sector reached 5.7 billion USD in 1993–2005 through 20 projects, with 4 billion USD of commitments made in 1999 alone through 4 projects. 7
737:
Initially, the regional companies remained public, but the intent was to prepare them for privatization. During that period they achieved financial self-sufficiency, were granted tariff increases, improved their efficiency and increased coverage. The regional companies were also transformed into
1169:
In rural areas, local water cooperatives and water committees provide water supply services. In concentrated rural areas (i.e. rural communities with 150 to 3,000 inhabitants with a concentration of not less than 15 houses per km of water network), there was a significant development due to the
928:
services in Chile's urban areas is provided by 53 entities. To prevent monopolization, the providers were classified into three categories according to the percentage of the population served by them. No person or society is allowed to possess more than 49% of the companies within one category:
1225:
Urban water and sanitation systems do not receive direct subsidies and are financed through the capital market, and ultimately through user fees. However, Chile has an innovative system of means-tested subsidies that allows qualifying poor households to receive a subsidy administered by the
3420:
728:
to public, private or mixed shareholding companies in each of Chile’s regions. In 1990 the regulatory agency SISS (Superintendencia de
Servicios Sanitarios) was created through a separate law. An innovative model of tariff regulation was borrowed from the Chilean electricity and
405:
Chile began rationing water in April 2022. Chile's water and sanitation sector distinguishes itself in a few key ways. First, all urban water companies are privately owned or operated (the only exception is SMAPA), and water was defined as a private commodity in the 1980
578:
systems of some water service providers. Consequently, in 1991 20% of the companies did not comply with the bacteriological norms. In 2006, this share had dropped to about 1%. In the same period, compliance with disinfection norms increased from 89% to more than 99%.
1181:("water losses") in Chilean water companies was on average 34% in 2006, an unusually high level for a sector that is so modern in so many other aspects. The level of non-revenue water is higher than in Germany, France or the United Kingdom (see, for example,
1218:
On average, the water and sanitation bill accounted for 1.14% of household income according to a 1998 survey by the
National Statistical Institute. They varied between 0.77% for the highest (wealthiest) quintile and 2.35% for the lowest (poorest) quintile.
570:
has been controlled by SISS. The agency examines if the services comply with the Chilean norm NCH 409, which was modified for the last time in 2005 and includes standards concerning water quality, water pressure, and continuity between others.
889:
to be a model not only for Latin America, but also for Europe. One of its innovative features is the use of a hypothetical efficient model enterprise to assist in determining if tariff increases requested by service providers are justified.
1207:
Water tariffs in Chile differ substantially between regions, reflecting differences in the cost of supplying water. Tariffs in urban areas varied between US$ 0.8 (Aguas Manquehue in Chicureo) per cubic meter and US$ 4.1 (Aguas Patagonia in
907:
a Bill to give this sector a new institutional framework. According to Law 19,549 of 1998, urban concessionaires have to provide technical and administrative assistance to water committees and cooperatives in their respective region.
598:
805:(2006-2010, 2014-2018) maintained the basic institutional structure of the sector established under previous governments based on private service provision, means-targeted subsidies and regulation by a public, autonomous regulator.
786:, differs substantially from selling shares of the companies because the infrastructure remains the property of the Chilean state. All seven companies which were privatized in the second way merged in 2005, assuming the name ESSAN.
899:
executing the national program of Rural Potable Water (APR). Unlike urban service providers, the rural water supply and sanitation sector has not been subject to regulation like urban services. Currently, the Government of
862:, which grants concessions and promotes rural water supply and sanitation through its Department of Sanitation Programs. The responsibility for regulation is shared between the Superintendencia de Servicios Sanitarios
3384:
882:
norms, which directly flow into the regulator's budget. Furthermore, it receives user complaints, assesses their validity and acts on them. The agency has databases of all 53 urban service providers.
2694:
2306:
1702:
822:
1188:
In 2006, on average one employee of the urban water supply and sanitation providers served 418 clients, resulting in 2.4 employees per 1000 connections, below the Latin American average of 5.
444:, and over 180 thousand people lacked access to "improved" water. For sanitation in Chile, in 2015, 99% of the population had access to "improved" sanitation, with 100% and 90%, in urban and
459:
640:
and the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development also had water and sanitation departments. To guarantee its operation, the service was directly subsidised by the national government.
659:
The public utilities for Santiago and Valparaíso, EMOS (Empresa Metropolitana de Obras Sanitarias) and ESVAL (Empresa Sanitaria de Valparaiso) were strengthened through loans from the
3977:
462:(JMP) (see below), Chilean urban areas with improved water coverage stood at 96% coverage and improved sanitation was also 96%, which is one of the highest levels in Latin America.
4080:
3872:
3745:
2831:
1041:. Today, this share has substantially decreased. As shown in the following table which shows the situation of 2006, the majority of the sector was still owned by Chilean actors.
55:
648:
In 1977, the national public water and sanitation company SENDOS (Servicio Nacional de Obras Sanitarias) was created, which had 11 regional branches. The municipal utilities in
3377:
1298:
1267:
4186:
4027:
3415:
3405:
1530:
Lozano Parra, Javier; Pulido Fernández, Manuel; Garrido Velarde, Jacinto (2021). "The Availability of Water in Chile: A Regional View from a Geographical Perspective".
4125:
4032:
2270:
1848:
1579:
4037:
3370:
2710:
3947:
3750:
4217:
2881:
1182:
742:
annually on average during the 1980s to US$ 260m in 1998. However, regional utilities still did not have sufficient resources to expand wastewater treatment.
3410:
1648:
3760:
3577:
3572:
3467:
410:. Second, the Chilean government instituted a subsidy for water costs in 1990 for citizens located in impoverished regions. Third, Chile became the first
4085:
3831:
3628:
3582:
4070:
3638:
3633:
3547:
61:
3482:
1304:
Approved June 14, 2007, 20% of a US$ 30 million loan was appropriated and spent in the general water, sanitation, and flood protection sectors.
694:. Unlike the privatization and liberalization in other infrastructure sectors, reform of the water and sanitation sector was thus not imposed by the
670:
Water coverage during this period increased substantially from 78% in 1976 to 98% in 1988. Sewer coverage increased from 52% in 1976 to 82% in 1988.
4196:
4141:
4115:
4090:
3821:
3765:
3675:
3653:
1967:
782:
rights of the companies to private actors for 30 years between 2001 and 2004. This latter way of private sector participation, also known as a
4176:
4161:
4100:
4042:
3972:
3790:
3740:
3730:
3643:
3612:
3592:
3497:
4191:
4166:
4146:
4105:
3912:
3892:
3867:
3800:
3725:
3665:
3597:
3567:
3557:
3552:
3542:
3522:
3517:
3447:
2577:
1971:
2702:
4171:
4151:
4120:
4110:
4065:
4060:
4017:
3987:
3917:
3907:
3785:
3755:
3710:
3700:
3680:
3607:
3602:
3562:
3452:
2886:
1549:
4095:
4002:
3932:
3805:
3780:
3695:
3670:
3658:
3648:
3587:
3527:
3512:
3502:
3487:
3462:
3076:
724:
Therefore, in December 1988 The General Water and Sanitation Law (Ley General de Servicios Sanitarios) allowed the granting of 13 regional
129:
2033:
3795:
589:
investment program to treat 100% of all collected municipal wastewater in 2012. This share has increased from 8% in 1989 to 82% in 2006.
4181:
4075:
3735:
3720:
3690:
3685:
3537:
834:
558:(see below). As a result, in 1990, 97% of the urban population was already connected to water, and 84% of the population to sanitation.
30:
3887:
2936:
2378:
1943:
1918:
1863:
1802:
1777:
1729:"Evaluación de los Servicios de Agua Potable y Saneamiento 2000 en las Américas - Chile - Situación de la prestación de los servicios"
763:
3836:
148:
3952:
3266:
2145:"Evaluación de los Servicios de Agua Potable y Saneamiento 2000 en las Américas - Chile - Fortalezas y aspectos críticos del sector"
1328:
184:
166:
69:
1185:). Indeed, non-revenue water in Chile increased from 29% in 1999 to 34% in 2006. The regulator considers a level of 15% efficient.
1158:
859:
4012:
3770:
3507:
1333:
4222:
3826:
3715:
3705:
3337:
2974:
2846:
2826:
2737:
2718:
2590:
1170:
national program of Rural Potable Water (APR). However, most isolated housings in Chile still lack adequate water connections.
637:
431:
427:
3942:
3775:
2082:"Evaluación de los Servicios de Agua Potable y Saneamiento 2000 en las Américas - Chile - Estructura institucional del sector"
3997:
3992:
3877:
3492:
3477:
3457:
3039:
2248:
Superintendencia de Servicios Sanitarios (SISS); please follow -> Empresas Sanitarias -> Informe Annual Sector (2006).
4022:
3982:
3927:
3922:
3902:
3897:
3882:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3472:
4007:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3937:
3532:
1826:
Superintendencia de Servicios Sanitarios (SISS); please follow -> Historia del Sector -> Cobertura Histórica (2006).
3008:
2821:
2670:
873:
in urban areas, and the Ministry of Health which controls drinking water quality standards in both urban and rural areas.
3013:
2969:
2816:
2767:
2622:
1313:
1196:
407:
1200:
Annual investment in the Chilean urban water supply and sanitation sector. Source of data: SISS, Cariola/Alegria (2004)
3296:
3221:
3150:
2662:
2607:
2348:
Orphanópoulos, D. (2005). "Concepts of the Chilean Sanitation Legislation: Efficient Charges and Targeted Subsidies".
2105:
Orphanópoulos, D. (2005). "Concepts of the Chilean Sanitation Legislation: Efficient Charges and Targeted Subsidies".
1323:
144:
1438:
701:
Between 1988 and 1990, a number of legal reforms and the creation of new institutions had two principal objectives:
3117:
2926:
2916:
2876:
2757:
2570:
2431:
1465:
1250:
904:
1255:
3174:
2762:
2747:
452:
582:
Water supply is continuous (24/7), both in urban and concentrated rural areas where water pressure is adequate.
3301:
2991:
2851:
2841:
1318:
1608:"Revisiting the distributional impacts of water subsidy policy in Chile: A historical analysis from 1998–2015"
394:
struggled to reliably provide water throughout the country. Chile's water resources have been strained by the
2487:
2288:
1985:
3140:
2866:
2806:
751:
678:
2322:
2215:
2172:
3261:
3003:
2871:
1027:
656:
were corporatized and modernized. During that time employment in the utilities was significantly reduced.
2432:"Meeting the MDG drinking water and sanitation target : the urban and rural challenge of the decade"
2013:
1233:
investment ranges between US$ 151m (1999) and US$ 443m (2002). Total investment in 2006 was US$ 325m.
734:
of the tariff increase on the poor. The legal framework with some modifications is still in force today.
3191:
3112:
2981:
2785:
2678:
2563:
791:
783:
725:
490:
227:
2412:
2144:
2081:
1894:"Evaluación de los Servicios de Agua Potable y Saneamiento 2000 en las Américas - Chile - Antecedentes"
1893:
1728:
2323:"Análisis del proceso de privatización de los sistemas de agua potable y saneamiento urbanos en Chile"
2216:"Análisis del proceso de privatización de los sistemas de agua potable y saneamiento urbanos en Chile"
2173:"Análisis del proceso de privatización de los sistemas de agua potable y saneamiento urbanos en Chile"
3206:
3107:
3102:
3029:
2998:
2986:
2752:
1023:
1016:
1012:
739:
395:
402:
that began in 2010, along with an increased demand for agricultural and other commercial interests.
3431:
3311:
3201:
3034:
2946:
2931:
2627:
1246:
The IDB supports the water and sanitation sector in Chile through two technical assistance grants:
1008:
695:
523:
239:
554:
One of the reasons for the high coverage rates in Chile is the early effort to extend and improve
3281:
3233:
3211:
3196:
3160:
2964:
2941:
2921:
2856:
2794:
2638:
2365:
2122:
1629:
1555:
1506:
1001:
870:
730:
575:
436:
In 2015, 99% of the population of Chile had access to "improved" water, of which 99.6% were in
3291:
3228:
3127:
3061:
3053:
2900:
2742:
2646:
2264:
1842:
1668:
1545:
1212:) per cubic meter in 2006. In rural areas, tariffs only cover operation and maintenance costs
1178:
997:
900:
802:
649:
629:
607:
1531:
1486:
738:
private law companies (Sociedades Anónimas). Investments increased from less than 80 million
140:
3330:
3253:
3155:
3090:
2861:
2836:
2811:
2686:
2598:
2357:
2114:
1619:
1537:
1498:
1291:
1287:
687:
664:
619:
became self-financing companies, some of which have been transferred to the private sector.
586:
17:
826:
3276:
3271:
3145:
3122:
3362:
2413:"Evaluación de los Servicios de Agua Potable y Saneamiento 2000 en las Américas - Chile"
1827:
610:
region, ranging from 44m³/month (Aguas Cordillera) to 125m³/month (Aguas de Manquehue).
96:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
3346:
3306:
3286:
3243:
3186:
2654:
1283:
775:
636:. In these two cities, municipal utilities were responsible for service provision. The
555:
1360:
4211:
2438:
2369:
2126:
1633:
1559:
1510:
1439:"'We beg God for water': Chilean lake turns to desert, sounding climate change alarm"
1037:
Until 2011, the Chilean state held 36% of water and sanitation companies through its
818:
798:
770:
653:
633:
411:
1161:
from Canada is a major shareholder of the private water utilities Essbio and Esval.
3351:
3132:
3071:
3066:
2956:
1752:
1279:
690:
a new term in a referendum, thus passing a key step in the country's transition to
567:
2550:
2467:
1415:
2631:
2361:
2118:
1580:"Chile announces unprecedented water rationing plan as drought enters 13th year"
1251:
TC0207000 : Local Development Access to Basic Water and Sanitation Services
916:
The responsibility for service provision is different in urban and rural areas.
830:
399:
2009:
925:
755:
660:
445:
441:
437:
415:
2499:
2396:
2379:"Determinants of the performance of public water services in Chile 1977-1999"
1944:"Determinants of the performance of public water services in Chile 1977-1999"
1919:"Determinants of the performance of public water services in Chile 1977-1999"
1864:"Determinants of the performance of public water services in Chile 1977-1999"
1803:"Determinants of the performance of public water services in Chile 1977-1999"
1778:"Determinants of the performance of public water services in Chile 1977-1999"
866:
774:
companies invested substantially more than public companies and - unlike the
709:
which represent the real costs of the services and more efficient performance
1487:"The Central Chile Mega Drought (2010–2018): A climate dynamics perspective"
1209:
716:
691:
1034:
Together, the three companies serve 63% of urban water customers in Chile.
207:
1019:, majority-owned by the Latin American Investment Fund Southern Cross, and
3216:
2475:
1275:
885:
The water and sanitation regulatory system in Chile is considered by the
574:
At the beginning of the 1990s, there were several problems regarding the
1624:
1607:
712:
Water supply and sanitation coverage and quality should become universal
2519:
National Association of Water and Sanitation Service Providers (ANDESS)
1584:
1443:
850:
833:
in 2003, sold its shares to the publicly owned Colombian multi-utility
597:
2307:"Hacia Un Plan Nacional de Gestión Integrada de los Recursos Hídricos"
1703:"Hacia Un Plan Nacional de Gestión Integrada de los Recursos Hídricos"
2034:"Chilean government sells water utility stock raises 984 million USD"
1691:
WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation
1541:
1502:
858:
Responsibility for sector policy in Chile is vested primarily in the
706:
456:
2058:
606:
196 litres daily p/capita. Water consumption is highest in the
448:
areas, respectively. Around 170 thousand still lacked access to it.
432:
Ranked lists of Chilean regions § By access to sewage treatment
2289:"Water Services in Chile. Comparing Private and Public Performance"
1986:"Water Services in Chile. Comparing Private and Public Performance"
2586:
1195:
1038:
849:
814:
715:
705:
The service providers should become self-financing through higher
677:
596:
428:
Ranked lists of Chilean regions § By access to drinking water
391:
199:
2555:
3366:
2559:
682:
Coverage rates of urban Chile (1975–2006). Source of data: SISS
2526:
1007:
the Empresa de Servicios Sanitarios del Bio-Bío ESSBIO in the
886:
112:
76:
35:
1606:
Palma, Isidora; Gómez-Lobo, Andrés; Contreras, Dante (2018).
1256:
CH-T1004 : Water Services for Disperse Rural Communities
1753:"Chile Water Use, Resources and Precipitation - Worldometer"
414:
Country to achieve 100% of its population using basic water
790:
projects were divestitures, 10 were concessions and 3 were
663:
during that period. In parallel, the government of General
667:
privatized the electricity and telecommunications sector.
1334:
Industry Friendly Laws Leaving All Of Chile Without Water
390:
were once considered efficient and equitable but in 2022
2534:
2518:
2395:
Superintendencia de Servicios Sanitarios (SISS) (2007).
1414:
Superintendencia de Servicios Sanitarios (SISS) (2007).
2542:
1968:
Buenos Aires, Argentina, many other cities in Argentina
136:
2249:
2527:
Aguas Andinas — service provider in Santiago de Chile
1649:"Population using at least basic sanitation services"
817:
sold its stakes in the three largest water companies—
750:
Under the government of Christian Democrat President
2350:
International Journal of Water Resources Development
2107:
International Journal of Water Resources Development
147:, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a
4134:
4053:
3845:
3814:
3621:
3440:
3421:
Responsibilities in Latin America and the Caribbean
3398:
3252:
3173:
3089:
3052:
3022:
2955:
2899:
2793:
2730:
2615:
2606:
2597:
2287:Bitrán, Gabriel A.; Valenzuela, Eduardo P. (2003).
1984:Bitrán, Gabriel A.; Valenzuela, Eduardo P. (2003).
1887:
1885:
1883:
1022:The Empresa Sanitaria de Valparaíso (ESVAL) in the
374:
363:
355:
347:
339:
331:
323:
318:
310:
302:
294:
286:
278:
270:
262:
254:
246:
234:
222:
217:
2500:Superintendent of Water and Sanitation Services -
1359:WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) (2010).
271:Average urban water and sanitation tariff (US$ /m)
2138:
2136:
1722:
1720:
1268:Chile Infrastructure for Territorial Development
2430:World Health Organization (WHO)/UNICEF (2006).
2397:"Informe de Gestión del sector Sanitario 2006"
1416:"Informe de gestión del sector sanitario 2006"
841:Responsibility for water supply and sanitation
3378:
2571:
2551:ESSAN — service provider in several provinces
539:Sewerage (2006 JMP survey & census data)
398:, which was partially caused by a continuing
8:
2330:Revista de Gestión de Agua de América Latina
2269:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2223:Revista de Gestión de Agua de América Latina
2180:Revista de Gestión de Agua de América Latina
2059:"Auction of Essal shares in Chile suspended"
2053:
2051:
1847:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
966:Serve between 4 and 15% of total population
644:1977–1988: The National Water Company SENDOS
197:
1974:, were terminated before their term expired
1485:Garreau, René D.; Boisier, Juan P. (2019).
686:In 1988, the Chilean people denied General
70:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3385:
3371:
3363:
3179:
3095:
2909:
2905:
2799:
2612:
2603:
2578:
2564:
2556:
2204:1 Chilean Peso = US$ 0.001880 (2006-12-31)
2166:
2164:
1966:For example, private water concessions in
1039:Production Development Corporation (CORFO)
623:Before 1977: A fragmented sector structure
585:The sector currently undergoes a complete
206:
1623:
698:but initiated in a climate of democracy.
674:1988–1998: Corporatization and regulation
185:Learn how and when to remove this message
167:Learn how and when to remove this message
2502:Superintendencia de Servicios Sanitarios
2411:World Health Organization (WHO) (2000).
2143:World Health Organization (WHO) (2000).
2080:World Health Organization (WHO) (2000).
2061:. Council of Canadians. 16 December 2011
1892:World Health Organization (WHO) (2000).
1727:World Health Organization (WHO) (2000).
1043:
1000:, majority-owned by the Spanish company
952:Serve more than 15% of total population
931:
464:
2468:General Water and Sanitation Law (1988)
2321:Cariola, E. C.; Alegria, M. A. (2004).
2214:Cariola, E. C.; Alegria, M. A. (2004).
2171:Cariola, E. C.; Alegria, M. A. (2004).
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1346:
980:Serve less than 4% of total population
3393:Water supply and sanitation by country
2543:ESVAL — service provider in Valparaíso
2262:
1840:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1354:
1352:
1350:
263:Average urban water use (L/person/day)
235:Sanitation coverage (broad definition)
196:
128:contains content that is written like
332:National water and sanitation company
247:Share of collected wastewater treated
7:
4218:Water supply and sanitation in Chile
2832:Fjords, channels, sounds and straits
2535:ESSBÍO — service provider in Bio-Bío
1491:International Journal of Climatology
1361:"Water and Sanitation coverage data"
1299:Chile - Ministry of Public Works DPL
1091:Grupo Hurtado Vicuña/Fernández León
451:According to the 2010 data from the
388:Water supply and sanitation in Chile
295:Share of self-financing by utilities
996:Aguas Andinas, serving the capital
944:Total category share of population
813:In 2011, the state-holding company
31:Water resources management in Chile
1647:World Health Organization (2022).
1466:"A Strained Water System in Chile"
764:Coalition of Parties for Democracy
324:Decentralization to municipalities
25:
1329:Environmental Water Quality Chile
758:treated increased significantly.
348:Responsibility for policy setting
327:No, central government regulation
223:Water coverage (broad definition)
51:This article has multiple issues.
3483:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3430:
2784:
992:The three largest companies are
794:in wastewater treatment plants.
117:
81:
40:
614:History and recent developments
198:Water supply and sanitation in
59:or discuss these issues on the
1972:La Paz and Cochabamba, Bolivia
1828:"Website: Cobertura Histórica"
1242:Interamerican Development Bank
1159:Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan
375:
364:
340:Water and sanitation regulator
1:
835:Empresas Públicas de Medellín
3014:Comptroller General of Chile
2478:Ministerio de Obras Públicas
1314:Water privatization in Chile
809:Further changes in ownership
18:Water privatization in Chile
3239:Water supply and sanitation
2476:Ministry of Public Works -
2362:10.1080/0790062042000316893
2250:"Annual reports: 1999-2006"
2119:10.1080/0790062042000316893
1324:Electricity sector in Chile
359:Yes (1988, amended in 1998)
311:Share of external financing
279:Share of household metering
4239:
837:(EPM)for USD 965 million.
460:Joint Monitoring Programme
425:
378:of rural service providers
367:of urban service providers
28:
3427:
3324:
3182:
3098:
2912:
2908:
2802:
2782:
903:has submitted before the
877:Regulation in urban areas
797:The Socialist Presidents
519:
486:
205:
90:This article needs to be
2377:Sjödin, Johanna (2006).
2014:"Country Snapshot Chile"
1942:Sjödin, Johanna (2006).
1917:Sjödin, Johanna (2006).
1862:Sjödin, Johanna (2006).
1801:Sjödin, Johanna (2006).
1776:Sjödin, Johanna (2006).
1319:Water pollution in Chile
860:Ministry of Public Works
746:1998-2004: Privatization
351:Ministry of Public Works
287:Annual investment in WSS
29:Not to be confused with
2305:Brown, Ernesto (2003).
1701:Brown, Ernesto (2003).
1669:"WASHwatch.org - Chile"
1437:Alvarado, Ivan (2022).
1223:Financing and Subsidies
1183:water losses in Germany
1028:institutional investors
963:Medium-sized companies
638:Ministry of Agriculture
4223:Privatization in Chile
3873:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1201:
1124:Municipality of Maipú
855:
721:
683:
602:
303:Share of tax-financing
290:US$ 23.1/capita (2006)
3040:Investigations Police
2703:Presidential Republic
2679:Conservative Republic
2671:Republic Organization
2488:Ministry of Health -
2459:Policy and regulation
1757:www.worldometers.info
1199:
1080:Southern Cross Group
853:
846:Policy and regulation
719:
681:
600:
491:Improved water source
408:Constitution of Chile
228:improved water source
149:neutral point of view
3796:United Arab Emirates
3009:Constitutional Court
2887:World Heritage Sites
2719:Democracy Transition
941:Number of companies
587:wastewater treatment
396:Chilean water crisis
255:Continuity of supply
4187:Trinidad and Tobago
3978:Republic of Ireland
3077:Ministry of Defence
2490:Ministerio de Salud
1625:10.2166/wp.2018.073
1069:Aguas de Barcelona
792:greenfield projects
696:military government
524:Improved sanitation
240:improved sanitation
202:
141:promotional content
4081:Dominican Republic
3416:Sub-Saharan Africa
3151:Telecommunications
1533:Resources of Water
1202:
1053:Country of Origin
1002:Aguas de Barcelona
977:Smaller companies
901:President Bachelet
871:economic regulator
856:
731:telecommunications
722:
684:
603:
506:Piped on premises
143:and inappropriate
4205:
4204:
4033:England and Wales
3360:
3359:
3320:
3319:
3169:
3168:
3085:
3084:
3048:
3047:
2937:Political parties
2927:Foreign relations
2917:National Congress
2895:
2894:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2695:Parliamentary Era
2639:Spanish Discovery
2510:Service providers
1551:978-1-83881-912-5
1192:Financial aspects
1179:Non-revenue water
1155:
1154:
1026:owned by various
1024:Valparaíso Region
990:
989:
949:Bigger companies
924:Water supply and
912:Service provision
854:Santiago de Chile
803:Michelle Bachelet
552:
551:
385:
384:
212:The flag of Chile
195:
194:
187:
177:
176:
169:
111:
110:
74:
16:(Redirected from
4230:
4038:Northern Ireland
3837:Papua New Guinea
3435:
3434:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3364:
3340:
3333:
3180:
3136:
3096:
2910:
2906:
2800:
2788:
2723:
2715:
2707:
2699:
2691:
2687:Liberal Republic
2683:
2675:
2667:
2659:
2651:
2647:Spanish Conquest
2643:
2635:
2613:
2604:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2557:
2549:
2541:
2533:
2525:
2517:
2498:
2486:
2474:
2466:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2437:. Archived from
2436:
2426:
2424:
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2417:
2407:
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2391:
2389:
2388:
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2373:
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2030:
2024:
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2020:
2006:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1981:
1975:
1970:, as well as in
1964:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1953:
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1939:
1933:
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1923:
1914:
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1638:
1637:
1627:
1618:(6): 1208–1226.
1603:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1542:10.1002/joc.6219
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1503:10.1002/joc.6219
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1371:
1369:
1368:
1356:
1292:Los Lagos Region
1288:Araucania Region
1237:External support
1044:
932:
905:Chilean Congress
865:
801:(2000–2006) and
776:public companies
688:Augusto Pinochet
665:Augusto Pinochet
479:the population)
474:the population)
465:
377:
366:
210:
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130:an advertisement
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3953:North Macedonia
3841:
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3394:
3391:
3361:
3356:
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3329:
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3302:Public holidays
3267:Beauty pageants
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3081:
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3018:
2999:Law enforcement
2951:
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2852:Natural regions
2789:
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2711:Pinochet Regime
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568:Service quality
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562:Service quality
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4028:United Kingdom
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3888:Czech Republic
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3406:European Union
3402:
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3141:Stock Exchange
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2847:National parks
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2827:Extreme points
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2724:
2722:(1990–Present)
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2454:External links
2452:
2451:
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2392:
2374:
2356:(1): 199–216.
2345:
2332:(in Spanish).
2318:
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2279:
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2240:
2225:(in Spanish).
2206:
2197:
2182:(in Spanish).
2160:
2132:
2113:(1): 199–216.
2097:
2072:
2047:
2036:. 20 June 2011
2025:
2001:
1976:
1959:
1934:
1909:
1879:
1854:
1818:
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1536:. intechopen.
1522:
1497:(1): 421–439.
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1284:Bio-Bio Region
1274:undertaken in
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1216:Affordability
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1113:Grupo Solari
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1047:Organization
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1013:eighth region
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819:Aguas Andinas
816:
808:
806:
804:
800:
799:Ricardo Lagos
795:
793:
787:
785:
779:
777:
772:
771:privatization
767:
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530:
527:
525:
522:
518:
514:
511:
508:
505:
504:
500:
497:
494:
492:
489:
485:
481:
477:Rural (11% of
476:
472:Urban (89% of
471:
469:
467:
466:
463:
461:
458:
454:
449:
447:
443:
439:
433:
429:
421:
419:
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241:
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229:
225:
221:
216:
209:
204:
201:
189:
186:
171:
168:
160:
157:November 2020
150:
146:
142:
138:
132:
131:
126:This article
124:
115:
114:
105:
93:
88:
79:
78:
73:
71:
64:
63:
58:
57:
52:
47:
38:
37:
32:
27:
19:
4156:
3761:Saudi Arabia
3578:South Africa
3573:Sierra Leone
3468:Burkina Faso
3238:
3192:Demographics
3113:Central Bank
2982:Human rights
2970:Constitution
2753:Expansionism
2663:Independence
2548:(in Spanish)
2540:(in Spanish)
2532:(in Spanish)
2524:(in Spanish)
2516:(in Spanish)
2501:
2497:(in Spanish)
2489:
2485:(in Spanish)
2477:
2473:(in Spanish)
2465:(in Spanish)
2443:. Retrieved
2439:the original
2420:. Retrieved
2418:(in Spanish)
2401:. Retrieved
2399:(in Spanish)
2385:. Retrieved
2353:
2349:
2338:. Retrieved
2333:
2329:
2311:. Retrieved
2309:(in Spanish)
2295:. Retrieved
2254:. Retrieved
2252:(in Spanish)
2243:
2231:. Retrieved
2226:
2222:
2209:
2200:
2188:. Retrieved
2183:
2179:
2152:. Retrieved
2150:(in Spanish)
2110:
2106:
2100:
2089:. Retrieved
2087:(in Spanish)
2075:
2063:. Retrieved
2038:. Retrieved
2028:
2017:. Retrieved
2010:PPI database
2004:
1992:. Retrieved
1979:
1962:
1950:. Retrieved
1937:
1925:. Retrieved
1912:
1901:. Retrieved
1899:(in Spanish)
1870:. Retrieved
1857:
1832:. Retrieved
1830:(in Spanish)
1821:
1809:. Retrieved
1796:
1784:. Retrieved
1771:
1760:. Retrieved
1756:
1747:
1736:. Retrieved
1734:(in Spanish)
1707:. Retrieved
1705:(in Spanish)
1696:
1687:
1676:. Retrieved
1672:
1663:
1652:. Retrieved
1642:
1615:
1612:Water Policy
1611:
1601:
1590:. Retrieved
1583:
1574:
1563:. Retrieved
1532:
1525:
1514:. Retrieved
1494:
1490:
1480:
1469:. Retrieved
1459:
1448:. Retrieved
1442:
1432:
1420:. Retrieved
1418:(in Spanish)
1365:. Retrieved
1363:. WHO/UNICEF
1303:
1280:Maule Region
1272:
1245:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1205:Tariff level
1204:
1203:
1187:
1177:
1168:
1156:
1036:
1033:
1009:sixth region
991:
923:
915:
897:
884:
880:
864:(in Spanish)
857:
812:
796:
788:
780:
768:
760:
752:Eduardo Frei
749:
736:
723:
700:
685:
669:
658:
647:
626:
617:
604:
601:Map of Chile
584:
581:
576:chlorination
573:
565:
553:
450:
435:
404:
387:
386:
319:Institutions
242:) 96% (2010)
230:) 96% (2010)
181:
163:
154:
139:by removing
135:Please help
127:
99:
91:
67:
60:
54:
53:Please help
50:
26:
4086:El Salvador
4013:Switzerland
3948:Netherlands
3832:New Zealand
3815:Australasia
3771:South Korea
3751:Philippines
3629:Afghanistan
3583:South Sudan
3508:Ivory Coast
3207:Immigration
3108:Aquaculture
3103:Agriculture
3035:Gendarmerie
3030:Carabineros
2882:Lighthouses
2822:Environment
2817:Earthquakes
2738:Agriculture
2714:(1973–1990)
2706:(1925–1973)
2698:(1891–1925)
2690:(1861–1891)
2682:(1831–1861)
2674:(1823–1831)
2666:(1810–1826)
2658:(1600–1810)
2650:(1540–1600)
2642:(1536–1540)
2623:Prehispanic
1165:Rural areas
1050:Percentage
920:Urban areas
894:Rural areas
831:Antofagasta
726:concessions
566:Since 1990
520:Sanitation
442:rural areas
440:and 93% in
400:megadrought
4212:Categories
4071:Costa Rica
3827:East Timor
3716:Kyrgyzstan
3706:Kazakhstan
3639:Bangladesh
3634:Azerbaijan
3548:Mozambique
3312:Television
3297:Newspapers
3282:Literature
3222:Indigenous
3202:Healthcare
3135:(currency)
2965:Civil Code
2947:Ministries
2932:Government
2445:2008-02-13
2422:2008-02-13
2403:2008-02-13
2387:2008-02-13
2340:2008-02-10
2336:(2): 65–85
2313:2008-02-13
2297:2008-02-13
2281:References
2256:2008-02-13
2233:2008-02-10
2229:(2): 65–85
2195:, p. 73-75
2190:2008-02-10
2186:(2): 65–85
2154:2008-02-13
2091:2008-02-13
2019:2008-02-13
1994:2008-02-13
1952:2008-02-13
1927:2008-02-13
1903:2008-02-13
1872:2008-02-13
1834:2008-02-13
1811:2008-02-13
1786:2008-02-13
1762:2022-10-12
1738:2008-02-13
1709:2008-02-13
1678:2017-04-12
1654:2022-09-01
1592:2022-08-30
1565:2022-08-30
1516:2022-08-30
1471:2022-08-30
1450:2022-08-30
1427:pgs. 28-96
1422:2008-02-13
1367:2012-05-13
1262:World Bank
1230:Investment
1174:Efficiency
1135:Iberdrola
1086:Argentina
1017:Concepción
938:Criterion
926:sanitation
784:concession
756:wastewater
740:US dollars
720:Valparaiso
661:World Bank
654:Valparaíso
634:Valparaíso
426:See also:
416:sanitation
356:Sector law
282:96% (2006)
266:196 (2006)
250:82% (2006)
137:improve it
102:March 2022
56:improve it
4197:Venezuela
4142:Argentina
4116:Nicaragua
4091:Guatemala
3943:Lithuania
3822:Australia
3776:Sri Lanka
3766:Singapore
3746:Palestine
3676:Indonesia
3654:Hong Kong
3399:By region
3292:Mythology
3234:Squatting
3212:Languages
3197:Education
3161:Transport
3118:Companies
3062:Air Force
2942:President
2922:Elections
2877:Volcanoes
2857:Provinces
2795:Geography
2370:154509071
2127:154509071
1634:158194967
1560:198413538
1511:198413538
1210:Coyhaique
935:Category
692:democracy
593:Water use
418:in 2016.
62:talk page
4177:Paraguay
4162:Colombia
4101:Honduras
4043:Scotland
3998:Slovenia
3993:Slovakia
3973:Portugal
3878:Bulgaria
3791:Thailand
3741:Pakistan
3731:Malaysia
3644:Cambodia
3613:Zimbabwe
3593:Tanzania
3498:Ethiopia
3493:Eswatini
3478:Cameroon
3458:Botswana
3347:Category
3229:Religion
3128:Forestry
3054:Military
2992:Intersex
2901:Politics
2763:Maritime
2748:Economic
2743:Banditry
2731:By topic
2655:Colonial
2608:Timeline
2591:articles
2492:(MINSAL)
2265:cite web
1843:cite web
1308:See also
1276:Coquimbo
998:Santiago
650:Santiago
630:Santiago
628:cities,
4192:Uruguay
4167:Ecuador
4147:Bolivia
4106:Jamaica
4023:Ukraine
3983:Romania
3928:Iceland
3923:Hungary
3913:Germany
3903:Finland
3898:Estonia
3893:Denmark
3883:Croatia
3868:Belgium
3863:Austria
3858:Armenia
3853:Albania
3801:Vietnam
3726:Lebanon
3666:Georgia
3598:Tunisia
3568:Senegal
3558:Nigeria
3553:Namibia
3543:Morocco
3523:Liberia
3518:Lesotho
3473:Burundi
3448:Algeria
3331:Outline
3277:Cuisine
3254:Culture
3175:Society
3156:Tourism
3091:Economy
2975:History
2862:Regions
2842:Islands
2837:Geology
2812:Climate
2616:Periods
2599:History
2238:, p. 77
1957:, p. 31
1932:, p. 25
1877:, p. 17
1816:, p. 14
1791:, p. 21
1714:, p. 74
1585:Reuters
1444:Reuters
1146:Others
1015:around
707:tariffs
608:capital
92:updated
4172:Guyana
4152:Brazil
4121:Panama
4111:Mexico
4066:Canada
4061:Belize
4018:Turkey
4008:Sweden
3988:Russia
3968:Poland
3963:Serbia
3958:Norway
3938:Latvia
3918:Greece
3908:France
3846:Europe
3786:Taiwan
3756:Russia
3711:Kuwait
3701:Jordan
3681:Israel
3608:Zambia
3603:Uganda
3563:Rwanda
3533:Malawi
3453:Angola
3441:Africa
3352:Portal
3307:Sports
3272:Cinema
3217:People
3146:Mining
3123:Energy
2867:Rivers
2807:Cities
2758:Mining
2630:–1536
2589:
2504:(SISS)
2368:
2125:
2065:26 May
2040:26 May
1999:, p. 4
1632:
1588:. 2022
1558:
1548:
1509:
1290:, and
1149:13.2%
1141:Spain
1130:Chile
1119:Chile
1108:Chile
1097:Chile
1083:10.7%
1075:Spain
1072:17.0%
1064:Chile
1061:35.7%
1058:CORFO
986:15.2%
972:34.3%
958:50.5%
869:, the
487:Water
482:Total
457:UNICEF
430:, and
422:Access
4157:Chile
4096:Haiti
4003:Spain
3933:Italy
3806:Yemen
3781:Syria
3696:Japan
3671:India
3659:Macau
3649:China
3588:Sudan
3528:Libya
3513:Kenya
3503:Ghana
3488:Egypt
3463:Benin
3338:Index
3287:Music
3244:Women
3187:Crime
3133:Peso
2872:Lakes
2587:Chile
2480:(MOP)
2435:(PDF)
2416:(PDF)
2382:(PDF)
2366:S2CID
2326:(PDF)
2292:(PDF)
2219:(PDF)
2176:(PDF)
2148:(PDF)
2123:S2CID
2085:(PDF)
1989:(PDF)
1947:(PDF)
1922:(PDF)
1897:(PDF)
1867:(PDF)
1806:(PDF)
1781:(PDF)
1732:(PDF)
1630:S2CID
1556:S2CID
1507:S2CID
1342:Notes
1138:2.0%
1127:2.3%
1116:5.0%
1105:5.3%
1094:8.8%
827:Esbio
823:Esval
815:Corfo
446:rural
438:urban
392:Chile
200:Chile
4182:Peru
4076:Cuba
3736:Oman
3721:Laos
3691:Iraq
3686:Iran
3622:Asia
3538:Mali
3262:Arts
3072:Navy
3067:Army
2987:LGBT
2768:Wars
2271:link
2067:2015
2042:2015
1849:link
1546:ISBN
1157:The
1011:and
867:SISS
825:and
769:The
652:and
632:and
548:78%
542:89%
534:96%
531:83%
528:98%
515:93%
512:47%
509:99%
501:96%
498:75%
495:99%
335:None
298:High
258:100%
218:Data
2957:Law
2628:ACN
2358:doi
2115:doi
1620:doi
1538:doi
1499:doi
983:45
887:WHO
545:5%
453:WHO
381:n/a
376:No.
365:No.
343:Yes
314:Low
306:n/a
274:n/a
4214::
2632:AD
2364:.
2354:21
2352:.
2328:.
2267:}}
2263:{{
2221:.
2178:.
2163:^
2135:^
2121:.
2111:21
2109:.
2050:^
2012:.
1882:^
1845:}}
1841:{{
1755:.
1719:^
1671:.
1628:.
1616:20
1614:.
1610:.
1582:.
1554:.
1544:.
1505:.
1495:40
1493:.
1489:.
1441:.
1376:^
1349:^
1294:.
1286:,
1282:,
1278:,
969:6
955:2
821:,
766:.
370:20
65:.
3386:e
3379:t
3372:v
2634:)
2626:(
2579:e
2572:t
2565:v
2448:.
2425:.
2406:.
2390:.
2372:.
2360::
2343:.
2334:1
2316:.
2300:.
2273:)
2259:.
2236:.
2227:1
2193:.
2184:1
2157:.
2129:.
2117::
2094:.
2069:.
2044:.
2022:.
1997:.
1955:.
1930:.
1906:.
1875:.
1851:)
1837:.
1814:.
1789:.
1765:.
1741:.
1712:.
1681:.
1657:.
1636:.
1622::
1595:.
1568:.
1540::
1519:.
1501::
1474:.
1453:.
1425:.
1370:.
1030:.
1004:,
455:/
238:(
226:(
188:)
182:(
170:)
164:(
159:)
155:(
151:.
133:.
104:)
100:(
94:.
72:)
68:(
33:.
20:)
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