Reservoir - Knowledge (XXG)

47: 458: 229: 1129: 1276: 1026: 2266: 985:. When a major storm approaches, the dam operators calculate the volume of water that the storm will add to the reservoir. If forecast storm water will overfill the reservoir, water is slowly let out of the reservoir prior to, and during, the storm. If done with sufficient lead time, the major storm will not fill the reservoir and areas downstream will not experience damaging flows. Accurate weather forecasts are essential so that dam operators can correctly plan drawdowns prior to a high rainfall event. Dam operators blamed a faulty weather forecast on the 1457: 442: 66: 1641:. Disputes have occurred regarding when RTS has occurred due to a lack of hydrogeological knowledge at the time of the event. It is accepted, though, that the infiltration of water into pores and the weight of the reservoir do contribute to RTS patterns. For RTS to occur, there must be a seismic structure near the dam or its reservoir and the seismic structure must be close to failure. Additionally, water must be able to infiltrate the deep rock 921:. When river flow exceeds the capacity of the orifice plate, water builds up behind the dam; but as soon as the flow rate reduces, the water behind the dam is slowly released until the reservoir is empty again. In some cases, such reservoirs only function a few times in a decade, and the land behind the reservoir may be developed as community or recreational land. A new generation of balancing dams are being developed to combat the possible 874: 1097: 205: 821: 863: 190: 2280: 1653: 1994: 1702: 1195: 1593:(RTS) as seismic events have occurred near large dams or within their reservoirs in the past. These events may have been triggered by the filling or operation of the reservoir and are on a small scale when compared to the amount of reservoirs worldwide. Of over 100 recorded events, some early examples include the 60 m (197 ft) tall 597:

representing an outdated model of productive agriculture. They argue that these reservoirs lead to a loss in both quantity and quality of water necessary for maintaining ecological balance and pose a risk of increasing severity and duration of droughts due to climate change. In summary, they consider it a misadaptation to climate change.

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associated with concrete manufacture, are relatively easy to estimate. Other impacts on the natural environment and social and cultural effects can be more difficult to assess and to weigh in the balance but identification and quantification of these issues is now commonly required in major construction projects in the developed world

749: 925:. They are called "Flood Detention Reservoirs". Because these reservoirs will remain dry for long periods, there may be a risk of the clay core drying out, reducing its structural stability. Recent developments include the use of composite core fill made from recycled materials as an alternative to clay. 811:

into deep, cold anoxic water during the summer months. In the autumn and winter the lake becomes fully mixed again. During drought conditions, it is sometimes necessary to draw down the cold bottom water, and the elevated levels of manganese in particular can cause problems in water treatment plants.

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Proponents of reservoirs or substitution reserves, on the other hand, see them as a solution for sustainable agriculture while waiting for a truly durable agricultural model. Without such reserves, they fear that unsustainable imported irrigation will be inevitable. They believe that these reservoirs

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in Brazil (inaugurated in 1987) had over 20 times the impact on global warming than would generating the same power from fossil fuels, due to the large area flooded per unit of electricity generated. Another study published in the Global Biogeochemical Cycles also found that newly flooded reservoirs

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While much of the effort is directed at the dam and its associated structures as the weakest part of the overall structure, the aim of such controls is to prevent an uncontrolled release of water from the reservoir. Reservoir failures can generate huge increases in flow down a river valley, with the

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that can discharge water from the reservoir at different levels, both to access water as the water level falls, and to allow water of a specific quality to be discharged into the downstream river as "compensation water": the operators of many upland or in-river reservoirs have obligations to release

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Some reservoirs generating hydroelectricity use pumped recharge: a high-level reservoir is filled with water using high-performance electric pumps at times when electricity demand is low, and then uses this stored water to generate electricity by releasing the stored water into a low-level reservoir

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A two-year study of carbon dioxide and methane releases in Canada concluded that while the hydroelectric reservoirs there do emit greenhouse gases, it is on a much smaller scale than thermal power plants of similar capacity. Hydropower typically emits 35 to 70 times less greenhouse gases per TWh of

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The units used for measuring reservoir areas and volumes vary from country to country. In most of the world, reservoir areas are expressed in square kilometers; in the United States, acres are commonly used. For volume, either cubic meters or cubic kilometers are widely used, with acre-feet used in

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This type of infrastructure has sparked an opposition movement in France, with numerous disputes and, for some projects, protests, especially in the former Poitou-Charentes region where violent demonstrations took place in 2022 and 2023. In Spain, there is greater acceptance because all beneficiary

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Dams are typically located at a narrow part of a downstream of a natural basin. The valley sides act as natural walls, with the dam located at the narrowest practical point to provide strength and the lowest cost of construction. In many reservoir construction projects, people have to be moved and

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As a human-made reservoir fills, existing plants are submerged and during the years it takes for this matter to decay, will give off considerably more greenhouse gases than lakes do. A reservoir in a narrow valley or canyon may cover relatively little vegetation, while one situated on a plain may

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The specific debate about substitution reservoirs is part of a broader discussion related to reservoirs used for agricultural irrigation, regardless of their type, and a certain model of intensive agriculture. Opponents view these reservoirs as a monopolization of resources benefiting only a few,

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of reservoirs has many similarities to that of lakes of equivalent size. There are however significant differences. Many reservoirs experience considerable variations in level producing significant areas that are intermittently underwater or dried out. This greatly limits the productivity or the

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A study for the National Institute for Research in the Amazon found that hydroelectric reservoirs release a large pulse of carbon dioxide from decay of trees left standing in the reservoirs, especially during the first decade after flooding. This elevates the global warming impact of the dams to

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All reservoirs will have a monetary cost/benefit assessment made before construction to see if the project is worth proceeding with. However, such analysis can often omit the environmental impacts of dams and the reservoirs that they contain. Some impacts, such as the greenhouse gas production

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In 2005, about 25% of the world's 33,105 large dams (over 15 metres in height) were used for hydroelectricity. The U.S. produces 3% of its electricity from 80,000 dams of all sizes. An initiative is underway to retrofit more dams as a good use of existing infrastructure to provide many smaller

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Claudia Näser; The Great Hafir at Musawwarat as-Sufra. Fieldwork of the Archaeological Mission of Humboldt University Berlin in 2005 and 2006. On: Between the Cataracts. Proceedings of the 11th Conference of Nubian Studies. Warsaw University, 27 August - 2 September 2006; In: Polish Centre of

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also known as an "attenuation" or "balancing" reservoirs, flood control reservoirs collect water at times of very high rainfall, then release it slowly during the following weeks or months. Some of these reservoirs are constructed across the river line, with the onward flow controlled by an

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and providing water capacity to even-out peak demand from consumers, enabling the treatment plant to run at optimum efficiency. Large service reservoirs can also be managed to reduce the cost of pumping by refilling the reservoir at times of day when energy costs are low.

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Kelly, C. A.; Rudd, J. W. M.; Bodaly, R. A.; Roulet, N. P.; St.Louis, V. L.; Heyes, A.; Moore, T. R.; Schiff, S.; Aravena, R.; Scott, K. J.; Dyck, B. (May 1997). "Increases in Fluxes of Greenhouse Gases and Methyl Mercury following Flooding of an Experimental Reservoir".

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St.Louis, Vincent L.; Rudd, John W. M.; Kelly, Carol A.; Bodaly, R. A. (Drew); Paterson, Michael J.; Beaty, Kenneth G.; Hesslein, Raymond H.; Heyes, Andrew; Majewski, Andrew R. (March 2004). "The Rise and Fall of Mercury Methylation in an Experimental Reservoir†".

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Reservoir in London, constructed between 1901 and 1909. When it was completed it was said to be the largest brick built underground reservoir in the world and it is still one of the largest in Europe. This reservoir now forms part of the southern extension of the

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or to maintain river flows to support downstream uses. Occasionally reservoirs can be managed to retain water during high rainfall events to prevent or reduce downstream flooding. Some reservoirs support several uses, and the operating rules may be complex.

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can be flooded by the creation of reservoirs, ruining many livelihoods. For this very reason, worldwide 80 million people (figure is as of 2009, from the Edexcel GCSE Geography textbook) have had to be forcibly relocated due to dam construction.

1164:, and downstream releases. In addition, a reservoir's "flood control capacity" is the amount of water it can regulate during flooding. The "surcharge capacity" is the capacity of the reservoir above the spillway crest that cannot be regulated. 3295:

Teodoru, Cristian R.; Bastien, Julie; Bonneville, Marie-Claude; del Giorgio, Paul A.; Demarty, Maud; Garneau, Michelle; Hélie, Jean-Francois; Pelletier, Luc; Prairie, Yves T.; Roulet, Nigel T.; Strachan, Ian B.; Tremblay, Alain (June 2012).

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Reservoirs can be used to balance the flow in highly managed systems, taking in water during high flows and releasing it again during low flows. In order for this to work without pumping requires careful control of water levels using

712:. The Hafirs catch the water during rainy seasons in order to ensure water is available for several months during dry seasons to supply drinking water, irrigate fields and water cattle. The Great Reservoir near the Lion Temple in 1410:

released more carbon dioxide and methane than the pre-flooded landscape, noting that forest lands, wetlands, and preexisting water features all released differing amounts of carbon dioxide and methane both pre- and post-flooding.

1052:. Special rules may apply for the safety of the public and to protect the quality of the water and the ecology of the surrounding area. Many reservoirs now support and encourage less formal and less structured recreation such as 46: 837:

connected to the retained water body by large-diameter pipes. These generating sets may be at the base of the dam or some distance away. In a flat river valley a reservoir needs to be deep enough to create a

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rivers. The economic and social impact was derived from the enormous volumes of previously stored water that swept down the valleys, wreaking destruction. This raid later became the basis for several films.

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Soumis, Nicolas; Lucotte, Marc; Canuel, René; Weissenberger, Sebastian; Houel, Stéphane; Larose, Catherine; Duchemin, Éric (2004). "Hydroelectric Reservoirs as Anthropogenic Sources of Greenhouse Gases".

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through the water body so that they are more quickly lost to the system. This may be seen as a mismatch between water chemistry and water biology with a tendency for the biological component to be more

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water into the downstream river to maintain river quality, support fisheries, to maintain downstream industrial and recreational uses or for a range of other purposes. Such releases are known as

2876: 505:. The use of bank-side reservoirs also allows water abstraction to be stopped for some time, for instance when the river is unacceptably polluted or when flow conditions are very low due to 1559:

characteristics because the residence time in the reservoir is much greater than in the river and the biological systems have a much greater opportunity to utilise the available nutrients.

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flood a great deal of vegetation. The site may be cleared of vegetation first or simply flooded. Tropical flooding can produce far more greenhouse gases than in temperate regions.

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clay. The water stored in such reservoirs may stay there for several months, during which time normal biological processes may substantially reduce many contaminants and reduce

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The term is also used technically to refer to certain forms of liquid storage, such the "coolant reservoir" that captures overflow of coolant in an automobile's cooling system.

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or secondary water systems. Irrigation may also be supported by reservoirs which maintain river flows, allowing water to be abstracted for irrigation lower down the river.

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water may be released from an upland reservoir so that it can be abstracted for drinking water lower down the system, sometimes hundreds of miles further downstream.

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Reservoirs may change the local climate increasing humidity and reducing extremes of temperature, especially in dry areas. Such effects are claimed also by some

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Construction of a dammed reservoir will usually require the river to be diverted during part of the build, often through a temporary tunnel or by-pass channel.

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of water at the turbines; and if there are periods of drought the reservoir needs to hold enough water to average out the river's flow throughout the year(s).

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Dams can produce a block for migrating fish, trapping them in one area, producing food and a habitat for various water-birds. They can also flood various

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There is a wide variety of software for modelling reservoirs, from the specialist Dam Safety Program Management Tools (DSPMT) to the relatively simple

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from the reservoir could be higher than those of a conventional oil-fired thermal generation plant. For instance, In 1990, the impoundment behind the

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emerging as springs, is stored in the reservoir. Any excess water can be spilled via a specifically designed spillway. Stored water may be piped by

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Where the topography is poorly suited to forming a single large reservoir, a number of smaller reservoirs may be constructed in a chain, as in the

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should be accompanied by a territorial project that unites all water stakeholders with the goal of preserving and enhancing natural environments.

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In hilly regions, reservoirs are often constructed by enlarging existing lakes. Sometimes in such reservoirs, the new top water level exceeds the

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are preferred economically and technically since they do not use scarce land area. Many coastal reservoirs were constructed in Asia and Europe.

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potential to wash away towns and villages and cause considerable loss of life, such as the devastation following the failure of containment at

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may be built to store the water. Such reservoirs are usually formed partly by excavation and partly by building a complete encircling bund or

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Deep reservoirs with multiple level draw off towers can discharge deep cold water into the downstream river greatly reducing the size of any

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In the United Kingdom, "top water level" describes the reservoir full state, while "fully drawn down" describes the minimum retained volume.

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liners on their base to limit seepage and/or as floating covers to limit evaporation, particularly in arid climates. In the United Kingdom,

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report (Dams And Development), when the reservoir is relatively large and no prior clearing of forest in the flooded area was undertaken,

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in 3000 BC. Artificial lakes dating to the 5th century BC have been found in ancient Greece. The artificial Bhojsagar lake in present-day

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Dams can severely reduce the amount of water reaching countries downstream of them, causing water stress between the countries, e.g. the

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to cross a range of hills. Another use is to reduce costs or construction time when the canal must be dug through rock, as used on the

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in Brazil (completed in 1984) had only 0.4 times the impact on global warming than would generating the same power from fossil fuels.

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locks dividing the two Rideau's and essentially turning the upper Rideau into an enlarged reservoir, albeit only by two or three feet.

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Construction of Hoover Dam: a historic account prepared in cooperation with the Department of the Interior. KC Publications. 1976.

735:("sea of King Parakrama"). Vast artificial reservoirs were also built by various ancient kingdoms in Bengal, Assam, and Cambodia. 457: 4975: 3128: 2552:

Bryn Philpott-Yinka Oyeyemi-John Sawyer (2009). "ICE Virtual Library: Queen Mary and King George V emergency draw down schemes".

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Reservoirs are created by controlling a watercourse that drains an existing body of water, interrupting a watercourse to form an

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in the U.S. (1935). Most events involve large dams and small amounts of seismicity. The only four recorded events above a 6.0-

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as the weight of a 100 m (328 ft) deep reservoir will have little impact when compared the deadweight of rock on a

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to store the flood water of a river. As the land-based reservoir construction is fraught with substantial land submergence,

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Upland reservoirs tend to have a much shorter residence time than natural lakes and this can lead to more rapid cycling of

1476:. As reservoirs may contain stocks of fish, numerous water-bird species may rely on reservoirs and form habitats near them. 5113: 4643: 3903: 1025: 5108: 4648: 4121: 2005: 1329:

The following table indicates reservoir emissions in milligrams per square meter per day for different bodies of water.

971:) are made to encourage natural migration behaviours in fish and to provide a variety of fishing conditions for anglers. 494: 3477: 771:

through water mains. The reservoir does not merely hold water until it is needed: it can also be the first part of the

4074: 2973: 1010: 3298:"The net carbon footprint of a newly created boreal hydroelectric reservoir: C EMISSIONS FROM THE EASTMAIN RESERVOIR" 2897: 3971: 509:. The London water supply system exhibits one example of the use of bank-side storage: here water is taken from the 5376: 5177: 2167: 1693:

In 2005, there were 33,105 large dams (≥15 m height) listed by the International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD).

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In the United States, the water below the normal maximum level of a reservoir is called the "conservation pool".

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said "Do not let a drop of water seep into the ocean without benefiting mankind." He created the reservoir named

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store fully treated potable water close to the point of distribution. Many service reservoirs are constructed as

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In many countries large reservoirs are closely regulated to try to prevent or minimize failures of containment.

935:, a reservoir may be built to guarantee the water level in the canal: for example, where a canal climbs through 5627: 5371: 4463: 4008: 1402: 1398: 217: 3070: 2528: 1389:

can either reduce or increase the net production of greenhouse gases when compared to other sources of power.

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has many underground reservoirs built in the 1800s, most of which are lined with brick. A good example is the

2636: 2366: 5488: 5398: 4570: 4337: 4156: 4089: 3821: 2951: 2299: 1499:(MeHg) via microbial methylation in flooded soils and peat. MeHg levels have also been found to increase in 1307: 1206: 674: 522: 309: 1456: 5617: 5576: 5450: 5056: 4947: 4935: 4631: 4372: 4211: 3848: 3782: 3766: 1602: 1386: 936: 562: 462: 4518: 3205: 5315: 5251: 5125: 4818: 4744: 4513: 4451: 4327: 4275: 4268: 3814: 3548: 2325: 2144: 1944: 446: 435: 209: 3709:"Durability-Based Optimization of Reinforced Concrete Reservoirs Using Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm" 441: 693:

state of India, constructed in the 11th century, covered 650 square kilometres (250 sq mi).

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re-housed, historical artifacts moved or rare environments relocated. Examples include the temples of

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Reservoirs can be used in a number of ways to control how water flows through downstream waterways:

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Sahoo, Debabrata; Nayeb Yazdi, Mohammad; Owen, Jr., James S.; White, Sarah A. (13 October 2021).

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An irrigation reservoir is a water reservoir for agricultural use. They are filled using pumped

65: 1663:(built in 1975), an example of an artificial lake which significantly changed the local climate 1428:

generation, since electricity produced from hydroelectric generation does not give rise to any

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The capacity, volume, or storage of a reservoir is usually divided into distinguishable areas.

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storage is the portion of the reservoir that can be used for flood control, power production,

1089: 732: 423: 402: 390: 386: 58: 3364:"The Issue of Greenhouse Gases from Hydroelectric Reservoirs from Boreal to Tropical Regions" 3339:"Production of the greenhouse gases CH4 and CO2 by hydroelectric reservoirs of boreal region" 3051: 2506: 1555:

Conversely, lowland reservoirs drawing water from nutrient rich rivers, may show exaggerated

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water margins and also limits the number of species able to survive in these conditions.

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storage refers to water in a reservoir that cannot be drained by gravity through a dam's

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This article is about an artificial body of water or a natural lake. For other uses, see

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Rapport préliminaire en vue de l’expertise collective sur l'impact cumulé des retenues

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A notable case of reservoirs being used as an instrument of war involved the British

1210: 1057: 1005:. Bala Lake is a natural lake whose level was raised by a low dam and into which the 918: 834: 367: 240: 232: 142: 3506:. International Water Power & Dam Construction. 20 February 2010. Archived from 3281: 3266: 2877:"Small Hydro: Power of the Dammed: How Small Hydro Could Rescue America's Dumb Dams" 1186:

that place reservoir operations in the context of system-wide demands and supplies.

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Depending upon the area flooded versus power produced, a reservoir built for hydro-

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Many dammed river reservoirs and most bank-side reservoirs are used to provide the

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of the water falling from them reduces and deposition is a result below the dams.

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Two main types of reservoirs can be distinguished based on their mode of supply.

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Mediterranean Aerchaeology University of Warsaw. PAM Supplement Series 2.2./1-2.

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time-lapse video of the strengthening of the embankment of a small reservoir in

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to provide most of the basin of the reservoir. These reservoirs can either be

271: 3695: 3455: 3403: 3235:"Hydroelectric dams in the Brazilian Amazon as sources of 'greenhouse' gases" 2852: 2762: 708:. 800 ancient and modern hafirs have been registered in the Meroitic town of 5445: 5344: 5236: 5214: 5199: 5014: 4782: 4707: 4690: 4608: 4493: 4424: 4419: 4342: 4221: 4109: 4035: 3802: 3792: 3481: 2330: 2279: 2172: 1972: 1652: 1610: 1556: 1536: 1481: 994: 804: 796: 760: 720: 568:

Service reservoirs perform several functions, including ensuring sufficient

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Where a natural watercourse's water is not available to be diverted into a

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process. The time the water is held before it is released is known as the

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kings in order to store water for irrigation. The famous Sri Lankan king

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Proposed reservoir – Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Scoping Report

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levels much higher than would occur by generating the same power from

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Naturally occurring lakes receive organic sediments which decay in an

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to settle out, as well as time for natural biological treatment using

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communities with a reliable source of energy. A reservoir generating

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is an example of a bank-side reservoir; its water is pumped from the

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The filling (impounding) of reservoirs has often been attributed to

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are made for recreational purposes, rather than storing fresh water.

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International Lake Environment Committee – Aswam high dam reservoir

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Water falling as rain upstream of the reservoir, together with any

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flows or discharges depending upon flow conditions, as part of the

748: 5415: 5135: 5019: 4869: 4823: 4685: 4540: 4488: 4434: 4064: 4030: 2747:. International Association of Hydrological Science. p. 161. 2126: 2103: 2099: 1992: 1903: 1899: 1757: 1700: 1651: 1516: 1512: 1455: 1424:

A decrease in air pollution occurs when a dam is used in place of

1274: 1214: 1193: 1127: 1105: 1095: 1024: 958: 932: 903: 872: 861: 819: 784: 747: 701: 456: 440: 415: 337: 283: 227: 203: 188: 164: 64: 45: 1318:. The methane released is approximately 8 times more potent as a 5361: 5322: 5002: 4802: 4658: 4588: 4508: 4380: 3893: 3719:(3–E). Civil and Structural Engineering (GJRE-E). Archived from 3654:

International Lake Environment Committee – Manicouagan Reservoir

3634:

International Lake Environment Committee – Caniapiscau Reservoir

2481: 1445: 1253: 1183: 907: 780: 333: 134: 4929: 4568: 3834: 3739: 3707:

Global Journal of Research Engineering (USA) (28 August 2012).

2408:, Thomas E., Cyhoeddiadau Barddas & Gwynedd Council, 2007, 953:

water may be released from a reservoir to create or supplement

4965: 4673: 4439: 4397: 3598:

International Lake Environment Committee – Bratskoye Reservoir

3562:

International Lake Environment Committee – Reservoir Kuybyshev

2821:– International Lake Environment Committee – Parakrama Samudra 497:, but this has generally been superseded by the modern use of 263: 200:

and was the first large stone dam built in the United Kingdom.

156: 138: 99: 803:

in the water, which tends to partition some elements such as

108: 93: 2837: 2835: 2482:"International Association for Coastal Reservoir Research" 3672:

International Lake Environment Committee – Williston Lake

3110:"Commonwealth War Graves Commission – Operation Chastise" 850:

when electricity demand is high. Such systems are called

846:

in a steep valley with constant flow needs no reservoir.

799:

processes in temperate climate lakes produce temperature

593:

users are involved in the implementation of the system.

251:'s efforts to bring electricity to the Tennessee Valley. 366:

height on one or more of the feeder streams such as at

3580:

International Lake Environment Committee – Lake Kariba

3529:

International Lake Environment Committee – Volta Lake

2686:"The Basics of Irrigation Reservoirs for Agriculture" 779:. This is a design feature that allows particles and 685:

techniques, including the building of a reservoir at

105: 96: 1597:

in Greece (1929), the 221 m (725 ft) tall

102: 90: 5459: 5272: 5099: 4946: 4811: 4775: 4624: 4581: 4371: 4202: 4175: 4100: 4017: 3922: 3847: 2974:"Canoe Wales – National White Water Rafting Centre" 2027: 1735: 1719:The world's ten largest reservoirs by surface area 517:into several large Thames-side reservoirs, such as 87: 1679:as increasing the quality of the wine production. 795:that naturally live in the water. However natural 2728:, 2nd edition, Milton Keynes, The Open University 1111:Most modern reservoirs have a specially designed 324:(which were moved before the construction of the 159:within it, excavating, or building any number of 2406:Capel Celyn, Ten Years of Destruction: 1955–1965 1013:. This mode of operation is a form of hydraulic 438:in Hong Kong are a few such coastal reservoirs. 3162:Houghton, John (4 May 2005). "Global warming". 2547: 2545: 1430:flue gas emissions from fossil fuel combustion 37:For other types of man-made water bodies, see 3751: 3282:"Hydroelectric power's dirty secret revealed" 2580:"Open Learning – OpenLearn – Open University" 2011:The world's ten largest reservoirs by volume 666:were used as reservoirs by farmers for their 8: 2606:. London Borough of Lewisham. Archived from 2386:"Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae" 1248:raid on Germany in World War II (codenamed " 989:. Examples of highly managed reservoirs are 877:Recreational-only Kupferbach reservoir near 239:. It was formed after the impounding of the 2741:Rodda, John; Ubertini, Lucio, eds. (2004). 1184:Water Evaluation And Planning system (WEAP) 965:rivers special releases (in Britain called 902:reservoir may be released into networks of 723:, large reservoirs were created by ancient 4943: 4926: 4578: 4565: 4023: 3844: 3831: 3758: 3744: 3736: 2999:Votruba, Ladislav; Broža, Vojtěch (1989). 2744:The Basis of Civilization – Water Science? 2009: 1717: 1613:in India and the 120 m (394 ft) 1487:Creating reservoirs can alter the natural 485:from a river of variable quality or size, 3713:Global Journal of Research in Engineering 3313: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2736: 2734: 1331: 1279:Brushes Clough Reservoir, located above 606: 298:the surrounding forested catchments, or 2358: 1573:The dams in front of reservoirs act as 1421:electricity than thermal power plants. 521:that can be seen along the approach to 434:in Singapore, Qingcaosha in China, and 316:water from other on-stream reservoirs. 3428:Environmental Science & Technology 3384:Environmental Science & Technology 2948:"Huddersfield Narrow Canal Reservoirs" 2443:"Llanidloes Mid Wales – Llyn Clywedog" 1609:are the 103 m (338 ft) tall 658:Circa 3000 BC, the craters of extinct 414:storage reservoirs located on the sea 1617:in Greece which both registered 6.3-M 128: 7: 2898:"First Hydro Company Pumped Storage" 2692:. Clemson University, South Carolina 1621:, the 122 m (400 ft) high 340:), the relocation of the village of 278:, which are located on the original 167:to enclose any area to store water. 1484:on land and may cause extinctions. 1381:Hydroelectricity and climate change 1271:Environmental impacts of reservoirs 2801:Fritz Hintze, Kush XI; pp.222-224. 1714:List of reservoirs by surface area 1552:than the chemistry would suggest. 1302:Reservoir greenhouse gas emissions 824:Hydroelectric dam in cross section 704:, a type of reservoir, during the 544:or sometimes entirely underground 350:Borgo San Pietro of Petrella Salto 25: 4882:Megalithic architectural elements 3478:"Ecology of Reservoirs and Lakes" 3337:Éric Duchemin (1 December 1995). 1633:and the 105 m (344 ft) 1234:which killed 17 people.(see also 1132:Water level marker in a reservoir 1040:Many reservoirs often allow some 961:and other white-water sports. On 3126:CIWEM – Reservoirs:Global Issues 2635:. Mott MacDonald. Archived from 2278: 2264: 1182:, to integrated models like the 83: 69:Some reservoirs such as this in 5501:Evolutionary origin of religion 3700:California Data Exchange Center 3694:Department of Water Resources. 1288:Whole life environmental impact 3164:Reports on Progress in Physics 3002:Water Management in Reservoirs 2777:Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece 2384:UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 1591:reservoir-triggered seismicity 1174:Modelling reservoir management 923:consequences of climate change 216:, is formed by impounding the 150:hydroelectric power generation 1: 5114:Art of the Middle Paleolithic 4644:British megalith architecture 3052:North Carolina Dam safety law 629:Outside the low-water period 447:Plover Cove coastal reservoir 196:Reservoir. The dam spans the 5109:Art of the Upper Paleolithic 4649:Nordic megalith architecture 3302:Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2775:Wilson & Wilson (2005). 2006:List of reservoirs by volume 1989:List of reservoirs by volume 729:Parākramabāhu I of Sri Lanka 716:is a notable hafir in Kush. 677:led to early development of 393:form a chain up the valley. 262:created and controlled by a 212:, part of the New York City 2232: 2209: 2186: 2163: 2140: 2117: 2090: 2067: 2040: 1963: 1940: 1917: 1890: 1867: 1844: 1817: 1794: 1771: 1748: 1011:River Dee regulation system 987:2010–2011 Queensland floods 352:during the construction of 344:during the construction of 5644: 5257:British Isles and Brittany 5178:Gwion Gwion rock paintings 3239:Environmental Conservation 3184:10.1088/0034-4885/68/6/R02 2003: 1711: 1697:List of reservoirs by area 1686: 1268: 1219: 400: 245:Tennessee Valley Authority 180:Porosity Storage Reservoir 177: 36: 32:Reservoir (disambiguation) 29: 4942: 4925: 4577: 4564: 4026: 3843: 3830: 3773: 3603:21 September 2010 at the 3259:10.1017/s0376892900034020 2726:Water: the vital resource 2566:10.1680/dare.2009.19.2.79 2024: 2021: 2018: 2015: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1522:Farms and villages, e.g. 683:water resource management 626:River or alluvial aquifer 620: 574:water distribution system 481:Where water is pumped or 247:in 1941 as a part of the 3567:3 September 2009 at the 3233:Fearnside, P.M. (1995). 2853:10.1002/047147844X.sw791 2724:Smith, S. et al. (2006) 1403:greenhouse gas emissions 1399:World Commission on Dams 858:Controlling watersources 634:Pumping from an aquifer 348:, and the relocation of 308:from a nearby stream or 270:and rely on the natural 5489:Evolutionary musicology 4892:Oldest extant buildings 4819:Archaeological features 4338:Prepared-core technique 3696:"Reservoir Information" 3213:era.library.ualberta.ca 2300:Coastal sediment supply 1708:from space (April 1993) 1468:) perched on a buoy at 1207:Natural Resources Wales 889:Downstream water supply 675:water scarcity in India 523:London Heathrow Airport 27:Storage space for water 5451:Unchambered long cairn 5299:Mound Builders culture 4632:Neolithic architecture 3767:Prehistoric technology 3702:. State of California. 2001: 1709: 1664: 1477: 1387:electricity generation 1310:environment releasing 1284: 1217: 1133: 1108: 1037: 882: 870: 844:Run-of-the-river hydro 825: 756: 563:Thames Water Ring Main 478: 463:Queen Mother Reservoir 449: 252: 225: 201: 122: 74: 62: 57:is a reservoir in the 5126:List of Stone Age art 4328:Microblade technology 4276:Langdale axe industry 3874:Ard / plough 3621:20 April 2012 at the 3585:26 April 2006 at the 3549:"Smallwood Reservoir" 3280:Graham-Rowe, Duncan. 3071:"Reservoirs Act 1975" 3057:16 April 2010 at the 2633:"Honor Oak Reservoir" 2601:"Honor Oak Reservoir" 2326:Head of the reservoir 2214:Krasnoyarsk Reservoir 2145:Manicouagan Reservoir 1996: 1945:Caniapiscau Reservoir 1704: 1655: 1459: 1357:Temperate reservoirs 1322:than carbon dioxide. 1278: 1205: 1131: 1099: 1028: 1017:in the river system. 876: 865: 823: 767:plant which delivers 751: 622:Irrigation reservoir 460: 444: 301:off-stream reservoirs 266:constructed across a 231: 210:East Branch Reservoir 207: 192: 178:Further information: 148:, often doubling for 68: 49: 5533:Prehistoric medicine 5528:Prehistoric counting 5511:Prehistoric religion 5506:Paleolithic religion 5484:Behavioral modernity 4841:Causewayed enclosure 4733:Abri de la Madeleine 3857:Neolithic Revolution 3677:21 July 2009 at the 3640:19 July 2009 at the 3484:on 24 September 2015 3315:10.1029/2011GB004187 3149:8 March 2009 at the 2847:. pp. 203–210. 2665:on 23 September 2015 2659:"Aquarius Golf Club" 2468:Fforest Fawr Geopark 1647:crustal stress field 1489:biogeochemical cycle 1368:Tropical reservoirs 1265:Environmental impact 1236:List of dam failures 581:Irrigation reservoir 519:Queen Mary Reservoir 487:bank-side reservoirs 276:on-stream reservoirs 5572:Prehistoric warfare 4318:Magdalenian culture 4281:Levallois technique 4212:Earliest toolmaking 3659:14 May 2011 at the 3440:2004EnST...38.1348S 3251:1995EnvCo..22....7F 3176:2005RPPh...68.1343H 3131:12 May 2008 at the 3033:on 18 November 2013 2954:on 23 December 2001 2826:5 June 2011 at the 2554:Dams and Reservoirs 2367:"Coolant Reservoir" 2012: 1849:Bukhtarma Reservoir 1799:Kuybyshev Reservoir 1776:Smallwood Reservoir 1720: 1466:Phalacrocorax carbo 1397:. According to the 867:Bankstown Reservoir 744:Direct water supply 714:Musawwarat es-Sufra 214:water supply system 141:, usually built to 130:[ʁezɛʁvwaʁ] 5523:Origin of language 5516:Spiritual drug use 5426:Rectangular dolmen 5328:Dartmoor kistvaens 5141:Carved stone balls 4853:Circular enclosure 4812:Other architecture 4755:Alp pile dwellings 4343:Solutrean industry 4254:Gravettian culture 3904:Secondary products 3534:6 May 2009 at the 2980:on 28 October 2012 2845:Water Encyclopedia 2639:on 9 December 2011 2305:Colourful lakelets 2010: 2002: 1718: 1710: 1689:List of reservoirs 1683:List of reservoirs 1665: 1478: 1285: 1250:Operation Chastise 1218: 1134: 1118:compensation water 1109: 1062:landscape painting 1038: 883: 871: 826: 757: 534:Service reservoirs 479: 450: 424:coastal reservoirs 408:Coastal reservoirs 391:Beacons Reservoirs 286:and are filled by 282:of the downstream 253: 233:Cherokee Reservoir 226: 202: 75: 71:Argos, Peloponnese 63: 51:Kardzali Reservoir 5600: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5592: 5591: 5545:Prehistoric music 5494:music archaeology 5151:Cup and ring mark 4976:Clothing/textiles 4921: 4920: 4917: 4916: 4560: 4559: 4556: 4555: 4363:Yubetsu technique 4348:Striking platform 4313:Lithic technology 4198: 4197: 4183:Game drive system 4102:Projectile points 3994:Mortar and pestle 3448:10.1021/es034424f 3396:10.1021/es9604931 3012:978-0-444-98933-8 2754:978-1-901502-57-2 2414:978-1-900437-92-9 2255: 2254: 1986: 1985: 1922:Rybinsk Reservoir 1637:in China at 6.1-M 1470:Farmoor Reservoir 1378: 1377: 1281:Shaw and Crompton 1203: 1090:hydro-electricity 993:in Australia and 733:Parakrama Samudra 651: 650: 644:only water runoff 616:Period of Supply 403:Coastal reservoir 381:valley where the 256:Dammed reservoirs 218:eastern tributary 133:) is an enlarged 59:Rhodope Mountains 16:(Redirected from 5635: 5623:Artificial lakes 5560:Divje Babe flute 5467:Archaeoastronomy 5210:Petrosomatoglyph 4944: 4927: 4776:Water management 4579: 4566: 4469:Denticulate tool 4291:Lithic reduction 4024: 3845: 3832: 3760: 3753: 3746: 3737: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3703: 3681: 3669: 3663: 3651: 3645: 3631: 3625: 3613: 3607: 3595: 3589: 3577: 3571: 3559: 3553: 3552: 3547:Maccallum, Ian. 3544: 3538: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3480:. Archived from 3474: 3468: 3467: 3434:(5): 1348–1358. 3422: 3416: 3415: 3390:(5): 1334–1344. 3378: 3372: 3371: 3368:researchgate.net 3360: 3354: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3317: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3230: 3217: 3216: 3210: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3159: 3153: 3141: 3135: 3123: 3117: 3116: 3114: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3085: 3079: 3078: 3067: 3061: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3029:. Archived from 3027:"Water glossary" 3023: 3017: 3016: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2976:. Archived from 2970: 2964: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2950:. Archived from 2944: 2938: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2927: 2921:. Archived from 2920: 2912: 2906: 2905: 2904:on 29 July 2010. 2900:. Archived from 2894: 2888: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2873: 2867: 2866: 2839: 2830: 2818: 2812: 2808: 2802: 2799: 2788: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2738: 2729: 2722: 2716: 2708: 2702: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2690:Land-Grant Press 2681: 2675: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2661:. Archived from 2655: 2649: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2629: 2623: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2613:on 18 March 2012 2612: 2605: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2576: 2570: 2569: 2549: 2540: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2525: 2519: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2505:. Archived from 2499: 2493: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2478: 2472: 2471: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2439: 2433: 2422: 2416: 2403: 2397: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2381: 2375: 2374: 2363: 2341:Reservoir safety 2288: 2283: 2282: 2274: 2269: 2268: 2267: 2072:Bratsk Reservoir 2013: 1872:Bratsk Reservoir 1721: 1674:South Australian 1635:Xinfengjiang Dam 1332: 1222:Reservoir safety 1204: 831:hydroelectricity 816:Hydroelectricity 753:Gibson Reservoir 673:Dry climate and 640:Stream reservoir 613:Source of Supply 607: 572:of water in the 430:in South Korea, 304:, which receive 260:artificial lakes 132: 115: 114: 111: 110: 107: 104: 101: 98: 95: 92: 89: 21: 5643: 5642: 5638: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5633: 5632: 5628:Bodies of water 5603: 5602: 5601: 5588: 5455: 5441:Stone box grave 5411:Megalithic tomb 5316:Cotswold-Severn 5268: 5173:Guardian stones 5101:Prehistoric art 5095: 4938: 4913: 4902:Timber trackway 4807: 4771: 4767:Wattle and daub 4620: 4599:Standing stones 4573: 4552: 4367: 4194: 4171: 4096: 4013: 3923:Food processing 3918: 3867:New World crops 3839: 3826: 3769: 3764: 3726: 3724: 3723:on 3 April 2022 3706: 3693: 3690: 3685: 3684: 3679:Wayback Machine 3670: 3666: 3661:Wayback Machine 3652: 3648: 3642:Wayback Machine 3632: 3628: 3623:Wayback Machine 3614: 3610: 3605:Wayback Machine 3596: 3592: 3587:Wayback Machine 3578: 3574: 3569:Wayback Machine 3560: 3556: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3536:Wayback Machine 3527: 3523: 3513: 3511: 3510:on 18 June 2012 3502: 3501: 3497: 3487: 3485: 3476: 3475: 3471: 3424: 3423: 3419: 3380: 3379: 3375: 3362: 3361: 3357: 3347: 3345: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3279: 3278: 3274: 3232: 3231: 3220: 3208: 3204: 3203: 3199: 3170:(6): E2865-74. 3161: 3160: 3156: 3151:Wayback Machine 3142: 3138: 3133:Wayback Machine 3124: 3120: 3112: 3108: 3107: 3103: 3093: 3091: 3087: 3086: 3082: 3075:www.opsi.gov.uk 3069: 3068: 3064: 3059:Wayback Machine 3050: 3046: 3036: 3034: 3025: 3024: 3020: 3013: 2998: 2997: 2993: 2983: 2981: 2972: 2971: 2967: 2957: 2955: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2931: 2929: 2928:on 3 March 2016 2925: 2918: 2916:"Irrigation UK" 2914: 2913: 2909: 2896: 2895: 2891: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2874: 2870: 2863: 2841: 2840: 2833: 2828:Wayback Machine 2819: 2815: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2791: 2774: 2770: 2755: 2740: 2739: 2732: 2723: 2719: 2715:, p. 15-16 2709: 2705: 2695: 2693: 2683: 2682: 2678: 2668: 2666: 2657: 2656: 2652: 2642: 2640: 2631: 2630: 2626: 2616: 2614: 2610: 2603: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2584: 2582: 2578: 2577: 2573: 2551: 2550: 2543: 2533: 2531: 2527: 2526: 2522: 2512: 2510: 2509:on 26 July 2018 2501: 2500: 2496: 2486: 2484: 2480: 2479: 2475: 2462: 2461: 2457: 2447: 2445: 2441: 2440: 2436: 2423: 2419: 2404: 2400: 2390: 2388: 2383: 2382: 2378: 2365: 2364: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2284: 2277: 2270: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2008: 1991: 1716: 1699: 1691: 1685: 1670: 1640: 1632: 1620: 1606: 1587: 1533: 1509: 1462:great cormorant 1454: 1442:carbon monoxide 1383: 1338:Carbon Dioxide 1304: 1299: 1290: 1273: 1267: 1243:Royal Air Force 1224: 1194: 1192: 1176: 1126: 1074: 1054:natural history 1023: 978: 957:conditions for 860: 818: 773:water treatment 765:water treatment 746: 741: 706:Meroitic period 698:Kingdom of Kush 656: 583: 531: 455: 445:Aerial view of 405: 399: 187: 182: 176: 161:retaining walls 86: 82: 42: 39:artificial lake 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Water reservoir 15: 12: 11: 5: 5641: 5639: 5631: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5605: 5604: 5598: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5590: 5589: 5587: 5586: 5585: 5584: 5574: 5569: 5568: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5550:Alligator drum 5542: 5541: 5540: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5519: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5498: 5497: 5496: 5486: 5481: 5480: 5479: 5477:lunar calendar 5474: 5463: 5461: 5460:Other cultural 5457: 5456: 5454: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5407: 5406: 5401: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5380: 5379: 5374: 5364: 5359: 5358: 5357: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5331: 5330: 5320: 5319: 5318: 5308: 5307: 5306: 5296: 5295: 5294: 5289: 5278: 5276: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5266: 5264:Venus figurine 5261: 5260: 5259: 5254: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5233: 5232: 5227: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5195:Megalithic art 5192: 5191: 5190: 5185: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5164: 5163: 5153: 5148: 5146:Cave paintings 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5122: 5121: 5111: 5105: 5103: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5093: 5092: 5091: 5086: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5065: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5029: 5024: 5023: 5022: 5012: 5011: 5010: 5005: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4984: 4983: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4952: 4950: 4948:Material goods 4940: 4939: 4930: 4923: 4922: 4919: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4911: 4910: 4909: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4878: 4877: 4867: 4862: 4861: 4860: 4850: 4849: 4848: 4838: 4837: 4836: 4826: 4821: 4815: 4813: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4779: 4777: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4758: 4757: 4747: 4742: 4741: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4704: 4703: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4682: 4681: 4671: 4666: 4664:Cliff dwelling 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4640: 4639: 4628: 4626: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4618: 4617: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4596: 4591: 4585: 4583: 4575: 4574: 4569: 4562: 4561: 4558: 4557: 4554: 4553: 4551: 4550: 4549: 4548: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4522: 4521: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4460: 4459: 4449: 4448: 4447: 4442: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4416: 4415: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4394: 4393: 4383: 4377: 4375: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4309: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4272: 4271: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4249:Fire hardening 4246: 4241: 4239:Clovis culture 4236: 4231: 4230: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4208: 4206: 4200: 4199: 4196: 4195: 4193: 4192: 4191: 4190: 4179: 4177: 4173: 4172: 4170: 4169: 4164: 4162:Manis Mastodon 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4118: 4117: 4106: 4104: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4094: 4093: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4062: 4057: 4056: 4055: 4045: 4044: 4043: 4041:throwing stick 4033: 4027: 4021: 4015: 4014: 4012: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3980: 3979: 3974: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3948: 3947: 3937: 3932: 3926: 3924: 3920: 3919: 3917: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3870: 3869: 3864: 3853: 3851: 3841: 3840: 3835: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3824: 3819: 3818: 3817: 3807: 3806: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3774: 3771: 3770: 3765: 3763: 3762: 3755: 3748: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3704: 3689: 3688:External links 3686: 3683: 3682: 3664: 3646: 3626: 3608: 3590: 3572: 3554: 3539: 3521: 3495: 3469: 3417: 3373: 3355: 3329: 3287: 3272: 3218: 3197: 3154: 3136: 3118: 3101: 3080: 3062: 3044: 3018: 3011: 2991: 2965: 2939: 2907: 2889: 2868: 2862:978-0471478447 2861: 2831: 2813: 2803: 2789: 2768: 2753: 2730: 2717: 2703: 2676: 2650: 2624: 2592: 2571: 2541: 2520: 2494: 2473: 2455: 2434: 2417: 2398: 2376: 2357: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2316:Drainage basin 2313: 2308: 2302: 2297: 2291: 2290: 2289: 2275: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2239: 2237:Zeya Reservoir 2234: 2230: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2207: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2193: 2191:Williston Lake 2188: 2184: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2161: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2138: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2115: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2097: 2092: 2088: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2065: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2047: 2042: 2038: 2037: 2034: 2030: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2004:Main article: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1961: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1938: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1915: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1897: 1892: 1888: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1865: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1842: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1824: 1819: 1815: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1792: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1769: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1746: 1745: 1742: 1738: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1712:Main article: 1698: 1695: 1687:Main article: 1684: 1681: 1669: 1666: 1657:Liptovská Mara 1638: 1630: 1618: 1604: 1586: 1583: 1532: 1529: 1508: 1505: 1453: 1450: 1434:sulfur dioxide 1382: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1365: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1354: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1343: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1320:greenhouse gas 1316:carbon dioxide 1303: 1300: 1298: 1297:Climate change 1295: 1289: 1286: 1269:Main article: 1266: 1263: 1220:Main article: 1191: 1188: 1175: 1172: 1125: 1122: 1113:draw-off tower 1088:, to generate 1086:drinking water 1073: 1070: 1064:, walking and 1044:uses, such as 1035:North Carolina 1022: 1019: 991:Burrendong Dam 977: 976:Flow balancing 974: 973: 972: 951: 948: 929: 926: 914: 911: 896: 893: 890: 859: 856: 817: 814: 801:stratification 777:retention time 769:drinking water 745: 742: 740: 737: 691:Madhya Pradesh 655: 652: 649: 648: 645: 642: 636: 635: 631: 630: 627: 624: 618: 617: 614: 611: 610:Reservoir Type 582: 579: 530: 527: 454: 451: 432:Marina Barrage 401:Main article: 398: 395: 306:diverted water 243:Valley by the 186: 185:Dammed valleys 183: 175: 172: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5640: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5618:Lakes by type 5616: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5583: 5580: 5579: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5547: 5546: 5543: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5503: 5502: 5499: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5469: 5468: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5458: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5436:Simple dolmen 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5421:Passage grave 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5396: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5369: 5368: 5367:Gallery grave 5365: 5363: 5360: 5356: 5353: 5352: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5324: 5321: 5317: 5314: 5313: 5312: 5309: 5305: 5302: 5301: 5300: 5297: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5284: 5283: 5282:Burial mounds 5280: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5271: 5265: 5262: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5249: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5242:Statue menhir 5240: 5238: 5235: 5231: 5230:Stone carving 5228: 5226: 5223: 5222: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5162: 5159: 5158: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5120: 5117: 5116: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5098: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5069:Sewing needle 5067: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5034: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5021: 5018: 5017: 5016: 5013: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 5000: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4982: 4979: 4978: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4928: 4924: 4908: 4905: 4904: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4897:Timber circle 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4876: 4873: 4872: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4859: 4856: 4855: 4854: 4851: 4847: 4846:Tor enclosure 4844: 4843: 4842: 4839: 4835: 4834:fulacht fiadh 4832: 4831: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4816: 4814: 4810: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4774: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4756: 4753: 4752: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4725: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4702: 4699: 4698: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4638: 4635: 4634: 4633: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4623: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4601: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4586: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4567: 4563: 4547: 4544: 4543: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4520: 4517: 4516: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4458: 4455: 4454: 4453: 4450: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4437: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4414: 4411: 4410: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4392: 4389: 4388: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4370: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4293: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4270: 4267: 4266: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4214: 4213: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4201: 4189: 4186: 4185: 4184: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4174: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4116: 4113: 4112: 4111: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4099: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4070:spear-thrower 4068: 4067: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4054: 4051: 4050: 4049: 4048:Bow and arrow 4046: 4042: 4039: 4038: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4028: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4016: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3969: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3957:Grinding slab 3955: 3953: 3950: 3946: 3943: 3942: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3927: 3925: 3921: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3889:Domestication 3887: 3885: 3884:Digging stick 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3862:Founder crops 3860: 3859: 3858: 3855: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3833: 3829: 3823: 3820: 3816: 3813: 3812: 3811: 3808: 3804: 3803:New Stone Age 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3780: 3779: 3776: 3775: 3772: 3768: 3761: 3756: 3754: 3749: 3747: 3742: 3741: 3738: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3691: 3687: 3680: 3676: 3673: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3658: 3655: 3650: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3620: 3617: 3612: 3609: 3606: 3602: 3599: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3584: 3581: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3566: 3563: 3558: 3555: 3550: 3543: 3540: 3537: 3533: 3530: 3525: 3522: 3509: 3505: 3499: 3496: 3483: 3479: 3473: 3470: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3421: 3418: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3377: 3374: 3369: 3365: 3359: 3356: 3344: 3340: 3333: 3330: 3325: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3291: 3288: 3283: 3276: 3273: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3219: 3214: 3207: 3201: 3198: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3148: 3145: 3140: 3137: 3134: 3130: 3127: 3122: 3119: 3111: 3105: 3102: 3090: 3089:"Llyn Eigiau" 3084: 3081: 3076: 3072: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3056: 3053: 3048: 3045: 3032: 3028: 3022: 3019: 3014: 3008: 3004: 3003: 2995: 2992: 2979: 2975: 2969: 2966: 2953: 2949: 2943: 2940: 2924: 2917: 2911: 2908: 2903: 2899: 2893: 2890: 2878: 2872: 2869: 2864: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2838: 2836: 2832: 2829: 2825: 2822: 2817: 2814: 2807: 2804: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2785:0-415-97334-1 2782: 2779:. Routledge. 2778: 2772: 2769: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2750: 2746: 2745: 2737: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2721: 2718: 2714: 2713: 2707: 2704: 2691: 2687: 2680: 2677: 2664: 2660: 2654: 2651: 2638: 2634: 2628: 2625: 2609: 2602: 2596: 2593: 2581: 2575: 2572: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2548: 2546: 2542: 2530: 2524: 2521: 2508: 2504: 2498: 2495: 2483: 2477: 2474: 2469: 2465: 2459: 2456: 2444: 2438: 2435: 2431: 2430:0-916122-51-4 2427: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2399: 2387: 2380: 2377: 2372: 2371:Canadian Tire 2368: 2362: 2359: 2352: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2292: 2287: 2281: 2276: 2273: 2262: 2257: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2098: 2096: 2093: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2032: 2031: 2014: 2007: 1999: 1995: 1988: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1740: 1739: 1733:Surface area 1722: 1715: 1707: 1703: 1696: 1694: 1690: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1667: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1648: 1644: 1636: 1628: 1624: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1584: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1560: 1558: 1553: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1538: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1506: 1504: 1503:and in fish. 1502: 1498: 1497:methylmercury 1494: 1490: 1485: 1483: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1458: 1451: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1426:thermal power 1422: 1418: 1416: 1411: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1390: 1388: 1380: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1366: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1355: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1301: 1296: 1294: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1244: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1227: 1223: 1216: 1212: 1211:Gwydir Forest 1208: 1189: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1138: 1130: 1123: 1121: 1119: 1114: 1107: 1103: 1098: 1094: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1071: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1058:bird watching 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1036: 1032: 1027: 1020: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 975: 970: 969: 964: 960: 956: 952: 949: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 927: 924: 920: 919:orifice plate 915: 913:Flood control 912: 909: 905: 901: 897: 894: 891: 888: 887: 886: 880: 875: 868: 864: 857: 855: 853: 847: 845: 841: 836: 832: 822: 815: 813: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 754: 750: 743: 738: 736: 734: 730: 726: 722: 717: 715: 711: 707: 703: 700:invented the 699: 694: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 671: 669: 665: 661: 653: 646: 643: 641: 638: 637: 633: 632: 628: 625: 623: 619: 615: 612: 609: 608: 605: 602: 598: 594: 590: 588: 580: 578: 575: 571: 566: 564: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 528: 526: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 476: 472: 468: 464: 459: 452: 448: 443: 439: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 404: 396: 394: 392: 388: 384: 380: 375: 373: 369: 368:Llyn Clywedog 365: 360: 357: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 317: 315: 311: 307: 303: 302: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 250: 246: 242: 241:Holston River 238: 234: 230: 223: 219: 215: 211: 206: 199: 198:Vyrnwy Valley 195: 191: 184: 181: 173: 171: 168: 166: 162: 158: 153: 151: 147: 144: 140: 136: 131: 127: 126: 125: 119: 113: 80: 72: 67: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 5377:wedge-shaped 5362:Funeral pyre 5355:Great dolmen 5311:Chamber tomb 5292:Round barrow 5247:Stone circle 5119:Blombos Cave 5047:Grooved ware 4971:Chalcolithic 4875:Thornborough 4797: 4793:Flush toilet 4728:Blombos Cave 4723:Rock shelter 4679:Quiggly hole 4571:Architecture 4546:illustration 4188:Buffalo jump 4009:Storage pits 3972:Aşıklı Höyük 3962:Ground stone 3798:Subdivisions 3725:. Retrieved 3721:the original 3716: 3712: 3699: 3667: 3649: 3629: 3611: 3593: 3575: 3557: 3542: 3524: 3512:. Retrieved 3508:the original 3498: 3488:20 September 3486:. Retrieved 3482:the original 3472: 3431: 3427: 3420: 3387: 3383: 3376: 3367: 3358: 3348:20 September 3346:. Retrieved 3343:ResearchGate 3342: 3332: 3305: 3301: 3290: 3275: 3242: 3238: 3212: 3200: 3167: 3163: 3157: 3139: 3121: 3104: 3094:20 September 3092:. Retrieved 3083: 3074: 3065: 3047: 3037:20 September 3035:. Retrieved 3031:the original 3021: 3001: 2994: 2984:20 September 2982:. Retrieved 2978:the original 2968: 2958:20 September 2956:. Retrieved 2952:the original 2942: 2932:20 September 2930:. Retrieved 2923:the original 2910: 2902:the original 2892: 2882:20 September 2880:. Retrieved 2871: 2844: 2816: 2806: 2776: 2771: 2743: 2725: 2720: 2710: 2706: 2694:. Retrieved 2689: 2679: 2669:20 September 2667:. Retrieved 2663:the original 2653: 2641:. Retrieved 2637:the original 2627: 2615:. Retrieved 2608:the original 2595: 2585:20 September 2583:. Retrieved 2574: 2560:(2): 79–84. 2557: 2553: 2532:. Retrieved 2523: 2511:. Retrieved 2507:the original 2497: 2485:. Retrieved 2476: 2467: 2464:"Reservoirs" 2458: 2448:20 September 2446:. Retrieved 2437: 2420: 2405: 2401: 2391:20 September 2389:. Retrieved 2379: 2370: 2361: 2286:Water portal 2272:Lakes portal 1692: 1671: 1615:Kremasta Dam 1603:magnitude (M 1595:Marathon Dam 1588: 1572: 1568:productivity 1561: 1554: 1550:oligotrophic 1542: 1534: 1521: 1510: 1507:Human impact 1486: 1479: 1465: 1438:nitric oxide 1423: 1419: 1412: 1395:fossil fuels 1391: 1384: 1328: 1324: 1305: 1291: 1240: 1228: 1225: 1177: 1169: 1166: 1157: 1153: 1150:outlet works 1145: 1141: 1139: 1135: 1117: 1110: 1102:Llyn Brianne 1100:Spillway of 1075: 1042:recreational 1039: 1031:Chatuge Lake 998: 979: 966: 941:Rideau Canal 898:water in an 884: 852:pump-storage 848: 827: 797:limnological 776: 758: 718: 695: 672: 657: 639: 621: 603: 599: 595: 591: 584: 567: 554:Thames Water 538:water towers 533: 532: 511:River Thames 495:puddled clay 486: 480: 475:River Thames 407: 406: 376: 361: 358: 318: 299: 290:, rivers or 275: 255: 254: 222:Croton River 169: 154: 121: 78: 76: 43: 5399:unchambered 5394:Long barrow 5384:Grave goods 5340:Court cairn 5335:Clava cairn 5287:Bowl barrow 5225:Rock cupule 5168:Golden hats 5161:Hill figure 5062:Unstan ware 5042:Cord-marked 4907:Sweet Track 4829:Burnt mound 4750:Stilt house 4738:Sibudu Cave 4531:Tally stick 4499:Quern-stone 4484:Hammerstone 4474:Fire plough 4445:Pesse canoe 4403:Bannerstone 4373:Other tools 4286:Lithic core 4234:Aurignacian 4122:Bare Island 4004:Quern-stone 3727:15 February 3245:(1): 7–19. 2643:1 September 2617:1 September 2346:Shade balls 2336:Quarry lake 2311:Dam failure 2307:(in Poland) 2095:Lake Nasser 2045:Lake Kariba 2036:cu mi 1998:Lake Kariba 1895:Lake Nasser 1822:Lake Kariba 1744:sq mi 1575:knickpoints 1564:hypolimnion 1501:zooplankton 1474:Oxfordshire 1432:(including 1415:Tucuruí Dam 1407:Balbina Dam 1232:Llyn Eigiau 1124:Terminology 1084:for use as 1078:groundwater 1015:capacitance 1003:North Wales 955:white water 945:The Narrows 906:for use in 793:zooplankton 587:groundwater 550:geomembrane 542:water tanks 436:Plover Cove 420:river mouth 412:fresh water 342:Capel Celyn 330:Lake Nasser 194:Lake Vyrnwy 146:fresh water 116:; from 5613:Reservoirs 5607:Categories 5538:trepanning 5431:Ring cairn 5389:Jar burial 5372:transepted 5304:U.S. sites 5205:Petroglyph 5131:Bird stone 5089:wine press 4762:Stone roof 4745:Roundhouse 4637:long house 4614:Stonehenge 4582:Ceremonial 4526:Stone tool 4353:Tool stone 4323:Metallurgy 4227:Mousterian 4204:Toolmaking 4142:Cumberland 4115:Transverse 4085:Schöningen 3977:Qesem cave 3945:Earth oven 3899:Irrigation 3810:Technology 3778:Prehistory 3308:(2): n/a. 2353:References 2122:Lake Volta 2000:from space 1854:Kazakhstan 1753:Lake Volta 1706:Lake Volta 1623:Kariba Dam 1599:Hoover Dam 1585:Seismicity 1482:ecosystems 1246:Dambusters 1162:navigation 1029:A boat on 1021:Recreation 999:Llyn Tegid 950:Recreation 900:irrigation 895:Irrigation 809:phosphorus 763:feed to a 681:and other 668:irrigation 491:embankment 428:Saemanguem 379:River Taff 354:Lake Salto 346:Llyn Celyn 328:to create 322:Abu Simbel 272:topography 5582:symbolism 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