548:
developed. One of the immediate results of forestry sector regulation, however, was a sharp decrease in revenues since the late 1970s. In 1991 the government, with assistance from UNDP and the World
Wildlife Fund, established a trust fund for environmental conservation. Initially in the amount of US$ 20 million, the UNDP-administered fund was aimed at producing up to US$ 1 million per year for training in forestry and ecology, surveying forests, reviewing and implementing management plans for protected areas, and supporting government environmental offices, public awareness programs, and integrated conservation and development programs. Modernly, domestic timber harvesting remains legal though subject to strict regulation and inspection.
440:
world average, and that over the previous three decades regional temperatures had risen by 2.7 °C (36.9 °F). Satellite imaging also confirmed changes in glaciers and snow peaks, indicating increased runoff and decreased coverage. However, opinions varied on the effect of global warming in the
Himalaya. According to US geological survey report, 66 glaciers in Bhutan have decreased by 8.1 percent in the last 30 years. On the other hand, a study whose results were published in 2011 indicated glacial melt depended on several factors including debris cover, and that more than half of the glaciers in the Himalaya were stable or were in fact growing. Debris cover, such as rocks and mud, set apart the relatively stable glaciers of the
140:. Because it is particularly environmentally harmful, the practice has been banned by the government since 1969, however it continues today. In the mid-1980s, it accounted for 32 percent of the agricultural land use and about 3 percent of the total land use. In the early 1990s, Bhutan imposed a ban on timber exports, though domestic timber harvesting remains heavily regulated under a network of foresters and road checkpoints. In April 1999, Bhutan also prohibited plastic bags nationwide. The ban on plastic bags, however, has proven a daunting challenge in implementation and enforcement because of the practicality of lightweight airtight storage and a lack of feasible alternatives.
30:
330:." Bhutan is regarded by some as the best example in the world of setting aside a high proportion of a country's area to maintain the ecologies of protected areas – by constructing corridors – without financial consequences, as reviewed by Wangchuk 2007 and reflected in the study of Lham et al 2019. As of 2011, the Fund had recruited 189 field staff, had trained 24 post-graduate specialists, and had provided over 300 short scientific courses. The Fund alone manages a total protected area of 16,396.43 square kilometres (6,330.70 sq mi) – nearly the size of
543:
build a major dam on the Manas Chhu in 1986 that would have flooded this major conservation area on the southern Bhutan-India border. By 1989 Bhutan had developed nine other forest and wildlife preserves, also mostly along the southern border with India. In the face of increasing denuded hillsides, private logging was banned, and strict standards for public-sector logging operations were established in 1979. Farmers were warned against burning off forests to clear land for
409:. Although GLOFs are not a new phenomenon in Bhutan, their frequency has risen in the past three decades. Significant GLOFs occurred in 1957, 1960, 1968 and 1994, devastating lives and property downstream. According to the Bhutan Department of Energy however, the majority of rivers in Bhutan are more susceptible to fluctuation with changing rainfall patterns than to flooding directly attributable to glacier or snow melt.
462:, was based on 286 glaciers along the Himalaya and Hindu Kush from Bhutan to the Afghanistan-Pakistan border. Another preliminary survey conducted by a team of Japanese and Bhutanese scientists, including a glacio-microbiologist, glacio-ecologist and geologist, indicated that the presence of a peculiar microorganism on the surfaces of glaciers could accelerate glacial melting and eventually lead to a glacial outburst.
4265:
3860:
65:. Land and water use have also become matters of environmental concern in both rural and urban settings. In addition to these general issues, others such as landfill availability and air and noise pollution are particularly prevalent in relatively urbanized and industrialized areas of Bhutan. In many cases, the least financially and politically empowered find themselves the most affected by environmental issues.
4275:
3870:
3003:
218:. As Bhutan industrializes, ordinary citizens have faced increased competition for essential resources and amenities – from water to roads – with the industries that benefit from Bhutan's nearby development projects. While residents express frustration at the diminution in health and lifestyle, industrial operators point out that in Bhutan the provision of
96:, the independent National Environment Commission (NEC) and Bhutan Trust Fund, as well as the executive Ministries of Health (for chemical and radioactive waste), Economic Affairs, and Agriculture and Forests (Department of Forestry Services) are tasked with addressing environmental issues. Waste disposal issues often fall to local governments, Bhutan's
2239:
Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020).
1241:
1000:
2238:
Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.;
676:
between residents and industry, as well as drying water sources, are actual and imminent environmental issues facing residents in Bhutan. Water shortages have become a widespread phenomenon in rural settlements, and as internal resettlement produces new villages, many there also face water shortages.
547:
cultivation, and Forest Guards were trained in increasing numbers to help preserve the valuable resources. Surveying, demarcation, conservation, and management plans for harvesting forest products were part of the Fifth
Development Plan's focus on forestry preservation. Wildlife sanctuaries also were
439:
expressed a more dim outlook in a press conference in late March 2010, stating, "Our glaciers are withdrawing very fast and we have reasons to worry that they may in fact disappear not in 2035, but even earlier." Further studies in 2009 indicated the rate of glacial melt in Bhutan was three times the
635:
In the late 2000s, Thimphu experienced steady growth despite water shortages. Areas downstream from
Thimphu along the Wangchu River deteriorated significantly because of human waste and refuse. In a November 2011 effort to combat downstream degradation, waste outlets were converted into collection
542:
began supporting Bhutan's forest management through organizing forest ranger training programs, supplying funds for forest boundary demarcation, building guard posts, and constructing a patrol road for what was later to be designated the Royal Manas
National Park. Bhutan rejected World Bank aid to
534:
cultivation, forest fires, and overgrazing also contributed to the degradation of Bhutan's forestry resource. In 1981 some 3.3 million hectares, or between 70 and 74 percent of the land, were forested, but in 1991 foreign estimates indicated a shrinking forest of only 60 to 64 percent of the land.
420:
report suggested that due to rising temperatures, glaciers in Bhutan were retreating at a rate of 30–40 meters per year, poised to make many lakes burst their banks and send millions of gallons of floodwater downstream. This among many other climate-related issues identified in the report prompted
273:
have been cited as some of the most prevalent causes of domestic air pollution, with three out of four running without modern emission controls. Semiannual NEC site visits check for compliance with existing regulation and may impose relatively trivial fines, however living conditions remained poor
623:
authorities estimated 49 percent of
Thimphu's total refuse was biodegradable organic waste; 25.3 percent was paper; 13.7 percent was plastics; and 3.6 percent was glass. The capital's only designated dumping site, Memelakha Landfill, met its capacity in 2002, leading to overflowing and illegal
510:'s low population and the general absence of overdevelopment contributed to its forest preservation. Because of terrain, more accessible forests had been overcut whereas remote forests remained largely in their natural state through the early 1990s. A progressive government-sponsored forestry
321:
have been managed by the Bhutan Trust Fund for
Environmental Conservation under the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry Services Division. In 1993, the Fund revised and reduced its extensive parks system for better ecological representation and management. Through 2008, however, protected areas
160:
projects, was seen in the 1980s as a key factor in forest conservation. Because affordable electricity was not available throughout the country, the government established fuelwood plantations near villages to accommodate daily needs and to promote forest conservation. Firewood harvesting and
643:
makes them less practical than illegally dumping by the wayside or into rivers. As a result, communities outside urban areas suffer consequences of discarding refuse into the common water supply, increasing the demand for alternative water sources. Villages near designated open air
342:, these protected areas are inhabited or are located within populated areas. By 2011, human development and illegal activities such as habitat destruction and poaching threaten to wipe out endangered species, including the white bellied heron, one of the country's rarest birds.
68:
Through 2011, Bhutan experienced accelerated economic activities which pressured natural resources such as land, air, and water. Development activities increased urbanization, industrialization, mining and quarrying, agriculture, and solid waste management projects.
161:
management remains one of Bhutan's leading environmental challenges; the kingdom is one of the world's leaders in firewood consumption at a rate of 2.8 cubic metres (99 cu ft) per annum and accounts for 80 percent of the kingdom's energy consumption.
514:
strove to balance revenue needs with ecological considerations, water management, and soil preservation. Success in managing its forest resources had long been critical to the local environment and economy and also affected downstream floodplains in
624:
dumping there and at other sites around
Thimphu. Through 2009, the government reaction was a "polluters pay" policy that failed to achieve its desired results. To more effectively approach refuse issues and to address different varieties of waste,
155:
and other modern energy sources became available, the source of fuel for heating, cooking, and lighting was nearly exclusively firewood. The provision of electricity, as well as better regulation of fuelwood collectors and more aggressive
229:, is a major industrial center and has been the focus of many industry-related environmental issues brought since Bhutan began its development programs in the 1960s. Bhutan has planned an industrial waste repository in Pasakha,
535:
Even more conservative estimates indicated that closer to 50 percent of Bhutan's territory still was forested in the late 1980s, and about 15 percent of GDP was produced through the nation's important forest industry.
618:
alone produced some 51 tonnes (8,000 st) of waste daily, at an average household output of 0.96 kilograms (2.1 lb); this represented a nearly threefold increase over the three prior years. Thimphu
348:
in Bhutan is an environmental issue both within the kingdom and at its borders. Many species are poached for their alleged medicinal properties. Though protected within Bhutan, wildlife products including
585:
Though passed in 2009, regulation under the Waste
Prevention and Management Act was finalized in 2011. The regulations aimed to cover refuse segregation, including industrial, chemical, radioactive, and
628:
began a subsidized pilot project for sorting between biodegradable and non-biodegradable refuse. Thimphu municipal authorities also addressed the ubiquitous plastic in its refuse with a shredder for
530:
in 1961. Uncontrolled felling of trees in the 1970s by private companies in logging areas and by rural populations along roads and in main valleys stripped hillsides and caused serious erosion.
582:
and effective waste disposal systems, prompting residents to burn garbage, dump it, or simply throw it off a cliff. In 2012 unsound disposal of waste reached 52% of generated waste.
164:
Across Bhutan, traditional farmers and grazers have continued to face human-wildlife conflicts such as crop and livestock depredation. These conflicts are complicated by problems of
632:
to facilitate transport to recycling in India. Still, compliance with proper waste disposal remained a challenge within all segments, from street vendors to ordinary citizens.
269:, has manifested in a brown haze in the atmosphere above Bhutan. This air pollution resulted in decreased crop output and increased concerns about public health. Bhutan's four
488:. Double harvests in late autumn prevent production of a single mature crop and raise the specter of reduced yields in the following summer. Similar patterns in neighboring
717:
105:
3749:
426:
2419:
379:
Bhutan has faced ongoing and immediate climate change since the late twentieth century. Tangible climate change has resulted in the warming and recession of many of
3794:
538:
Recognizing the potential value of its forestry resource, Bhutan became increasingly conscientious about forestry management in the 1970s. Starting in 1977, the
81:, high fuel-wood consumption, and human-wildlife conflicts are some of Bhutan's environmental challenges. Notwithstanding these problems, Bhutan remains overall
1366:
274:
due to dust. Enforcement has been portrayed as lax in
Bhutanese media, and complaints by some residents around the Pasakha industrial center went unaddressed.
2110:
1490:
492:
regions project yield losses between 10 and 40 percent due to these changes. Some Bhutanese had changed crops as a result of these environmental changes.
326:, spanning a 4,914 square kilometres (1,897 sq mi) swath in northern Bhutan. The parks and sanctuaries are all connected either directly or by "
3584:
775:
2162:
1204:
868:
1399:
1331:
1302:
4299:
4179:
4154:
3774:
3694:
2948:
1716:
2081:
3825:
901:
367:
command high prices outside the kingdom. Although porous borders are blamed for trafficking in poached wildlife, some protected species such as
313:, a hallmark of Bhutan, is threatened by human activity and climate change. To address these problems, the Royal Government began setting aside
1942:
523:. The Department of Forestry was established in 1952 to oversee conservation and exploitation of the country's significant forestry resources.
1799:
1769:
1272:
2473:
1089:
742:
3906:
3744:
3709:
3664:
3501:
2867:
2621:
2452:
1520:
1335:
197:
1887:
3835:
1434:
3634:
3629:
3524:
3228:
2558:
2353:
1916:
1656:
1142:
4230:
29:
3754:
3729:
3644:
3624:
3574:
3544:
3534:
2831:
2302:
1590:
2055:
2026:
1858:
1112:
664:
has been identified in Bhutanese media as an environmental concern, citing negative potentials ranging from distraction to deafness.
3719:
3714:
3594:
3233:
3063:
1971:
712:
595:
2591:
1171:
2241:"Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material"
1828:
3989:
3734:
3689:
3669:
3659:
3559:
3452:
2961:
552:
4240:
2136:
3759:
3674:
3654:
3539:
3529:
2977:
1645:
3830:
4099:
3804:
3789:
3739:
3704:
3639:
3619:
3609:
3569:
3554:
387:(GLOFs). Bhutan has also seen a shift in agriculture patterns due to climate change, prompting concern over the stability of
2448:
677:
In addition, urbanization and shifts in land ownership, including land pooling, have complicated matters of water access in
4199:
3799:
836:
3764:
3724:
3679:
3614:
3589:
3579:
3564:
2427:
2386:
109:
3684:
3649:
3604:
3599:
3282:
3033:
2651:
3840:
172:
have entered agricultural areas, trampling crops and killing livestock. In response, the government has implemented an
4149:
4114:
3784:
3264:
3179:
2941:
804:
384:
339:
4235:
2863:
1707:
1374:
4194:
963:
429:(SAARC) adopted bilateral agreements including measures on climate change and glaciers at its summit in April 2010.
334:
and more than 42 percent of Bhutan's total 38,394 square kilometres (14,824 sq mi). With the exception of
136:, is a practice by which land is cleared and farmed intensively until it becomes unproductive and is thereafter let
4039:
4034:
3929:
3845:
3699:
3363:
3221:
3143:
3023:
2992:
421:
the regional association of government ministers to establish the Southeast Asia Regional Health Emergency Fund in
335:
4204:
2801:
2771:
2741:
2707:
2209:
2114:
188:
outside human settlement areas to encourage animals to stay away. Some local farmers have begun planting crops of
147:
agriculture, other traditional practices have drawn concern for the environment. Throughout Bhutan, dependence on
4159:
4134:
4069:
4049:
4029:
3949:
3939:
3368:
3216:
3201:
1553:
1257:
1016:
527:
323:
318:
305:
253:
industries. The repository at Bhutan's largest industrial site was initially slated for completion in July 2011.
1498:
4245:
4124:
3999:
3979:
3921:
3899:
3516:
3494:
3096:
3068:
3043:
449:
433:
207:
4119:
4189:
124:
To address environmental issues, the government of Bhutan has banned certain practices with varying success.
4139:
4094:
4074:
4064:
3964:
3944:
3406:
930:
3959:
783:
4250:
4164:
4079:
4059:
3934:
3388:
3184:
3169:
2934:
2886:
2306:
2166:
266:
215:
1212:
876:
4209:
4144:
4109:
4044:
4024:
4014:
3974:
3954:
3259:
3189:
1678:
1407:
1339:
1310:
511:
471:
453:
388:
54:
2085:
598:, and human settlements. With its relatively high population and powerful local government, the urban
4169:
4129:
4104:
4084:
4019:
3994:
3984:
3969:
3211:
2913:
2890:
2004:
971:
938:
909:
808:
575:
211:
93:
50:
17:
1946:
289:
or disposal sites. The practice increases ambient air pollution as well as air and ground toxicity.
4219:
4089:
4054:
4009:
4004:
3892:
3814:
3487:
3416:
3401:
3378:
3292:
3174:
3117:
3058:
3028:
3011:
2987:
1807:
1777:
1280:
539:
189:
152:
113:
4274:
3869:
2481:
750:
3421:
3323:
3274:
3206:
3157:
3078:
3048:
1750:
501:
485:
400:
380:
368:
363:
282:
169:
2629:
1528:
476:
In the early 21st century, Bhutanese farmers first experienced agricultural fluctuations due to
1895:
3445:
3333:
3306:
3287:
3247:
3101:
3073:
2969:
2280:
2262:
1742:
1442:
1085:
697:
571:
458:
350:
327:
203:
74:
2570:
2361:
2187:
1920:
1150:
3411:
3373:
3343:
3328:
3269:
3133:
3002:
2270:
2252:
1732:
1724:
707:
702:
685:
587:
405:
Where glacial movement temporarily blocks riverflows, downstream areas may be threatened by
219:
70:
2839:
2314:
1598:
3468:
3426:
3396:
3358:
3353:
3053:
2835:
2711:
2625:
2595:
2566:
2562:
2477:
2423:
2390:
2357:
2310:
2059:
2030:
1891:
1866:
1862:
1832:
1803:
1773:
1691:
1594:
1561:
1524:
1494:
1438:
1403:
1370:
1306:
1276:
1208:
1175:
1146:
1120:
1116:
905:
779:
746:
661:
445:
129:
1979:
432:
The 2008 UN report also indicated Himalayan glaciers would melt within 25 years, however
2599:
1179:
648:
and burning sites likewise report pollution and toxicity from runoff, as well as excess
590:, which theretofore were mixed with general refuse. The 2011 regulation also prohibited
104:. Non-governmental agencies active in addressing environmental issues in Bhutan are the
3348:
3337:
2275:
2240:
1836:
1705:
Baldi, Germán (2020). "Nature protection across countries: Do size and power matter?".
477:
417:
413:
314:
86:
82:
58:
46:
4293:
4268:
3863:
3318:
2140:
1754:
1245:
1081:
1004:
436:
262:
230:
226:
157:
1660:
1030:
1031:"Shifting Cultivation in Bhutan: A Gradual Approach to Modifying Land Use Patterns"
567:
354:
310:
270:
78:
62:
1075:
4278:
3873:
3196:
1557:
844:
177:
165:
3479:
2394:
2257:
2982:
2000:
1728:
629:
520:
246:
133:
2809:
2779:
2749:
2719:
2681:
2659:
2532:
2506:
2266:
2217:
1746:
1620:
1464:
3112:
673:
649:
185:
173:
97:
2449:"Piloting PPP on Integrated Solid Waste Management in Thimphu Municipality"
2284:
812:
3123:
2871:
1720:
1251:
1010:
975:
645:
640:
606:
has often been at the forefront of urban environmental issues in Bhutan.
591:
579:
441:
345:
331:
286:
148:
42:
1737:
2805:
2775:
2745:
2715:
2685:
2655:
2536:
2510:
2213:
1975:
1624:
1468:
678:
625:
620:
615:
603:
599:
481:
422:
293:
278:
250:
193:
101:
3884:
1565:
1332:"Implementation of Bhutan Human-Wildlife Conflict Management Strategy"
636:
chambers, and refuse collection programs were instituted in the area.
555:
mean score of 8.85/10, ranking it 16th globally out of 172 countries.
3459:
3088:
2957:
563:
507:
292:
In 2011, the NEC began setting up stations to monitor air quality in
238:
181:
137:
38:
206:
in particular has been cited as an environmental hurdle and foil to
660:
With the advent of loudspeakers, headphones, and rumbling engines,
2926:
516:
489:
480:, including higher temperatures, prolonged seasons, and increased
242:
28:
1244:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1003:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
942:
285:
had pits or areas for burning refuse due to a lack of designated
2334:
406:
358:
234:
33:
Densely forested mountains of Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan.
3888:
3483:
2930:
2894:
1009:
Robert L. Worden (September 1991). Andrea Matles Savada (ed.).
526:
Forestry resource exploitation increased with the start of the
1038:
1035:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations online
578:. Through 2011, many relatively urban areas lacked designated
412:
Because the state of glaciers in Bhutan involves questions of
2864:"Energy, Environment & Disaster Management – UNDP Bhutan"
639:
In some areas with designated dumping sites, the distance to
566:
faces challenges in its urban environments due to increased
180:
alarm fences, watch towers, search lights, and has provided
684:
In smaller settlements, infrastructure including water and
2909:
776:"Bhutan to Submit its Climate Issues to UNFCCC in Durban"
448:, currently in fast retreat. The study, conducted by the
151:
as a fuel source has been historically prevalent. Before
873:
Bhutan Trust Fund for Environmental Conservation online
841:
Bhutan Trust Fund for Environmental Conservation online
2420:"Thimphu City's Pilot Project Aims to Segregate Waste"
1250:
Worden, Robert L. (1991). Andrea Matles Savada (ed.).
196:
naturally. Bhutan has also sought assistance from the
41:'s most pressing environmental issues are traditional
596:
national parks, protected areas, biological corridors
2111:"Himalayan glaciers not retreating, says new report"
1919:. Bhutan Observer online. 2009-05-22. Archived from
425:
in September 2007. Similarly, the member nations of
4218:
4178:
3920:
3813:
3773:
3515:
3387:
3305:
3246:
3156:
3087:
3010:
2968:
718:Royal Society for the Protection of Nature, Bhutan
322:expanded significantly with the establishment of
1428:
1426:
1424:
427:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
1393:
1391:
1367:"Industrialisation in Pasakha – a Foil to GNH"
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
416:, the topic is somewhat controversial. A 2008
3900:
3495:
2942:
2104:
2102:
1360:
1358:
1356:
8:
2500:
2498:
2296:
2294:
1965:
1963:
994:
992:
2413:
2411:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2163:"Thorthormi water level brought down 43 cm"
1205:"Could We Not Make the Best of Our Wastes?"
805:"About the National Environment Commission"
769:
767:
736:
734:
732:
383:, increasing the frequency and severity of
45:collection, crop and flock protection, and
3907:
3893:
3885:
3502:
3488:
3480:
3311:
3252:
3162:
3016:
2949:
2935:
2927:
2380:
2378:
1770:"White-Bellied Heron Habitat Under Threat"
1584:
1582:
1198:
1196:
106:Royal Society for the Protection of Nature
2772:"Water Scarcity at Sarpang Resettlements"
2274:
2256:
1736:
1547:
1545:
1465:"It's No Surprise – the Air is Polluted!"
1400:"Cement Plant Emission Plagues Villagers"
1303:"Farmers Discover Monkey Repellent Grass"
902:"Waste Management Regulation in Pipeline"
895:
893:
200:in combatting crop and livestock losses.
2165:. Bhutan Observer online. Archived from
2139:. Bhutan Observer online. Archived from
2113:. Bhutan Observer online. Archived from
2084:. Bhutan Observer online. Archived from
2058:. Bhutan Observer online. Archived from
2029:. Bhutan Observer online. Archived from
1978:: Bhutan Observer online. Archived from
1945:. Bhutan Observer online. Archived from
1074:Brown, Lindsay; Armington, Stan (2007).
128:agriculture, especially prevalent among
108:(RSPN), the only domestic environmental
2474:"Street Vegetable Vendors Win the Game"
2082:"Summit declaration ready for adoption"
1717:European Centre for Nature Conservation
728:
2887:"Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry"
2832:"Better Planning of Human Settlements"
2049:
2047:
1687:
1676:
863:
861:
831:
829:
688:remained underdeveloped through 2011.
371:have their own markets within Bhutan.
61:that threaten Bhutan's population and
2303:"Waste Still Mounting in Duksum Town"
1943:"Glacial lake outburst a real threat"
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
296:, Kanglung, Pasakha and Rinchending.
49:, as well as modern concerns such as
18:Water supply and sanitation in Bhutan
7:
2868:United Nations Development Programme
2453:United Nations Development Programme
1800:"Takin Festival to Attract Tourists"
1621:"Keeping Tabs on the Air We Breathe"
1336:United Nations Development Programme
1273:"Addressing Human-Wildlife Conflict"
198:United Nations Development Programme
1657:IUCN – The World Conservation Union
968:Ministry of Agriculture and Forests
875:. Bhutan Trust Fund. Archived from
843:. Bhutan Trust Fund. Archived from
743:"Report Underlines Climate Threats"
2598:online. 2011-08-05. Archived from
1894:online. 2009-08-14. Archived from
1835:online. 2011-07-25. Archived from
1659:. October 1999: 43. Archived from
1178:online. 2009-08-14. Archived from
444:from the pristine glaciers of the
25:
2910:"National Environment Commission"
2652:"Damphu Town's Yearlong Scarcity"
2622:"Noise Pollution Causes Deafness"
2387:"When Will We Put Waste to Rest?"
2210:"Agriculture Will Bear the Brunt"
2001:"Department of Geology and Mines"
1521:"Cement Plants and Its Pollution"
1491:"'Brown Cloud' Penetrates Bhutan"
713:List of protected areas of Bhutan
652:activity, posing health hazards.
4273:
4264:
4263:
3868:
3859:
3858:
3001:
2742:"Water Shortage Hits Tsirangtoe"
1888:"Cordyceps Earns Less This Year"
1365:Wangchuck, Sangay (2008-12-05).
1239:
998:
553:Forest Landscape Integrity Index
2978:Second Battle of Simtokha Dzong
2708:"Lack of Water a Burning Issue"
2706:Tshering, Dechen (2011-02-17).
2472:Wangchuck, Lhaki (2011-10-01).
2352:Wangchuck, Jigme (2011-01-07).
2188:"Lunana's glaciers are melting"
2109:Tshering, Namgay (2011-01-29).
1857:Chhetri, Pushkar (2011-04-27).
1768:Chhetri, Pushkar (2011-09-19).
1708:Journal for Nature Conservation
1591:"Whether to Burn It or Dump It"
1435:"Landfill for Industrial Waste"
1398:Wangchuk, Sangay (2008-05-16).
1111:Wangchuck, Dorji (2009-11-09).
506:Through the late 20th century,
222:is the role of the government.
210:, the guiding principle of the
4300:Environmental issues in Bhutan
4231:British Indian Ocean Territory
3826:British Indian Ocean Territory
2620:Rinchen, Kesang (2010-05-12).
2559:"Landfill Poses Health Hazard"
2385:Wangchuk, Jigme (2011-06-16).
2354:"Shredder to Reduce PET Waste"
2135:Bhandari, Achut (2010-12-05).
1917:"Fighting glacial lake floods"
1589:Wangchuk, Jigme (2010-09-03).
1552:Namgyal, Gyembo (2011-11-19).
1489:Pannozzo, Linda (2011-05-02).
1301:Namgyal, Gyembo (2011-11-15).
1271:Wangchuk, Jigme (2011-07-08).
1172:"The Fate of the Plastic Ban?"
1143:"Proliferation of Banned Bags"
931:"Department of Industry (DOI)"
1:
2800:Penjore, Ugyen (2010-07-26).
2592:"Rituals and Noise Pollution"
2208:Penjore, Ugyen (2011-11-19).
2025:Rinchen, Sonam (2008-09-16).
1651:. Protected Areas Programme.
1519:Gurung, Eshori (2008-07-04).
456:and published in the journal
3510:Environmental issues in Asia
2557:Wangdi, Tempa (2010-01-29).
2531:Yeshi, Samten (2011-11-14).
2505:Pelden, Sonam (2010-08-07).
2418:Pelden, Sonam (2011-10-01).
2161:Pelden, Sonam (2010-09-03).
2080:Pelden, Sonam (2010-04-10).
2054:Pelden, Sonam (2010-04-02).
1941:Dahal, Rabi C (2008-10-31).
1433:Pelden, Sonam (2010-11-23).
1203:Pelden, Sonam (2010-06-27).
1141:Dahal, Rabi C (2009-08-22).
935:Ministry of Economic Affairs
900:Pelden, Sonam (2011-07-22).
774:Pelden, Sonam (2011-10-11).
741:Pelden, Sonam (2011-09-05).
385:glacial lake outburst floods
2830:Dugay, Karma (2011-07-22).
2650:Gyelmo, Dawa (2011-05-18).
2337:(2012) Country Data: BHUTAN
2056:"Looking beyond hydropower"
2027:"Monitoring climate change"
1970:Tirwa, Badan (2008-01-19).
1859:"Easing Cordyceps Business"
1829:"Cordyceps Price Shoots Up"
1113:"The Other Side of the Ban"
340:Torsa Strict Nature Reserve
176:scheme, begun constructing
4316:
2770:Dema, Tashi (2009-12-21).
2740:Dema, Tashi (2010-01-13).
2680:Dema, Tashi (2010-06-10).
2301:Pem, Tandin (2011-08-08).
2258:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3
1972:"Managing health disaster"
1798:Pem, Tandin (2011-01-28).
499:
469:
450:Universities of California
398:
336:Phibsoo Wildlife Sanctuary
317:in the 1960s. Since 1992,
303:
4259:
3854:
3439:
3314:
3255:
3165:
3019:
2999:
2802:"Work in Progress Review"
1729:10.1016/j.jnc.2020.125860
1258:Federal Research Division
1017:Federal Research Division
395:Glacier retreat and GLOFs
324:Wangchuck Centennial Park
319:protected areas of Bhutan
306:Protected areas of Bhutan
267:external sources in India
168:and wildlife protection.
3980:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
3575:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
2507:"Urbanised with Abandon"
2190:. RAO online. 2010-12-05
1619:Om, Chimi (2011-01-16).
1554:"Adding (Waste) to Fire"
265:, largely attributed to
261:Since 2006, significant
208:Gross National Happiness
4241:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3836:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
2533:"Thimphu Poisons River"
1253:Bhutan: A Country Study
1012:Bhutan: A Country Study
241:, and gases emitted by
2838:online. Archived from
2808:online. Archived from
2778:online. Archived from
2748:online. Archived from
2718:online. Archived from
2658:online. Archived from
2628:online. Archived from
2569:online. Archived from
2480:online. Archived from
2426:online. Archived from
2393:online. Archived from
2360:online. Archived from
2313:online. Archived from
2307:Trashiyangtse District
2216:online. Archived from
2137:"Cancun climate talks"
1865:online. Archived from
1806:online. Archived from
1776:online. Archived from
1686:Cite journal requires
1597:online. Archived from
1564:online. Archived from
1527:online. Archived from
1497:online. Archived from
1441:online. Archived from
1406:online. Archived from
1373:online. Archived from
1309:online. Archived from
1279:online. Archived from
1211:online. Archived from
1149:online. Archived from
1119:online. Archived from
908:online. Archived from
782:online. Archived from
749:online. Archived from
528:First Development Plan
216:Constitution of Bhutan
192:in an effort to repel
34:
3106:(electoral precincts)
2983:Bhutan War (Duar War)
2245:Nature Communications
500:Further information:
472:Agriculture in Bhutan
470:Further information:
399:Further information:
389:agriculture in Bhutan
304:Further information:
85:, and a net sink for
55:wildlife conservation
32:
4155:United Arab Emirates
3750:United Arab Emirates
2914:Government of Bhutan
2891:Government of Bhutan
2005:Government of Bhutan
972:Government of Bhutan
939:Government of Bhutan
809:Government of Bhutan
576:economic development
328:biological corridors
94:Bhutanese government
51:industrial pollution
4182:limited recognition
3915:Environment of Asia
3777:limited recognition
2988:Operation All Clear
2682:"Waiting for Water"
594:and dumping within
540:World Wildlife Fund
512:conservation policy
277:Through 2011, many
153:hydroelectric power
114:World Wildlife Fund
3283:Telecommunications
1084:. pp. 92–93.
869:"The Organisation"
559:Urban environments
551:Bhutan had a 2018
502:Forestry in Bhutan
486:glaciers in Bhutan
484:due to retreating
401:Glaciers of Bhutan
364:cordyceps sinensis
283:villages in Bhutan
239:microsilica powder
170:Protected wildlife
35:
4287:
4286:
4224:other territories
3882:
3881:
3819:other territories
3477:
3476:
3435:
3434:
3301:
3300:
3242:
3241:
3229:Political parties
3222:National Assembly
3180:Foreign relations
3152:
3151:
1091:978-1-74059-529-2
837:"Parks of Bhutan"
698:Climate of Bhutan
572:industrialization
459:Nature Geoscience
381:Bhutan's glaciers
204:Industrialization
16:(Redirected from
4307:
4277:
4267:
4266:
4236:Christmas Island
3922:Sovereign states
3909:
3902:
3895:
3886:
3872:
3862:
3861:
3831:Christmas Island
3517:Sovereign states
3504:
3497:
3490:
3481:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3364:National symbols
3312:
3278:
3253:
3217:National Council
3163:
3139:
3138:(village groups)
3129:
3107:
3017:
3005:
2993:Military history
2951:
2944:
2937:
2928:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2893:. Archived from
2882:
2880:
2879:
2870:. Archived from
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2502:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2415:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2382:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2349:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2298:
2289:
2288:
2278:
2260:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2106:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2051:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1967:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1740:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1665:
1650:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1586:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1549:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1430:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1395:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1362:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1338:. Archived from
1328:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1200:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1071:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1002:
1001:
996:
987:
986:
984:
983:
974:. Archived from
960:
954:
953:
951:
950:
941:. Archived from
927:
921:
920:
918:
917:
897:
888:
887:
885:
884:
865:
856:
855:
853:
852:
833:
824:
823:
821:
820:
811:. Archived from
801:
795:
794:
792:
791:
771:
762:
761:
759:
758:
738:
708:Health in Bhutan
703:Energy in Bhutan
686:waste management
672:Competition for
588:electronic waste
87:greenhouse gases
71:Land degradation
21:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4283:
4255:
4223:
4214:
4195:Northern Cyprus
4181:
4174:
3916:
3913:
3883:
3878:
3850:
3818:
3809:
3790:Northern Cyprus
3776:
3769:
3511:
3508:
3478:
3473:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3431:
3383:
3369:Public holidays
3297:
3276:
3238:
3202:Law enforcement
3148:
3137:
3127:
3105:
3083:
3064:Protected areas
3006:
2997:
2964:
2955:
2918:
2916:
2908:
2900:
2898:
2885:
2877:
2875:
2862:
2859:
2854:
2845:
2843:
2836:Bhutan Observer
2829:
2828:
2824:
2815:
2813:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2785:
2783:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2755:
2753:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2725:
2723:
2712:Mongar District
2705:
2704:
2700:
2691:
2689:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2665:
2663:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2635:
2633:
2626:Bhutan Observer
2619:
2618:
2614:
2605:
2603:
2596:Bhutan Observer
2590:
2589:
2585:
2576:
2574:
2567:Bhutan Observer
2563:Mongar District
2556:
2555:
2551:
2542:
2540:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2516:
2514:
2504:
2503:
2496:
2487:
2485:
2478:Bhutan Observer
2471:
2470:
2466:
2457:
2455:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2433:
2431:
2424:Bhutan Observer
2417:
2416:
2409:
2400:
2398:
2391:Bhutan Observer
2384:
2383:
2376:
2367:
2365:
2358:Bhutan Observer
2351:
2350:
2341:
2333:
2329:
2320:
2318:
2311:Bhutan Observer
2300:
2299:
2292:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2223:
2221:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2193:
2191:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2172:
2170:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2146:
2144:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2120:
2118:
2108:
2107:
2100:
2091:
2089:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2065:
2063:
2053:
2052:
2045:
2036:
2034:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2010:
2008:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1985:
1983:
1969:
1968:
1961:
1952:
1950:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1926:
1924:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1901:
1899:
1892:Bhutan Observer
1886:
1885:
1881:
1872:
1870:
1863:Bhutan Observer
1856:
1855:
1851:
1842:
1840:
1833:Bhutan Observer
1827:
1826:
1822:
1813:
1811:
1804:Bhutan Observer
1797:
1796:
1792:
1783:
1781:
1774:Bhutan Observer
1767:
1766:
1762:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1685:
1675:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1630:
1628:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1604:
1602:
1595:Bhutan Observer
1588:
1587:
1580:
1571:
1569:
1562:Bhutan Observer
1551:
1550:
1543:
1534:
1532:
1525:Bhutan Observer
1518:
1517:
1513:
1504:
1502:
1495:Bhutan Observer
1488:
1487:
1483:
1474:
1472:
1463:Yeshi, Samten.
1462:
1461:
1457:
1448:
1446:
1439:Bhutan Observer
1432:
1431:
1422:
1413:
1411:
1404:Bhutan Observer
1397:
1396:
1389:
1380:
1378:
1371:Bhutan Observer
1364:
1363:
1354:
1345:
1343:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1316:
1314:
1307:Bhutan Observer
1300:
1299:
1295:
1286:
1284:
1277:Bhutan Observer
1270:
1269:
1265:
1249:
1240:
1238:
1227:
1218:
1216:
1209:Bhutan Observer
1202:
1201:
1194:
1185:
1183:
1176:Bhutan Observer
1170:
1169:
1165:
1156:
1154:
1147:Bhutan Observer
1140:
1139:
1135:
1126:
1124:
1117:Bhutan Observer
1110:
1109:
1105:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1073:
1072:
1053:
1044:
1042:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1008:
999:
997:
990:
981:
979:
962:
961:
957:
948:
946:
929:
928:
924:
915:
913:
906:Bhutan Observer
899:
898:
891:
882:
880:
867:
866:
859:
850:
848:
835:
834:
827:
818:
816:
803:
802:
798:
789:
787:
780:Bhutan Observer
773:
772:
765:
756:
754:
747:Bhutan Observer
740:
739:
730:
726:
694:
670:
662:noise pollution
658:
656:Noise pollution
612:
561:
504:
498:
474:
468:
446:Tibetan Plateau
403:
397:
377:
351:rhinoceros horn
315:protected areas
308:
302:
259:
220:health benefits
122:
120:National issues
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4313:
4311:
4303:
4302:
4292:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4281:
4271:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4227:
4225:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4186:
4184:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3926:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3904:
3897:
3889:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3866:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3822:
3820:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3781:
3779:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3521:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3499:
3492:
3484:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3464:
3463:
3456:
3449:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3393:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3256:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3234:Prime Minister
3231:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3166:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3131:
3128:(subdistricts)
3121:
3109:
3099:
3093:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3044:Extreme points
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2946:
2939:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2906:
2883:
2858:
2857:External links
2855:
2853:
2852:
2822:
2792:
2762:
2732:
2698:
2672:
2642:
2612:
2583:
2549:
2523:
2494:
2464:
2440:
2407:
2374:
2339:
2327:
2290:
2230:
2200:
2179:
2153:
2127:
2098:
2072:
2043:
2017:
1992:
1959:
1933:
1908:
1879:
1849:
1820:
1790:
1760:
1697:
1688:|journal=
1637:
1611:
1578:
1541:
1511:
1481:
1455:
1420:
1387:
1352:
1323:
1293:
1263:
1225:
1192:
1163:
1133:
1103:
1090:
1080:(3 ed.).
1051:
1022:
988:
964:"The Ministry"
955:
922:
889:
857:
825:
796:
763:
727:
725:
722:
721:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
693:
690:
669:
666:
657:
654:
611:
608:
560:
557:
497:
494:
478:climate change
467:
464:
434:Prime Minister
418:United Nations
414:climate change
396:
393:
376:
375:Climate change
373:
301:
298:
258:
255:
190:molasses grass
121:
118:
83:carbon-neutral
59:climate change
47:waste disposal
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4312:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4270:
4262:
4261:
4258:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4221:
4217:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4205:South Ossetia
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4177:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3910:
3905:
3903:
3898:
3896:
3891:
3890:
3887:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3865:
3857:
3856:
3853:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3816:
3812:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3800:South Ossetia
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3772:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3505:
3500:
3498:
3493:
3491:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3407:Ethnic groups
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3004:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2952:
2947:
2945:
2940:
2938:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2897:on 2011-12-03
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2874:on 2013-10-01
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2842:on 2011-11-30
2841:
2837:
2833:
2826:
2823:
2812:on 2012-09-06
2811:
2807:
2803:
2796:
2793:
2782:on 2012-09-05
2781:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2763:
2752:on 2012-09-04
2751:
2747:
2743:
2736:
2733:
2722:on 2012-09-12
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2702:
2699:
2687:
2683:
2676:
2673:
2662:on 2011-08-30
2661:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2643:
2632:on 2012-06-16
2631:
2627:
2623:
2616:
2613:
2602:on 2011-11-25
2601:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2584:
2573:on 2012-06-16
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2553:
2550:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2524:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2484:on 2011-11-27
2483:
2479:
2475:
2468:
2465:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2441:
2430:on 2011-11-27
2429:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2397:on 2011-11-30
2396:
2392:
2388:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2364:on 2011-09-27
2363:
2359:
2355:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2328:
2317:on 2011-11-26
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2234:
2231:
2220:on 2012-09-04
2219:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2201:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2169:on 2011-01-19
2168:
2164:
2157:
2154:
2143:on 2011-01-19
2142:
2138:
2131:
2128:
2117:on 2011-02-07
2116:
2112:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2088:on 2011-01-20
2087:
2083:
2076:
2073:
2062:on 2011-10-03
2061:
2057:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2033:on 2011-01-19
2032:
2028:
2021:
2018:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1982:on 2011-01-20
1981:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1949:on 2011-01-19
1948:
1944:
1937:
1934:
1923:on 2011-01-19
1922:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1898:on 2012-06-16
1897:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1869:on 2011-11-27
1868:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1850:
1839:on 2011-11-27
1838:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1810:on 2011-11-27
1809:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1791:
1780:on 2011-11-26
1779:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1701:
1698:
1693:
1680:
1666:on 2011-07-18
1662:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1612:
1601:on 2012-04-09
1600:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1568:on 2011-11-26
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1531:on 2012-06-14
1530:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1512:
1501:on 2011-10-11
1500:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1482:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1456:
1445:on 2012-06-14
1444:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1410:on 2012-06-14
1409:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1377:on 2012-06-14
1376:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1342:on 2013-06-15
1341:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1313:on 2011-11-26
1312:
1308:
1304:
1297:
1294:
1283:on 2011-09-01
1282:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1247:
1246:public domain
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1215:on 2011-11-26
1214:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1182:on 2012-06-14
1181:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1153:on 2012-06-14
1152:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1134:
1123:on 2012-06-14
1122:
1118:
1114:
1107:
1104:
1093:
1087:
1083:
1082:Lonely Planet
1079:
1078:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1006:
1005:public domain
995:
993:
989:
978:on 2016-03-03
977:
973:
969:
965:
959:
956:
945:on 2011-11-03
944:
940:
936:
932:
926:
923:
912:on 2011-10-24
911:
907:
903:
896:
894:
890:
879:on 2010-03-29
878:
874:
870:
864:
862:
858:
847:on 2011-07-02
846:
842:
838:
832:
830:
826:
815:on 2012-01-23
814:
810:
806:
800:
797:
786:on 2011-11-27
785:
781:
777:
770:
768:
764:
753:on 2011-11-26
752:
748:
744:
737:
735:
733:
729:
723:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
695:
691:
689:
687:
682:
680:
675:
667:
665:
663:
655:
653:
651:
647:
642:
637:
633:
631:
627:
622:
617:
609:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
558:
556:
554:
549:
546:
541:
536:
533:
529:
524:
522:
518:
513:
509:
503:
495:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
473:
465:
463:
461:
460:
455:
451:
447:
443:
438:
437:Jigme Thinley
435:
430:
428:
424:
419:
415:
410:
408:
402:
394:
392:
390:
386:
382:
374:
372:
370:
366:
365:
360:
356:
352:
347:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
320:
316:
312:
307:
299:
297:
295:
290:
288:
284:
280:
275:
272:
271:cement plants
268:
264:
263:air pollution
257:Air pollution
256:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
233:, to receive
232:
231:Phuentsholing
228:
227:Phuentsholing
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
178:solar powered
175:
171:
167:
162:
159:
158:reforestation
154:
150:
146:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
119:
117:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
66:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
31:
27:
19:
4220:Dependencies
4150:Turkmenistan
4115:Saudi Arabia
3815:Dependencies
3745:Turkmenistan
3710:Saudi Arabia
3549:
3460:Bibliography
3389:Demographics
3324:Architecture
3185:Human rights
3170:Constitution
3134:
3124:
3111:
3102:
3089:Subdivisions
3038:
2917:. Retrieved
2899:. Retrieved
2895:the original
2876:. Retrieved
2872:the original
2844:. Retrieved
2840:the original
2825:
2814:. Retrieved
2810:the original
2795:
2784:. Retrieved
2780:the original
2765:
2754:. Retrieved
2750:the original
2735:
2724:. Retrieved
2720:the original
2701:
2690:. Retrieved
2675:
2664:. Retrieved
2660:the original
2645:
2634:. Retrieved
2630:the original
2615:
2604:. Retrieved
2600:the original
2586:
2575:. Retrieved
2571:the original
2552:
2541:. Retrieved
2526:
2515:. Retrieved
2486:. Retrieved
2482:the original
2467:
2456:. Retrieved
2443:
2432:. Retrieved
2428:the original
2399:. Retrieved
2395:the original
2366:. Retrieved
2362:the original
2330:
2319:. Retrieved
2315:the original
2248:
2244:
2233:
2222:. Retrieved
2218:the original
2203:
2192:. Retrieved
2182:
2171:. Retrieved
2167:the original
2156:
2145:. Retrieved
2141:the original
2130:
2119:. Retrieved
2115:the original
2090:. Retrieved
2086:the original
2075:
2064:. Retrieved
2060:the original
2035:. Retrieved
2031:the original
2020:
2009:. Retrieved
2007:. 2009-08-25
1995:
1984:. Retrieved
1980:the original
1951:. Retrieved
1947:the original
1936:
1925:. Retrieved
1921:the original
1911:
1900:. Retrieved
1896:the original
1882:
1871:. Retrieved
1867:the original
1852:
1841:. Retrieved
1837:the original
1823:
1812:. Retrieved
1808:the original
1793:
1782:. Retrieved
1778:the original
1763:
1738:11336/143172
1712:
1706:
1700:
1679:cite journal
1668:. Retrieved
1661:the original
1652:
1640:
1629:. Retrieved
1614:
1603:. Retrieved
1599:the original
1570:. Retrieved
1566:the original
1533:. Retrieved
1529:the original
1514:
1503:. Retrieved
1499:the original
1484:
1473:. Retrieved
1458:
1447:. Retrieved
1443:the original
1412:. Retrieved
1408:the original
1379:. Retrieved
1375:the original
1344:. Retrieved
1340:the original
1326:
1315:. Retrieved
1311:the original
1296:
1285:. Retrieved
1281:the original
1266:
1252:
1217:. Retrieved
1213:the original
1184:. Retrieved
1180:the original
1166:
1155:. Retrieved
1151:the original
1136:
1125:. Retrieved
1121:the original
1106:
1095:. Retrieved
1076:
1043:. Retrieved
1034:
1025:
1011:
980:. Retrieved
976:the original
967:
958:
947:. Retrieved
943:the original
934:
925:
914:. Retrieved
910:the original
881:. Retrieved
877:the original
872:
849:. Retrieved
845:the original
840:
817:. Retrieved
813:the original
799:
788:. Retrieved
784:the original
755:. Retrieved
751:the original
683:
671:
659:
638:
634:
614:As of 2011,
613:
584:
568:urbanization
562:
550:
544:
537:
531:
525:
505:
475:
457:
431:
411:
404:
378:
362:
344:
311:Biodiversity
309:
300:Biodiversity
291:
281:and smaller
276:
260:
225:Pasakha, in
224:
202:
163:
144:
142:
125:
123:
91:
79:habitat loss
75:biodiversity
67:
63:biodiversity
36:
26:
4279:Asia portal
4180:States with
4100:Philippines
4040:South Korea
4035:North Korea
3930:Afghanistan
3874:Asia portal
3775:States with
3695:Philippines
3635:South Korea
3630:North Korea
3525:Afghanistan
3412:Health care
3260:Agriculture
3039:Environment
2335:Waste Atlas
2251:(1): 5978.
1723:): 125860.
1558:Pemagatshel
1260:. Forestry.
630:PET bottles
610:Urban waste
466:Agriculture
166:overgrazing
92:Within the
4160:Uzbekistan
4135:Tajikistan
4050:Kyrgyzstan
4030:Kazakhstan
3950:Bangladesh
3940:Azerbaijan
3755:Uzbekistan
3730:Tajikistan
3645:Kyrgyzstan
3625:Kazakhstan
3545:Bangladesh
3535:Azerbaijan
3277:(currency)
3212:Parliament
3113:Dzongkhags
3034:Ecoregions
2919:2011-11-27
2901:2011-11-27
2878:2011-11-27
2846:2011-11-27
2816:2011-11-27
2786:2011-11-27
2756:2011-11-27
2726:2011-11-27
2692:2011-11-27
2666:2011-11-27
2636:2011-11-27
2606:2011-11-27
2577:2011-11-27
2543:2011-11-27
2517:2011-11-27
2488:2011-11-27
2458:2011-11-27
2434:2011-11-27
2401:2011-11-27
2368:2011-11-27
2321:2011-11-27
2224:2011-11-27
2194:2011-04-24
2173:2011-03-27
2147:2011-03-27
2121:2011-03-27
2092:2011-03-27
2066:2011-03-27
2037:2011-03-27
2011:2011-03-27
1986:2011-03-27
1953:2011-03-27
1927:2011-03-27
1902:2011-11-27
1873:2011-11-27
1843:2011-11-27
1814:2011-11-27
1784:2011-11-27
1670:2011-03-26
1631:2011-11-27
1605:2011-11-27
1572:2011-11-27
1535:2011-11-27
1505:2011-11-27
1475:2011-11-27
1449:2011-11-27
1414:2011-11-27
1381:2011-11-27
1346:2011-11-27
1317:2011-11-27
1287:2011-07-13
1219:2011-11-27
1186:2011-11-27
1157:2011-11-27
1127:2011-11-27
1097:2011-11-25
1045:2011-03-13
1019:. Farming.
982:2011-11-27
949:2011-11-27
916:2011-11-27
883:2011-03-26
851:2011-03-26
819:2011-11-27
790:2011-11-27
757:2011-11-27
724:References
521:Bangladesh
247:ferroalloy
212:government
186:salt licks
134:Lhotshampa
112:, and the
98:dzongkhags
4246:Hong Kong
4200:Palestine
4125:Sri Lanka
4120:Singapore
4000:Indonesia
3841:Hong Kong
3795:Palestine
3720:Sri Lanka
3715:Singapore
3595:Indonesia
3417:Languages
3402:Education
3379:Squatting
3293:Transport
3275:Ngultrum
3265:Companies
3175:Elections
3125:Dungkhags
3118:districts
3059:Mountains
3012:Geography
2267:2041-1723
1755:225461879
1747:1617-1381
674:water use
668:Water use
650:scavenger
646:landfills
641:landfills
592:landfills
580:landfills
369:cordyceps
287:landfills
174:insurance
130:Sharchops
4294:Category
4269:Category
4190:Abkhazia
4140:Thailand
4095:Pakistan
4075:Mongolia
4070:Maldives
4065:Malaysia
3965:Cambodia
3864:Category
3785:Abkhazia
3735:Thailand
3690:Pakistan
3670:Mongolia
3665:Maldives
3660:Malaysia
3560:Cambodia
3469:Category
3422:Religion
3207:Military
3158:Politics
3144:Villages
3079:Wildlife
3049:Glaciers
2962:articles
2285:33293507
1721:Elsevier
692:See also
496:Forestry
442:Himalaya
346:Poaching
332:Eswatini
279:thromdes
194:primates
149:firewood
143:Besides
102:thromdes
43:firewood
4165:Vietnam
4080:Myanmar
4060:Lebanon
3990:Georgia
3945:Bahrain
3935:Armenia
3760:Vietnam
3675:Myanmar
3655:Lebanon
3585:Georgia
3540:Bahrain
3530:Armenia
3446:Outline
3334:Cuisine
3307:Culture
3288:Tourism
3248:Economy
3103:Chiwogs
3074:Valleys
3029:Climate
3024:Borders
2970:History
2806:Kuensel
2776:Kuensel
2746:Kuensel
2716:Kuensel
2686:Kuensel
2656:Kuensel
2537:Kuensel
2511:Kuensel
2276:7723057
2214:Kuensel
1976:Thimphu
1646:"Parks"
1625:Kuensel
1469:Kuensel
679:Thimphu
626:Thimphu
621:thromde
616:Thimphu
604:Thimphu
600:thromde
482:erosion
454:Potsdam
423:Thimphu
357:bones,
294:Thimphu
251:carbide
116:(WWF).
4210:Taiwan
4145:Turkey
4110:Russia
4045:Kuwait
4025:Jordan
4015:Israel
3975:Cyprus
3960:Brunei
3955:Bhutan
3805:Taiwan
3740:Turkey
3705:Russia
3640:Kuwait
3620:Jordan
3610:Israel
3570:Cyprus
3555:Brunei
3550:Bhutan
3344:Emblem
3329:Cinema
3319:Anthem
3270:Energy
3135:Gewogs
3097:Cities
3069:Rivers
2960:
2958:Bhutan
2688:online
2539:online
2513:online
2283:
2273:
2265:
1753:
1745:
1627:online
1471:online
1248:.
1088:
1077:Bhutan
1041:. 1987
1007:.
574:, and
564:Bhutan
545:tsheri
532:Tsheri
508:Bhutan
490:Indian
361:, and
182:fodder
145:tsheri
138:fallow
126:Tsheri
57:, and
39:Bhutan
37:Among
4251:Macau
4170:Yemen
4130:Syria
4105:Qatar
4085:Nepal
4020:Japan
3995:India
3985:Egypt
3970:China
3846:Macau
3765:Yemen
3725:Syria
3700:Qatar
3680:Nepal
3615:Japan
3590:India
3580:Egypt
3565:China
3453:Index
3427:Women
3397:Crime
3374:Sport
3359:Music
3354:Media
3054:Lakes
1751:S2CID
1664:(PDF)
1655:(3).
1649:(PDF)
517:India
407:GLOFs
355:tiger
243:steel
4090:Oman
4055:Laos
4010:Iraq
4005:Iran
3685:Oman
3650:Laos
3605:Iraq
3600:Iran
3349:Flag
3338:wine
3197:King
3190:LGBT
2281:PMID
2263:ISSN
1743:ISSN
1692:help
1086:ISBN
519:and
452:and
359:musk
338:and
249:and
235:slag
214:and
184:and
132:and
100:and
77:and
4222:and
3817:and
2271:PMC
2253:doi
1733:hdl
1725:doi
1039:FAO
602:of
110:NGO
4296::
2912:.
2889:.
2866:.
2834:.
2804:.
2774:.
2744:.
2714::
2710:.
2684:.
2654:.
2624:.
2594:.
2565::
2561:.
2535:.
2509:.
2497:^
2476:.
2451:.
2422:.
2410:^
2389:.
2377:^
2356:.
2342:^
2309::
2305:.
2293:^
2279:.
2269:.
2261:.
2249:11
2247:.
2243:.
2212:.
2101:^
2046:^
2003:.
1974:.
1962:^
1890:.
1861:.
1831:.
1802:.
1772:.
1749:.
1741:.
1731:.
1715:.
1713:56
1711:.
1683::
1681:}}
1677:{{
1623:.
1593:.
1581:^
1560::
1556:.
1544:^
1523:.
1493:.
1467:.
1437:.
1423:^
1402:.
1390:^
1369:.
1355:^
1334:.
1305:.
1275:.
1256:.
1228:^
1207:.
1195:^
1174:.
1145:.
1115:.
1054:^
1037:.
1033:.
1015:.
991:^
970:.
966:.
937:.
933:.
904:.
892:^
871:.
860:^
839:.
828:^
807:.
778:.
766:^
745:.
731:^
681:.
570:,
391:.
353:,
245:,
237:,
89:.
73:,
53:,
3908:e
3901:t
3894:v
3503:e
3496:t
3489:v
3340:)
3336:(
3120:)
3116:(
2950:e
2943:t
2936:v
2922:.
2904:.
2881:.
2849:.
2819:.
2789:.
2759:.
2729:.
2695:.
2669:.
2639:.
2609:.
2580:.
2546:.
2520:.
2491:.
2461:.
2437:.
2404:.
2371:.
2324:.
2287:.
2255::
2227:.
2197:.
2176:.
2150:.
2124:.
2095:.
2069:.
2040:.
2014:.
1989:.
1956:.
1930:.
1905:.
1876:.
1846:.
1817:.
1787:.
1757:.
1735::
1727::
1719:(
1694:)
1690:(
1673:.
1653:9
1634:.
1608:.
1575:.
1538:.
1508:.
1478:.
1452:.
1417:.
1384:.
1349:.
1320:.
1290:.
1222:.
1189:.
1160:.
1130:.
1100:.
1048:.
985:.
952:.
919:.
886:.
854:.
822:.
793:.
760:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
