Water supply and sanitation in Uganda

326: 352: 1377:(NRW) in all operating areas of NWSC was 33 percent in 2010/11. While in Kampala, it was 39 percent, and in the other 21 towns, it averaged 17 percent. These values are about the same as in 2006/07. NWSC blamed the high share of NRW in Kampala on the poor condition of the existing infrastructure. To improve the network and thus reduce NRW in Kampala, the Kampala Network Rehabilitation Project was launched in 2002. In 2002–2003, NRW had been 45 percent in Kampala and 27 percent in the remaining areas. Concerning small towns, the MWE in its 2006 sector performance report indicates that NRW decreased slightly from 24 percent in June 2004 to 22 percent in June 2006. 3912:. The utilities ranged from small ones serving fewer than 125,000 people to large ones serving more than 500,000. All regions and, within countries, all income levels were included. In each of the five categories (NRW, labor productivity, service coverage, water prices, and connection costs and continuity of service), at least 30 utilities from developing countries and 30 from developed countries were included. The best practice targets for developing countries were based on the performance of the top 25 of developing country utilities. The study used data from the World Bank's Water and Sanitation Utilities database and the Asian Development Bank. 401:, where no customer care officer or desk existed, at 62 percent. In Kampala, satisfaction was 83 percent. Customers appreciated the ambiance in local offices, that phone calls are made to remind customers of payment, that customers can settle their arrears through payment plans in exceptional cases, and that water cuts are announced through the radio. Customers complained about low water pressure, muddy water during the wet season, supply interruptions during the dry season, low water pressure, slow implementation of new connections, erratic bills, disconnection despite having paid their water bills, and the rudeness of field staff. 1533:(US$ 6 million). The program aimed to support the achievement of the sector targets. It intended to serve about 1,410,000 people in rural areas, 373,000 people in rural growth centers (RGCs) (communities with a population between 2,000 and 5,000 people), and 155,000 in small towns directly with water and to give them access to basic sanitation and hygiene facilities. Besides the extension of water supply and sanitation in rural areas, RGCs, and small towns, the program included the following components: water resources management, sector program support for capacity building, and sector reforms and water for production. 360:

8,000 cubic metres (280,000 cu ft) per day at Kinawataka, a fecal sludge treatment plant with a capacity of 200 cubic metres (7,100 cu ft) per day at Lubigi, and another plant at Nalukolongo. The plan also foresaw the construction of ecological latrines at schools, market places, and health centres and hygiene education at schools. The investments were to be funded by the European Union, the World Bank, the African Development Bank, and Germany. The existing plant at Bugolobi was planned to be decommissioned once the new plants became operational.

1315:(OBA). Up to 55% of the output-based aid subsidies are paid to the private operators during construction, a second payment is made after successful completion and a last payment after successful operation, all verified by an independent technical auditor. The project expands the management contract approach, addressing some of its flaws. Under the project local governments bid out so-called design-build-operate contracts that include investments and have a duration of 5–10 years. It is carried out in Eastern Uganda in 6 small towns with existing piped water systems ( 1291:

German company H.P. Gauff Ingenieure started in July 1998 and ended in June 2001. The second contract with the French company OSUL (Ondeo Services Uganda Limited) ran from February 2002 to February 2004. Under both contracts, NWSC's financial and operational indicators continued to improve. The Boston Institute for Developing Economies, however, has claimed that the improvements were not due to private sector participation, but to overall reforms of NWSC initiated before the service contracts were signed and continued while they were being implemented.

1418:. The average commercial tariff was US$ 1.00 per cubic metre. For commercial users, a rising block tariff structure was used. A customer who was connected to the sewerage system would pay an additional charge of 75-100 percent. Although water is cheapest at standpipes, UN-Water reports that in this case users usually have to pay the costs of operating a stand tap and thus in the end pay more. A cross subsidy arrangement enables NWSC to keep in operation systems that do not cover operation and maintenance costs. 677:

a "Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats" (SWOT) analysis initiated by a new management team. At that time, the utility benefited from a recently rehabilitated water and sewerage infrastructure, including abundant water production capacity and a high level of metering, a competent senior management team, and a good and enabling water legislative framework providing NWSC with relative autonomy. On the other hand, NWSC was in bad condition with regard to operational and financial aspects. For example,

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long term covered operation, maintenance, and a part of the future investments. Although the current tariff structure does recover operation and maintenance costs, the tariffs are not high enough to finance system expansion, leaving system improvement and extension investments to the national government and international donors. According to UN-Water, full cost recovery tariffs including investments would require a significant rise of tariffs. William T. Muhairwe in 2006 asserted that full cost recovery in

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lasts for 4 years, aims to rehabilitate existing water supply schemes and provide new ones in rural areas. Furthermore, it seeks to provide new sanitation facilities in public places, schools, and health centers. These physical efforts are accompanied by environmental assessments, mitigation, and monitoring, as well as community development and capacity building. Finally, the program provides for institutional support for the central ministries in order to enable them to efficiently carry out their tasks.

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connections, customer care, and the convenience of the bill payment process. Out of 5,319 customers contacted in a stratified sample, 2,731 responded. Customer care received the highest rating, while water quality and pressure received lower, but overall good, ratings. A customer satisfaction index was calculated across all questions, showing that 85 percent of customers were satisfied, up from 83 percent during the last survey. Satisfaction was highest in

4669: 1068:. Flexibility in technical requirements (such as waiving land title requirements, easing construction standards, and post-processing of new connection forms) was also key to increasing water service coverage in the urban poor communities. Klaas Schwartz has noted that the success of NWSC since 1998 was facilitated by a high level of support from international donors, international lending agencies, and Uganda's 1203: 1473:'s receding levels on water supply. The NWSC expected to be able to borrow in local currency at lower interest rates and for longer maturities compared to borrowing from commercial banks. The World Bank assisted in structuring the bond issue. The Ugandan Ministry of Finance, however, stopped the bond issue from going ahead, citing the need to first use conventional concessional financing sources. 428: 29: 1496:(SWAp) was adopted for the water and sanitation sector. Under the SWAp most development partners have agreed to channel their financing through the national budget. According to a 2006 report by UN-Water, the SWAp has led to the increased confidence of development partners and has proved to be the most appropriate mechanism for resources mobilization and program implementation. 1443:(CBO)s reported investments of US$ 5 million in 2006, and NGO and CBO members of the UNICEF-supported Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) cluster, which provide emergency water supply and sanitation in the Northern Region, and, reported investments of US$ 15 million from January 2005 to August 2006. Total sector investments in 2006 thus can be estimated at US$ 85 million. 528:. Estimates indicate 66 cubic kilometres (16 cu mi) of renewable water resources per year, which correspond to approximately 2,800 cubic metres (740,000 US gal) per person and year. The distribution of the resource, however, is uneven both in spatial and temporal terms. Furthermore, freshwater is increasingly exploited through population growth, 809:

2003 to 36 percent in 2006. Simultaneously, inactive connections were required to be reduced from 21 to 13 percent. To encourage management to achieve the targets, an incentive element of 25 percent of the annual basic salary depended on the fulfillment of the contract. Each year the NWSC board decides the appropriate bonus rate that the NWSC management receives.

1323:) and 4 so-called rural growth centers that do not have piped water systems yet. New household yard taps and public standpoints for about 45,000 poor beneficiaries are planned. GPOBA approved the project in February 2007 and provided a US$ 3.28 million grant. The project was initially expected to end in February 2010. 1079::2000 certification for fourteen of its service areas, including Kampala, by June 2008. According to its 2006-07 annual report, NWSC provided training to utilities in Tanzania, Zambi and soon in Nigeria. Building on its success, NWSC's vision was "to be one of the leading water utilities in the world". 1584:

From 1990 to 1998, the Water Supply Project was carried out under the framework of an urban water program. Its objectives were to improve public health, enable increased production of goods and services, prevent environmental pollution, and ease women's burden through the expansion and improvement of

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Because water supply and sanitation are recognized as key elements of the PEAP, the plan provides for long-term investments in the sector with priority to rural areas. The document indicates that in order to reach 95 percent coverage by 2015, from 2001 to 2015 investments of about US$ 956 million and

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Besides its performance contracts with the national government and its internal contracts beginning in 2000, NWSC also had two consecutive service contracts for billing and collection (called "management contracts") with foreign companies in Kampala. The first management contract between NWSC and the

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The lead agency for formulating national water and sanitation policies, coordinating and regulating the sector is the Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE). The Directorate of Water Development (DWD) under the MWE acts as the executive arm and provides support to local governments and other service

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NWSC has been turned around without a tariff increase, except for inflation adjustments and a 10 percent increase to compensate the utility for a reduction in connection fees. Instead of increasing tariffs, the reforms focused on increasing the number of connections, an effective computerized billing

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In late 1998, the national government appointed William Tsimwa Muhairwe as the managing director of NWSC. He had been managing public companies in Uganda and elsewhere. Under a new board, more emphasis was placed on commercial viability. At the same time, political interference within the utility was

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In 1995 and 2000, NWSC was reorganized under the NWSC Statute and NWSC Act, giving it substantial operational autonomy and the mandate to operate and provide water and sewerage in areas entrusted to it, on a sound, commercial, and viable basis. Internal reforms at NWSC started in 1998, beginning with

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in the 1930s. Water-borne sewerage was introduced after 1937. The construction of new facilities increased from 1950 to 1965 under the framework of large national development programs. Later, the existing systems were only partly maintained and no new facilities were constructed until 1990. According

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Between 2003 and 2006, Lake Victoria lost 75 million cubic meters, about 69 percent of its volume, but has since recovered to above normal. The causes of the decline were disputed. According to some reports, the 10-15 percent decline in rainfall in the lake's basin caused the lake to lower. According

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assessments for Uganda, which is why the country's groundwater potential is unknown. Regional assessments in Ugandan towns, however, have indicated that groundwater recharge meets the current abstraction volumes. To monitor the quantity and quality of groundwater and surface water, the National Water

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As part of a Sanitation Master Plan for Kampala carried out by Fichtner Consultants with financing from Germany, four wastewater treatment plants were planned. The plans included a plant with a capacity of 45,000 cubic metres (1,600,000 cu ft) per day at Nakivubo, a plant with a capacity of

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Although Uganda's official policy is to promote tariffs that cover all costs, the NWSC tariff actually covers only operation and maintenance costs. According to a 2003 published report, the second performance contract between the government of Uganda and NWSC provided for a tariff policy that in the

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Concerning sanitation, the Environmental Health Division under the Ministry of Health is in charge of an integrated sanitation strategy for the country, and the Ministry of Education and Sports is responsible for health, sanitation, and hygiene in schools. All the abovementioned ministries, together

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In small towns with a population between 5,000 and 30,000, facilities are owned and managed by local governments, supported by the MWE. Many have created Water Authorities, which contract out water services under 3-year contracts to local private operators since about 2000. At the beginning, private

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There is no independent economic regulatory body for water supply. Tariffs are proposed by NWSC and need to be approved by MWE. NWSC is regulated by contract according to a performance contract with the national government. The Performance Review Committee (PRC) under the MWE reviews the performance

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were "usually" supplied continuously for 24 hours per day. NWSC, however, acknowledged that parts of Kampala such as Kyaliwajala, Kulambiro, and most places on hilltops suffered from chronic water shortages. In addition, some areas went without water for a week when repairs were undertaken. In other

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Republic of Uganda; GTZ/DED, Germany; Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Denmark; Austrian Development Agency, Austria; African Development Bank; European Union Water Facility, European Union; Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, Sweden; Department for International Development, UK (July

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Concerning rural areas, investments are financed primarily by grants. According to the 2000–2015 Rural Water and Sanitation Strategy and Investment Plan, Uganda's principal investment document for rural water supply and sanitation, financing for the rural sector continued to be provided by external

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In 2011, NWSC had 6 employees per 1,000 connections. Back in 1998, there were 36 employees per 1,000 connections. It was significantly reduced to 11 employees in 2003 and 7 in 2007. The MWE indicates an improvement of labor productivity in small towns from 47 employees per 1,000 connections in June

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depreciation and interest show a different picture. They actually declined from 1998 to 2002 after a suspension to service debt was lifted in 1999 and remained negative for many years. In 2004 NWSC posted positive earnings after depreciation and interest for the first time since it began servicing

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The Joint Water and Sanitation Sector Programme Support, which follows a Sector-Wide Approach, is aligned with Uganda's 2004 Poverty Eradication Action Plan. Altogether, US$ 150 million were to be spent under the program, which started in 2008 and was expected to run for five years. The major

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Ninety-seven percent of investments in sanitation were funded by external aid. For the period 2010–2015. the government budgeted US$ 0.4 million for sanitation, corresponding to 0.01 percent of gross domestic product. This compares unfavorably to a commitment by African Water Ministers made at the

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Financing conditions differ between urban and rural areas. In the case of the NWSC, concessional debt contracted from international financial institutions had been passed on by the government to the utility in the form of debt. In February 2008, however, the government agreed to convert the NWSC's

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In rural areas, local governments at district levels are responsible for the adequate operation and maintenance of water systems. Responsibility for sanitation promotion and hygiene education in communities and schools is vested in the MWE, the Ministry of Health, and the Ministry of Education and

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As of 2010, competitively awarded contracts had been signed in all ten localities. Four hundred fifty yard taps have been completed and verified so far, serving 8,100 people, with more under construction. The grant financing per capita is lower than under traditional approaches, and in three towns

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By 2010, 80 small towns with 35,000 connections were served by private operators. Service quality and user satisfaction have improved after the private operators took over the systems. But according to the Association of Private Water Operators, the contracts are too short to compensate the small,

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One factor that partially explains the drastically improved collection rates is a government policy instituted in 1999 of paying the unpaid water bills of public entities. The significant increase in new connections is partially explained by a drastic reduction of connection charges, also in 1999,

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According to Klaas Schwartz, DWD is expected to monitor the quality of drinking water provided by NWSC. In practice, however, NWSC monitors its drinking water quality internally without any complementary external monitoring. NWSC's internal Quality Control Department examines whether the supplied

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The current institutional sector framework is based on several policy reforms in the water sector since the mid-1990s. Water supply and sanitation are recognized as key issues under the national PEAP, prepared first in 1997 and revised in 2001 and 2004. The PEAP is the key government document for

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Since 2000, NWSC has worked under performance contracts with the national government, each of which covered three years. The contracts contain specific performance indicators, which the NWSC is expected to achieve. For example, the 2003–2006 contract required NWSC to reduce NRW from 39 percent in

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The national government aimed to reach universal water supply and sanitation coverage in urban areas and 77 percent water supply and 95 percent sanitation coverage by 2015. At the time these goals were set, the government defined access to improved water supply and sanitation as follows: improved

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The Water and Environment Sector Performance Report of the Ugandan Ministry of Water and Irrigation, however, showed markedly different access figures. According to this report, in 2011, access to "safe water" was 66 percent while access to improved sanitation was 70 percent in rural areas and 81

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sector made substantial progress in urban areas from the mid-1990s until at least 2006, with substantial increases in coverage as well as in operational and commercial performance. Sector reforms from 1998 to 2003 included the commercialization and modernization of the National Water and Sewerage

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decided to contribute US$ 61 million to the rural water supply and sanitation program. Another US$ 118 million are provided by the Government of Uganda, and US$ 39 million are financed by NGOs, several other development partners, and directly by the communities. The program, which

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According to the MWE, the total budget for Ugandan water supply and sanitation was USh 149 billion in fiscal year 2006–2007, of which US$ 73 million were actually spent. This corresponds to US$ 2.37 per inhabitant. The NWSC received a budget of US$ 56 million. Out of the remaining

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According to the PEAP for 2004–5 to 2007–8, water use in rural areas ranged between 12 and 14 liters per person per day (L/p/d). In urban towns and centers with a population of more than 5,000 people, the PEAP estimated an average consumption of less than 17 L/p/d. The national target is an

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Besides the MWE, several other national ministries play a role in the sector. The Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development coordinates funding and donor support. The Ministry of Local Government is expected to support decentralized government systems, which manage their own water

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Under the fourth Water and Sanitation Sector Performance Assessment, based on analyses by several subsectors and NGOs carried out in 2006, it was found that 90 percent and 95 percent of the water samples taken from protected and treated water supplies, respectively, met national standards for

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According to the European Union (EU), the number of people defecating in the open fell substantially between 2000 and 2008, even though the government provides no subsidies for the construction of latrines. According to the JMP's estimates, however, the number of people defecating in the open

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Local governments in two towns in the Northern Region, devastated by decades of Civil War, tried to apply this approach in 2009. In Kitgum, a town with 55,000 inhabitants, four bids were received and a contract was awarded in the summer of 2009 with a target to more than double the number of

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A customer satisfaction survey was carried out in 2009–2010 for all towns served by NWSC. It covered questions such as satisfaction with water reliability, water pressure, water quality, timely and accurate water bills, responsiveness in resolving complaints, responsiveness in effecting new

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The amount of investment needed to reach 95 percent access to water supply in 2015 were estimated at US$ 100 million per year, only slightly more than the estimated actual investment of $ 85 million in 2006. About 75 percent of investments were financed through external assistance in 2000.

5193: 673:, serving only Entebbe, Jinja, and the capital city Kampala. Its service area then grew gradually to incorporate large and mid-sized towns all over Uganda, reaching a total of 23 cities and towns in 2008, and 40 cities and towns in another extension of its service area in February 2014. 1460:

According to UN-Water, around the year 2000, donor financing accounted for up to 75 percent of the total sector funding. The sector benefited significantly from the Poverty Action Fund under the framework of the PEAP. Uganda became the first country to qualify for debt relief under the

245:", or 28% of the urban population and 17% of the rural population. Around 31 million people did not have access to "at least basic sanitation" in 2015. The Human Rights Measurement Initiative has given Uganda a score of 22.9% with regards to basic sanitation, and 9.5% for water supply. 1575:

The World Bank has been active for decades in Uganda. For instance, the bank approved its seventh Poverty Reduction Support Credit in 2008, under which it intended to provide US$ 200 million from May 2008 to September 2009, supporting Uganda's third Poverty Eradication Action Plan.

1136:, a comprehensive approach to water supply. In addition, the NWP recognizes the economic value of water, promotes the participation of all stakeholders, including women and the poor, in all stages of water supply and sanitation, and confirms the right of all Ugandans to safe water. 1128:

In accordance with the national constitution, chapter eleven, the Local Government Act of 1997 provides for the decentralization of services, including the operation and maintenance of water facilities for local governments in liaison with the ministries responsible for the sector.

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USh 153.5 billion debt into equity. This was done to increase the NWSC's ability to borrow from the local capital market. A week later, the NWSC announced that it intended to borrow USh 30 billion more on the bond market to finance mitigation of the impact of

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water supply in urban areas is given through an improved water source within a walking distance of 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) in rural areas and 0.2 kilometres (0.12 mi) in urban areas. Sanitation coverage is given through sanitation facilities in the place of residence.

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standards. This leads to the pollution of water bodies from which raw water is extracted. In a few cases, sewage was disposed directly into the environment without any treatment. The lack of functioning wastewater treatment poses a threat to the environment and human health.

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connections and water production, and to triple revenues collected without increasing tariffs in three years. In the much smaller town of Pader with 8,500 inhabitants, four bids were received, but none was responsive so that the town council continued to operate the system.

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the winning bidder did not even request any subsidy, relying entirely on the expected tariff revenues to recover its investment and operating costs. In one case, a commercial Ugandan bank provided a loan of $ 100,000 to the winning bidder to finance the construction works.

1199:. The results are available at the official NWSC website and mostly comply with the national standards. Where NWSC does not provide the service, districts are responsible for water quality monitoring. According to the MWE, this is done insufficiently, and data are scarce. 1349:

facilities. The Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development is responsible for the promotion of gender-responsive development and community mobilization. The Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industries and Fisheries oversees water use for irrigation.

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Danert, Kerstin; Carter, Richard C.; Rwamwanja, Ronnie; Ssebalu, Jamil; Carr, Graham; Kane, David (6 November 2003). "The private sector in rural water and sanitation services in Uganda: understanding the context and developing support strategies".

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local private operators for their initial efforts in setting up their operations. Due to low tariffs and lack of funding for investments the private operators largely failed to expand the water system to connect the poor. Therefore, in 2005 the

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to Daniel Kull, at the time a hydrologist with the UN's International Strategy for Disaster Reduction in Nairobi, the drought would have caused only half the water loss actually seen if two hydroelectric dams at the outlet of the lake into the

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contributed US$ 60 million under the Water Supply Project, which was active from 1990 to 1998 (see below). Although the financial support helped to rehabilitate the infrastructure, the commercial performance of NWSC was still unsatisfactory.

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Towards the end of 2008, NWSC management introduced another management initiative, codenamed the "Raving Water Fans", aimed at improving customer service and, in the long run, willingness to pay and revenues. The initiative is based on the

681:(NRW), water which is produced but not billed for several reasons such as leakage and illegal connections, stood at 60 percent. The utility was heavily overstaffed, and staff costs accounted for 64 percent of the total operating costs. 1593:, the project supported physical and institutional components to expand the system and strengthen the NWSC. In addition, water meters were installed to prevent water waste. The World Bank contributed US$ 60 million to the project. 347:

wetland. The wetland is estimated to provide economic benefits of up to US$ 1.75 million per year, removing nutrients from untreated and partially treated wastewater discharged from Kampala through the wetland into Lake Victoria.

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In 22 cities and large towns water supply and sewerage - where it exists - is provided by NWSC, a public utility working on a commercial basis. In 2007, it provided services to 1.8 million people out of 2.5 million in Kampala,

367:. According to the MWE, an analysis of municipal effluents carried out in July 2008 revealed that NWSC's wastewater treatment facilities mostly do not meet national standards. Out of 223 data sets, 12 percent complied with the 241:" in Uganda. Access to at least basic water was 39 percent of the total population, or 73% of the urban population and 32% of the rural population. Regarding sanitation, only 19% of the total population had access to "at least 4139: 2446: 1554:

The European Union contributed €14.75 million to the Mid-Western Towns Water and Sanitation Project. Under the project, which was implemented between 2001 and 2007, water supply and sanitation facilities in the towns of

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The 1995 Constitution of the Republic of Uganda instructs the Ugandan State to take all practical measures to promote a good water management system at all levels and defines clean and safe water as one of its 29 objectives.

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10 cu ft) of NWSC's total production. Divided by the 1,944,741 people whom NWSC served at the end of June 2008, this corresponds to 15.3 cubic metres (540 cu ft) per person per year or 44 L/p/d.

275:, and gravity flow schemes. Those who do not have access to an improved source of water must rely on unsafe sources such as rivers, lakes, and unprotected wells. One consequence of poor access and quality is that 1959:. Reforming public utilities to meet the water and sanitation Millennium Development Goal. UK’s Department for International Development: World Development Movement and WaterAid. pp. 11–32. Archived from 2932: 2089: 3076:

Figures from 2004 onwards are from the NWSC Annual Report 2006–2007, 2010-11 and 2011-12. Figures for 1998 and 2000 are from USAID/ARD as well as from Jammal and Jones, p. 17 (the latter for the number of

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A small portion of this increase can be accounted for by the fact that NWSC took over service in a number of additional towns in this period. 80% of NWSC water sales are in Kampala, Entebbe and Jinja.

4477: 4078:"Cost Recovery Mechanisms: The Success of the NWSC-Uganda and its Relevancy for Other African Countries. Presentation at the Experts' meeting on "Access to Drinking Water and Sanitation in Africa"" 4503: 3733: 2898: 595:

had been operated according to the "agreed curve" determined in a 1953 agreement on the Nile flows between Uganda and Egypt. Sandy-Stevens Tickodri-Togboa, professor of engineering mathematics at

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reduced. The new management soon drew up several programs to implement the principles, the first of which was the 100-days program, aiming to adjust operational and financial inefficiencies.

214:, figures vary widely. According to government figures, it was 70 percent in rural areas and 81 percent in urban areas while according to the United Nations (UN), access was only 34 percent. 1452:

US$ 417 million were needed for rural and urban areas, respectively, corresponding to a total of about US$ 1.008 billion per year or only US$ 15 million more than current investment levels.

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Promotion of the orderly development of water and its use for other purposes, such as irrigation and industrial use, among others, in ways that minimize harmful effects to the environment

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In fiscal year 2006–2007, the NWSC tariff for domestic use was US$ 0.64 per cubic metre. Taken from a public standpipe, the tariff was US$ 0.42 per cubic metre or less than US$ 0.01 per

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Pollution control and promotion of safe storage, treatment, discharge, and disposal of waste that may cause water pollution or other threats to the environment and human health.

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Managing Public Water Utilities. An assessment of bureaucratic and New Public Management models in the water supply and sanitation sectors in low- and middle-income countries

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According to the NWSC's annual report, the utility's total water production from July 2007 to June 2008 (fiscal year 2007/2008) for 23 towns was 63,600,000 cubic metres (2.25

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target of 23 percent in developing countries. Except for Kampala, the NRW in large and small Ugandan towns, according to the available figures, were better than the target.

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In some sources, mostly dated before 2006, the ministry is called the Ministry of Water, Lands and Environment (MWLE). It appears to have changed its name around that time.

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main strategy paper to fight poverty. A comprehensive expenditure framework was introduced to coordinate financial support by external donors, the national government, and

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Around the end of the 1980s, international donors began to invest substantial financial resources to rehabilitate and renew the water network in Kampala. For example, the

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and the Global Partnership on Output-Based Aid (GPOBA) designed a pilot project to provide performance-based subsidies to private operators to expand access to the poor.

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Africasan conference in 2008 in the eThekwini declaration in which they aspired that budget allocations for sanitation and hygiene "should be a minimum of 0.5% of GDP".

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participation in small towns faces major challenges such as inexperienced local governments and private operators, limited public spending, and poor user participation.

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guidelines. There are a central laboratory in Kampala and satellite laboratories in the other NWSC operation areas. At several sampling points, water is controlled for

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Mughisha, Silver; Berg, Sanford V.; Muhairwe, William T. (2007). "Using Internal Incentive Contracts to Improve Water Utility Performance: The Case of Uganda's NWSC".

2926:"Improving performance through internal reforms by the public sector. A case of national water and sewerage corporation, Uganda. Presented for: Water Week, World Bank" 229:. The PEAP estimated that from 2001 to 2015, about US$ 1.4 billion in total (US$ 92 million per year) was needed to increase water supply coverage up to 95 percent. 5810: 5143: 3741: 2093: 2690: 5990: 5720: 5523: 4527:

New Rules, New Roles: Does PSP Benefit the Poor? Contracts and Commerce in Water Services: The Impact of Private Sector Participation on the Rural Poor in Uganda

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with the Ministry of Public Service, development partners, and civil society, form the Water and Sanitation Sector Working Group, which meets quarterly.

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is also improving in small towns, where the systems are owned by local governments. However, it is difficult to find data on the issue in rural areas.

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that emphasizes "the 3Ds": deciding what you want, discovering what the customer wants, and delivering plus one percent of what the customer expects.

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Nilsson, David (2006). "A heritage of unsustainability? Reviewing the origin of the large-scale water and sanitation system in Kampala, Uganda".

5964: 5939: 5919: 5878: 5685: 5665: 5640: 5573: 5498: 5438: 5370: 5340: 5330: 5325: 5315: 5295: 5290: 5220: 3191:"Impact of privatization in Africa: Uganda Water. One of Eight Papers from a Project Entitled: Assessing the Impact of Privatization in Africa" 2848:"Impact of privatization in Africa: Uganda Water. One of Eight Papers from a Project Entitled: Assessing the Impact of Privatization in Africa" 2658: 1361:

As described above, the NWSC has substantially improved its operational and financial performance since it was reformed. Indicators show that

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of NWSC according to the contract. The PRC, however, is partly financed by the NWSC, which may hinder the full independence of the committee.

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These reforms have attracted significant international attention. Thirty-eight percent of the population, however, still had no access to an

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NWSC regulates its local branch offices through internal contracts that are monitored by its internal monitoring and regulation department.

5929: 5868: 5775: 5705: 5578: 5553: 5468: 5443: 5431: 5421: 5360: 5300: 5285: 5275: 5260: 5235: 5568: 3190: 2847: 2050: 5954: 5848: 5508: 5493: 5463: 5458: 5310: 4821: 1393:

2004 to 28 in June 2006. Tynan and Kingdom propose a best practice target of 5 employees per 1,000 connections in developing countries.

626:

10 cu ft), of which 79 percent were produced in Kampala. Domestic customers used 46.9 percent or 29,800,000 cubic metres (1.05

248:

In earlier years, access to "improved water" had increased from 43 percent in 1990 to 72 percent in 2010, according to estimates by the

5660: 1985: 478: 335:

As of 2012, 90 percent of the collected wastewater of Kampala was discharged without any treatment. NWSC operates a small conventional

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Corporation (NWSC) operating in cities and larger towns, as well as decentralization and private sector participation in small towns.

5609: 4653: 4273: 5725: 4709: 3290: 1840: 1305: 511: 460: 351: 325: 5110: 4811: 4605: 4305: 4226: 3143: 2402:

Maxwell Stamp PLC (19 August 2003). "Poverty Impact Assessment of Privatisation of the Urban Water Sector in Uganda". uganda: 15.

2213: 2154: 5785: 5543: 5280: 4638: 3248:

Schwartz, Klaas (2008). "The New Public Management: The future for reforms in the African water supply and sanitation sector?".

3031: 5599: 5488: 5478: 4826: 3712: 3088: 1462: 1111:

The current legislative water sector framework was introduced with the 1995 Water Statute, which has the following objectives:

5715: 5548: 6000: 5770: 5765: 5650: 5265: 5250: 5230: 4077: 449: 5795: 5755: 5700: 5695: 5675: 5670: 5655: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5245: 1617:

WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme. 2015. „Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water: 2015 Update and MDG assessment: 74.

1608:

WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme. 2015. „Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water: 2015 Update and MDG assessment: 75.

5780: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5710: 5305: 4626: 2758: 4772: 2295:. Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, World Health Organization & UNICEF. 2017. Archived from 226: 1810: 4905: 4704: 3767:

Reforming Urban Water Services in Uganda: Using Incentive Based Management Contracts to Improve Services in Small Towns

2718: 1908:(2). African Development Bank. Oxford, UK & Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd (published 17 July 2008): 305–334. 1440: 4976: 4961: 4767: 4585: 1514: 260:

declined only from 3.5 million in 2000 to 3.2 million in 2010. The reasons for the different assessments are unclear.

3585: 3557: 2733:"On the Contribution of Victoria Nile River Discharge to the Hydrological Performance of East Africa's Lake Victoria" 2323:"Update on EU Aid to Water and Sanitation in Africa Political Briefing Note EU Water Initiative Africa Working Group" 817:

The improvement of NWSC concerning access and operational performance is indisputable. Some of the achievements are:

3835: 1380:

There is no agreement on appropriate levels of NRW among professionals. Tynan and Kingdom, however, have proposed a

4934: 4900: 4031:"Performance contract between the Government of the Republic of Uganda and National Water and Sewerage Corporation" 3980: 3860: 3274: 3235: 3032:"Performance contract between the government of the Republic of Uganda and National Water and Sewerage Corporation" 2576:

NATIONAL WATER AND SEWERAGE CORPORATION. "ANNUAL ACTIVITY REPORT JULY 2008 – JUNE 2009, JULY 2009". pp. 14–15.

1752: 1702: 485: 438: 6005: 5995: 5079: 4799: 4643: 2120: 1408: 1180: 368: 4187: 2210:

Rural areas: US$ 956 million; Urban areas: large towns (US$ 281 million) and small towns (US$ 136 million).

669:

The NWSC was created as a government-owned parastatal organization in 1972 under the national administration of

4951: 4782: 4714: 4395: 3779: 3458: 2347: 2292: 1542: 1510: 648:

document, by 1990 the urban water infrastructure served less than 10 percent of the population in large towns.

539: 252:(JMP) of the UN. In the same period, access to "improved sanitation" increased slightly from 27 to 34 percent. 4648: 3683: 2717:, 9 February 2006. Kull's findings have also been published by the California-based environmental lobby group 582:

Resources network has been established under the responsibility of the Water Resources Management Department.

4567:. The video describes the sanitary conditions in informal settlements in Kampala and efforts to improve them. 3926: 1072:; effective leadership from top management; a highly professional staff; and, strong institutional cultures. 4699: 4621: 1484:

Overall, funding by the national government was expected to increase from 25 percent in 2000 to 75 percent.

4403: 3787: 3466: 2355: 4991: 4956: 4915: 4867: 4794: 4752: 4694: 4668: 4578: 3530: 1933: 1465:

initiative. According to a 2005 report, debt relief contributed about US$ 80 million per year to the PAF.

336: 283:. Access to functioning water sources varied considerably among districts in 2007, from 12 to 95 percent. 136: 4449: 1411:

is a myth. According to him, tariffs would have to increase by 90 percent to provide full cost recovery.

4852: 4806: 4419: 4368: 4323: 4244: 4097: 4049: 3998: 3878: 3803: 3482: 3422: 3390: 3324: 3208: 3161: 3049: 3000: 2951: 2866: 2784: 2489: 2471: 2407: 2371: 2239: 2180: 1976: 1770: 1720: 1671: 1311:

Under the Uganda Water Small Towns and Rural Growth Centers project, private operators are eligible for

300:

According to Maxwell Stamp PLC, those who received a piped water supply in 2003 in the nation's capital

207: 1970:"2. Turning around struggling state-owned enterprises in developing countries: The case of NWSC-Uganda" 1897: 1048:

system, improving customer relations and communications, and better incentives and training for staff.

305:

towns, Maxwell Stamp PLC found in 2003 that most customers were supplied more than five days per week.

4526: 3908:

Their proposal was based on a study that used data from 246 water utilities, half of which were in 44

1170:

Environmental regulation is carried out by the DWD and the National Environment Management Authority.

4757: 3909: 2124: 1953:

2. Turning around struggling state-owned enterprises in developing countries: The case of NWSC Uganda

1940: 1493: 578: 308:

MWE indicated in 2006 that piped water in large towns was usually available for 20–24 hours per day.

276: 264: 2665: 1287:. The smallest town served, Hoima, had a population of only 9,000. The NWSC operates under the MWE. 5204: 5006: 5001: 4981: 4966: 4920: 4816: 4777: 4762: 4677: 4633: 4525:

Adela Barungi (writer), Josephine Kasaija and Paito Obote (editors), Amsalu Negussie (supervisor):

1362: 640: 596: 211: 132: 65: 49: 3285:

Ken Blanchard&Sheldon Bowles:Raving Fans. A revolutionary Approach to Customer Service, 1993,

2732: 1436:

funding of US$ 34 million, 54 percent was allocated to rural water and 29 percent to urban water.

1092: 4996: 4986: 4946: 4882: 4733: 4719: 1069: 364: 2691:"Lake Victoria (0314) Height Variations from TOPEX/POSEIDON/Jason-1 and Jason-2/OSTM Altimetry" 2267: 1118:

Promotion of the provision of a clean, safe, and sufficient domestic water supply to all people

5103: 5031: 4910: 4887: 4877: 4857: 4840: 4787: 4613: 3605: 3520: 3286: 2581: 1929: 1925: 1917: 1374: 899: 678: 602:

Kampala and Entebbe are supplied with water from Lake Victoria through four treatment plants:

533: 344: 256:

percent in urban areas. Eighty-seven percent of the population lived in rural areas in 2010.

5039: 4971: 4892: 4872: 4157: 3960: 3641: 3257: 2821: 2714: 2548: 1909: 1867: 1312: 1196: 1053: 409: 376: 280: 242: 61: 45: 3658:

Global Water Intelligence:Taking Ugandan water PPPs to the next level, November 2010, p. 17

3306: 2525: 221:

sector was recognized as a key area under the 2004 Poverty Eradication Action Plan (PEAP),

5119: 5084: 5074: 5069: 5044: 5021: 5016: 4457: 4432: 4381: 4336: 4280: 4257: 4110: 4062: 4011: 3891: 3816: 3737: 3617: 3495: 3435: 3403: 3337: 3221: 3174: 3062: 3013: 2964: 2879: 2797: 2594: 2502: 2420: 2384: 2252: 2193: 1783: 1733: 1684: 5135: 2738:. Second International Conference on Advances in Engineering and Technology. p. 698 1179:

water complies with the national standards for drinking water, which in turn follow the

4862: 1272: 551: 2220: 2161: 1132:

Finally, the National Water Policy (NWP), adopted in 1999, promotes the principles of

5984: 5124: 4354:"Joint Water and Sanitation Sector Programme Support (2008–2012). Programme Document" 2061: 1997: 1913: 1470: 1381: 1088: 670: 555: 543: 317:

drinking water quality. This assessment comprised both rural and urban water supply.

3716: 2693:. Foreign Agricultural Service. United States Department of Agriculture. 23 May 2017 1202: 599:, disagreed and calculated that the drought caused 80 to 85 percent of the decline. 2293:"Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines" 1844: 1229: 571: 529: 4128: 4081: 2435: 542:, lakes, and wetlands cover about 18 percent of Uganda's total surface, including 2765: 2549:"Nakivubo Swamp, Uganda: managing natural wetlands for their ecosystem services" 1249: 559: 427: 238: 3673:"Output-Based Aid for Water Supply in Uganda: Increasing Access in Small Towns" 1104:

fighting poverty through rapid economic development and social transformation.

4564: 4499: 4469: 3708: 3417:

Republic of Uganda; Directorate of Water Development. "National Water Policy".

3261: 2894: 1814: 1320: 748:

Managers were given more autonomy and liability through performance contracts

652: 592: 562:. The average annual rainfall ranges from 900 millimetres (35 in) in the 525: 372: 272: 268: 218: 3353: 2825: 2659:"Customer Satisfaction Survey July–Oct 2010: Survey Findings and Discussions" 1921: 2757:

Republic of Uganda; Ministry of Finance; Planning and Economic Development.

2212:

Republic of Uganda; Ministry of Finance; Planning and Economic Development.

2153:

Republic of Uganda; Ministry of Finance; Planning and Economic Development.

1188: 762: 563: 550:, the world's longest river. Almost the entire country lies within the Nile 28: 2060:. 2, "Water, a shared responsibility". UN-WATER/WWAP/2006/9. Archived from 3589: 3561: 2636: 4210: 4176: 2467: 1492:

Uganda receives external support from several donor agencies. In 2002, a

1415: 1253: 1192: 1076: 645: 452: in this paragraph. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 330:

NWSC Sewage ponds in Katete in Mbarara in western Uganda near River Rwizi

3964: 3087:

Government of Uganda: Ministry of Water and Environment (October 2013).

1509:, which alone provided US$ 66 million. The other partners were the 263:

The most common technology options for rural water supply are protected

237:

In 2015, around 24 percent of the population lacked access to "at least

4560: 4136: 3682:. Note (35). The Global Partnership on Output-Based Aid. Archived from 2820:(2). International Institute for Environment and Development: 369–385. 2443: 1586: 1564: 1556: 1284: 1268: 1237: 398: 394: 301: 3713:"OBA in Water Supply in Uganda's Small Towns and Rural Growth Centers" 5049: 4658: 4601: 4400:"Appraisal Report. Rural water supply and sanitation program, Uganda" 4026: 3784:"Appraisal Report. Rural water supply and sanitation program, Uganda" 3645: 3463:"Appraisal Report. Rural water supply and sanitation program, Uganda" 3027: 2995:

Republic of Uganda (1995). "National Water and Sewerage Corporation".

2352:"Appraisal Report. Rural water supply and sanitation program, Uganda" 2296: 1316: 1276: 1261: 1257: 1245: 1241: 1221: 1217: 607: 567: 340: 222: 20: 3916:"A Water Scorecard. Setting Performance Targets for Water Utilities" 4306:"Rural Water and Sanitation Strategy and Investment Plan 2000–2015" 4227:"Rural Water and Sanitation Strategy and Investment Plan 2000–2015" 1585:

water supply and sanitation facilities. In Kampala, Jinja, Masaka,

5059: 4570: 3754:

Uganda: Small Scale Infrastructure Provider (SSIP) Program - Water

1590: 1560: 1280: 1225: 867: 603: 390: 350: 324: 732:

Introduction of service centers and help desks, customer surveys

689:

Programs to improve financial and operational efficiency of NWSC

4445: 2051:"Case study: Uganda / National Water Development Report: Uganda" 1264: 1233: 547: 343:. In the case of Kampala, the wastewater is discharged into the 5139: 4574: 1525:(US$ 10 million), the EU (US$ 9 million), the German 1530: 421: 146:

National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC), in large towns

1644:

Ministry of Water and Environment (Uganda) (September 2006).

799:

Internal contracts including explicit targets and incentives

355:

NWSC Sewage ponds in Katete in Mbarara City in western Uganda

1809:

Ministry of Water and Environment (Uganda) (18 April 2008).

546:, Africa's largest lake and one of the major sources of the 3671:

Azuba, Chris; Mugabi, Josses; Mumssen, Yogita (July 2010).

1978:

Going public: Southern solutions to the global water crisis

1184: 4548: 4215:. 2nd Public Private Africa Conference. Tunis. p. 10. 3829: 3827: 4543: 2610:"Sanitation strategy and master plan for Kampala/ Uganda" 2128: 660:

The reform of the National Water and Sewerage Corporation

1984:. London, UK: World Development Movement. Archived from 639:

The first piped water systems were completed during the

397:

at 95 percent and lowest in the central Ugandan town of

250:

Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation

3586:"National Water & Sewerage Corporation - Home Page" 3584:

National Water & Sewerage Corporation - Home Page.

3558:"National Water & Sewerage Corporation - Home Page" 3144:"Case Studies of Bankable Water and Sewerage Utilities" 2090:"Third Water and Environment Sector Performance Report" 792:

Internally delegated area management contracts (IDAMCs)

767:

More staff involvement, flatter hierarchical structure

4122: 4120: 3089:"Water and Environment Sector Performance Report 2013" 2522:"National Water & Sewerage Corporation - iContent" 2434:

Lanyero, Flavia; Balondemu, Clare (15 February 2011).

1998:"State-Owned Enterprises: NWSC's Turnaround in Uganda" 1898:"State-Owned Enterprises: NWSC's Turnaround in Uganda" 716:

Improved revenue collection and cost-cutting measures

4274:"The eThekwini Declaration and AfricaSan Action Plan" 3354:"Uganda: Water Statute, 1995 (Statute No. 9 of 1995)" 1646:"Water and Sanitation Sector Performance Report 2006" 4504:"Projects - Uganda : Water Supply Project (02)" 3123:

In areas outside Kampala NRW was only 18.5% in 2008.

2899:"Projects - Uganda : Water Supply Project (02)" 2547:

International Union for the Conservation of Nature.

1896:

Mugisha, Silver; Berg, Sanford V. (September 2008).

1519:

Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency

1505:

development partner involved in the program was the

713:

Reverse of operational and financial inefficiencies

5907: 5826: 5618: 5587: 5394: 5213: 5194:

Responsibilities in Latin America and the Caribbean

5171: 5030: 4933: 4839: 4732: 4676: 4612: 2710: 2708: 1996:Mugisha, Silver; Berg, Sanford V. (24 April 2008). 1877: 1811:"Sector Performance Report 2007. Executive Summary" 1527:

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit

1500:

Joint Water and Sanitation Sector Programme Support

796:Increasing autonomy and liability of area managers 606:I, II and III as well as a recently built plant in 185: 174: 166: 158: 150: 142: 125: 120: 112: 104: 96: 88: 80: 72: 56: 40: 35: 3385:Republic of Uganda (1997). "Local Government Act". 1838:Uganda's population in 2007 was about 30.9 million 89:Average urban water and sanitation tariff (US$ /m) 4549:Uganda Water and Sanitation NGO Network (UWASNET) 4166:= US$ 0.0006061 (30 June 2007); source: oanda.com 4129:"Uganda: NWSC Turns to Bond Market for Financing" 2759:"Poverty Eradication Action Plan (2004/5-2007/8)" 2715:New Scientist: Uganda pulls plug on Lake Victoria 2515: 2513: 2214:"Poverty Eradication Action Plan (2004/5-2007/8)" 2155:"Poverty Eradication Action Plan (2004/5-2007/8)" 2049:UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme (2006) . 1950:Mugisha, Silver; Berg, Sanford V. (4 July 2006). 554:. Rainfall contributes the most to the country's 4544:National Water & Sewerage Corporation (NWSC) 4153: 4151: 4149: 3979:National Water and Sewerage Corporation (2007). 3904: 3902: 3859:National Water and Sewerage Corporation (2007). 3765:John Butler, Senior Associate, ARD Incorporated: 3731:COWI:Output-based aid for water supply in Uganda 1968:Mugisha, Silver; Berg, Sanford V. (March 2007). 1751:National Water and Sewerage Corporation (2007). 1701:National Water and Sewerage Corporation (2007). 1696: 1694: 783:Incentives for achievements of individual goals 3300: 3298: 2206: 2204: 1863: 1861: 3769:, 17 December 2009, retrieved on 11 March 2012 3666: 3664: 2657:Sheba Bamwine; Customer Relations Monitoring. 2556:Case Studies in Wetland Valuation #7: May 2003 1746: 1744: 1140:Responsibility for water supply and sanitation 1115:Promotion of rational water use and management 5151: 4586: 4212:Accessing Market Finance: The NWSC Experience 3914:Tynan, Nicola; Kingdom, Bill (1 April 2002). 2979:Water Herald, Vol. 5, Issue 1, Jan–March 2014 8: 4272:African Minister's Council on Water (2008). 3519:. UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education. 3307:"The Constitution of the Republic of Uganda" 3189:Jammal, Yahya; Jones, Leroy (October 2006). 2456:– via All Africa Global Media, COMTEX. 1876:= US$ 0.0005764 (31 December 2006); source: 1373:According to the NWSC, the average share of 821:Performance indicators for NWSC (1998–2012) 18: 4450:Clean water makes for good living in Uganda 4142:– via AllAfrica Global Media, COMTEX. 3925:(242). The World Bank Group. Archived from 3742:World Bank Project Information Document OBA 2924:Dr. Muhairwe, William Tsimwa (March 2003). 2853:. Boston Institute for Developing Economies 2846:Jamma, Yahya; Jones, Leroy (October 2006). 2841: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2083: 2081: 2079: 1567:districts were rehabilitated and extended. 1477:donors, the national government, and NGOs. 5158: 5144: 5136: 4939: 4845: 4738: 4682: 4593: 4579: 4571: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2088:Ministry of Water and Environment (2011). 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 1834: 1832: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1319:, Nawanyago, Palisa, Tirinyi, Nankoma and 27: 3556:National Water and Sewerage Corporation. 2990: 2988: 2520:National Water and Sewerage Corporation. 2436:"Uganda: Water Shortage Persists in City" 2321:EU Water Initiative Africa (April 2011). 2316: 2314: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2016: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1885: 570:to 2,000 millimetres (79 in) on the 512:Learn how and when to remove this message 375:standards, and 40 percent with the total 4181:National water sector assessment, Uganda 4076:Muhairwe, William T. (1 December 2006). 1975:. In Warwick, Hugh; Cann, Vicky (eds.). 1523:Department for International Development 1201: 1087:concept developed by management experts 819: 687: 524:As a whole, Uganda has more than enough 408: 4127:wa Ngai, Mbatau (25–26 February 2008). 3352:Republic of Uganda (14 December 1995). 2148: 2146: 1601: 1507:Danish International Development Agency 725:Service and revenue enhancement program 461:"Water supply and sanitation in Uganda" 5166:Water supply and sanitation by country 4428: 4417: 4377: 4366: 4332: 4321: 4253: 4242: 4209:Muhairwe, William T. (December 2010). 4106: 4095: 4058: 4047: 4007: 3996: 3887: 3876: 3812: 3801: 3613: 3603: 3491: 3480: 3431: 3420: 3399: 3388: 3333: 3322: 3217: 3206: 3170: 3159: 3058: 3047: 3009: 2998: 2960: 2949: 2875: 2864: 2793: 2782: 2637:"NWSC to construct four sewage plants" 2590: 2579: 2498: 2487: 2416: 2405: 2380: 2369: 2248: 2237: 2189: 2178: 2115: 2113: 2111: 1779: 1768: 1729: 1718: 1680: 1669: 780:Individual performance accountability 741:Area and service performance contracts 619:average consumption of 20 L/p/d. 81:Average urban water use (L/person/day) 57:Sanitation coverage (broad definition) 17: 5991:Water supply and sanitation in Uganda 2397: 2395: 1134:Integrated Water Resources Management 143:National water and sanitation company 7: 3634:Journal of International Development 450:adding citations to reliable sources 4186:(Report). p. 1. Archived from 2635:The Daily Monitor (22 March 2011). 2472:"Uganda country strategy 2006–2011" 1154:Economic and performance regulation 363:In smaller towns, NWSC operates 21 200:Ugandan water supply and sanitation 126:Decentralization to municipalities 76:20–24 hours per day in large towns 14: 2058:UN World Water Development Report 1841:United States Department of State 1306:International Finance Corporation 1174:Drinking water quality regulation 665:Description of the reform process 162:Ministry of Water and Environment 159:Responsibility for policy setting 41:Water coverage (broad definition) 5256:Democratic Republic of the Congo 5203: 4667: 2731:Tickodri-Togboa, Sandy Stevens. 1914:10.1111/j.1467-8268.2008.00188.x 1521:(US$ 14 million), the UK's 426: 2442:. Kampala: Nation Media Group. 1463:Heavily Indebted Poor Countries 635:History and recent developments 437:needs additional citations for 371:standards, 26 percent with the 52:facilities) 92% / 79% (in 2015) 19:Water supply and sanitation in 4639:Early independence (1962–1971) 4529:, WaterAid and Tearfund, 2003 1018:(Employees/1,000 connections) 729:Restoring customer confidence 227:non-governmental organizations 210:in 2010. Concerning access to 186: 175: 151:Water and sanitation regulator 1: 1441:community-based organizations 776:One-minute management program 3981:"Annual report 2006 to 2007" 3861:"Annual report 2006 to 2007" 3275:NWSC Annual Report 2006–2007 3236:NWSC Annual Report 2006–2007 2814:Environment and Urbanization 2719:International Rivers Network 1753:"Annual report 2006 to 2007" 1703:"Annual report 2006 to 2007" 5012:Water supply and sanitation 4565:Sanitation for all - Uganda 4279:. p. 1. Archived from 3574:, Tab -> "Water Quality" 3305:Republic of Uganda (1995). 1517:(US$ 19 million), the 1515:Austrian Development Agency 1513:(US$ 27 million), the 413:Rivers and lakes of Uganda. 113:Share of external financing 97:Share of household metering 6022: 2125:"Joint Monitoring Program" 1902:African Development Review 745:Commercial sustainability 735:August 1999 – August 2000 365:sewage stabilization ponds 339:in Kampala and another in 189:of rural service providers 178:of urban service providers 5200: 5097: 4942: 4848: 4741: 4685: 4665: 4140:AFNWS00020080226e42p00009 3262:10.1016/j.jup.2007.07.001 3226:p. 14 for 1995 NRW value. 2447:AFNWS00020110216e72g0008e 2121:World Health Organization 2007:– via ResearchGate. 1409:least developed countries 1402:Tariffs and cost recovery 1181:World Health Organization 825: 719:February 1999 – May 1999 369:biochemical oxygen demand 100:99% in large towns (2006) 26: 4746:Administrative divisions 4634:British rule (1894–1962) 4456:13 December 2010 at the 4396:African Development Fund 3780:African Development Fund 3752:IFC PPP success stories: 3510:Schwartz, Klaas (2006). 3459:African Development Fund 3142:USAID; ARD Inc. (2005). 2826:10.1177/0956247806069618 2348:African Development Fund 1946:Other versions of this: 1543:African Development Fund 1537:African Development Fund 1511:African Development Bank 1422:Investment and financing 1206:A Ugandan girl at a well 1166:Environmental regulation 105:Annual investment in WSS 4080:. Paris. Archived from 703:Time of implementation 5646:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4427:Cite journal requires 4376:Cite journal requires 4331:Cite journal requires 4252:Cite journal requires 4105:Cite journal requires 4057:Cite journal requires 4027:The Republic of Uganda 4006:Cite journal requires 3886:Cite journal requires 3811:Cite journal requires 3490:Cite journal requires 3430:Cite journal requires 3398:Cite journal requires 3332:Cite journal requires 3216:Cite journal requires 3169:Cite journal requires 3057:Cite journal requires 3028:The Republic of Uganda 3008:Cite journal requires 2959:Cite journal requires 2874:Cite journal requires 2792:Cite journal requires 2664:. NWSC. Archived from 2497:Cite journal requires 2415:Cite journal requires 2379:Cite journal requires 2268:"WASHwatch.org-Uganda" 2247:Cite journal requires 2188:Cite journal requires 1778:Cite journal requires 1728:Cite journal requires 1679:Cite journal requires 1439:In addition, NGOs and 1207: 930:Collection efficiency 414: 356: 337:sewage treatment plant 332: 312:Drinking water quality 116:Mainly external donors 6001:Environment of Uganda 3923:Public Policy Journal 3736:18 March 2008 at the 1205: 1145:Policy and regulation 870:) (USh billion) 412: 384:Customer satisfaction 354: 328: 321:Waste water treatment 279:are a major cause of 208:improved water source 68:) 93% / 19% (in 2015) 5569:United Arab Emirates 4644:Idi Amin (1971–1979) 3910:developing countries 3836:"Annual Report 2011" 1991:on 16 November 2007. 1580:Water Supply Project 1494:Sector-Wide Approach 1488:External cooperation 864:before depreciation 813:Results and analysis 610:in Mukono District. 579:groundwater recharge 446:improve this article 296:Continuity of supply 277:water-borne diseases 73:Continuity of supply 5960:Trinidad and Tobago 5751:Republic of Ireland 4649:Uganda–Tanzania War 4474:"Uganda - Overview" 4029:(17 October 2003). 3965:10.2166/wp.2007.010 3689:on 28 February 2014 2616:on 18 November 2009 2131:on 16 February 2008 1431:2006/07 investments 1363:economic efficiency 1357:Economic efficiency 1070:national ministries 822: 757:Stretch-out program 690: 597:Makerere University 532:, agriculture, and 212:improved sanitation 108:US$ 2.37 per capita 66:improved sanitation 50:improved sanitation 23: 5854:Dominican Republic 5189:Sub-Saharan Africa 4906:Telecommunications 4452:, 15 October 2009 3616:has generic name ( 2771:on 3 November 2011 2226:on 10 October 2008 2167:on 10 October 2008 2064:on 7 November 2006 1388:Labor productivity 1208: 1016:Labor productivity 820: 688: 574:in Lake Victoria. 415: 357: 333: 5978: 5977: 5806:England and Wales 5133: 5132: 5093: 5092: 4977:Human trafficking 4962:Domestic violence 4929: 4928: 4835: 4834: 4822:Political parties 4768:Foreign relations 4728: 4727: 4659:Uganda since 1986 4165: 4137:Dow Jones Factiva 3526:978-90-73445-15-4 2589:Missing or empty 2444:Dow Jones Factiva 2096:on 7 October 2011 1875: 1397:Financial aspects 1375:non-revenue water 1369:Non-revenue water 1067: 1061: 1045: 1044: 900:Non-revenue water 862:Operating profit 806: 805: 679:non-revenue water 534:industrialization 522: 521: 514: 496: 196: 195: 6013: 6006:Decentralization 5996:Health in Uganda 5811:Northern Ireland 5610:Papua New Guinea 5208: 5207: 5160: 5153: 5146: 5137: 5113: 5106: 5065: 5055: 4940: 4896: 4846: 4739: 4690:Cities and towns 4683: 4671: 4622:Early (pre-1894) 4595: 4588: 4581: 4572: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4496: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4476:. 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Archived from 3705: 3699: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3688: 3677: 3668: 3659: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3646:10.1002/jid.1053 3640:(8): 1099–1114. 3628: 3622: 3621: 3615: 3611: 3609: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3592:on 21 April 2008 3588:. Archived from 3581: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3564:on 21 April 2008 3560:. Archived from 3553: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3536:on 18 March 2009 3535: 3529:. Archived from 3518: 3507: 3501: 3499: 3493: 3488: 3486: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3465:. Archived from 3455: 3449: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3433: 3428: 3426: 3418: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3401: 3396: 3394: 3386: 3382: 3376: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3358: 3349: 3343: 3341: 3335: 3330: 3328: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3311: 3302: 3293: 3283: 3277: 3272: 3266: 3265: 3250:Utilities Policy 3245: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3225: 3219: 3214: 3212: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3195: 3186: 3180: 3178: 3172: 3167: 3165: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3148: 3139: 3133: 3130: 3124: 3121: 3115: 3107: 3101: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3084: 3078: 3074: 3068: 3066: 3060: 3055: 3053: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3036: 3030:(October 2003). 3024: 3018: 3017: 3011: 3006: 3004: 2996: 2992: 2983: 2982: 2975: 2969: 2968: 2962: 2957: 2955: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2937: 2931:. Archived from 2930: 2921: 2910: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2891: 2885: 2883: 2877: 2872: 2870: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2852: 2843: 2830: 2829: 2809: 2803: 2801: 2795: 2790: 2788: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2770: 2764:. Archived from 2763: 2754: 2748: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2737: 2728: 2722: 2712: 2703: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2670: 2663: 2654: 2648: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2632: 2626: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2612:. Archived from 2605: 2599: 2598: 2592: 2587: 2585: 2577: 2573: 2567: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2553: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2528:on 30 March 2008 2524:. Archived from 2517: 2508: 2506: 2500: 2495: 2493: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2476: 2464: 2458: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2418: 2413: 2411: 2403: 2399: 2390: 2388: 2382: 2377: 2375: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2354:. Archived from 2344: 2338: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2327: 2318: 2309: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2299:on 18 April 2014 2289: 2283: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2264: 2258: 2256: 2250: 2245: 2243: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2225: 2219:. Archived from 2218: 2208: 2199: 2197: 2191: 2186: 2184: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2166: 2160:. Archived from 2159: 2150: 2141: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2127:. Archived from 2117: 2106: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2092:. Archived from 2085: 2074: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2055: 2046: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2004: 1992: 1990: 1983: 1974: 1964: 1958: 1944: 1893: 1880: 1878:http://oanda.com 1871: 1865: 1856: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1845:"Uganda (04/08)" 1836: 1827: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1813:. Archived from 1806: 1789: 1787: 1781: 1776: 1774: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1757: 1748: 1739: 1737: 1731: 1726: 1724: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1707: 1698: 1689: 1688: 1682: 1677: 1675: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1658:on 18 March 2009 1657: 1651:. Archived from 1650: 1641: 1618: 1615: 1609: 1606: 1529:, and the German 1447:Investment needs 1313:output-based aid 1211:Cities and towns 1063: 1057: 823: 709:100-days program 691: 629: 625: 517: 510: 506: 503: 497: 495: 454: 430: 422: 377:suspended solids 281:infant mortality 243:basic sanitation 188: 177: 62:basic sanitation 46:basic sanitation 31: 24: 6021: 6020: 6016: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6011: 6010: 5981: 5980: 5979: 5974: 5903: 5822: 5726:North Macedonia 5614: 5583: 5390: 5209: 5202: 5198: 5167: 5164: 5134: 5129: 5116: 5109: 5102: 5089: 5080:Public holidays 5063: 5053: 5026: 4925: 4894: 4831: 4817:Law enforcement 4724: 4710:Protected areas 4672: 4663: 4608: 4599: 4557: 4540: 4535: 4523: 4521:Further reading 4518: 4508: 4506: 4498: 4497: 4493: 4483: 4481: 4480:on 12 June 2011 4468: 4467: 4463: 4458:Wayback Machine 4444: 4440: 4426: 4416: 4409: 4407: 4406:on 10 June 2007 4394: 4393: 4389: 4375: 4365: 4358: 4356: 4350: 4349: 4345: 4330: 4320: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4304: 4303: 4299: 4289: 4287: 4283: 4276: 4271: 4270: 4266: 4251: 4241: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4225: 4224: 4220: 4208: 4207: 4203: 4193: 4191: 4183: 4175: 4174: 4170: 4164: 4156: 4147: 4126: 4125: 4118: 4104: 4094: 4087: 4085: 4075: 4074: 4070: 4056: 4046: 4039: 4037: 4033: 4025: 4024: 4020: 4005: 3995: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3978: 3977: 3973: 3950: 3949: 3945: 3935: 3933: 3932:on 4 March 2009 3929: 3918: 3913: 3907: 3900: 3885: 3875: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3833: 3832: 3825: 3810: 3800: 3793: 3791: 3790:on 10 June 2007 3778: 3777: 3773: 3764: 3760: 3756:, November 2010 3751: 3747: 3738:Wayback Machine 3722: 3720: 3707: 3706: 3702: 3692: 3690: 3686: 3675: 3670: 3669: 3662: 3657: 3653: 3630: 3629: 3625: 3612: 3602: 3595: 3593: 3583: 3582: 3578: 3567: 3565: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3539: 3537: 3533: 3527: 3516: 3509: 3508: 3504: 3489: 3479: 3472: 3470: 3469:on 10 June 2007 3457: 3456: 3452: 3447: 3443: 3429: 3419: 3416: 3415: 3411: 3397: 3387: 3384: 3383: 3379: 3369: 3367: 3356: 3351: 3350: 3346: 3331: 3321: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3304: 3303: 3296: 3284: 3280: 3273: 3269: 3247: 3246: 3242: 3234: 3230: 3215: 3205: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3188: 3187: 3183: 3168: 3158: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3141: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3108: 3104: 3094: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3081: 3075: 3071: 3056: 3046: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3026: 3025: 3021: 3007: 2997: 2994: 2993: 2986: 2977: 2976: 2972: 2958: 2948: 2941: 2939: 2935: 2928: 2923: 2922: 2913: 2903: 2901: 2893: 2892: 2888: 2873: 2863: 2856: 2854: 2850: 2845: 2844: 2833: 2811: 2810: 2806: 2802:, pp. 168, 171. 2791: 2781: 2774: 2772: 2768: 2761: 2756: 2755: 2751: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2729: 2725: 2713: 2706: 2696: 2694: 2689: 2688: 2684: 2674: 2672: 2671:on 29 July 2014 2668: 2661: 2656: 2655: 2651: 2641: 2639: 2634: 2633: 2629: 2619: 2617: 2607: 2606: 2602: 2588: 2578: 2575: 2574: 2570: 2560: 2558: 2551: 2546: 2545: 2541: 2531: 2529: 2519: 2518: 2511: 2496: 2486: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2466: 2465: 2461: 2451: 2449: 2433: 2432: 2428: 2414: 2404: 2401: 2400: 2393: 2378: 2368: 2361: 2359: 2358:on 10 June 2007 2346: 2345: 2341: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2320: 2319: 2312: 2302: 2300: 2291: 2290: 2286: 2276: 2274: 2266: 2265: 2261: 2246: 2236: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2216: 2211: 2209: 2202: 2187: 2177: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2157: 2152: 2151: 2144: 2134: 2132: 2119: 2118: 2109: 2099: 2097: 2087: 2086: 2077: 2067: 2065: 2053: 2048: 2047: 2014: 2002: 2000: 1995: 1988: 1981: 1972: 1967: 1963:on 4 July 2009. 1956: 1949: 1945: 1895: 1894: 1883: 1874: 1866: 1859: 1849: 1847: 1839: 1837: 1830: 1820: 1818: 1817:on 24 July 2011 1808: 1807: 1792: 1777: 1767: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1750: 1749: 1742: 1738:, p. 19; 23; 31 1727: 1717: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1700: 1699: 1692: 1678: 1668: 1661: 1659: 1655: 1648: 1643: 1642: 1621: 1616: 1612: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1582: 1573: 1552: 1539: 1502: 1490: 1458: 1449: 1433: 1424: 1404: 1399: 1390: 1371: 1359: 1346: 1344:Other functions 1337: 1297: 1213: 1176: 1168: 1156: 1147: 1142: 1101: 1099:Legal framework 1066: 1060: 1017: 865: 863: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 815: 667: 662: 641:colonial period 637: 627: 623: 616: 588: 518: 507: 501: 498: 455: 453: 443: 435:This paragraph 431: 420: 407: 405:Water resources 386: 323: 314: 298: 293: 291:Service quality 235: 130: 12: 11: 5: 6019: 6017: 6009: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5983: 5982: 5976: 5975: 5973: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5911: 5909: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5830: 5828: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5820: 5819: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5801:United Kingdom 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5661:Czech Republic 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5622: 5620: 5616: 5615: 5613: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5591: 5589: 5585: 5584: 5582: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 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4809: 4804: 4803: 4802: 4792: 4791: 4790: 4785: 4783:Prime Minister 4780: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4749: 4748: 4742: 4736: 4730: 4729: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4686: 4680: 4674: 4673: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4661: 4656: 4654:Third Republic 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4630: 4629: 4618: 4616: 4610: 4609: 4600: 4598: 4597: 4590: 4583: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4556: 4553: 4552: 4551: 4546: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4533:External links 4531: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4516: 4491: 4461: 4438: 4429:|journal= 4398:(March 2005). 4387: 4378:|journal= 4343: 4333:|journal= 4297: 4264: 4254:|journal= 4218: 4201: 4168: 4162: 4145: 4116: 4107:|journal= 4068: 4059:|journal= 4018: 4008:|journal= 3971: 3959:(3): 271–284. 3943: 3898: 3896:, pp. 3; 24-25 3888:|journal= 3851: 3823: 3813:|journal= 3782:(March 2005). 3771: 3758: 3745: 3719:on 17 May 2008 3700: 3660: 3651: 3623: 3576: 3548: 3525: 3502: 3492:|journal= 3461:(March 2005). 3450: 3441: 3432:|journal= 3409: 3400:|journal= 3377: 3361:Uganda Gazette 3344: 3334:|journal= 3294: 3278: 3267: 3240: 3228: 3218:|journal= 3181: 3171:|journal= 3134: 3125: 3116: 3102: 3079: 3069: 3067:, p. 4; 10; 23 3059:|journal= 3019: 3010:|journal= 2984: 2970: 2961:|journal= 2938:on 10 May 2008 2911: 2886: 2876:|journal= 2831: 2804: 2794:|journal= 2749: 2723: 2704: 2682: 2649: 2627: 2600: 2568: 2539: 2509: 2499:|journal= 2470:(April 2006). 2459: 2426: 2417:|journal= 2391: 2381:|journal= 2350:(March 2005). 2339: 2310: 2284: 2259: 2249:|journal= 2200: 2190:|journal= 2142: 2107: 2075: 2012: 2010: 2009: 1993: 1965: 1881: 1872: 1857: 1843:(April 2008). 1828: 1790: 1780:|journal= 1740: 1730:|journal= 1690: 1681:|journal= 1619: 1610: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1581: 1578: 1572: 1569: 1551: 1550:European Union 1548: 1538: 1535: 1501: 1498: 1489: 1486: 1457: 1454: 1448: 1445: 1432: 1429: 1423: 1420: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1389: 1386: 1370: 1367: 1358: 1355: 1345: 1342: 1336: 1333: 1296: 1293: 1212: 1209: 1175: 1172: 1167: 1164: 1155: 1152: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1126: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1100: 1097: 1093:Sheldon Bowles 1075:NWSC received 1064: 1058: 1043: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 995: 992: 989: 985: 984: 981: 978: 975: 972: 969: 966: 963: 960: 956: 955: 952: 949: 946: 943: 940: 937: 934: 931: 927: 926: 923: 920: 917: 914: 911: 908: 905: 902: 896: 895: 892: 889: 886: 883: 880: 877: 874: 871: 859: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 814: 811: 804: 803: 800: 797: 794: 788: 787: 784: 781: 778: 772: 771: 768: 765: 759: 753: 752: 749: 746: 743: 737: 736: 733: 730: 727: 721: 720: 717: 714: 711: 705: 704: 701: 698: 695: 666: 663: 661: 658: 636: 633: 615: 612: 587: 584: 552:drainage basin 520: 519: 434: 432: 425: 419: 416: 406: 403: 393:, Iganda, and 385: 382: 322: 319: 313: 310: 297: 294: 292: 289: 234: 231: 217:The water and 194: 193: 190: 183: 182: 179: 172: 171: 168: 164: 163: 160: 156: 155: 152: 148: 147: 144: 140: 139: 127: 123: 122: 118: 117: 114: 110: 109: 106: 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5222: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5212: 5206: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5184:Latin America 5182: 5180: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5170: 5161: 5156: 5154: 5149: 5147: 5142: 5141: 5138: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5112: 5108: 5105: 5101: 5100: 5096: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5029: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4944: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4932: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4850: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4838: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4801: 4798: 4797: 4796: 4793: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4775: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4750: 4747: 4744: 4743: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4731: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4687: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4675: 4670: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4628: 4627:Egyptian rule 4625: 4624: 4623: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4596: 4591: 4589: 4584: 4582: 4577: 4576: 4573: 4566: 4562: 4559: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4541: 4537: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4520: 4505: 4501: 4495: 4492: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4465: 4462: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4442: 4439: 4434: 4421: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4391: 4388: 4383: 4370: 4355: 4347: 4344: 4338: 4325: 4307: 4301: 4298: 4282: 4275: 4268: 4265: 4259: 4246: 4228: 4222: 4219: 4214: 4213: 4205: 4202: 4189: 4182: 4178: 4172: 4169: 4159: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4146: 4141: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4123: 4121: 4117: 4112: 4099: 4083: 4079: 4072: 4069: 4064: 4051: 4032: 4028: 4022: 4019: 4013: 4000: 3982: 3975: 3972: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3947: 3944: 3928: 3924: 3917: 3911: 3905: 3903: 3899: 3893: 3880: 3862: 3855: 3852: 3837: 3830: 3828: 3824: 3818: 3805: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3775: 3772: 3768: 3762: 3759: 3755: 3749: 3746: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3732: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3704: 3701: 3685: 3681: 3674: 3667: 3665: 3661: 3655: 3652: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3627: 3624: 3619: 3607: 3591: 3587: 3580: 3577: 3563: 3559: 3552: 3549: 3532: 3528: 3522: 3515: 3514: 3506: 3503: 3497: 3484: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3454: 3451: 3445: 3442: 3437: 3424: 3413: 3410: 3405: 3392: 3381: 3378: 3366: 3362: 3355: 3348: 3345: 3339: 3326: 3308: 3301: 3299: 3295: 3292: 3291:0-688-12316-3 3288: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3271: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3244: 3241: 3237: 3232: 3229: 3223: 3210: 3192: 3185: 3182: 3176: 3163: 3145: 3138: 3135: 3129: 3126: 3120: 3117: 3112: 3109:The earnings 3106: 3103: 3090: 3083: 3080: 3073: 3070: 3064: 3051: 3033: 3029: 3023: 3020: 3015: 3002: 2991: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2974: 2971: 2966: 2953: 2934: 2927: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2912: 2900: 2896: 2890: 2887: 2881: 2868: 2849: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2808: 2805: 2799: 2786: 2767: 2760: 2753: 2750: 2734: 2727: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2709: 2705: 2692: 2686: 2683: 2667: 2660: 2653: 2650: 2638: 2631: 2628: 2615: 2611: 2604: 2601: 2596: 2583: 2572: 2569: 2557: 2550: 2543: 2540: 2527: 2523: 2516: 2514: 2510: 2504: 2491: 2473: 2469: 2463: 2460: 2448: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2430: 2427: 2422: 2409: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2386: 2373: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2343: 2340: 2324: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2298: 2294: 2288: 2285: 2273: 2272:washwatch.org 2269: 2263: 2260: 2257:, pp. 182-183 2254: 2241: 2222: 2215: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2198:, pp. 182-188 2195: 2182: 2163: 2156: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2095: 2091: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2063: 2059: 2052: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2013: 1999: 1994: 1987: 1980: 1979: 1971: 1966: 1962: 1955: 1954: 1948: 1947: 1942: 1938: 1937: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1879: 1869: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1846: 1842: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1816: 1812: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1785: 1772: 1754: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1735: 1722: 1704: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1673: 1654: 1647: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1614: 1611: 1605: 1602: 1596: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1579: 1577: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1541:In 2005, the 1536: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1472: 1471:Lake Victoria 1466: 1464: 1455: 1453: 1446: 1444: 1442: 1437: 1430: 1428: 1421: 1419: 1417: 1412: 1410: 1401: 1396: 1394: 1387: 1385: 1383: 1382:best practice 1378: 1376: 1368: 1366: 1364: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1343: 1341: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1309: 1307: 1301: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1210: 1204: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1173: 1171: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1153: 1151: 1144: 1139: 1137: 1135: 1130: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1112: 1109: 1105: 1098: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1089:Ken Blanchard 1086: 1080: 1078: 1073: 1071: 1055: 1049: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1015: 1014: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 996: 993: 990: 987: 986: 982: 979: 976: 973: 970: 967: 964: 961: 958: 957: 953: 950: 947: 944: 941: 938: 935: 932: 929: 928: 924: 921: 918: 915: 912: 909: 906: 903: 901: 898: 897: 893: 890: 887: 884: 881: 878: 875: 872: 869: 861: 860: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 824: 818: 812: 810: 801: 798: 795: 793: 790: 789: 785: 782: 779: 777: 774: 773: 769: 766: 764: 760: 758: 755: 754: 750: 747: 744: 742: 739: 738: 734: 731: 728: 726: 723: 722: 718: 715: 712: 710: 707: 706: 702: 699: 697:Objective(s) 696: 693: 692: 686: 682: 680: 674: 672: 671:Idi Amin Dada 664: 659: 657: 654: 649: 647: 642: 634: 632: 620: 613: 611: 609: 605: 600: 598: 594: 586:Lake Victoria 585: 583: 580: 577:There are no 575: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 556:surface water 553: 549: 545: 544:Lake Victoria 541: 537: 535: 531: 527: 516: 513: 505: 494: 491: 487: 484: 480: 477: 473: 470: 466: 463: – 462: 458: 457:Find sources: 451: 447: 441: 440: 433: 429: 424: 423: 417: 411: 404: 402: 400: 396: 392: 383: 381: 378: 374: 370: 366: 361: 353: 349: 346: 342: 338: 331: 327: 320: 318: 311: 309: 306: 303: 295: 290: 288: 284: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 261: 257: 253: 251: 246: 244: 240: 232: 230: 228: 224: 220: 215: 213: 209: 204: 201: 191: 184: 180: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 138: 134: 128: 124: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 43: 39: 34: 30: 25: 22: 16: 5534:Saudi Arabia 5375: 5351:South Africa 5346:Sierra Leone 5241:Burkina Faso 5060: 5050: 5011: 4992:Prostitution 4957:Demographics 4916:Trade unions 4868:Conservation 4863:Central bank 4827:Rebel groups 4795:Human rights 4753:Constitution 4695:Conservation 4538:Institutions 4524: 4507:. Retrieved 4494: 4482:. Retrieved 4478:the original 4464: 4441: 4420:cite journal 4408:. Retrieved 4404:the original 4390: 4369:cite journal 4357:. Retrieved 4346: 4324:cite journal 4312:. Retrieved 4300: 4288:. Retrieved 4281:the original 4267: 4245:cite journal 4233:. Retrieved 4221: 4211: 4204: 4192:. Retrieved 4188:the original 4179:(May 2005). 4171: 4132: 4098:cite journal 4086:. Retrieved 4082:the original 4071: 4050:cite journal 4038:. Retrieved 4021: 3999:cite journal 3987:. Retrieved 3974: 3956: 3953:Water Policy 3952: 3946: 3934:. Retrieved 3927:the original 3922: 3879:cite journal 3867:. Retrieved 3854: 3842:. Retrieved 3804:cite journal 3792:. Retrieved 3788:the original 3774: 3761: 3748: 3721:. Retrieved 3717:the original 3703: 3691:. Retrieved 3684:the original 3680:OBApproaches 3679: 3654: 3637: 3633: 3626: 3594:. Retrieved 3590:the original 3579: 3566:. Retrieved 3562:the original 3551: 3538:. Retrieved 3531:the original 3512: 3505: 3483:cite journal 3471:. Retrieved 3467:the original 3453: 3444: 3423:cite journal 3412: 3391:cite journal 3380: 3368:. Retrieved 3364: 3360: 3347: 3325:cite journal 3313:. Retrieved 3281: 3270: 3256:(1): 49–58. 3253: 3249: 3243: 3231: 3209:cite journal 3197:. Retrieved 3184: 3162:cite journal 3150:. Retrieved 3137: 3128: 3119: 3110: 3105: 3093:. Retrieved 3091:. p. 83 3082: 3072: 3050:cite journal 3038:. Retrieved 3022: 3001:cite journal 2978: 2973: 2952:cite journal 2940:. Retrieved 2933:the original 2902:. Retrieved 2889: 2867:cite journal 2855:. Retrieved 2817: 2813: 2807: 2785:cite journal 2773:. Retrieved 2766:the original 2752: 2740:. Retrieved 2726: 2695:. Retrieved 2685: 2673:. Retrieved 2666:the original 2652: 2640:. Retrieved 2630: 2618:. Retrieved 2614:the original 2603: 2571: 2559:. Retrieved 2555: 2542: 2530:. Retrieved 2526:the original 2490:cite journal 2478:. Retrieved 2462: 2450:. Retrieved 2439: 2429: 2408:cite journal 2372:cite journal 2360:. Retrieved 2356:the original 2342: 2330:. Retrieved 2301:. Retrieved 2297:the original 2287: 2275:. Retrieved 2271: 2262: 2240:cite journal 2228:. Retrieved 2221:the original 2181:cite journal 2169:. Retrieved 2162:the original 2133:. Retrieved 2129:the original 2098:. Retrieved 2094:the original 2066:. Retrieved 2062:the original 2057: 2001:. Retrieved 1986:the original 1977: 1961:the original 1952: 1935: 1905: 1901: 1848:. Retrieved 1819:. Retrieved 1815:the original 1771:cite journal 1759:. Retrieved 1721:cite journal 1709:. Retrieved 1672:cite journal 1660:. 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Kampala. 4133:The Monitor 3614:|last= 3077:employees). 2742:5 September 2561:2 September 2440:The Monitor 2328:. p. 5 1335:Rural areas 1295:Small towns 1250:Fort Portal 1220:, Entebbe, 1150:providers. 1085:Raving Fans 802:Since 2003 560:groundwater 239:basic water 129:Since 1997: 60:("at least 44:("at least 5985:Categories 5844:Costa Rica 5600:East Timor 5489:Kyrgyzstan 5479:Kazakhstan 5412:Bangladesh 5407:Azerbaijan 5321:Mozambique 4895:(currency) 4773:Government 4758:Corruption 4500:World Bank 4470:World Bank 4290:23 October 3709:World Bank 3342:, p. 2; 23 2895:World Bank 2775:7 November 2608:Fichtner. 2591:|url= 2507:, p. 8; 29 2332:23 October 2123:; UNICEF. 1597:References 1571:World Bank 1321:Busembatia 1236:, Masaka, 1191:, residue 1062:to 25,000/ 988:Employees 770:2002–2003 761:Improving 751:2000–2003 653:World Bank 593:White Nile 526:freshwater 472:newspapers 373:phosphorus 219:sanitation 167:Sector law 5970:Venezuela 5915:Argentina 5889:Nicaragua 5864:Guatemala 5716:Lithuania 5595:Australia 5549:Sri Lanka 5539:Singapore 5519:Palestine 5449:Indonesia 5427:Hong Kong 5172:By region 5007:Terrorism 5002:Squatting 4982:Languages 4967:Education 4921:Transport 4893:Shilling 4878:Fisheries 4778:President 4763:Elections 4705:Mountains 4678:Geography 3114:its debt. 3095:13 August 2303:23 August 1922:1017-6772 1868:USh 1456:Financing 1189:turbidity 1187:, color, 1054:USh 832:1999–2000 763:team work 700:Measures 614:Water use 566:areas of 564:semi-arid 269:boreholes 133:districts 5950:Paraguay 5935:Colombia 5874:Honduras 5816:Scotland 5771:Slovenia 5766:Slovakia 5746:Portugal 5651:Bulgaria 5564:Thailand 5514:Pakistan 5504:Malaysia 5417:Cambodia 5386:Zimbabwe 5366:Tanzania 5271:Ethiopia 5266:Eswatini 5251:Cameroon 5231:Botswana 5120:Category 4997:Religion 4987:Polygamy 4947:Abortion 4883:Forestry 4812:Military 4800:Intersex 4734:Politics 4720:Wildlife 4606:articles 4454:Archived 4177:WaterAid 4160: 1/ 3821:, p. 3-4 3734:Archived 3693:11 March 3606:cite web 3546:, p. 133 2582:cite web 2468:WaterAid 2277:22 March 1941:33208218 1416:jerrycan 1340:Sports. 1254:Bushenyi 1193:chlorine 1077:ISO 9001 1056:400,000/ 983:317,300 980:296,200 977:272,400 974:202,000 971:181,000 968:100,000 694:Program 646:UN-Water 502:May 2017 418:Overview 345:Nakivubo 223:Uganda's 5965:Uruguay 5940:Ecuador 5920:Bolivia 5879:Jamaica 5796:Ukraine 5756:Romania 5701:Iceland 5696:Hungary 5686:Germany 5676:Finland 5671:Estonia 5666:Denmark 5656:Croatia 5641:Belgium 5636:Austria 5631:Armenia 5626:Albania 5574:Vietnam 5499:Lebanon 5439:Georgia 5371:Tunisia 5341:Senegal 5331:Nigeria 5326:Namibia 5316:Morocco 5296:Liberia 5291:Lesotho 5246:Burundi 5221:Algeria 5104:Outline 5054:(dress) 5045:Cuisine 5032:Culture 4935:Society 4911:Tourism 4888:Poverty 4858:Banking 4841:Economy 4788:Cabinet 4614:History 4561:YouTube 4352:2007). 4341:, p. 17 4262:, p. 29 4016:, p. 33 3238:, p. 27 3179:, p. 16 2981:. NWSC. 2642:16 July 2620:16 July 2452:9 April 2135:16 July 2100:16 July 2003:9 April 1930:1088139 1788:, p. 28 1587:Mbarara 1565:Mubende 1557:Masindi 1285:Mubende 1269:Masindi 1238:Mbarara 1197:E. coli 965:59,000 962:51,000 856:2012-13 852:2011-12 848:2010-11 840:2006-07 836:2003-04 828:1997-98 486:scholar 399:Mubende 395:Masindi 302:Kampala 265:springs 5945:Guyana 5925:Brazil 5894:Panama 5884:Mexico 5839:Canada 5834:Belize 5791:Turkey 5781:Sweden 5761:Russia 5741:Poland 5736:Serbia 5731:Norway 5711:Latvia 5691:Greece 5681:France 5619:Europe 5559:Taiwan 5529:Russia 5484:Kuwait 5474:Jordan 5454:Israel 5381:Zambia 5376:Uganda 5336:Rwanda 5306:Malawi 5226:Angola 5214:Africa 5125:Portal 5064:(robe) 5051:Gomesi 5040:Cinema 4972:Health 4873:Energy 4715:Rivers 4604: 4602:Uganda 4555:Videos 4509:14 May 4484:14 May 4359:14 May 3969:, p. 6 3936:19 May 3844:26 May 3834:NWSC. 3723:5 July 3523: 3500:, p. 3 3289: 3152:4 July 2884:, p. 3 2697:9 June 2675:26 May 2389:, p. 1 1939: 1928: 1920: 1662:13 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