36:
1779:– syllabic consonants are also included in this category), and those that contain full (unreduced) vowels, despite being unstressed. This approach is taken by linguists such as Ladefoged and Bolinger, who thus consider that there are two "tiers" of vowels in English, full and reduced. The reduced/unreduced distinction is regarded as one of vowel quality not involving any difference in stress. (This contrasts with analyses that ascribe secondary or tertiary stress to syllables with unreduced vowels.)
3430:
807:
514:
799:
506:
1590:(as for example when a lexicographer determines which syllables are stressed) acquires this additional tonic stress, it may appear to be inherent in the word itself rather than derived from the utterance in which the word occurs. (The tonic stress may also occur elsewhere than on the final stressed syllable, if the speaker uses contrasting or other
1766:
As described in the section above, the binary account explains the distinction observed between "primary" and "secondary" stress as resulting from the prosodic, tonic stress that naturally falls on the final stressed syllable in a unit. It also recognizes the distinction between unstressed syllables
1574:
stress. They report that often the alleged secondary (or tertiary) stress in
English is not characterized by the increase in respiratory activity normally associated with primary stress in English or with all stress in other languages. In their analysis, an English syllable may be either stressed or
1655:
The following table summarizes the relationships between the aforementioned analyses of levels of stress in
English: Ladefoged's binary account (which recognizes only one level of lexical stress), a quaternary account (which recognizes primary, secondary and tertiary stress), and typical dictionary
255:
Moreover, even within a given letter sequence and a given part of speech, lexical stress may distinguish between different words or between different meanings of the same word (depending on differences in theory about what constitutes a distinct word): for example, initial-stress pronunciations of
1425:
In words where the primary stress falls on the third syllable or later, it is normal for secondary stress to be marked on one of the first two syllables of the word. In words where the primary stress falls on the third syllable, secondary stress usually falls on the first rather than the second
1390:
In many phonological approaches, and in many dictionaries, English is represented as having two levels of stress: primary and secondary. In every lexical word, and in some grammatical words, one syllable is identified as having primary stress, though in monosyllables the stress is not generally
1434:
have their primary stress on the third syllable, and secondary stress on the first syllable. However, in certain words with primary stress on the third syllable, the second syllable may have secondary stress corresponding to the primary stress of a shorter related word or base. For example,
2046:
as a verb (as in 'what separates nation from nation') has a full vowel in the final syllable, , whereas the corresponding adjective (as in 'they sleep in separate rooms') has a reduced vowel: or . A distinction may be made in a similar way between a verb and a noun, as in the case of
1549:
vowels (unreduced vowels, i.e., those not among the reduced vowels listed in the previous section). Dictionaries do not generally mark tertiary stress, but as mentioned above, some of them treat all syllables with unreduced vowels as having at least secondary stress.
1597:
This combination of lexical stress, phrase- or clause-final prosody, and the lexical reduction of some unstressed vowels, conspires to create the impression of multiple levels of stress. In
Ladefoged's approach, our examples are transcribed phonemically as
1447:. In words where the primary stress falls on the fourth syllable or later, the position of the secondary stress on either the first or second syllable often corresponds to the position of the primary stress in a shorter related word or base. For example,
352:
Certain vowel sounds in
English are associated strongly with absence of stress: they occur practically exclusively in unstressed syllables, and conversely, most (though not all) unstressed syllables contain one of these sounds. These are known as
2055:
in the verb's final syllable). Finally, differences in syllabic stress and vowel reduction (or lack of the latter) may distinguish between meanings even within a given part of speech, with the best-known such pairs in
American English being
988:
In other words, a syllabic consonant can be phonologically analyzed as consisting of either just the consonant or of an underlying schwa followed by the consonant. The consonants that can be syllabic in
English are principally
1939:
constraints, a consonant between a full and a reduced vowel generally belongs to the syllable with the full vowel, whereas a consonant between two reduced vowels belongs to the preceding syllable. According to this analysis,
1634:
To determine where the actual lexical stress is in a word, one may try pronouncing the word in a phrase, with other words before and after it and without any pauses between them, to eliminate the effects of tonic stress: in
1535:
In some theories, English has been described as having three levels of stress: primary, secondary, and tertiary (in addition to the unstressed level, which in this approach may also be called quaternary stress). For
324:
stress—particular words within a phrase or sentence receive additional stress to emphasize the information they convey. There is also said to be a natural "tonic stress" that falls on the last stressed syllable of a
1059:
All full (unreduced; also called strong) vowels may occur in unstressed position (except under theoretical approaches that routinely assign secondary or tertiary stress to syllables containing such vowels – see
298:, the military) field, and encountered in sports only as borrowed from the legal field in the context of adjudicating rule violations. British English stresses the second syllable in both sports and legal use.
1518::358–360) notes that such dictionaries make use of the secondary-stress mark to distinguish full vowels from reduced vowels in unstressed syllables, as they may not have distinct symbols for reduced vowels.
1544:
has a primary and tertiary stress. Exact treatments vary, but it is common for tertiary stress to be assigned to those syllables that, while not assigned primary or secondary stress, nonetheless contain
1522:
remarks, "Some analysts (particularly
Americans) argue that the presence of a strong vowel is sufficient evidence that the syllable in question is stressed. In the British tradition we regard them as
2181:
In the case of most words with such alternative forms, the weak form is much more common (since it is relatively rare for function words to receive prosodic stress). This is particularly true of the
1507:
In some dictionaries (particularly
American ones), all syllables that contain a full (unreduced) vowel are ascribed at least secondary stress, even when they come after the primary stress (as in the
1232:
Many other full unstressed vowels also derive historically from stressed vowels, due to shifts of stress over time, such as stress shifting away from the final syllable of French loan words, like
1455:, which both have primary stress on the fourth syllable, have secondary stress on the first and second syllable respectively: the same positions as the primary stress on the first syllable of
313:, with primary stress on the fourth syllable, secondary stress on the first syllable, and the remaining syllables unstressed. For different ways of analysing levels of stress in English, see
1830:. Alternatively, these reduced vowels can be analyzed as instances of the same phonemes as full vowels. In that case, it may be the phonemic secondary stress that distinguishes these words.
1473:, the stressed syllable of the prominent part of the compound is marked with primary stress, while the stressed syllable of the other part may be marked with secondary stress. For example,
1335:. However, in some compounds that are used fairly frequently and therefore more familiarly, the vowel of the unstressed part may be reduced in contrast to compounds that are not: thus,
1391:
marked. In addition, longer words may have one or more syllables identified as having secondary stress. Syllables that have neither primary nor secondary stress are called unstressed.
1990:
may be pronounced with a reduced vowel in some instances and a full vowel in other instances, usually depending on the degree of stress (lexical or prosodic) given to it.
1578:
The difference between what is normally called primary and secondary stress, in this analysis, is explained by the observation that the last stressed syllable in a normal
3498:
1895:
Some linguists have observed phonetic consequences of vowel reduction that go beyond the pronunciation of the vowel itself. Bolinger (1986) observes that a preceding
2120:
when a word is mentioned standing alone). In the case of many such words the strong form is also used when the word comes at the end of a sentence or phrase.
1410:. IPA stress marks are placed before the stressed syllable. When citing words in English spelling, primary stress is sometimes denoted with an acute accent
2622:
1767:
with full vowels, and unstressed syllables with reduced vowels, but considers this to be a difference involving vowel reduction and not one of stress.
1562:
have noted that it is possible to describe
English with only one degree of stress, as long as unstressed syllables are phonemically distinguished for
2030:, where the stress moves to the second syllable, the first syllable now contains schwa while the second syllable contains a full vowel (that of
1775:
As mentioned in the previous section, some linguists postulate a phonemic distinction between syllables that contain reduced vowels (as listed
1466:
In words where the primary stress falls on the third or fourth syllable from the end, a following syllable may be marked with secondary stress.
977:, which can result in syllables with no vowel sound. Alternative pronunciations of syllabic consonants are however also possible. For example,
3491:
2196:, whose strong forms are used within normal sentences only on the rare occasions when definiteness or indefiniteness is being emphasized:
1481:. Dictionaries are not always consistent in this, particularly when the secondary stress would come after the primary – for instance the
1263:⟩, it may be hard to ascertain whether they represent a full vowel or a reduced vowel. A word that illustrates this challenge is
2233:
The exact set of words that have weak forms depends on dialect and speaker; the following is a list of the chief words of this type in
3423:
526:
274:
in
American English denote concepts specific to sports, whereas pronunciations with stress on the words' respective second syllables (
3371:
3297:
3279:
3214:
3179:
79:
57:
1527:
Note that this last-mentioned group of syllables are those ascribed tertiary stress in the approach described in the next section.
3539:
3427:
721:
is an unstressed front close unrounded vowel most commonly represented with , although some dialects (including more traditional
3564:
3484:
1998:
When the stress pattern of words changes, the vowels in certain syllables may switch between full and reduced. For example, in
1575:
unstressed, and if unstressed, the vowel may be either full or reduced. This is all that is required for a phonemic treatment.
683:
662:
Among speakers who make this distinction, the distributions of schwa and are quite variable, and in many cases the two are in
118:
100:
2072:
In some words, the reduction of a vowel depends on how quickly or carefully the speaker enunciates the word. For example, the
2064:(in each case with the first syllable accented in the context of sports and the second syllable accented in legal contexts).
228:
in English; the position of the stress is generally unpredictable and can serve to distinguish words. For example, the words
369:.) The exact set of reduced vowels depends on dialect and speaker; the principal ones are described in the sections below.
740:. However, some contemporary accounts regard it as a symbol representing a close front vowel that is neither the vowel of
1566:. According to this view, the posited multiple levels, whether primary–secondary or primary–secondary–tertiary, are mere
2990:
2380:
1046:
749:
2761:
2603:
1038:
249:
2671:
resulting from the use of some of the weak forms can lead to confusion in writing; the identity of the weak forms of
2042:
A number of English verb-adjective pairs are distinguished solely by vowel reduction. For example, in some dialects,
1656:
approaches (which recognize primary and secondary stress, although their interpretations of secondary stress vary).
340:, which means that there is a tendency to speak so that the stressed syllables come at roughly equal intervals. See
3585:
2754:
2646:
2630:
3237:
2855:
2080:
is commonly reduced to schwa, but in more careful enunciation it may also be pronounced as a full vowel (that of
1983:
192:
But in other contexts where the word carries stress, it would be pronounced in its "strong" (unreduced) form as
1583:
529:(or equivalently ). In the British phonetic tradition, the latter vowel is represented with the symbol ⟨
50:
44:
2218:), although this distinction is being lost in the United States. A similar distinction is sometimes made with
1252:). There is a tendency, though, for such vowels to become reduced over time, especially in very common words.
2459:
In most of the above words the weak form contains schwa, or a syllabic consonant in the case of those ending
1240:, in British English though not American English, or the loss or change of stress in compound phrases (as in
301:
Some words are shown in dictionaries as having two levels of stress: primary and secondary. For example, the
3363:
3242:
2860:
2006:, where the first syllable has (at least secondary) stress and the second syllable is unstressed, the first
679:
2565:
2516:
2500:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2234:
2139:
2135:
2052:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1827:
1823:
1811:
1795:
1782:
This distinction can be used to explain the (potential) contrast between the final vowel of words such as
1609:
1602:
1405:
1397:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1260:
1256:
1221:
1213:
1205:
1197:
1189:
1163:
1155:
1147:
1139:
1131:
1117:
1105:
1097:
1089:
1085:
1077:
1065:
1032:
1028:
998:
994:
990:
962:
958:
950:
940:
922:
918:
910:
906:
902:
891:
887:
873:
865:
858:
851:
844:
837:
830:
823:
760:
756:
726:
722:
701:
691:
534:
530:
494:
490:
310:
302:
289:
280:
271:
262:
193:
169:
165:
114:
110:
96:
61:
2569:
2539:
1591:
321:
141:. Absence of stress on a syllable, or on a word in some cases, is frequently associated in English with
1064:
below). Some examples of words with unstressed syllables that are often pronounced with full vowels in
678:, for example, may be pronounced with either sound. A symbolization convention recently introduced by
3170:
1044:
1036:
1024:
126:
2711:
3554:
3534:
3462:
583:
Like schwa, does not correspond in spelling to any single vowel letter. It can be represented by
3559:
3022:
2051:(pronounced with a schwa in the noun's final syllable and sometimes pronounced with a full vowel
1956:; it is then asserted that voiceless stops are only aspirated at the beginning of syllables, and
1616:(marked ), extra stress appears from the utterance that is not inherent in the words themselves:
974:
294:
150:
17:
3524:
3367:
3293:
3275:
3210:
3175:
2734:
2614:, although weak forms may be used more frequently as tempo increases and note-values shorten.
1915:
in American English is possible before a reduced vowel but not before a full vowel. Hence the
780:
577:
3250:
3204:
2868:
2108:
with a reduced vowel, used when the word has no prosodic stress, and a phonemically distinct
3544:
3508:
3415:
2543:
2182:
456:
267:
258:
248:
are distinguished by the placement of the stress in the same way – this is an example of an
130:
3590:
3549:
3519:
3290:
Teaching Pronunciation: A Reference for Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages
3267:
2749:
2638:
1563:
1559:
1490:
467:
285:
149:) or with certain other vowels that are described as being "reduced" (or sometimes with a
142:
493:, removing any phonemic difference). The r-colored schwa can be analyzed phonemically as
3414:, Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Cambridge University Press,
2117:
1896:
895:
663:
485:
Non-rhotic dialects simply have schwa in these positions, except where the dialect has
3476:
3034:
489:(although when it is coupled with intrusive R, the underlying phoneme is still a bare
3579:
3407:
2637:
may reduce to or just the syllabic consonant , or by assimilation with a following
2618:
2580:
2551:
2113:
2101:
1613:
1587:
1579:
1519:
1470:
1292:
819:
734:
463:
362:
326:
3440:
1936:
954:
914:
538:
522:
1639:
for example, one can hear secondary (that is, lexical) stress on two syllables of
1394:
In International Phonetic Alphabet transcriptions, primary stress is denoted with
806:
513:
3231:
2849:
2606:
with exaggeratedly careful enunciation, weak forms may be avoided. An example is
752:; these contexts include unstressed prevocalic position within the word, such as
2588:
1073:
1068:
are given below (pronunciation may be different in other varieties of English).
882:
symbol mentioned above, Oxford University Press have devised the non-IPA symbol
381:
173:
2834:
1291:
Full vowels are commonly, but not always, preserved in unstressed syllables in
696:) in words that may be pronounced with either or schwa. For example, the word
2694:: they form a rhythmic pattern with an adjacent word, and cannot occur alone.
2660:, though historically it is derived from a different pronoun, the Old English
2124:
1127:
3419:
2994:
1439:
is pronounced by some speakers with secondary stress on the second syllable (
2744:
1185:
486:
358:
341:
160:
For example, in the following sentence, a speaker would typically pronounce
154:
2610:, where strong forms may be used almost exclusively, apart (normally) from
798:
505:
236:
are distinguished in pronunciation only by the syllable being stressed. In
2130:. When appearing unstressed within a sentence and governing a verb (as in
1903:
before an unstressed full vowel, but not before a reduced vowel; and that
973:
The other sounds that can serve as the peaks of reduced syllables are the
2679:
sometimes leads to misspellings such as "would of", "could of", etc. for
1987:
1932:
1904:
1567:
759:. For some speakers, however, there is a contrast between this vowel and
225:
106:
1834:
Potential distinction between reduced vowels and unstressed full vowels
2668:
2626:
2607:
2092:, which is never a full vowel, no matter how carefully one enunciates.
1571:
380:, , is the most common reduced vowel in English. It may be represented
2575:
Other words that have weak forms in many varieties of English include
1179:
3288:
Celce-Murcia, Marianne; Brinton, Donna M.; Goodwin, Janet M. (1996),
2691:
982:
576:(for speakers who make the distinction) is the near-close vowel. See
153:
as the syllable nucleus rather than a vowel). Various contradictory
748:; it occurs in contexts where the contrast between these vowels is
2739:
2019:
805:
797:
512:
504:
377:
276:
146:
2206:(i.e. maybe not the one you were referring to). The weak form of
1421:
Secondary stress is frequently indicated in the following cases:
3480:
1814:. Another example, for some speakers, is provided by the words
521:
In some dialects of English there is a distinction between two
330:
145:– many such syllables are pronounced with a centralized vowel (
2617:
The vowel reduction in weak forms may be accompanied by other
2112:
with a full vowel, used when the word is stressed (and as the
1494:
357:, and tend to be characterized by such features as shortness,
29:
3013:
3011:
2160:
when the word is phrase-final, i.e. without a governed verb:
525:
of reduced vowels: in addition to schwa, there is a distinct
1931:
explains such phenomena by claiming that, in the absence of
3132:
3130:
725:) may have . This used to be identified with the phoneme
2991:"DOCUMENT | Meaning & Definition for UK English"
932:
vowel, is widely used in British works for words such as
3314:
Jones, D.; Roach, Peter; Setter, J.; Esling, J. (2011),
3093:
3091:
2527:, see above.) These various sounds are described in the
2379:
Reduced, but stressed at the end of a sentence and when
1681:
The most prominent syllable when a word is spoken alone.
1586:
or "tonic" stress. Since a word spoken in isolation, in
1531:
Descriptions with primary, secondary and tertiary stress
1180:§ Distinctions between reduced and unreduced vowels
985:
sound or as with a schwa followed by the dark l sound.
2941:
2820:
1497:, although both of them assign secondary stress to the
3400:
Oxford Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English
2965:
455:(although the last three are pronounced instead as a
240:, the stress is placed on the first syllable; and in
1960:
can only be flapped at the end of a syllable (as in
682:
for some of their English dictionaries uses the non-
105:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
3209:(3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 98.
1540:has a primary, secondary, and tertiary stress, and
1170:. Note that this last may stand in contrast to the
3272:Intonation and Its Parts: Melody in Spoken English
3230:
3174:(2005). Melbourne, The Macquarie Library Pty Ltd.
2848:
2010:is pronounced with a full vowel (the diphthong of
1418:, placed over the vowel of the stressed syllable.
2587:(pronounced or ). These are sometimes given the
1771:Distinctions between reduced and unreduced vowels
1704:Other phonetically prominent syllables in a word.
1612:, with one. In citation form, or at the end of a
1279:, while the second is definitively the unreduced
331:§ Descriptions with only one level of stress
292:) denote concepts related to the legal (and, for
3308:Intonation Systems: A Survey of Twenty Languages
2710:In English dialects that have not undergone the
2340:Reduced, but stressed at the end of a sentence:
533:⟩, and in the American tradition ⟨
244:on the second. Similarly, the noun and the verb
119:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
459:by some speakers – see the following section).
3058:
1386:Descriptions with primary and secondary stress
1061:
314:
3492:
1643:as the primary (tonic) stress has shifted to
8:
2068:Alternation depending on type of enunciation
1826:while the latter may end with the unreduced
224:Lexical stress (word stress) is regarded as
2561:Another common word with a reduced form is
2210:is typically before a vowel-initial word (
2170:when the word is referred to in isolation:
1978:Alternation between full and reduced vowels
1740:Secondary stress (esp. U.S.) or unstressed
1178:. This contrast is further described under
137:and at the level of the phrase or sentence
3499:
3485:
3477:
1554:Descriptions with only one level of stress
1443:), corresponding to the primary stress in
501:Reduced vowels in the close unrounded area
3454:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary, 3rd Ed.
3097:
3082:
2808:
2548:I said that you can; The man that you saw
1414:and secondary stress with a grave accent
981:may be pronounced as either with only a
840:, thus forming a three-way contrast with
384:by any of the vowel letters, such as the
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
3391:English Phonetics and Phonology, 4th Ed.
3316:English Pronouncing Dictionary, 18th Ed.
3136:
3121:
3109:
2905:
2214:) but before a consonant-initial word (
1832:
1658:
1515:
1489:is transcribed with secondary stress in
1088:heard when the word is used as a noun);
928:A rounded vowel , corresponding to the
886:to represent a vowel that may be either
815:
794:Reduced vowels in the close rounded area
541:contrasting these two reduced vowels is
43:This article includes a list of general
3445:Studies in the pronunciation of English
3398:Upton, C; Kretzschmar; Konopka (2001),
3070:
2942:Upton, Kretzschmar & Konopka (2001)
2917:
2821:Upton, Kretzschmar & Konopka (2001)
2777:
2703:
2096:Weak and strong forms of function words
1994:Alternation depending on lexical stress
1009:(spelled by L followed by a silent e),
2977:
2796:
1923:would be an aspirated , while that in
1723:Other syllables with unreduced vowels.
3190:
3148:
2953:
2929:
2893:
2881:
2784:
2499:the vowel may be the reduced form of
1928:
7:
3358:Garcia Lecumberri, M. Luisa (2000),
3331:Knight, Rachael-Anne Knight (2012),
3251:participating institution membership
3171:Macquarie Dictionary, Fourth Edition
2869:participating institution membership
1822:; the former may end with a reduced
329:– for more on this, see below under
157:analyses exist for these phenomena.
109:. For the distinction between ,
2528:
1776:
1605:, with two stressed syllables, and
1255:With vowels represented as ⟨
957:representing the neutralization of
953:. Phonologically, this vowel is an
917:representing the neutralization of
913:. Phonologically, this vowel is an
868:. This phoneme alternates with the
320:English also has relatively strong
3017:John Wells, "strong and weak", in
1986:with full vowels: a given word or
1927:would be unaspirated or a flap .
1637:the còunterintèlligence commúnity,
1108:in words with the negative prefix
527:near-close central unrounded vowel
365:position. (An alternative term is
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
2556:Put that down; I like that colour
2138:is used. However the strong form
2123:An example of such a word is the
1084:when used as a verb (compare the
470:schwa, , occurs in words such as
3033:Wells, John (16 November 2011).
2038:Alternation depending on meaning
1062:§ Degrees of lexical stress
1035:are also pronounced as syllabic
315:§ Degrees of lexical stress
133:, both at the level of the word
34:
18:Weak and strong forms in English
3441:"Syllabification and allophony"
3325:Beginner's English Dialectology
2579:(weakly pronounced as , or in
2176:" is one of the English modals.
2162:we won't be doing it, but they
1810:, which may end with unreduced
101:International Phonetic Alphabet
3382:The Sound Structure of English
3292:, Cambridge University Press,
2572:rather than vowel reduction.
2568:, but this is derived through
2515:it may be the reduced form of
2198:Did you find the cat? I found
1757:Unstressed (quaternary stress)
1745:Syllables with reduced vowels.
818::347–360), there is a reduced
707:The final vowel of words like
342:Isochrony § Stress timing
129:is a prominent feature of the
1:
3461:Wells, John C. (2012-06-07),
3274:, Stanford University Press,
1794:, which may end with reduced
3443:, in Ramsaran, Susan (ed.),
3393:, Cambridge University Press
3384:, Cambridge University Press
3360:English Transcription Course
3342:The Pronunciation of English
3335:, Cambridge University Press
3318:, Cambridge University Press
3059:Hirst & Di Cristo (1998)
2993:. Lexico.com. Archived from
2762:Initial-stress-derived nouns
2656:functions as a weak form of
1493:dictionaries but not in the
1271:is either the reduced vowel
802:A dictionary convention for
509:A dictionary convention for
2835:"Oxford English Dictionary"
2146:when the word is stressed:
1538:²coun.ter.³in.¹tel.li.gence
1459:and the second syllable of
336:English is classified as a
250:initial-stress-derived noun
220:Lexical and prosodic stress
3607:
3340:Kreidler, Charles (2004),
3039:John Wells's phonetic blog
3019:John Wells's phonetic blog
2837:. Oxford University Press.
2755:Vowel reduction in Russian
2647:definite article reduction
2100:Some monosyllabic English
1982:Reduced vowels frequently
1402:and secondary stress with
1174:vowel found at the end of
1100:in the second syllable of
781:English phonology: §
537:⟩. An example of a
373:Schwa and r-coloured schwa
3530:Stress and reduced vowels
3515:
3402:, Oxford University Press
3349:Ladefoged, Peter (2006),
3306:Hirst; Di Cristo (1998),
3238:Oxford English Dictionary
3206:Applied English Phonology
2856:Oxford English Dictionary
2084:). Compare this with the
1733:
1692:
1381:Degrees of lexical stress
1142:in the final syllable of
1134:in the final syllable of
1092:in the first syllable of
1080:in the final syllable of
3420:10.1017/CBO9780511611759
3333:Phonetics- A course book
1899:is likely to retain its
3452:Wells, John C. (2008),
3439:Wells, John C. (1990),
3364:Oxford University Press
3243:Oxford University Press
2861:Oxford University Press
2690:English weak forms are
1603:/ˈkaʊntər.ɪnˈtɛlɪdʒəns/
1426:syllable. For example,
810:The OUP convention for
680:Oxford University Press
517:The OUP convention for
97:phonetic transcriptions
64:more precise citations.
3203:Yavas, Mehmet (2015).
2833:Key to Pronunciation.
2554:pronoun or adjective (
2235:Received Pronunciation
2018:with a reduced vowel (
1676:Dictionary approaches
1066:Received Pronunciation
1055:Unstressed full vowels
811:
803:
723:Received Pronunciation
568:is a schwa, while the
518:
510:
94:This article contains
3389:Roach, Peter (2009),
3351:A Course in Phonetics
2997:on September 19, 2020
2538:is used only for the
2529:§ Reduced vowels
1558:Phoneticians such as
1259:⟩ and ⟨
809:
801:
516:
508:
338:stress-timed language
3565:Phonological history
3380:McCully, C. (2009),
1861:/ˈʃɪvəriː–ˈʃɪvəˌriː/
1641:counterintelligence,
1582:receives additional
1570:detail and not true
1503:counterintelligence.
783:Unstressed syllables
3507:Description of the
3241:(Online ed.).
2966:Jones et al. (2011)
2859:(Online ed.).
2550:), and not for the
2503:, or else ; and in
1852:shivery – shivaree
1835:
1673:Quaternary approach
1600:cóunterintélligence
1475:còunterintélligence
975:syllabic consonants
969:Syllabic consonants
878:Analogously to the
27:Phonetic phenomenon
3412:Accents of English
2383:with the negative
2307:(as conjunction),
2014:), and the second
1856:/ˈʃɪvərɨ–ˈʃɪvəriː/
1841:Reduced vowel set
1833:
1267:, where the first
905:may be pronounced
812:
804:
686:"compound" symbol
519:
511:
196:(homophonous with
151:syllabic consonant
3586:English phonology
3573:
3572:
3249:(Subscription or
3151:, pp. 76–86.
2867:(Subscription or
2735:English phonology
2652:Synchronically, '
2602:In highly formal
2534:The weak form of
2134:), the weak form
1893:
1892:
1873:farrow – Pharaoh
1844:Secondary stress
1764:
1763:
1718:Secondary stress
1416:⟨`⟩
1412:⟨´⟩
1275:or the unreduced
1001:, for example in
884:⟨ᵿ⟩
880:⟨ᵻ⟩
763:in such pairs as
688:⟨ᵻ⟩
578:weak vowel merger
311:/ˌɔːɡənaɪˈzeɪʃən/
305:pronunciation of
164:with a schwa, as
139:(prosodic stress)
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
3598:
3560:Language history
3509:English language
3501:
3494:
3487:
3478:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3457:
3448:
3447:, pp. 76–86
3435:
3434:
3433:
3403:
3394:
3385:
3376:
3354:
3345:
3336:
3327:
3323:Katalin (2008),
3319:
3310:
3302:
3284:
3268:Bolinger, Dwight
3255:
3254:
3246:
3234:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3200:
3194:
3193:, p. 89–96.
3188:
3182:
3167:
3161:
3158:
3152:
3146:
3140:
3134:
3125:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3098:Ladefoged (2006)
3095:
3086:
3083:Ladefoged (2006)
3080:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3030:
3024:
3021:, 25 March 2011
3015:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2939:
2933:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2864:
2852:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2830:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2809:Ladefoged (2006)
2806:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2782:
2722:
2708:
2567:
2544:relative pronoun
2518:
2502:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2241:Always reduced:
2183:English articles
2152:to do it, but I
2141:
2137:
2083:
2054:
2033:
2013:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1955:
1947:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1888:
1883:
1882:/ˈfæroʊ–ˈfæˌroʊ/
1878:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1836:
1829:
1825:
1813:
1797:
1715:Secondary stress
1659:
1611:
1604:
1514:example above).
1417:
1413:
1409:
1407:
1401:
1399:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1262:
1258:
1223:
1215:
1207:
1199:
1191:
1165:
1157:
1149:
1141:
1133:
1119:
1107:
1099:
1091:
1087:
1079:
1050:
1042:
1034:
1030:
1000:
996:
992:
964:
960:
952:
942:
924:
920:
912:
908:
904:
893:
889:
885:
881:
875:
867:
860:
853:
846:
839:
832:
825:
762:
758:
747:
743:
732:
728:
703:
695:
689:
549:
536:
532:
496:
492:
457:near-close vowel
312:
309:may be given as
291:
282:
273:
264:
200:). For example:
195:
171:
167:
135:(lexical stress)
131:English language
116:
112:
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
60:this article by
51:inline citations
38:
37:
30:
21:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3600:
3599:
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3596:
3595:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3540:Spelling reform
3511:
3505:
3469:
3467:
3460:
3451:
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3431:
3406:
3397:
3388:
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3305:
3300:
3287:
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3258:
3248:
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3224:
3217:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3189:
3185:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3155:
3147:
3143:
3137:Bolinger (1986)
3135:
3128:
3122:Bolinger (1986)
3120:
3116:
3110:Bolinger (1986)
3108:
3104:
3096:
3089:
3081:
3077:
3069:
3065:
3057:
3053:
3043:
3041:
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3027:
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3009:
3000:
2998:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2976:
2972:
2964:
2960:
2952:
2948:
2944:, p. xvii.
2940:
2936:
2928:
2924:
2916:
2912:
2906:Kreidler (2004)
2904:
2900:
2892:
2888:
2880:
2876:
2866:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2823:, p. xiii.
2819:
2815:
2807:
2803:
2795:
2791:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2750:Vowel reduction
2731:
2726:
2725:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2645:. Compare also
2633:. For example,
2531:section above.
2098:
2081:
2070:
2040:
2031:
2022:). However, in
2011:
1996:
1980:
1954:/hjʊ.ˈmæn.ᵻt.i/
1847:No distinction
1773:
1737:Tertiary stress
1699:Primary stress
1669:
1653:
1564:vowel reduction
1560:Peter Ladefoged
1556:
1542:¹coun.ter.³foil
1533:
1491:Merriam-Webster
1415:
1411:
1403:
1395:
1388:
1383:
1289:
1242:óverseas vóyage
1057:
971:
898:. For example,
883:
879:
796:
745:
741:
730:
700:is transcribed
687:
547:
503:
464:rhotic dialects
375:
350:
222:
208:three children.
143:vowel reduction
124:
123:
122:
86:
75:
69:
66:
56:Please help to
55:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3604:
3602:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3578:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3496:
3489:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3458:
3449:
3436:
3408:Wells, John C.
3404:
3395:
3386:
3377:
3372:
3355:
3346:
3337:
3328:
3320:
3311:
3303:
3298:
3285:
3280:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3222:
3215:
3195:
3183:
3162:
3153:
3141:
3139:, p. 358.
3126:
3124:, p. 348.
3114:
3102:
3087:
3075:
3071:Katalin (2008)
3063:
3051:
3025:
3007:
2982:
2980:, p. 103.
2970:
2958:
2946:
2934:
2922:
2918:McCully (2009)
2910:
2898:
2886:
2884:, p. 291.
2874:
2840:
2825:
2813:
2801:
2789:
2787:, p. 844.
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2581:rhotic accents
2471:. However, in
2457:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2179:
2178:
2168:
2158:
2118:isolation form
2102:function words
2097:
2094:
2069:
2066:
2039:
2036:
1995:
1992:
1979:
1976:
1935:boundaries or
1897:voiceless stop
1891:
1890:
1884:
1879:
1877:/ˈfærɵ–ˈfæroʊ/
1874:
1870:
1869:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1798:, and that of
1772:
1769:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1696:Primary stress
1694:
1691:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1666:
1663:
1652:
1649:
1610:/ˈkaʊntərfɔɪl/
1555:
1552:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1516:Bolinger (1986
1505:
1471:compound words
1467:
1464:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1375:/ˈblækbɔː(r)d/
1293:compound words
1288:
1287:Compound words
1285:
1230:
1229:
1183:
1125:
1056:
1053:
1025:rhotic accents
970:
967:
896:free variation
816:Bolinger (1986
795:
792:
664:free variation
587:(for example,
502:
499:
374:
371:
355:reduced vowels
349:
348:Reduced vowels
346:
221:
218:
217:
216:
209:
204:Alice and Bob
190:
189:
184:Alice and Bob
117:⟩, see
93:
92:
91:
88:
87:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3603:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3502:
3497:
3495:
3490:
3488:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3466:
3465:
3459:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3396:
3392:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3375:
3373:0-340-75978-X
3369:
3365:
3361:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3343:
3338:
3334:
3329:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3309:
3304:
3301:
3299:0-521-40504-1
3295:
3291:
3286:
3283:
3281:0-8047-1241-7
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3252:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3233:
3226:
3223:
3218:
3216:9781118944530
3212:
3208:
3207:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3180:1-876429-14-3
3177:
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3166:
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3157:
3154:
3150:
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3138:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3085:, p. 83.
3084:
3079:
3076:
3073:, p. 89.
3072:
3067:
3064:
3061:, p. 57.
3060:
3055:
3052:
3040:
3036:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3014:
3012:
3008:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2978:Knight (2012)
2974:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2935:
2931:
2926:
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2911:
2907:
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2899:
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2858:
2857:
2851:
2844:
2841:
2836:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2814:
2811:, p. 95.
2810:
2805:
2802:
2799:, p. 71.
2798:
2797:Knight (2012)
2793:
2790:
2786:
2781:
2778:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2756:
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2659:
2655:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2619:sound changes
2615:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2571:
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2559:
2557:
2553:
2552:demonstrative
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2250:
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2240:
2239:
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2231:
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2225:
2221:
2217:
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2209:
2205:
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2201:
2195:
2191:
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2177:
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2169:
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2165:
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2114:citation form
2111:
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2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1977:
1975:
1970:
1963:
1951:
1943:
1938:
1937:phonotactical
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1831:
1821:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1770:
1768:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1731:
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1725:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1706:
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1698:
1695:
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1683:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1667:
1664:
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1660:
1657:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1615:
1614:prosodic unit
1608:
1601:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1588:citation form
1585:
1581:
1580:prosodic unit
1576:
1573:
1569:
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1539:
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1521:
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1496:
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1476:
1472:
1468:
1465:
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1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1392:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1334:
1332:
1326:
1324:
1318:
1316:
1310:
1308:
1302:
1300:
1295:, such as in
1294:
1286:
1284:
1270:
1266:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1227:
1219:
1211:
1203:
1195:
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1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1161:
1153:
1145:
1137:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1115:
1111:
1103:
1095:
1083:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1040:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1008:
1006:
986:
984:
980:
976:
968:
966:
956:
949:
948:
939:
937:
931:
926:
916:
901:
897:
876:
871:
864:
857:
850:
843:
836:
829:
821:
817:
814:According to
808:
800:
793:
791:
789:
788:
785:under §
784:
778:
774:
770:
766:
755:
751:
739:
737:
724:
720:
719:
713:
712:
705:
699:
694:
685:
681:
677:
675:
669:
665:
660:
658:
656:
650:
646:
644:
638:
634:
632:
626:
622:
620:
614:
610:
608:
602:
600:
594:
592:
586:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
557:
551:
546:
540:
528:
524:
523:vowel heights
515:
507:
500:
498:
488:
484:
482:
476:
475:
469:
465:
460:
458:
454:
452:
446:
442:
440:
434:
430:
428:
422:
418:
416:
410:
406:
404:
398:
394:
392:
387:
383:
379:
372:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
347:
345:
343:
339:
334:
332:
328:
327:prosodic unit
323:
318:
316:
308:
304:
299:
297:
296:
288:
287:
279:
278:
270:
269:
261:
260:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
219:
214:
210:
207:
203:
202:
201:
199:
187:
183:
182:
181:
179:
175:
163:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
120:
108:
104:
102:
98:
84:
81:
73:
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
3529:
3468:, retrieved
3463:
3453:
3444:
3428:0-52128540-2
3411:
3399:
3390:
3381:
3359:
3350:
3341:
3332:
3324:
3315:
3307:
3289:
3271:
3236:
3225:
3205:
3198:
3191:Roach (2009)
3186:
3169:
3165:
3156:
3149:Wells (1990)
3144:
3117:
3105:
3078:
3066:
3054:
3042:. Retrieved
3038:
3028:
3018:
2999:. Retrieved
2995:the original
2985:
2973:
2961:
2954:Wells (2008)
2949:
2937:
2930:Roach (2009)
2925:
2913:
2901:
2894:Wells (2012)
2889:
2882:Wells (1982)
2877:
2854:
2843:
2828:
2816:
2804:
2792:
2785:Wells (2008)
2780:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2651:
2643:lock and key
2642:
2634:
2631:assimilation
2625:, consonant
2616:
2611:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2584:
2576:
2574:
2562:
2560:
2555:
2547:
2535:
2533:
2524:
2520:
2519:, or . (For
2512:
2508:
2504:
2496:
2492:
2488:
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2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
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2398:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
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2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
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2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2232:
2228:to Cambridge
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2173:
2171:
2166:if they want
2163:
2161:
2153:
2149:
2147:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2089:
2085:
2077:
2073:
2071:
2061:
2057:
2048:
2043:
2041:
2028:photographer
2027:
2023:
2015:
2007:
2004:photographic
2003:
1999:
1997:
1981:
1968:
1961:
1949:
1946:/ˈmæn.ə.tiː/
1941:
1929:Wells (1990)
1924:
1920:
1894:
1819:
1815:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1781:
1774:
1765:
1750:
1748:
1728:
1726:
1708:
1707:
1686:
1684:
1654:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1626:
1625:
1619:
1617:
1606:
1599:
1596:
1584:intonational
1577:
1557:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1526:
1523:unstressed."
1510:
1508:
1502:
1498:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1449:òrganizátion
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1428:ìnterjéction
1427:
1420:
1393:
1389:
1371:
1364:
1357:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1330:
1328:
1322:
1320:
1314:
1312:
1306:
1304:
1298:
1296:
1290:
1268:
1264:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1231:
1225:
1217:
1209:
1201:
1193:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1159:
1158:in the noun
1151:
1143:
1135:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1101:
1093:
1081:
1074:short vowels
1058:
1019:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1004:
1002:
987:
978:
972:
955:archiphoneme
946:
944:
935:
933:
929:
927:
915:archiphoneme
899:
877:
869:
862:
855:
848:
841:
834:
827:
813:
786:
782:
776:
772:
768:
764:
753:
744:nor that of
735:
717:
715:
710:
708:
706:
697:
692:
673:
671:
667:
661:
654:
652:
648:
642:
640:
636:
630:
628:
624:
618:
616:
612:
606:
604:
598:
596:
590:
588:
584:
582:
573:
569:
565:
561:
555:
553:
544:
542:
539:minimal pair
520:
480:
478:
473:
471:
461:
450:
448:
444:
438:
436:
432:
426:
424:
420:
414:
412:
408:
402:
400:
396:
390:
389:
385:
376:
366:
354:
351:
337:
335:
319:
307:organization
306:
300:
293:
284:
275:
266:
257:
254:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
223:
212:
205:
197:
191:
185:
177:
161:
159:
155:phonological
138:
134:
125:
113:and ⟨
95:
76:
70:January 2020
67:
48:
3535:Orthography
3464:HappY Again
3344:, Blackwell
2589:eye dialect
2540:conjunction
2132:I can do it
2110:strong form
2024:photography
1760:Unstressed
1662:Description
1607:cóunterfoil
1487:counterfoil
1479:cóunterfòil
1453:assòciátion
1441:elèctrícity
1437:electricity
1368:/ˈkʌbə(r)d/
1340:/ˈpoʊstmən/
1128:Long vowels
941:/ˈɪnfluəns/
750:neutralized
382:in spelling
367:weak vowels
174:homophonous
62:introducing
3580:Categories
3470:2015-07-31
3253:required.)
3001:2022-08-24
2871:required.)
2768:References
2685:could have
2681:would have
2623:h-dropping
2621:, such as
2591:spellings
2381:contracted
2172:The verb "
2125:modal verb
2000:photograph
1967:→ versus
1901:aspiration
1866:/ˈʃɪvəriː/
1734:Unstressed
1711:ganization
1651:Comparison
1520:John Wells
1372:blackboard
1361:/ˈtaɪlænd/
1354:/ˈɪŋɡlənd/
1347:/ˈsnoʊmæn/
1265:chauvinism
1186:Diphthongs
1112:, such as
1072:Unreduced
45:references
3525:Phonology
3456:, Longman
3353:, Thomson
2773:Citations
2745:Tenseness
2604:registers
2570:smoothing
2224:to Oxford
2212:the apple
2142:is used:
2106:weak form
1984:alternate
1972:/maɪ.taɪ/
1965:/maɪt.aɪ/
1804:chickaree
1645:community
1618:cóunterin
1461:associate
1432:èvolútion
1116:(compare
866:/ɨˈmɪʃən/
859:/əˈmɪʃən/
856:a mission
838:/ɵˈmɪʃən/
702:/ˈnəʊtᵻd/
487:linking R
468:r-colored
290:/dəˈfɛns/
272:/ˈdifɛns/
3555:Dialects
3545:Alphabet
3410:(1982),
3270:(1986),
2729:See also
2669:homonymy
2641:, as in
2216:the pear
2148:I don't
2049:document
2044:separate
1988:morpheme
1950:humanity
1933:morpheme
1925:humanity
1905:flapping
1887:/ˈfæroʊ/
1808:shivaree
1784:humanity
1693:Stressed
1670:approach
1572:phonemic
1568:phonetic
1536:example,
1469:In many
1457:organize
1445:eléctric
1408:⟩
1404:⟨
1400:⟩
1396:⟨
1365:cupboard
1358:Thailand
1329:kettledr
1246:overséas
1210:discount
1176:humanity
1094:ambition
1082:document
911:/ˈɔːfʊl/
907:/ˈɔːfəl/
903:/ˈɔːfᵿl/
863:emission
854:or with
835:omission
822:phoneme
757:/riˈækt/
729:, as in
462:In many
322:prosodic
281:/əˈfɛns/
263:/ˈɔfɛns/
246:increase
226:phonemic
188:arrived.
111:/ /
107:Help:IPA
3550:Braille
3520:Grammar
3261:Sources
3044:4 March
2850:"noted"
2692:clitics
2687:, etc.
2627:elision
2608:singing
2583:), and
2104:have a
2078:obscene
2062:defense
2058:offense
1962:might I
1942:manatee
1921:manatee
1889:(both)
1868:(both)
1820:Pharaoh
1800:manatee
1792:shivery
1788:chicory
1727:counter
1665:Example
1629:terfoil
1622:ligence
1592:prosody
1509:counter
1499:counter
1351:England
1344:snowman
1337:postman
1168:manatee
1160:convert
1136:grandma
1114:unknown
951:/ˈɪntu/
874:/oʊ~əʊ/
852:/ˈwɪlɨ/
845:/ˈwɪlə/
831:/ˈwɪlɵ/
820:rounded
777:studded
773:studied
738:tensing
443:or the
363:central
359:laxness
317:below.
295:defense
286:defense
277:offense
268:defense
259:offense
242:incite,
238:insight
230:insight
99:in the
58:improve
3591:Vowels
3432:
3426:
3370:
3296:
3278:
3213:
3178:
3035:"GIGO"
2629:, and
2435:should
2090:gallon
1969:my tie
1816:farrow
1685:organi
1668:Binary
1477:, and
1327:, and
1250:vóyage
1238:bureau
1234:ballet
1226:royale
1194:Monday
1182:below.
1144:outlaw
1016:, and
997:, and
983:dark l
872:vowel
849:Willie
828:willow
826:as in
787:Vowels
779:. See
746:FLEECE
733:. See
731:FLEECE
666:: the
647:), or
566:Rosa's
560:: the
431:, the
419:, the
407:, the
395:, the
234:incite
127:Stress
115:
47:, but
3247:
3232:"'em"
2865:
2740:Schwa
2719:split
2698:Notes
2639:velar
2451:would
2431:shall
2403:could
2372:there
2156:do it
2140:/kæn/
2136:/kən/
2020:schwa
1974:→ ).
1777:above
1749:count
1321:snowm
1313:tentp
1305:moonl
1297:bedsh
1248:plus
1244:from
1202:piano
1172:happY
1122:until
1049:]
1045:[
1041:]
1037:[
1023:. In
979:cycle
930:happY
900:awful
842:Willa
769:taxes
765:taxis
754:react
736:happy
698:noted
574:roses
548:'
479:stand
466:, an
425:synth
378:Schwa
211:They
198:halve
194:/hæv/
176:with
166:/həv/
147:schwa
103:(IPA)
3424:ISBN
3368:ISBN
3366:US,
3294:ISBN
3276:ISBN
3211:ISBN
3176:ISBN
3046:2018
2717:bath
2713:trap
2675:and
2673:have
2667:The
2658:them
2595:and
2577:your
2536:that
2523:and
2493:been
2447:will
2443:were
2427:must
2423:have
2411:does
2368:some
2356:from
2333:your
2313:them
2305:that
2301:than
2285:just
2261:been
2226:vs.
2204:cat.
2150:have
2060:and
2026:and
2012:GOAT
2002:and
1948:and
1911:and
1828:/oʊ/
1818:and
1812:/iː/
1753:foil
1729:foil
1689:tion
1627:cóun
1624:and
1547:full
1511:foil
1483:foil
1451:and
1430:and
1370:but
1356:but
1342:but
1236:and
1222:/ɔɪ/
1218:idea
1214:/aɪ/
1206:/aʊ/
1198:/oʊ/
1190:/eɪ/
1164:/iː/
1156:/ɜː/
1152:tofu
1148:/uː/
1140:/ɔː/
1132:/ɑː/
1102:neon
1033:/ər/
1031:and
1029:/ɜr/
1018:pris
1011:pris
961:and
959:/uː/
938:ence
934:infl
921:and
870:goat
861:and
847:and
775:vs.
771:and
767:vs.
727:/iː/
716:coff
714:and
709:happ
617:pupp
597:clim
589:mess
552:vs.
495:/ər/
477:and
449:anal
413:medi
401:harm
393:bout
361:and
283:and
265:and
232:and
213:have
206:have
186:have
170:/əv/
162:have
3416:doi
3160:OED
2662:hem
2635:and
2593:yer
2563:our
2558:).
2542:or
2521:the
2517:/ʊ/
2513:you
2509:who
2501:/ɪ/
2497:him
2485:she
2469:/n/
2467:or
2465:/m/
2461:/l/
2439:was
2419:has
2415:had
2399:can
2395:are
2385:not
2352:for
2329:you
2325:who
2309:the
2297:she
2281:his
2277:him
2273:her
2265:but
2253:and
2208:the
2186:the
2174:can
2164:can
2154:can
2128:can
2116:or
2088:in
2082:LOT
2076:in
2053:/ɛ/
2034:).
2032:LOT
1958:/t/
1952:is
1944:is
1919:in
1917:/t/
1913:/d/
1909:/t/
1907:of
1824:/ɵ/
1796:/ɨ/
1620:tél
1594:.)
1501:of
1495:OED
1485:of
1281:/ɪ/
1277:/ɪ/
1273:/ɨ/
1224:in
1216:in
1208:in
1200:in
1192:in
1166:in
1150:in
1120:in
1118:/ə/
1110:un-
1106:/ʌ/
1098:/ɒ/
1090:/æ/
1086:/ə/
1078:/ɛ/
1043:or
1003:cyc
999:/n/
995:/m/
991:/l/
963:/ʊ/
945:int
923:/ə/
919:/ʊ/
909:or
894:in
892:/ə/
890:or
888:/ʊ/
824:/ɵ/
761:/ɪ/
742:KIT
684:IPA
676:mal
672:dec
670:in
659:).
653:pol
641:min
635:),
629:lim
623:),
611:),
609:nge
572:in
564:in
554:ros
543:Ros
491:/ə/
472:wat
453:sis
447:in
441:mal
437:dec
435:in
429:sis
423:in
411:in
399:in
388:in
180:):
168:or
3582::
3422:,
3362:,
3235:.
3129:^
3090:^
3037:.
3010:^
2853:.
2683:,
2677:of
2664:.
2654:em
2649:.
2599:.
2597:me
2585:my
2525:to
2511:,
2507:,
2505:do
2495:,
2491:,
2489:we
2487:,
2483:,
2481:me
2479:,
2477:he
2475:,
2473:be
2463:,
2449:,
2445:,
2441:,
2437:,
2433:,
2429:,
2425:,
2421:,
2417:,
2413:,
2409:,
2407:do
2405:,
2401:,
2397:,
2393:,
2391:am
2387::
2370:,
2366:,
2364:to
2362:,
2360:of
2358:,
2354:,
2350:,
2348:at
2346:,
2344:as
2331:,
2327:,
2323:,
2321:we
2319:,
2317:us
2315:,
2311:,
2303:,
2299:,
2295:,
2293:or
2291:,
2289:me
2287:,
2283:,
2279:,
2275:,
2271:,
2269:he
2267:,
2263:,
2259:,
2257:be
2255:,
2251:,
2249:an
2247:,
2237::
2230:.
2222::
2220:to
2194:an
2192:,
2188:,
1806:,
1802:,
1790:,
1786:,
1751:er
1709:or
1687:za
1647:.
1631:.
1377:.
1363:;
1349:;
1319:,
1311:,
1303:,
1299:ee
1283:.
1220:;
1212:;
1204:;
1196:;
1188::
1162:;
1154:;
1146:;
1138:;
1130::
1124:).
1104:;
1096:;
1076::
1051:.
1027:,
1020:on
993:,
965:.
943:,
925:.
833:,
790:.
718:ee
704:.
645:te
605:or
603:,
601:te
595:,
593:ge
580:.
497:.
483:d.
481:ar
474:er
405:ny
344:.
333:.
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