1692:), the language does not have word stress. The task involves a reproduction of the order of stimuli as a sequence of key strokes, whereby key "1" is associated with one stress location (e.g. ) and key "2" with the other (e.g. ). A trial may be from two to six stimuli in length. Thus, the order is to be reproduced as "1121". It was found that listeners whose native language was French performed significantly worse than Spanish listeners in reproducing the stress patterns by key strokes. The explanation is that Spanish has lexically contrastive stress, as evidenced by the
1146:. A syllable with secondary stress is stressed relative to unstressed syllables but not as strongly as a syllable with primary stress. As with primary stress, the position of secondary stress may be more or less predictable depending on language. In English, it is not fully predictable, but the different secondary stress of the words
1104:, are instead often stressed on the first component by some people or in some kinds of English. The same components as those of a compound word are sometimes used in a descriptive phrase with a different meaning and with stress on both words, but that descriptive phrase is then not usually considered a compound:
1257:
above): the traditional distinction between (lexical) primary and secondary stress is replaced partly by a prosodic rule stating that the final stressed syllable in a phrase is given additional stress. (A word spoken alone becomes such a phrase, hence such prosodic stress may appear to be lexical if
857:, which means that vowel quality differs by whether vowels are stressed or unstressed. There may also be limitations on certain phonemes in the language in which stress determines whether they are allowed to occur in a particular syllable or not. That is the case with most examples
400:") articulation, and those in stressed syllables have a more peripheral articulation. Stress may be realized to varying degrees on different words in a sentence; sometimes, the difference is minimal between the acoustic signals of stressed and those of unstressed syllables.
2545:
1950:), an acute accent is used to distinguish similar words with different meanings. The position of the stress may occur in first, middle or final syllable of a word. Stress that occurs in the first syllable serves as the default word and is usually left unwritten e.g.
1687:
An operational definition of word stress may be provided by the stress "deafness" paradigm. The idea is that if listeners perform poorly on reproducing the presentation order of series of stimuli that minimally differ in the position of phonetic prominence (e.g.
2063:(In this particular case, a frequent one in which diacritics present themselves, the difference of accents is caused by the fall of the second "i" from Latin in Italian, typical of the genitive, in the first noun (con/domìnìi/, meaning
615:
Statements about the position of stress are sometimes affected by the fact that when a word is spoken in isolation, prosodic factors (see below) come into play, which do not apply when the word is spoken normally within a sentence.
2265:. If the acute accent sign is unavailable for technical reasons, stress can be marked by making the vowel capitalized or italic. In general texts, stress marks are rare, typically used either when required for disambiguation of
1731:
An important case of stress "deafness" relates to
Persian. The language has generally been described as having contrastive word stress or accent as evidenced by numerous stem and stem-clitic minimal pairs such as
3180:
1242:. It may involve a certain natural stress pattern characteristic of a given language, but may also involve the placing of emphasis on particular words because of their relative importance (contrastive stress).
1198:), and that the supposed secondary/tertiary stress is not characterized by the increase in respiratory activity associated with primary/secondary stress in English and other languages. (For further detail see
1966:
and other
Philippine languages are rarely used in writing, cases of which the diacritical marks are used can only be seen in formal and academic setting. Vowels with an acute accent are not included in the
3139:
768:) are distinguished in pronunciation only by the fact that the stress falls on the first syllable in the former and on the second syllable in the latter. Examples from other languages include
628:
in which case the stress is placed on the second-last syllable) of any string of words in that language. Thus, it is on the last syllable of a word analyzed in isolation. The situation is
3996:
2363:('cowboy'). That mark is usually used in books by the Academy of the Hebrew Language and is available on the standard Hebrew keyboard at AltGr-6. In some books, other marks, such as
1856:, but on the final syllable if the word ends in any other letter. However, as in Greek, the acute accent is also used for some words to distinguish various syntactical uses (e.g.
1760:). The authors argue that the reason why Persian listeners are stress "deaf" is that their accent locations arise postlexically. Persian thus lacks stress in the strict sense.
672:. Stress in these languages is usually truly lexical and must be memorized as part of the pronunciation of an individual word. In some languages, such as Spanish, Portuguese,
403:
Those particular distinguishing features of stress, or types of prominence in which particular features are dominant, are sometimes referred to as particular types of accent:
376:
There are various ways in which stress manifests itself in the speech stream, and they depend to some extent on which language is being spoken. Stressed syllables are often
3505:
1489:; that is, stressed syllables appear at a roughly constant rate and non-stressed syllables are shortened to accommodate that, which contrasts with languages that have
273:
properties, such as loudness, vowel length, and pitch (which are also used for other linguistic functions), it is difficult to define stress solely phonetically.
1168:, English has been described as having four levels of stress: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary, but the treatments often disagree with one another.
2147:
is placed before the beginning of the stressed syllable, where a syllable is definable. However, it is occasionally placed immediately before the vowel. In the
1276:
to emphasize (focus attention on) particular words or the ideas associated with them. Doing this can change or clarify the meaning of a sentence; for example:
510:, is the stress placed on a given syllable in a word. The position of word stress in a word may depend on certain general rules applicable in the language or
1822:, stress may be written explicitly with a single acute accent on a vowel. Stressed antepenultimate syllables are always written with that accent mark, as in
1465:, do not have unstressed vowel reduction; in these languages vowels in unstressed syllables have nearly the same quality as those in stressed syllables.
2962:
Dupoux, Emmanuel; Sebastián-Gallés, N; Navarrete, E; Peperkamp, Sharon (2008). "Persistent stress 'deafness': The case of French learners of
Spanish".
2285:
quantities'), or in rare words and names that are likely to be mispronounced. Materials for foreign learners may have stress marks throughout the text.
4023:
3256:
244:
are often used synonymously in that context but are sometimes distinguished. For example, when emphasis is produced through pitch alone, it is called
3891:
702:
In such languages with phonemic stress, the position of stress can serve to distinguish otherwise identical words. For example, the
English words
699:. Sometimes, stress is fixed for all forms of a particular word, or it can fall on different syllables in different inflections of the same word.
308:, where the position of stress in a word is not predictable in that way but lexically encoded. Sometimes more than one level of stress, such as
2240:
2135:
Though not part of normal orthography, a number of devices exist that are used by linguists and others to indicate the position of stress (and
1174:
and other phoneticians have noted that it is possible to describe
English with only one degree of stress, as long as prosody is recognized and
3753:
3498:
3163:
3095:
2325:
marks is used to mark stress, as well as verse syntax and the melody according to which the verse is chanted in ceremonial Bible reading. In
1939:
simply indicate that the vowels are stressed. Thus, the acute is used on close or close-mid vowels, and the grave on open or open-mid vowels.
1394:
1199:
858:
515:
297:
4102:
4117:
4107:
4001:
3024:
2697:
2509:
Monrad-Krohn, G. H. (1947). "The prosodic quality of speech and its disorders (a brief survey from a neurologist's point of view)".
2182:
Linguists frequently mark primary stress with an acute accent over the vowel, and secondary stress by a grave accent. Example: or
3491:
2716:, Proceedings of the XIVth International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS99), San Francisco, CA, August 1999, pages 2351–2354
1728:), while in French, stress does not convey lexical information and there is no equivalent of stress minimal pairs as in Spanish.
2148:
184:
166:
680:
and, to some extent, Italian, stress is even represented in writing using diacritical marks, for example in the
Spanish words
473:
4300:
3854:
3249:
590:
1164:
4193:
4018:
3596:
3569:
2396:
2208:
pronunciation guides, stress is often indicated using a combination of bold text and capital letters. For example, si-
2018:
that describe the placement of diacritics, based on the position of the stressed syllable and the surrounding letters.
1389:
may occur when a vowel changes from a stressed to an unstressed position. In
English, unstressed vowels may reduce to
1516:
It is common for stressed and unstressed syllables to behave differently as a language evolves. For example, in the
3758:
3559:
2798:
Dupoux, Emmanuel; Peperkamp, Sharon; Sebastián-Gallés, Núria (2001). "A robust method to study stress "deafness"".
1848:. That is, if a word is written without an accent mark, the stress is on the penult if the last letter is a vowel,
1330:
In
English, stress is most dramatically realized on focused or accented words. For instance, consider the dialogue
862:
629:
514:
in question, but in other languages, it must be learned for each word, as it is largely unpredictable, for example
492:
326:
3810:
3130:
2401:
2043:('the'). It is optional for it to be written on any vowel if there is a possibility of misunderstanding, such as
1775:
of some languages include devices for indicating the position of lexical stress. Some examples are listed below:
31:
4173:
3683:
3436:
3242:
796:
781:
349:
4210:
4086:
3514:
3126:
1763:
Stress "deafness" has been studied for a number of languages, such as Polish or French learners of
Spanish.
1574:
38:
4315:
3901:
3640:
2183:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2157:
2015:
1928:
1916:
1842:. If the penultimate syllable is stressed, the accent is used if the word ends in any other letter, as in
1792:
1689:
1586:
1582:
1528:
1524:
1447:
1219:
1097:
668:, as well as others, in which the position of stress in a word is not fully predictable, are said to have
657:
393:
284:, meaning that the stress on virtually any multisyllable word falls on a particular syllable, such as the
217:
180:
176:
162:
110:
53:
3041:
1747:
1733:
1397:). The effect may be dependent on lexical stress (for example, the unstressed first syllable of the word
545:
Languages in which the position of the stress can usually be predicted by a simple rule are said to have
4200:
3859:
3693:
3428:
3208:
2670:
1485:
1229:
653:
488:
409:
389:
341:
246:
1362:
ner are louder and longer. They may also have a different fundamental frequency, or other properties.
487:, stressed syllables have been found to have tones that are realized with a relatively large swing in
4168:
3668:
3645:
3603:
3527:
3322:
2857:
2807:
2739:
2445:
1979:
1947:
1943:
1124:(very rarely used for a bag for carrying newspapers but is often also used for a bag made of paper).
1065:
910:
636:(and, according to some authors, Mandarin Chinese) can be considered to have no real lexical stress.
357:
2576:
2341:), which looks like a left-pointing arrow above the consonant of the stressed syllable, for example
1238:, refers to stress patterns that apply at a higher level than the individual word – namely within a
1154:(on the first and second syllable, respectively) is predictable due to the same stress of the verbs
4112:
3849:
3800:
3748:
2322:
2224:
2128:
1975:
1900:
1041:
965:
943:
921:
661:
1454:
is pronounced with a schwa when it is unstressed within a sentence, but not when it is stressed).
982:
Dialects of the same language may have different stress placement. For instance, the
English word
4310:
4305:
4205:
4122:
3991:
3823:
3725:
3708:
3633:
3395:
3385:
3304:
3284:
3111:
3061:
2997:
2765:
2652:
2526:
2488:
2228:
2031:, 'city', and in some monosyllabic words that might otherwise be confused with other words, like
1499:
1266:
645:
633:
620:
words are sometimes said to be stressed on the final syllable, but that can be attributed to the
562:
558:
233:
518:. In some cases, classes of words in a language differ in their stress properties; for example,
468:
position, and certain phonological rules apply specifically to such positions. For instance, in
2615:
3981:
3931:
3738:
3673:
3579:
3564:
3228:
Word Stress Rules: A Guide to Word and Sentence Stress Rules for English Learners and Teachers
3159:
3091:
3020:
2989:
2944:
2893:
2875:
2823:
2757:
2693:
1968:
1893:
1517:
1505:
1382:
1378:
649:
570:
2846:"Stress "Deafness" Reveals Absence of Lexical Marking of Stress or Tone in the Adult Grammar"
2298:
indication of stress is usually marked by an acute accent on the vowel (or, in the case of a
4138:
3591:
3375:
3053:
2979:
2971:
2934:
2924:
2883:
2865:
2815:
2747:
2557:
2518:
2480:
2453:
2256:
2220:
2058:
2022:
1963:
1828:. If the last syllable is stressed, the accent mark is used if the word ends in the letters
1819:
1578:
1544:
1494:
1480:
1462:
1404:
1258:
the pronunciation of words is analyzed in a standalone context rather than within phrases.)
1175:
1133:
1113:
999:
895:
873:
837:
822:
810:
742:
709:
673:
617:
601:
574:
566:
554:
480:
469:
314:
301:
293:
498:
Stressed syllables are often perceived as being more forceful than non-stressed syllables.
4262:
4236:
3921:
3818:
3788:
3613:
3574:
3418:
3380:
3294:
2628:
2416:
2381:
2318:
2136:
2092:
1386:
1246:
1179:
1171:
987:
769:
677:
609:
600:
Other languages have stress placed on different syllables but in a predictable way, as in
582:
322:
289:
421:
in the case of differences in articulation. They can be compared to the various types of
2861:
2811:
2743:
2449:
2436:
Fry, D.B. (1955). "Duration and intensity as physical correlates of linguistic stress".
1508:), whose syllables or moras are spoken at a roughly constant rate regardless of stress.
1365:
The main stress within a sentence, often found on the last stressed word, is called the
538:
In some languages, the placement of stress can be determined by rules. It is thus not a
4143:
3839:
3342:
2939:
2912:
2888:
2845:
2522:
2391:
2386:
2289:
2194:
1780:
1458:
1265:– in some languages additional stress tends to be placed on syllables that are longer (
665:
550:
484:
422:
368:(used to highlight an item, a word or part of a word, that is given particular focus).
2713:
2561:
4294:
4231:
4183:
4076:
4071:
4050:
4041:
4006:
3936:
3911:
3896:
3743:
3550:
3467:
3442:
3347:
3289:
3065:
2530:
2492:
2406:
2329:, there is no standardized way to mark the stress. Most often, the cantillation mark
2326:
1239:
449:
397:
381:
2975:
1249:
above; stress is placed on the final syllable of a string of words (or if that is a
4081:
4066:
4033:
3678:
3413:
3317:
3312:
3001:
2246:
2110:
2105:
1904:
1796:
1788:
1784:
1693:
1521:
527:
385:
225:
2769:
1795:) over the vowel of the stressed syllable. (The acute accent is also used on some
3217:
2870:
2073:); while the second was derived from the nominative (con/dòmini/, meaning simply
413:
in the case of pitch (although that term usually has more specialized meanings),
4257:
4215:
4045:
3793:
3763:
3628:
3447:
3357:
3352:
2913:"Stress 'deafness' in a language with fixed word stress: an ERP study on Polish"
1772:
1324:
815:
193:
2484:
2186:. That has the advantage of not requiring a decision about syllable boundaries.
254:. When caused by a combination of various intensified properties, it is called
4178:
4148:
3926:
3733:
3408:
3057:
2190:
2121:
2115:
1273:
1033:
594:
118:
61:
2929:
2879:
2139:
in some cases) when it is desirable to do so. Some of these are listed here.
1354:, the emphasized word. In these emphasized words, stressed syllables such as
774:
396:. In particular, vowels in unstressed syllables may have a more central (or "
4188:
3976:
3916:
3844:
3713:
3650:
3623:
3608:
3337:
3271:
2911:
Domahs, Ulrike; Knaus, Johannes; Orzechowska, Paula; Wiese, Richard (2012).
2714:
Automatic Transcription of Prosodic Stress for Spontaneous English Discourse
2299:
2266:
1912:
1800:
1647:. There are also examples in French, though they are less systematic :
1532:
1474:
578:
345:
270:
197:
2993:
2948:
2897:
2827:
2761:
3483:
3143:] (in Russian) (3rd ed.). Saint Petersburg: M.O. Wolf. p. 4.
2025:, the grave accent is needed in words ending with an accented vowel, e.g.
1589:
instead. That behavior is not confined to verbs; note for example Spanish
1253:, the next-to-final syllable). A similar pattern is found in English (see
17:
4013:
3779:
3688:
3618:
3554:
3545:
3462:
3403:
3327:
3279:
2984:
2302:
or double vowel, the first two vowels) of the stressed syllable. Compare
1924:
1540:
1191:
519:
377:
221:
209:
172:
3088:Правила русской орфографии и пунктуации. Полный академический справочник
2161:) before the stressed element, secondary stress by a low vertical line (
1346:
In it, the stress-related acoustic differences between the syllables of
4267:
3586:
2577:"The Implications of Prosodic Differences Between English and Armenian"
1195:
1037:
542:
of the word, because it can always be predicted by applying the rules.
539:
511:
2819:
2752:
2727:
2457:
1245:
An example of a natural prosodic stress pattern is that described for
612:
of particular syllables. They are said to have a regular stress rule.
526:
stress may preserve stress placement from the source language, or the
4241:
3986:
3941:
3906:
3783:
3698:
3660:
3457:
3332:
2411:
2203:
1162:. In some analyses, for example the one found in Chomsky and Halle's
586:
569:, the stress almost always comes on the first syllable of a word. In
361:
285:
1350:
would be small compared to the differences between the syllables of
1100:
are stressed on their first component. Even the exceptions, such as
491:, and unstressed syllables typically have smaller swings. (See also
321:
Stress is not necessarily a feature of all languages: some, such as
220:. That emphasis is typically caused by such properties as increased
3156:Бизнес-копирайтинг: Как писать серьезные тексты для серьезных людей
3472:
3234:
3118:, marked stress with an apostrophe just after the vowel (example:
2844:
Rahmani, Hamed; Rietveld, Toni; Gussenhoven, Carlos (2015-12-07).
2728:"Loudness predicts prominence: Fundamental frequency lends little"
2366:
2109:'subway'). The two different accents may be used to differentiate
1390:
1250:
1182:. They find that the multiple levels posited for English, whether
625:
605:
229:
380:
than non-stressed syllables, and they may have a higher or lower
1536:
213:
3958:
3880:
3525:
3487:
3238:
3226:
2125:'fishing'), but in practice this is limited to didactic texts.
1434:
1306:
I didn't take the specific test that would have been implied.)
2471:
Fry, D.B. (1958). "Experiments in the perception of stress".
2197:
placed after the stressed syllable: /si-lab′-ə-fi-kay′-shən/.
329:, are sometimes analyzed as lacking lexical stress entirely.
2151:(IPA), primary stress is indicated by a high vertical line (
1982:
is sometimes indicated explicitly with an acute accent (for
1323:
As in the examples above, stress is normally transcribed as
3140:
Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language
2546:"Quantitative measurement of prosodic strength in Mandarin"
1428:
1410:
757:
724:
2726:
Kochanski, G.; Grabe, E.; Coleman, J.; Rosner, B. (2005).
1419:
1079:
1069:
208:
is the relative emphasis or prominence given to a certain
1422:
745:
715:
3997:
Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified
2175:. Extra stress can be indicated by doubling the symbol:
1393:-like vowels, though the details vary with dialect (see
2245:, 'stress marks'). Primary stress is indicated with an
1679:
where the main stress was on the penultimate syllable.
855:
connected with alternations in vowels and/or consonants
624:, which is placed on the last syllable (unless it is a
433:
specifically means dynamic accent (or as an antonym to
250:, and when produced through length alone, it is called
1815:('or'); here the stress of the two words is the same.)
332:
The stress placed on words within sentences is called
276:
The stress placed on syllables within words is called
2544:
Kochanski, Greg; Shih, Chilin; Jing, Hongyan (2003).
1431:
1407:
754:
748:
721:
718:
269:
Since stress can be realised through a wide range of
3042:"Phonetic variation in Italian consonant gemination"
2231:
dictionaries, stress is indicated with marks called
2103:
is very rarely encountered in written Italian (e.g.
1425:
1416:
1284:
didn't take the test yesterday. (Somebody else did.)
760:
727:
171:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
4250:
4224:
4157:
4131:
4095:
4059:
4032:
3969:
3832:
3809:
3772:
3724:
3659:
3538:
3427:
3394:
3366:
3303:
3270:
2189:In English dictionaries that show pronunciation by
1907:to mark both stress and vowel quality. An acute on
1413:
1296:
the test yesterday. (I did something else with it.)
1217:
1212:
751:
712:
145:
132:
127:
117:
108:
103:
88:
75:
70:
60:
51:
46:
3135:Толко́вый слова́рь живо́го великору́сского языка́
3046:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
1002:, with a secondary stress on the "tor" syllable (
573:the stress is on the last syllable of a word. In
448:; the latter term does not imply that it carries
2800:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
2732:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
1450:), or on prosodic stress (for example, the word
1055:
1045:
1006:often pronounced "lábratory"). The Spanish word
958:
936:
914:
185:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
2259:may be unmarked or marked with a grave accent:
2250:
1971:, possible combinations include: á,é,í,ó and ú.
1327:in printed text or underlining in handwriting.
854:
3019:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 6.
1022:) but on the second syllable in the Americas (
644:With some exceptions above, languages such as
356:(the default emphasis of certain words within
3499:
3250:
3119:
3082:Лопатин, Владимир Владимирович, ed. (2009).
2276:
2270:
2260:
2238:
2232:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
1885:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1843:
1837:
1823:
1713:
1697:
1619:
1590:
1564:
1554:
1548:
1290:take the test yesterday. (I did not take it.)
1023:
1013:
1007:
888:
866:
853:In many languages with lexical stress, it is
813:
691:
681:
8:
2584:Collection of Scientific Articles of YSU SSS
2438:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
2364:
2358:
2353:
2347:
2342:
2336:
2330:
1664:
1648:
1138:Some languages are described as having both
1012:is stressed on the first syllable in Spain (
772:
2309:
2303:
2293:
2201:
1957:
1951:
1810:
1804:
1674:
1658:
1638:
1609:
1543:in the Romance languages. For example, the
1261:Another type of prosodic stress pattern is
440:A prominent syllable or word is said to be
4161:
3966:
3955:
3877:
3535:
3522:
3506:
3492:
3484:
3257:
3243:
3235:
3077:
3075:
1663:where the first syllable was stressed, vs
1539:conjugation, that has produced verbs with
1535:when stressed. Since stress takes part in
452:. Other syllables or words are said to be
4024:Social (pragmatic) communication disorder
3218:"Word stress in English: Six Basic Rules"
2983:
2938:
2928:
2887:
2869:
2751:
1923:indicates that the vowel is stressed and
1911:indicates that the vowel is stressed and
1442:, whereas the stressed first syllable of
998:being silent), but the first syllable in
994:often pronounced "labóratry", the second
460:. Syllables are frequently said to be in
340:. That is one of the three components of
27:Linguistic emphasis on syllables or words
3892:Basic interpersonal communicative skills
2504:
2502:
1302:test yesterday. (I took one of several,
384:. They may also sometimes be pronounced
2785:Thematic Structure: Its Role in Grammar
2605:. Oxford University Press. p. 134.
2428:
3131:Boduen de Kurtene, Ivan Aleksandrovich
1209:
1040:are stressed on the third syllable in
986:is stressed on the second syllable in
528:special pattern for Turkish placenames
100:
43:
3754:High-context and low-context cultures
2839:
2837:
2676:Preliminaries to linguistic phonetics
1956:('whistle') which distinguishes from
1395:stress and vowel reduction in English
1254:
1200:Stress and vowel reduction in English
964:
942:
920:
894:
872:
836:
821:
795:
780:
608:, where stress is conditioned by the
585:, the stress is almost always on the
388:. There are sometimes differences in
7:
4103:Computer processing of body language
2249:(´) on a syllable's vowel (example:
2193:, stress is typically marked with a
2095:when they are stressed. Since final
2083:)). The acute accent may be used on
1553:(to return, come back) has the form
621:
216:or to a certain word in a phrase or
175:. For the distinction between ,
4118:List of facial expression databases
4108:Emotion recognition in conversation
3213:The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology
2354:
2343:
2131:indicates stress with grave accent.
1901:Catalan and Valencian orthographies
1581:shows the same phenomenon but with
1312:yesterday. (I took something else.)
1272:Prosodic stress is also often used
1178:are phonemically distinguished for
2618:in the Collins English Dictionary.
2523:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1947.tb08246.x
2059:Italian alphabet § Diacritics
1096:With very few exceptions, English
25:
4002:Childhood disintegrative disorder
2655:in the Collins English Dictionary
2603:The Phonology of Standard Chinese
1064:), but on the fourth syllable in
2787:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 80.
2633:The American Heritage Dictionary
1962:('seven'). Diacritics in Modern
1767:Spelling and notation for stress
1403:
741:
708:
2976:10.1016/j.cognition.2007.04.001
2149:International Phonetic Alphabet
1461:and the mainstream dialects of
167:International Phonetic Alphabet
2511:Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
1457:Many other languages, such as
1318:. (I took it some other day.)
262:; English uses what is called
1:
2562:10.1016/S0167-6393(03)00100-6
2216:-shun or si-LAB-if-i-KAY-shun
1946:(which also applies to other
1108:(any bird that is black) and
425:. In some contexts, the term
3185:הזירה הלשונית – רוביק רוזנטל
3179:Aharoni, Amir (2020-12-02).
2871:10.1371/journal.pone.0143968
2712:R. Silipo and S. Greenberg,
2690:Stress and Non-Stress Accent
2113:within Italian (for example
2002:), or circumflex (for close
1165:The Sound Pattern of English
1032:). The Portuguese words for
4019:Nonverbal learning disorder
3597:Speech-independent gestures
3570:Facial Action Coding System
3181:"אז איך נציין את מקום הטעם"
3158:(in Russian). p. 389.
2397:Initial-stress-derived noun
2365:
2359:
2348:
2337:
2331:
2275:'in great quantities', and
2233:
2056:
1891:
1377:In many languages, such as
630:similar in Mandarin Chinese
589:(second-last syllable). In
417:in the case of length, and
228:, full articulation of the
4332:
3759:Interpersonal relationship
3560:Body-to-body communication
3209:"Feet and Metrical Stress"
3114:dictionaries, e.g. Dahl's
2485:10.1177/002383095800100207
2352:('morning') as opposed to
2099:is hardly ever close-mid,
2014:). The orthography has an
1892:For more information, see
1573:in the present tense (see
1472:
1373:Stress and vowel reduction
1188:primary–secondary–tertiary
1131:
1120:(a bag made of paper) and
1024:
861:and occurs systematically
506:Word stress, or sometimes
493:Stress in Standard Chinese
437:in its various meanings).
36:
29:
4164:
3965:
3954:
3887:
3876:
3534:
3521:
3154:Каплунов, Денис (2015).
3120:
3058:10.1017/S0025100305002240
3040:Payne, Elinor M. (2005).
2688:Beckman, Mary E. (1986).
2575:Mirakyan, Norayr (2016).
2402:Pitch accent (intonation)
2277:
2271:
2261:
2251:
2239:
1811:
1805:
1080:
1070:
1056:
1046:
1014:
889:
867:
407:in the case of loudness,
296:). Other languages, like
32:Accent (sociolinguistics)
4174:Behavioral communication
3155:
3134:
3127:Dahl, Vladimir Ivanovich
3087:
3083:
3017:The Phonology Of Catalan
3015:Wheeler, Max W. (2005).
2930:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00439
1880:'where' as a pronoun or
1799:in order to distinguish
1479:Some languages, such as
1335:"Is it brunch tomorrow?"
476:in post-tonic position.
30:Not to be confused with
3614:Interpersonal synchrony
3515:Nonverbal communication
2917:Frontiers in Psychology
2590:(13). YSU Press: 91–96.
1958:
1952:
1890:'where' as an adverb).
1575:Spanish irregular verbs
1314:I didn't take the test
1255:§ Levels of stress
845:more, still, yet, again
597:(third-last syllable).
423:accents in music theory
163:phonetic transcriptions
4211:Monastic sign lexicons
3902:Emotional intelligence
3231:, based on affixation
3116:Explanatory Dictionary
2321:, a complex system of
2310:
2308:('deterioration') and
2304:
2294:
2278:в бо́льших количествах
2272:в больши́х количествах
2202:
2120:
2114:
2104:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2016:extensive set of rules
1886:
1876:
1870:
1868:a form of the pronoun
1864:
1858:
1844:
1838:
1824:
1714:
1698:
1675:
1665:
1659:
1649:
1639:
1620:
1610:
1591:
1565:
1563:in the past tense but
1555:
1549:
1486:stress-timed languages
1008:
959:
937:
915:
913:, such as the triplet
814:
773:
692:
682:
658:South Slavic languages
394:manner of articulation
280:. Some languages have
264:variable stress accent
160:This article contains
4201:Impression management
3090:(in Russian). Эксмо.
2671:A course in phonetics
2163:secondary stress mark
2049:('condominiums') and
1520:, the original Latin
1132:Further information:
1114:specific bird species
522:into a language with
489:fundamental frequency
318:, may be identified.
292:) or the first (e.g.
4301:Stress (linguistics)
4216:Verbal communication
4169:Animal communication
4087:Targeted advertising
3604:Haptic communication
3084:§ 116. Знак ударения
2692:. Dordrecht: Foris.
2601:Duanmu, San (2000).
2550:Speech Communication
2171:). For example, or
1948:Philippine languages
1944:Filipino orthography
1836:, or a vowel, as in
1787:are written with an
1263:quantity sensitivity
1176:unstressed syllables
1066:Brazilian Portuguese
372:Phonetic realization
37:For other uses, see
4225:Non-verbal language
4113:Gesture recognition
3960:Further information
3850:Emotion recognition
3801:Silent service code
2862:2015PLoSO..1043968R
2812:2001ASAJ..110.1606D
2783:Roca, Iggy (1992).
2744:2005ASAJ..118.1038K
2674:§ 5.4; (1980)
2473:Language and Speech
2450:1955ASAJ...27..765F
2153:primary stress mark
2143:Most commonly, the
2129:Maltese orthography
1937:⟨í ú⟩
1921:⟨è ò⟩
1909:⟨é ó⟩
1820:Spanish orthography
1448:/ˈfoʊtəˌgræf-grɑːf/
1042:European Portuguese
782:[ˈteːnoːɐ̯]
534:Non-phonemic stress
415:quantitative accent
252:quantitative accent
196:, and particularly
4251:Art and literature
4206:Meta-communication
4194:Passive-aggressive
4123:Sentiment analysis
3824:Non-verbal leakage
2173:/sɪˌlæbəfɪˈkeɪʃən/
2055:('joint owners').
1919:), while grave on
1903:use the acute and
1531:have often become
1512:Historical effects
1308:I didn't take the
1194:stress (let alone
1036:and the continent
838:[aŋˈkoːra]
797:[teˈnoːɐ̯]
646:Germanic languages
549:. For example, in
472:, /t/ and /d/ are
419:qualitative accent
366:contrastive stress
140:ˌ
4288:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4276:
4275:
3982:Asperger syndrome
3950:
3949:
3932:Social competence
3872:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3674:Emotional prosody
3580:Subtle expression
3565:Facial expression
3481:
3480:
3165:978-5-000-57471-3
3112:pre-revolutionary
3097:978-5-699-18553-5
2820:10.1121/1.1380437
2753:10.1121/1.1923349
2458:10.1121/1.1908022
2184:/sɪlæ̀bəfɪkéɪʃən/
2101:⟨ó⟩
2097:⟨o⟩
2089:⟨ó⟩
2085:⟨é⟩
1969:Filipino alphabet
1933:⟨à⟩
1894:Stress in Spanish
1683:Stress "deafness"
1585:alternating with
1541:vowel alternation
1518:Romance languages
1483:, are said to be
1469:Stress and rhythm
1401:contains a schwa
1226:
1225:
1184:primary–secondary
823:[ˈaŋkora]
650:Romance languages
540:phonemic property
232:, and changes in
156:
155:
99:
98:
16:(Redirected from
4323:
4162:
4139:Ray Birdwhistell
3967:
3956:
3882:Broader concepts
3878:
3855:First impression
3536:
3523:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3485:
3376:Secondary stress
3259:
3252:
3245:
3236:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3123:
3122:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3079:
3070:
3069:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3012:
3006:
3005:
2987:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2942:
2932:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2891:
2873:
2856:(12): e0143968.
2841:
2832:
2831:
2806:(3): 1606–1618.
2795:
2789:
2788:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2755:
2738:(2): 1038–1054.
2723:
2717:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2685:
2679:
2664:Ladefoged (1975
2662:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2581:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2517:(3–4): 255–269.
2506:
2497:
2496:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2433:
2370:
2362:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2334:
2313:
2307:
2297:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2273:
2264:
2263:
2257:Secondary stress
2254:
2253:
2244:
2243:
2236:
2207:
2185:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2160:
2159:
2102:
2098:
2093:close-mid vowels
2090:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2030:
1961:
1955:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1922:
1918:
1910:
1897:
1889:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1847:
1841:
1827:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1807:
1794:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1691:
1678:
1672:
1662:
1656:
1646:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1617:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1588:
1584:
1572:
1562:
1552:
1530:
1526:
1449:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1267:moraically heavy
1222:
1221:
1210:
1144:secondary stress
1134:Secondary stress
1128:Levels of stress
1087:
1077:
1063:
1053:
1031:
1021:
1011:
1000:American English
978:
975:
972:
968:
966:[sɐˈβja]
962:
956:
953:
950:
946:
944:[sɐˈβiɐ]
940:
934:
931:
928:
924:
922:[ˈsaβjɐ]
918:
908:
905:
902:
898:
896:[zɐˈmok]
892:
891:
886:
883:
880:
876:
874:[ˈzamək]
870:
869:
849:
846:
843:
840:
834:
831:
828:
825:
819:
808:
805:
802:
799:
793:
790:
787:
784:
778:
767:
766:
763:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
734:
733:
730:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
698:
689:
602:Classical Arabic
481:Mandarin Chinese
470:American English
327:Mandarin Chinese
315:secondary stress
182:
178:
149:
141:
136:
113:
112:
104:Secondary stress
101:
92:
84:
79:
56:
55:
44:
21:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4272:
4263:Mimoplastic art
4246:
4237:Tactile signing
4220:
4153:
4127:
4091:
4055:
4028:
3961:
3946:
3922:Social behavior
3883:
3864:
3828:
3819:Microexpression
3805:
3789:One-bit message
3768:
3720:
3655:
3575:Microexpression
3530:
3517:
3512:
3482:
3477:
3423:
3419:Extra-shortness
3390:
3381:Vowel reduction
3362:
3299:
3295:Vowel reduction
3266:
3265:Suprasegmentals
3263:
3205:
3200:
3199:
3190:
3188:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3166:
3157:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3136:
3125:
3109:
3105:
3098:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3080:
3073:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3027:
3014:
3013:
3009:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2843:
2842:
2835:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2711:
2707:
2700:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2663:
2659:
2651:
2647:
2638:
2636:
2635:. HarperCollins
2627:
2626:
2622:
2614:
2610:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2579:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2508:
2507:
2500:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2417:Syllable weight
2382:Accent (poetry)
2378:
2319:Biblical Hebrew
2234:znaki udareniya
2166:
2156:
2137:syllabification
2100:
2096:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2064:
1936:
1932:
1920:
1908:
1769:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1685:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1514:
1491:syllable timing
1477:
1471:
1406:
1402:
1387:vowel reduction
1375:
1344:
1343:
1336:
1321:
1320:
1313:
1307:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1236:sentence stress
1218:
1208:
1206:Prosodic stress
1180:vowel reduction
1172:Peter Ladefoged
1136:
1130:
1094:
988:British English
976:
973:
970:
954:
951:
948:
932:
929:
926:
906:
903:
900:
884:
881:
878:
847:
844:
841:
832:
829:
826:
806:
803:
800:
791:
789:gist of message
788:
785:
744:
740:
711:
707:
670:phonemic stress
642:
640:Phonemic stress
622:prosodic stress
593:, it is on the
536:
504:
374:
338:prosodic stress
334:sentence stress
190:
189:
188:
147:
139:
134:
109:
90:
82:
77:
52:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4329:
4327:
4319:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4293:
4292:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4254:
4252:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4171:
4165:
4159:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4146:
4144:Charles Darwin
4141:
4135:
4133:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4048:
4038:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4010:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3973:
3971:
3963:
3962:
3959:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3881:
3874:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3840:Affect display
3836:
3834:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3815:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3786:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3730:
3728:
3726:Social context
3722:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3676:
3671:
3665:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3634:Pupil dilation
3631:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3562:
3557:
3548:
3542:
3540:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3503:
3496:
3488:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3433:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3400:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3372:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3343:Tone terracing
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3309:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3276:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3254:
3247:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3224:
3215:
3204:
3203:External links
3201:
3198:
3197:
3171:
3164:
3146:
3103:
3096:
3071:
3052:(2): 153–181.
3032:
3025:
3007:
2970:(2): 682–706.
2954:
2903:
2833:
2790:
2775:
2718:
2705:
2698:
2680:
2657:
2645:
2620:
2608:
2593:
2567:
2556:(4): 625–645.
2536:
2498:
2479:(2): 126–152.
2463:
2444:(4): 765–768.
2427:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2392:Foot (prosody)
2389:
2387:Accent (music)
2384:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2315:
2314:('rear exit').
2286:
2284:
2241:знаки ударения
2217:
2198:
2187:
2180:
2133:
2132:
2126:
2037:('there') and
2019:
1972:
1940:
1898:
1816:
1768:
1765:
1684:
1681:
1513:
1510:
1473:Main article:
1470:
1467:
1374:
1371:
1367:nuclear stress
1333:
1332:
1298:I didn't take
1279:
1278:
1224:
1223:
1215:
1214:
1207:
1204:
1140:primary stress
1129:
1126:
1098:compound words
1093:
1090:
641:
638:
632:. French, and
535:
532:
508:lexical stress
503:
500:
485:tonal language
405:dynamic accent
373:
370:
354:phrasal stress
352:. It includes
310:primary stress
306:lexical stress
260:dynamic accent
183:⟩, see
159:
158:
157:
154:
153:
152: U+02CC
150:
143:
142:
137:
130:
129:
125:
124:
121:
115:
114:
106:
105:
97:
96:
93:
86:
85:
80:
73:
72:
68:
67:
64:
58:
57:
49:
48:
47:Primary stress
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4328:
4317:
4316:Poetic rhythm
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4232:Sign language
4230:
4229:
4227:
4223:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4163:
4160:
4156:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4130:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4077:Freudian slip
4075:
4073:
4072:Lie detection
4070:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4052:
4051:Mirror neuron
4049:
4047:
4043:
4042:Limbic system
4040:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4008:
4007:Rett syndrome
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3957:
3953:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3937:Social skills
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3912:People skills
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3897:Communication
3895:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3879:
3875:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3833:Multi-faceted
3831:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3744:Display rules
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3715:
3714:Voice quality
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3551:Body language
3549:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3509:
3504:
3502:
3497:
3495:
3490:
3489:
3486:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3468:Prosodic unit
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3443:Pitch contour
3441:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3348:Floating tone
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3290:Metrical foot
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3260:
3255:
3253:
3248:
3246:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3186:
3182:
3175:
3172:
3167:
3161:
3150:
3147:
3142:
3141:
3132:
3128:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3099:
3093:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3036:
3033:
3028:
3026:0-19-925814-7
3022:
3018:
3011:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2986:
2985:11577/2714082
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2958:
2955:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2791:
2786:
2779:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2706:
2701:
2699:90-6765-243-1
2695:
2691:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2646:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2612:
2609:
2604:
2597:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2578:
2571:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2467:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2432:
2429:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2407:Phonetic word
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2361:
2350:
2339:
2338:oleh ve-yored
2333:
2328:
2327:Modern Hebrew
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2311:áchteruitgang
2306:
2305:achterúítgang
2301:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2268:
2262:о̀колозе́мный
2258:
2248:
2242:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2164:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2111:minimal pairs
2108:
2107:
2094:
2091:to represent
2060:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1935:and acute on
1926:
1914:
1906:
1905:grave accents
1902:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1884:-complement,
1883:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1802:
1798:
1797:monosyllables
1790:
1786:
1785:polysyllables
1782:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:orthographies
1766:
1764:
1761:
1729:
1716:
1700:
1695:
1694:minimal pairs
1682:
1680:
1677:
1671:
1669:
1661:
1655:
1653:
1645:
1643:
1626:
1624:
1618:, or Italian
1616:
1614:
1597:
1595:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1561:
1559:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1523:
1519:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1476:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1453:
1445:
1439:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1340:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1319:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1275:
1274:pragmatically
1270:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1240:prosodic unit
1237:
1233:
1231:
1216:
1211:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1076:
1074:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1052:
1050:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1020:
1018:
1010:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
980:
967:
961:
945:
939:
923:
917:
912:
911:in Portuguese
897:
875:
864:
860:
856:
851:
839:
824:
818:
817:
812:
798:
783:
777:
776:
771:
765:
738:
732:
705:
700:
697:
696:
688:
686:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
639:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
613:
611:
607:
603:
598:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
543:
541:
533:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
501:
499:
496:
494:
490:
486:
483:, which is a
482:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
450:phonemic tone
447:
443:
438:
436:
432:
431:stress accent
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
411:
406:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
371:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
344:, along with
343:
339:
335:
330:
328:
324:
319:
317:
316:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
274:
272:
267:
265:
261:
257:
256:stress accent
253:
249:
248:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
186:
174:
170:
168:
164:
151:
144:
138:
131:
126:
122:
120:
116:
107:
102:
94:
87:
81:
74:
69:
65:
63:
59:
50:
45:
40:
33:
19:
4067:Cold reading
4060:Applications
4034:Neuroanatomy
3703:
3679:Paralanguage
3452:
3414:Vowel length
3367:
3318:Pitch accent
3313:Tone contour
3227:
3221:
3212:
3189:. Retrieved
3184:
3174:
3149:
3138:
3115:
3106:
3049:
3045:
3035:
3016:
3010:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2920:
2916:
2906:
2853:
2849:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2784:
2778:
2735:
2731:
2721:
2708:
2689:
2683:
2675:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2648:
2637:. Retrieved
2632:
2623:
2611:
2602:
2596:
2587:
2583:
2570:
2553:
2549:
2539:
2514:
2510:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2323:cantillation
2247:acute accent
2213:
2209:
2162:
2152:
2144:
2134:
2119:'peach' vs.
2068:of the owner
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1931:). Grave on
1881:
1853:
1849:
1833:
1829:
1809:('the') and
1789:acute accent
1781:Modern Greek
1770:
1762:
1730:
1686:
1667:
1651:
1641:
1622:
1612:
1593:
1567:
1557:
1522:short vowels
1515:
1498:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1456:
1451:
1443:
1399:photographer
1398:
1376:
1366:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1345:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1271:
1262:
1260:
1244:
1235:
1228:
1227:
1213:Extra stress
1187:
1183:
1170:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1152:accumulation
1151:
1148:organization
1147:
1143:
1139:
1137:
1121:
1117:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1082:
1072:
1058:
1048:
1026:
1016:
1003:
995:
991:
983:
981:
852:
736:
703:
701:
694:
684:
669:
643:
614:
599:
547:fixed stress
546:
544:
537:
523:
507:
505:
497:
478:
465:
461:
457:
453:
445:
441:
439:
435:pitch accent
434:
430:
426:
418:
414:
410:pitch accent
408:
404:
402:
375:
365:
353:
337:
333:
331:
320:
313:
309:
305:
282:fixed stress
281:
277:
275:
268:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:pitch accent
245:
241:
237:
236:. The terms
226:vowel length
205:
201:
191:
179:and ⟨
161:
4046:Limbic lobe
3811:Unconscious
3794:Missed call
3764:Social norm
3739:Conventions
3629:Eye contact
3448:Pitch reset
3358:Tone letter
3353:Tone sandhi
3222:Linguapress
3187:(in Hebrew)
2653:"paper bag"
2371:, are used.
2252:вимовля́ння
2145:stress mark
1990:, and open
1673:from Latin
1657:from Latin
1637:from Latin
1608:from Latin
1341:tomorrow."
804:tenor voice
502:Word stress
286:penultimate
278:word stress
194:linguistics
4295:Categories
4179:Aggressive
4149:Paul Ekman
4132:Key people
4096:Technology
4082:Poker tell
3927:Social cue
3734:Chronemics
3684:Intonation
3528:Modalities
3437:Intonation
3409:Gemination
3191:2021-11-25
2639:2023-04-04
2423:References
2267:homographs
2225:Belarusian
2195:prime mark
2191:respelling
1976:Portuguese
1862:'tea' vs.
1801:homographs
1755:some month
1533:diphthongs
1444:photograph
1337:"No, it's
1190:, are not
1160:accúmulate
1106:bláck bírd
1034:Madagascar
1004:láboratory
992:labóratory
984:laboratory
930:wise woman
865:, such as
863:in Russian
859:in English
662:Lithuanian
595:antepenult
591:Macedonian
516:in English
466:post-tonic
454:unaccented
350:intonation
119:IPA Number
83:ˈ
62:IPA Number
18:Weak vowel
4311:Phonology
4306:Phonetics
4184:Assertive
3992:Fragile X
3977:Aprosodia
3970:Disorders
3917:Semiotics
3845:Deception
3651:Proxemics
3641:Olfaction
3624:Oculesics
3609:Imitation
3338:Downdrift
3066:144935892
2964:Cognition
2880:1932-6203
2629:"mankind"
2616:"mankind"
2531:146712090
2493:141158933
2335:(part of
2300:diphthong
2281:'in great
2269:(compare
2229:Ukrainian
2052:condòmini
2046:condomìni
1913:close-mid
1475:Isochrony
1446:does not
1316:yesterday
1292:I didn't
1122:páper bag
1118:páper bág
1110:bláckbird
1092:Compounds
579:Esperanto
563:Hungarian
559:Icelandic
520:loanwords
198:phonology
135:(decimal)
78:(decimal)
4014:Dyssemia
3860:Intimacy
3780:Emoticon
3689:Loudness
3619:Laughter
3555:Kinesics
3546:Blushing
3539:Physical
3463:Loudness
3404:Chroneme
3328:Downstep
3323:Register
3280:Syllable
3133:(ed.).
3129:(1903).
3124:). See:
3121:гла'сная
2994:17592731
2949:23125839
2898:26642328
2850:PLOS ONE
2828:11572370
2762:16158659
2376:See also
1925:open-mid
1803:, as in
1506:Japanese
1348:tomorrow
1230:Prosodic
1196:phonemic
1192:phonetic
1156:órganize
1071:Madagasc
634:Georgian
571:Armenian
462:pretonic
442:accented
271:phonetic
222:loudness
218:sentence
210:syllable
177:/ /
173:Help:IPA
146:Unicode
128:Encoding
89:Unicode
71:Encoding
4268:Subtext
4189:Passive
4158:Related
3749:Habitus
3694:Prosody
3646:Posture
3587:Gesture
3439:(pitch)
3429:Prosody
3002:2632741
2940:3485581
2923:: 439.
2889:4671725
2858:Bibcode
2808:Bibcode
2740:Bibcode
2446:Bibcode
2221:Russian
2023:Italian
1964:Tagalog
1874:'you';
1748:/mɒh-i/
1579:Italian
1545:Spanish
1495:Spanish
1481:English
1463:Spanish
1459:Finnish
1383:English
1379:Russian
1325:italics
1102:mankínd
1038:Oceania
909:); and
811:Italian
809:); and
704:insight
674:Catalan
575:Quechua
567:Latvian
555:Finnish
512:dialect
474:flapped
398:neutral
364:), and
362:clauses
358:phrases
342:prosody
304:, have
302:Russian
298:English
294:Finnish
165:in the
133:Entity
76:Entity
4242:Tadoma
3987:Autism
3942:Unsaid
3907:Nunchi
3784:Smiley
3704:Stress
3699:Rhythm
3669:Affect
3661:Speech
3458:Rhythm
3453:Stress
3396:Length
3386:Accent
3368:Stress
3333:Upstep
3272:Timing
3162:
3094:
3064:
3023:
3000:
2992:
2947:
2937:
2896:
2886:
2878:
2826:
2770:405045
2768:
2760:
2696:
2529:
2491:
2412:Rhythm
2295:ad hoc
2227:, and
2212:-if-i-
2204:ad hoc
2078:owners
1980:stress
1845:cárcel
1783:, all
1746:) and
1734:/mɒhi/
1712:) and
1676:venire
1550:volver
1504:(e.g.
1502:timing
1493:(e.g.
1352:dinner
1339:dinner
1288:didn't
1247:French
1232:stress
1116:) and
974:thrush
890:замо́к
887:) vs.
882:castle
868:за́мок
830:anchor
816:ancora
770:German
737:incite
735:) and
693:celebr
678:Lakota
652:, the
618:French
610:weight
587:penult
583:Polish
581:, and
458:atonic
427:stress
386:longer
378:louder
346:rhythm
323:French
290:Polish
288:(e.g.
242:accent
238:stress
206:accent
202:stress
181:
95:U+02C8
39:Stress
3773:Other
3473:Pausa
3137:[
3110:Some
3062:S2CID
2998:S2CID
2766:S2CID
2580:(PDF)
2527:S2CID
2489:S2CID
2367:meteg
2360:boqér
2355:בוק֫ר
2349:bóqer
2344:ב֫וקר
2290:Dutch
2122:pésca
2116:pèsca
2106:metró
2028:città
1887:donde
1877:dónde
1852:, or
1825:árabe
1696:like
1660:venio
1547:verb
1497:) or
1391:schwa
1251:schwa
1234:, or
1081:Ocean
1047:Madag
1009:video
960:sabiá
938:sabia
916:sábia
775:Tenor
687:lebre
666:Greek
626:schwa
606:Latin
551:Czech
524:fixed
446:tonic
390:place
382:pitch
230:vowel
212:in a
169:(IPA)
148:(hex)
91:(hex)
4258:Mime
3709:Tone
3592:List
3305:Tone
3285:Mora
3160:ISBN
3092:ISBN
3021:ISBN
2990:PMID
2945:PMID
2894:PMID
2876:ISSN
2824:PMID
2758:PMID
2694:ISBN
2678:p 83
2666:etc.
2332:oleh
2087:and
2057:See
1959:pitó
1953:pito
1929:/ɛɔ/
1917:/eo/
1839:está
1771:The
1741:fish
1715:topó
1707:mole
1699:topo
1632:fire
1615:ntum
1603:wind
1587:/uo/
1537:verb
1527:and
1500:mora
1381:and
1310:test
1294:take
1158:and
1150:and
1142:and
1078:and
1054:and
1051:scar
952:knew
904:lock
835:vs.
794:vs.
690:and
656:and
654:East
604:and
565:and
348:and
325:and
312:and
300:and
240:and
234:tone
224:and
214:word
3086:.
3054:doi
2980:hdl
2972:doi
2968:106
2935:PMC
2925:doi
2884:PMC
2866:doi
2816:doi
2804:110
2748:doi
2736:118
2588:1.3
2558:doi
2519:doi
2481:doi
2454:doi
2317:In
2288:In
2255:).
2219:In
2214:KAY
2210:lab
2200:In
2177:ˈˈ◌
2021:In
1974:In
1942:In
1818:In
1779:In
1723:met
1670:nir
1644:cum
1596:nto
1583:/o/
1577:).
1570:lvo
1560:lví
1529:/o/
1525:/e/
1360:din
1358:in
1356:din
1300:the
1269:).
1220:ˈˈ◌
1202:.)
1186:or
1112:(a
1088:).
1061:nia
1057:Oce
1025:vid
1019:deo
979:).
957:),
935:),
850:).
495:.)
479:In
464:or
456:or
444:or
429:or
392:or
360:or
336:or
258:or
204:or
192:In
123:502
66:501
4297::
4044:/
3782:/
3553:/
3220:,
3211:,
3183:.
3074:^
3060:.
3050:35
3048:.
3044:.
2996:.
2988:.
2978:.
2966:.
2943:.
2933:.
2919:.
2915:.
2892:.
2882:.
2874:.
2864:.
2854:10
2852:.
2848:.
2836:^
2822:.
2814:.
2802:.
2764:.
2756:.
2746:.
2734:.
2730:.
2668:)
2631:.
2586:.
2582:.
2554:41
2552:.
2548:.
2525:.
2515:22
2513:.
2501:^
2487:.
2475:.
2452:.
2442:27
2440:.
2292:,
2283:er
2223:,
2165::
2155::
2040:la
2034:là
2010:,
2006:,
1998:,
1994:,
1986:,
1978:,
1882:wh
1871:tú
1865:te
1859:té
1832:,
1654:ns
1652:ie
1625:co
1623:uo
1594:ie
1568:ue
1452:of
1435:ər
1385:,
1369:.
1304:or
1286:I
969:,
947:,
925:,
899:,
877:,
758:aɪ
725:aɪ
676:,
664:,
660:,
648:,
577:,
561:,
557:,
553:,
530:.
266:.
200:,
111:ˌ◌
54:ˈ◌
3507:e
3500:t
3493:v
3258:e
3251:t
3244:v
3194:.
3168:.
3100:.
3068:.
3056::
3029:.
3004:.
2982::
2974::
2951:.
2927::
2921:3
2900:.
2868::
2860::
2830:.
2818::
2810::
2772:.
2750::
2742::
2702:.
2642:.
2564:.
2560::
2533:.
2521::
2495:.
2483::
2477:1
2460:.
2456::
2448::
2237:(
2179:.
2168:ˌ
2158:ˈ
2081:'
2075:'
2071:'
2065:'
2061:.
2012:o
2008:e
2004:a
2000:o
1996:e
1992:a
1988:u
1984:i
1927:(
1915:(
1896:.
1854:s
1850:n
1834:s
1830:n
1812:ή
1806:η
1793:´
1791:(
1758:'
1752:'
1750:(
1744:'
1738:'
1736:(
1726:'
1720:'
1718:(
1710:'
1704:'
1702:(
1690:/
1668:e
1666:v
1650:v
1642:o
1640:f
1635:'
1629:'
1621:f
1613:e
1611:v
1606:'
1600:'
1592:v
1566:v
1558:o
1556:v
1438:/
1432:f
1429:ə
1426:r
1423:ɡ
1420:ɒ
1417:t
1414:ˈ
1411:ə
1408:f
1405:/
1282:I
1085:a
1083:i
1075:r
1073:a
1068:(
1059:â
1049:á
1044:(
1029:o
1027:e
1017:í
1015:v
996:o
990:(
977:'
971:'
963:(
955:'
949:'
941:(
933:'
927:'
919:(
907:'
901:'
893:(
885:'
879:'
871:(
848:'
842:'
833:'
827:'
820:(
807:'
801:'
792:'
786:'
779:(
764:/
761:t
755:s
752:ˈ
749:n
746:ɪ
743:/
739:(
731:/
728:t
722:s
719:n
716:ɪ
713:ˈ
710:/
706:(
695:é
685:é
683:c
187:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.