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and were dark. Flat roofs on vaults with monitor lights were chosen in Italy, parts of the United States and India because they helped to reduce the heat. Brick vaulting was used in
Catalunya, and in settlements that were short of land, two-storey building were erected with the weaving below and the spinning above. Similar two-storey mills were built in 1865 in Angus, Scotland. At Salts Mill in Bradford and in Dundee the power was from below rather than above giving greater headroom while the lace mills of Nottingham and the woollen tweed mills in Roxburghshire had higher roofs to allow for overhead supervision gantries. The Tonnendach mills of central and northern Europe, used a curved broad span with raised transverse rooflights, a system patented by Sequin-Brunner of Switzerland in 1885. Wrought-iron
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101:. Here as the name suggests, space was rented to other companies who could specialise in weaving without the skills needed to finance, build and maintain a building. Weaving sheds were cheap to build and fireproof having no wooden beams. They were also safer, because their north-facing roof windows meant they were not as dependent on
61:. A weaving shed can be a stand-alone mill, or a component of a combined mill. Power looms cause severe vibrations requiring them to be located on a solid ground floor. In the case of cotton, the weaving shed needs to remain moist. Maximum daylight is achieved, by the sawtooth "north-facing roof lights".
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Though the North Light Roof Shed predominated in
Lancashire and Yorkshire, there were always variations caused by local needs. In Brazil in the southern hemisphere the south lit roof was more appropriate. Domed vault were used in Leeds, United Kingdom and Issenheim, France but were expensive to build
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By the 1980s the final weaving companies were woven out (closed), and in a few cases the mills were mothballed. Most however had already been converted for alternative use- and in 2010 a report was written detailing possible ways that the weaving sheds could be renovated and put to alternative uses.
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The gutter beams were laid flat with joints aligned over column heads. The end of each gutter section has an external flange enabling sections to be bolted together over a bracket to the head of the column. The brackets were designed to collect any resulting leak at the joint and channelled it down
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The shed would be modular using a 3m by 6m bay, the beams of the roof being supported by cast iron columns. The ground to beam clearance was 3.5m and the ground to ridge height was 4.6m. Later sheds used a longitudinal beam under the gutter beam eliminating the need for a row of columns, creating a
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The challenge lies in having 1000 m of top lit shed with no exterior windows, having structural columns every 3.6m. There are successful schemes which convert the shed into covered parking, and divided retail space, offices and business start up units. When part of the centre is opened up to
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were wound by a pirner, on a pirning machine in the shed or be bought shuttle ready from the spinners. The completed pieces would be cut off the loom, (it was on a takeup beam), and this left the shed to go back to the warehouse where it would be examined for faults by the
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The early weaving sheds were simple working industrial buildings and the external materials generally used in their construction are robust and there was little in the way of ornamentation. External walls were generally in
93:, where the workpiece was lit by tall exterior windows. The weaving shed appeared around this time. They initially adjoined existing mills, and then were built as standalone mills by speculating investors or by industrial
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that support these rows of north lights are ingeniously designed as inverted channel sections such that they both carry the load of the roofs and act as rainwater gutters. The rainwater would exit to identical
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the inside of the hollow columns. Cast iron tie rods running from the columnheads, at right angles to the gutterbeams, gave lateral rigidity. The columns were the mounting points for the lineshaft bearings.
121:. The looms would be maintained by a skilled tackler who would be on hand to gait the looms and effect instant repairs or adjustments. There would be four tacklers for 400 looms. The looms were powered by
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and a two or three-storey building where the preparatory processes were done below and above would be the warehouse. This also housed the offices. Weaving was not possible without a continuous supply of
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were not available before
Kenworthy and Bulloughs weft stop motion, the roller temple and the loose reed which appeared in the 1840s. The first weaving floors were on the ground floor of the existing
117:. A standard shed would house 1200 looms, and it was common to think in multiples of 400 looms. These looms would be tentered by weavers who worked from four to eight looms each and were paid on
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on lath soffits to the south facing roof slopes. The sheds were often built into the hillside so the wall would benefit from contact with damp earth that would maintain the
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The north light roofs to the majority of weaving sheds were constructed with simple 30-degree pitched roofs, comprising a simple structure of
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173:. This could be done in the mill or the warp could be bought in and delivered on the tapers beam. The beam of thread had to be sized in a
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form an inner court, the bays round the edge have been converted into a primary school, residential units and student accommodation.
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of former handloom weavers. Either group would run the looms themselves or operate the shed as a
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The Last Shift: The decline of handloom weaving in nineteenth-century
Lancashire
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floors, exposed cast iron structure, timber joinery and boarded partitions and
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were favoured in France after 1870, while in
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roof coverings facing south and glazed lights to the north. The
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Attached to the weaving shed in a typical mill would be a
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Weaving shed with line shafting attached to upright beams
716:, Manchester: Manchester University Press, p. 253,
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Each thread had to pass through the correct eye in the
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Originally a single storey mill developed in the 1800s
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where the steam was raised, an engine room housing a
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from overhead cross-shafts, on bevel gears from the
732:"Pennine Lancashire North Light Weaving Shed Study"
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616:The industrial archaeology of North-west England
688:Recent Cotton Mill Construction and Engineering
314:was used by Barbour Threads in Hilden, Ulster.
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169:of thread, in a multistage process onto the
814:Textile mills completed in the 18th century
69:The early textile trade relied on domestic
673:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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77:weavers would take the yarn to their
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37:developed in the early 1800s in
789:History of the textile industry
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269:Queen Street Mill, Harle Syke
646:. Barnoldswick, Lancashire.
804:Textile mills in Lancashire
799:Textile mills in Derbyshire
730:Pennine Lancashire (2010).
221:and paper work was done by
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809:Textile mills in Yorkshire
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33:is a distinctive type of
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105:as were spinning mills.
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146:stationary steam engine
49:to accommodate the new
613:Ashmore, Owen (1982),
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53:weaving cotton, silk,
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761:at Wikimedia Commons
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318:Restoration and reuse
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188:. This was done on a
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215:satisfactory quality
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301:Regional variations
213:, and if it was of
175:tape sizing machine
136:Tape sizing machine
99:room and power mill
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607:Bibliography
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555:Nasmith 1895
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545:, p. 8.
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531:Nasmith 1895
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365:Ashmore 1982
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244:lime plaster
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229:Construction
223:office staff
211:cloth looker
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142:boiler house
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103:gas-lighting
95:cooperatives
91:narrow mills
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31:weaving shed
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598:Graham 2008
586:Graham 2008
567:TICCIH 2007
504:Graham 2008
492:Graham 2008
480:Graham 2008
468:Graham 2008
456:Graham 2008
444:Graham 2008
432:Graham 2008
420:Graham 2008
408:Graham 2008
389:Graham 2008
337:Cotton mill
177:by sizers.
83:power looms
51:power looms
768:Categories
626:0719008204
348:References
291:drainpipes
240:stone flag
127:line shaft
119:piece-rate
87:line shaft
71:outworking
43:Derbyshire
39:Lancashire
669:cite book
283:cast iron
47:Yorkshire
738:11 April
685:(1895),
659:15 April
331:See also
206:shuttles
109:Function
75:Handloom
774:Weaving
704:1 March
632:25 June
219:payroll
204:in the
194:loomers
65:History
59:worsted
55:woollen
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695:
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182:heddle
167:creels
163:warped
353:Notes
286:beams
279:slate
277:with
198:pirns
165:from
155:pirns
115:looms
740:2013
718:ISBN
706:2009
693:ISBN
675:link
661:2013
648:ISBN
634:2009
621:ISBN
573:help
202:weft
186:reed
159:warp
151:weft
57:and
45:and
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192:by
153:on
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