670:—can submerge a person indefinitely. This phenomenon is so well known to canoeists, kayakers, and others who spend time on rivers that they even have a rueful name for weirs: "drowning machines". The Ohio DNR recommends that a victim should "tuck the chin down, draw the knees up to the chest with arms wrapped around them. Hopefully, conditions will be such that the current will push the victim along the bed of the river until swept beyond the boil line and released by the hydraulic." The Pennsylvania State Police also recommends to victims, "curl up, dive to the bottom, and swim or crawl downstream". As the hydraulic jump entrains air, the buoyancy of the water between the dam and boil line will be reduced by upward of 30%, and if a victim is unable to float, escape at the base of the dam may be the only option for survival.
710:
558:(or in some cases the height of the weir crest) can be altered to increase or decrease the volume of water flowing downstream. Weirs for this purpose are commonly found upstream of towns and villages and can either be automated or manually operated. By slowing the rate at which water moves downstream even slightly, a disproportionate effect can be had on the likelihood of flooding. On larger rivers, a weir can also alter the flow characteristics of the waterway to the point that vessels are able to navigate areas previously inaccessible due to extreme
766:
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50:
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628:. Any weir that exceeds either the maximum height a species can jump or creates flow conditions that cannot be bypassed (e.g., due to excessive water velocity) effectively limits the maximum point upstream that fish can migrate. In some cases this can mean that huge lengths of breeding habitat are lost, and over time this can have a significant impact on fish populations.
38:
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flows over the top of the weir crest (as opposed to around the sides or through conduits or sluices) and at locations where the water that flows over the crest is carried away from the structure. If these conditions are not met, it can make flow measurement complicated, inaccurate, or even impossible.
635:
into the design of a weir that ensure that fish can bypass the barriers and access upstream habitats. Unlike dams, weirs do not usually prevent downstream fish migration (as water flows over the top and allows fish to bypass the structure in that water), although they can create flow conditions that
117:
is a barrier across the width of a river that alters the flow characteristics of water and usually results in a change in the height of the river level. Weirs are also used to control the flow of water for outlets of lakes, ponds, and reservoirs. There are many weir designs, but commonly water flows
205:
in small to medium-sized streams/rivers or in industrial discharge locations. Since the geometry of the top of the weir is known and all water flows over the weir, the depth of water behind the weir can be converted to a rate of flow. However, this can only be achieved in locations where all water
833:
A compound weir is any weir that comprises several different designs into one structure. They are commonly seen in locations where a river has multiple users who may need to bypass the structure. A common design would be one where a weir is broad-crested for much of its length, but has a section
654:
188:
on a large dam may therefore be referred to as a weir. Weirs can vary in size both horizontally and vertically, with the smallest being only a few centimetres in height whilst the largest may be many metres tall and hundreds of metres long. Some common weir purposes are outlined below.
547:, facing downstream. In the background is the smaller secondary "overspill" weir. Two small boats are also visible held against the overspill weir, having been washed against it during a particularly high discharge as a result of meltwater and subsequent rainfall following the
846:(often V-shaped) cut into the panel. At times of normal flow all the water must pass through the notch, simplifying flow volume calculations, and at times of flood the water level can rise and submerge the weir without any alterations made to the structure.
709:
733:
566:. Many larger weirs will have construction features that allow boats and river users to "shoot the weir" and navigate by passing up or down stream without having to exit the river. Weirs constructed for this purpose are especially common on the
426:
82:
79:
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and weir are synonymous, but normally there is a clear distinction made between the structures. Usually, a dam is designed specifically to impound water behind a wall, whilst a weir is designed to alter the river flow characteristics.
80:
520:
are created by a weir that impounds water that then flows over the structure. The energy created by the change in height of the water can then be used to power waterwheels and power sawmills, grinding wheels, and other equipment.
615:
sites. The oxygen content typically returns to normal once water has passed over the weir crest (although it can be hyper-oxygenated), although increased river velocity can scour the river bed causing erosion and habitat loss.
492:
As weirs are a physical barrier, they can impede the longitudinal movement of fish and other animals up and down a river. This can have a negative effect on fish species that migrate as part of their breeding cycle (e.g.,
81:
316:
However, this calculation is a generic relationship and specific calculations are available for the many different types of weir. Flow measurement weirs must be well maintained if they are to remain accurate.
678:
There are many different types of weirs and they can vary from a simple stone structure that is barely noticeable, to elaborate and very large structures that require extensive management and maintenance.
652:
665:
Even though the water around weirs can often appear relatively calm, they can be extremely dangerous places to boat, swim, or wade, as the circulation patterns on the downstream side—typically called a
825:
A broad-crested weir is a flat-crested structure, where the water passes over a crest that covers much or all of the channel width. This is one of the most common types of weir found worldwide.
866:
weirs are of order one. High-order polynomial weirs are providing wider range of Head-Discharge relationships, and hence better control of the flow at outlets of lakes, ponds, and reservoirs.
765:
1315:"Evaluating the effectiveness of a Larinier super active baffle fish pass for European river lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis before and after modification with wall-mounted studded tiles"
801:
184:
A common distinction between dams and weirs is that water flows over the top (crest) of a weir or underneath it for at least some of its length. Accordingly, the crest of an overflow
685:
331:
862:. In practice, most weirs are low-order polynomial weirs. The standard rectangular weir is, for example, a polynomial weir of order zero. The triangular (V-notch) and
78:
1140:
1459:
McKay, G.R. (1971). "Design of
Minimum Energy Culverts." Research Report, Dept of Civil Eng., Univ. of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 29 pages & 7 plates.
586:
During periods of high river flow, this nineteenth century weir of porphyry stone on a creek in the Alps would have significantly more water flowing over it.
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freely over the top of the weir crest before cascading down to a lower level. There is no single definition as to what constitutes a weir.
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124:
can also refer to the skimmer found in most in-ground swimming pools, which controls the flow of water pulled into the filtering system.
571:
1254:
1206:
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injure juvenile fish. Recent studies suggest that navigation locks have also potential to provide increased access for a range of
1280:"Can navigation locks be used to help migratory fishes with poor swimming performance pass tidal barrages? A test with lampreys"
1522:
1136:
962:
87:
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842:
A notch weir is any weir where the physical barrier is significantly higher than the water level except for a specific
1080:
595:
Because a weir impounds water behind it and alters the flow regime of the river, it can have an effect on the local
933:
900:
49:
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245:
31:
1313:
Tummers, Jeroen S.; Winter, Emily; Silva, Sergio; O’Brien, Pat; Jang, Min-Ho; Lucas, Martyn C. (2016).
1021:
439:
241:
202:
855:
843:
696:
421:{\displaystyle Q={\frac {8}{15}}{\sqrt {2g}}\,C_{e}\tan {\frac {\theta }{2}}(h+k)^{\frac {5}{2}},}
692:
58:
1417:"Experimental measurements of velocity and pressure distributions on a large broad-crested weir"
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Weirs are commonly used to control the flow rates of rivers during periods of high discharge.
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Silva, Sergio; Lowry, Maran; Macaya-Solis, Consuelo; Byatt, Barry; Lucas, Martyn C. (2017).
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where the weir stops or is 'open' so that small boats and fish can traverse the structure.
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720:
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64:
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Baddour, Raouf E. (2008). "Head-Discharge
Equation for Sharp-Crested Polynomial Weir".
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The flow over a V-notch weir (in ft/s) is given by the
Kindsvater–Shen equation:
57:, New South Wales, Australia, directly upstream from a shared pedestrian-bicycle
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599:. Typically, the reduced river velocity upstream can lead to increased
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1492:
Hydraulics of
Minimum Energy Loss (MEL) culverts and bridge waterways
1381:"Hydraulic Performances of Minimum Energy Loss Culverts in Australia"
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69:
17:
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Rescue boats designed for rescue and recovery from low head dams.
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86:
Time-lapse video of a new tilting weir being installed in the
854:
A polynomial weir is a weir that has a geometry defined by a
1066:
473:
is the height of the fluid above the bottom of the V-notch,
631:
In many countries, it is now a legal requirement to build
1054:
807:
A complicated series of broad-crest and V-notch weirs at
1273:. Washington: United States Government Printing Office.
497:), but it also can be useful as a method of preventing
172:, measure water discharge, and help render rivers more
723:, UK: the lower weir is a compound weir that also has
334:
102:
1362:
The
Hydraulics of Open Channel Flow: An Introduction
570:, and most are situated near each of the river's 45
1109:Ohio DNR Division of Parks and Watercraft Boating.
1194:
1014:"Factors affecting weir flow measurement accuracy"
420:
160:The broad crested weir at the Thorp grist mill in
727:to allow fish such as salmon to navigate the weir
1494:(Click "proceed" at the UQ-ITS Advisory webapge)
1388:Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
260:for the structure (on average a figure of 3.33),
144:meaning "to defend, dam". The German cognate is
1364:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
607:and clay on the river bottom) that reduces the
209:The discharge calculation can be summarised as
201:and engineers a simple method of measuring the
132:The word likely originated from Middle English
1218:Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
1415:Gonzalez, Carlos A.; Chanson, Hubert (2007).
8:
611:and smothers invertebrate habitat and fish
525:Flood control and altering river conditions
501:moving upstream. For example, weirs in the
448:is the acceleration due to gravity in ft/sm
1330:
1295:
404:
378:
366:
361:
351:
341:
333:
148:, which means the same as English weir.
68:A weir on the Tikkurilankoski rapids in
1247:Water Measurement with Flumes and Weirs
1230:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2008)134:2(260)
1175:
917:
681:
624:Weirs can have a significant effect on
505:region have helped to prevent invasive
479:is the head correction factor given in
457:is the flow correction factor given in
140:, a derivative of the root of the verb
1400:10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3828(2007)21:4(264)
1160:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1153:
176:by boat. In some locations, the terms
1197:Weirs and Flumes for Flow Measurement
1117:from the original on 30 November 2016
1079:Michael Robinson; Robert Houghtalen.
759:to cross the river using its walkway.
755:. A broad-crest weir, the public has
7:
1424:Flow Measurement and Instrumentation
1085:Rhode Island Canoe/Kayak Association
1042:
480:
458:
168:Commonly, weirs are used to prevent
1436:10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2007.05.005
965:from the original on 19 March 2017
509:from colonising farther upstream.
25:
691:The bridge and weir mechanism at
603:(deposition of fine particles of
467:is the angle of the V-notch weir,
800:
784:
764:
732:
708:
684:
98:
41:A weir on the Humber River near
1143:from the original on 2018-05-02
995:from the original on 2017-03-04
961:. Online Etymology Dictionary.
936:from the original on 2017-03-04
1087:. Rhode Island. Archived from
401:
388:
1:
1455:, New York: MacMillan Company
1332:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.02.046
1297:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.02.027
775:-type weir near Revin on the
292:varies with structure (e.g.,
539:A sluice gate-based weir at
88:Caldicot and Wentloog Levels
985:"Weirs – Flow Rate Measure"
640:, including poor swimmers.
488:Control of invasive species
45:in Toronto, Ontario, Canada
1539:
1113:. watercraft.ohiodnr.gov.
989:www.engineeringtoolbox.com
528:
29:
1245:Clemmens, Albert (2010).
901:International Control Dam
1463:Sturm, Terry W. (2010).
1451:Henderson, F.M. (1996),
1379:Chanson, Hubert (2007).
926:"the definition of weir"
321:Flow over a V-notch weir
284:of water over the crest,
27:Artificial river barrier
1466:Open Channel Hydraulics
1166:Escaping a low-head dam
461:, p. B29, Fig. 12,
1319:Ecological Engineering
1284:Ecological Engineering
791:A broad-crest weir in
662:
587:
551:
549:2018 winter cold wave.
422:
165:
90:
73:
61:
46:
1523:Hydraulic engineering
1193:Akers, Peter (1978).
1045:, p. B31, Equ 6.
660:
585:
538:
483:, p. B20, Fig 4.
423:
302:for horizontal weir,
159:
85:
67:
52:
40:
32:Weir (disambiguation)
1111:"Lowhead Dam Safety"
771:A manually operated
609:water oxygen content
440:volumetric flow rate
332:
268:is the width of the
242:volumetric flow rate
203:volumetric flow rate
30:For other uses, see
1264:Shen, John (1981).
1178:, pp. 260–262.
1069:, pp. 291–302.
1057:, pp. 183–194.
1055:Tummers et al. 2016
1018:openchannelflow.com
856:polynomial equation
959:www.etymonline.com
693:Sturminster Newton
663:
588:
552:
418:
312:for v-notch weir).
166:
91:
74:
62:
47:
1476:978-0-07-126793-9
1453:Open Channel Flow
1371:978-0-7506-5978-9
1067:Silva et al. 2017
715:Two weirs on the
658:
442:of fluid in ft/s,
412:
386:
359:
349:
280:is the height of
162:Thorp, Washington
83:
16:(Redirected from
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1430:(3–4): 107–113.
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1081:"Dangerous dams"
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1020:. Archived from
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1469:. McGraw-Hill.
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1350:Further reading
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1024:on 30 July 2016
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1513:Dams by type
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1176:Baddour 2008
1171:
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1089:the original
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886:Fishing weir
859:
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757:right of way
745:River Thames
739:The weir at
725:fish ladders
677:
674:Common types
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633:fish ladders
630:
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568:River Thames
556:Sluice gates
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1358:Chanson, H.
1325:: 183–194.
1290:: 291–302.
1186:Works cited
864:trapezoidal
777:River Meuse
697:River Stour
507:sea lamprey
503:Great Lakes
1502:Categories
1147:2017-06-15
1095:2011-06-26
999:2017-03-03
940:2017-03-03
907:References
876:Crump weir
850:Polynomial
809:Dobbs Weir
773:needle dam
717:River Wear
529:See also:
518:Mill ponds
513:Watermills
55:Yass River
1444:0955-5986
1408:0887-3828
1341:0925-8574
1306:0925-8574
1238:0733-9437
1043:Shen 1981
912:Citations
793:Warkworth
749:Hambleden
601:siltation
541:Bray Lock
531:Floodgate
495:salmonids
481:Shen 1981
459:Shen 1981
381:θ
376:
246:discharge
174:navigable
128:Etymology
72:, Finland
1360:(2004).
1156:cite web
1141:Archived
1115:Archived
993:Archived
963:Archived
934:Archived
870:See also
829:Compound
779:, France
613:spawning
560:currents
186:spillway
170:flooding
152:Function
838:V-notch
743:on the
695:on the
597:ecology
591:Ecology
543:on the
438:is the
307:⁄
297:⁄
256:is the
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142:werian,
1518:Rivers
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969:20 May
955:"Weir"
721:Durham
701:Dorset
644:Safety
578:Issues
564:eddies
431:where
231:where
70:Vantaa
1508:Weirs
1420:(PDF)
1384:(PDF)
1271:(PDF)
1121:2 May
1028:2 May
896:Flume
844:notch
638:biota
572:locks
270:crest
18:Weirs
1471:ISBN
1440:ISSN
1404:ISSN
1366:ISBN
1337:ISSN
1302:ISSN
1251:ISBN
1234:ISSN
1203:ISBN
1162:link
1123:2018
1030:2018
971:2017
815:, UK
703:, UK
605:silt
282:head
164:, US
146:Wehr
134:were
122:Weir
95:weir
1432:doi
1396:doi
1327:doi
1292:doi
1288:102
1226:doi
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178:dam
138:wer
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