234:
22:
899:โUsed to reduce the weight as water is added with its addition. Without bentonite the perlite separates and floats to the upper part of the slurry. Can be used to achieve a slurry weight as low as 12.0ppg. Bentonite in concentrations of 2โ4% is also added to prevent segregation of particles and slurry.
802:- engineered high strength (unicellular) low density (average true densities as low as 0.3 g/cc for the medium strength versions), non porous hollow glass spheres, usually below 40 ฮผm in average particle size, enable hydraulic cement slurries as low as 8 PpG (960 Kg/m^3)
887:. Silica fume (micro fume) is highly reactive, and is regarded as the most effective pozzolanic material available. The high surface area increases the water demand to get pumpable slurry. Such a mixture can produce a cement slurry as low as 11.0 ppg.
695:
are excellent retarders of
Portland cement. Such compounds are not commonly used due to the degree of retardation being very sensitive to variation of concentration. It also depends on the compound's susceptibility to
582:. The differing rates of expansion and contraction could result in the casing pulling away from the cement and lead to the formation of micro-annuli. It also has the ability to affect the cement
324:
J. 12000โ16000 ft can be used under conditions of extremely high temperatures and pressures or can be mixed with accelerators and retarders to cover a range of well depth and temperatures.
757:, used in concentrations of up to 5.0% and with bottom hole temperatures less than 160 deg F. It will improve compressive strength and reduce thickening and setting time.
477:
and significantly reduces the thickening and setting time. Used in concentrations of up to 4.0%. The mechanism of this process is debated, but there are four major
193:
The most important function of cementing is to achieve zonal isolation. Another purpose of cementing is to achieve a good cement-to-pipe bond. Too low an effective
268:
105:
253:
Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.
39:
1058:
86:
43:
58:
890:
Normal concentration = 15% BWOC but can be as high as 28% BWOC. Can sometimes be used to prevent annular fluid migration.
247:
843:
Bentonite โ this is added in conjunction with additional water, used for specific weight control but makes poor cement.
65:
321:
H. 0โ8000 ft can be used with accelerators and retarders to cover a wide range of well depths and temperatures.
242:
649:
32:
608:
915:โ Can be used to obtain a slurry with a density as low as 11.9ppg, 12.5โ25 lbs per sack are usually added.
72:
1149:
1016:
These are cement slurries that upon entering the formation begin to gel and eventually become self-supporting.
990:
928:
785:
672:. Below 93 ยฐC they can cause over-retardation. They are efficient to a temperature of 150 ยฐC. One
943:
388:
the best and most thorough and practical method of designing a cement blend is through laboratory testing.
54:
932:
587:
233:
213:
1144:
935:
of polymer particles. They contain about 50% solids. Such particles can physically plug the pores in the
837:
611:
theory: reacts with aqueous phase to form an impermeable and insoluble layer around the cement grains.
784:
during cementing. Increases slurry yield โ reduces the amount of cement required to produce a given
781:
687:
474:
315:
209:
697:
669:
1081:
867:
earth โ also requires additional water to be added. Properties are similar to those of bentonite.
1164:
1001:
The addition of materials that can physically bridge fractured or weak zones. E.g. gilsonite and
863:
791:
Water extenders โ Allow/facilitate the addition of water to help extend the cement blend/slurry.
740:
311:
217:
194:
907:โ Used to obtain slurry weights as low as 12.0ppg. In high concentrations, mixing is a problem.
517:
Increases the hydration of
Aluminate phase/gypsum system. Traettenber & Gratten Bellow 1975.
507:
978:
825:
798:
692:
126:
749:
665:
470:
347:
79:
754:
733:
725:
641:
632:
307:
F. 10000โ16000 ft used under conditions of extremely high temperatures and pressures
840:, with concentrations up to 20%. Used with an API ratio of 5.3% water to 1.0% bentonite.
794:
Low-density aggregates โ Materials with densities less than
Portland cement (3.15 g/cm3)
859:. Pozzolan costs very little, but does not achieve much weight reduction of the slurry.
710:
391:
The tests should be conducted on a sample that represents the cement to be used on the
216:, and for reservoir pressures > 1000 psi; this means that the pipe cement bond will
205:
179:
1158:
911:
165:
130:
558:
The smaller size of the Cl ions causes a greater tendency to diffuse into the C-S-H
982:
Can lower fluid loss rates from 500 ml/30 min to 20 ml/30 min.
884:
620:
586:, the compressive strength development, produce shrinkage by 10โ15%, increases the
467:
Can be added to shorten the setting time or to accelerate the hardening process.
1127:. (E. B. Nelson, Ed.) Sugar Land Texas 77478: Schlumberger Educational Services.
968:
936:
880:
677:
579:
562:. Eventually the C-S-H membrane bursts and the hydration process is accelerated.
552:
511:
380:
Chemical nature quantity and specific surface are of initial hydration products.
364:
304:
E. 10000โ14000 ft used under conditions of high temperatures and pressures
295:
21:
1009:
1002:
684:
614:
602:
436:
175:
975:
950:
903:
829:
704:
644:
and added in concentrations of 0.1% to 1.5% BWOC. It absorbs into the C-S-H
624:
529:
414:
reduce setting time and increases the rate of compressive strength build up.
404:
385:
344:
212:. Another fact to note is that cement strength ranges between 1000 and 1800
187:
156:
1035:. (E. B. Nelson, Ed.) Sugar Land, Texas: Schlumberger Educational Services.
617:
theory: retarder poisons the hydration product and prevents future growth.
220:
first. This would lead to the development of micro-annuli along the pipe.
204:
For cement, one thing to note is that there is no correlation between the
847:
833:
809:
730:
714:
662:
659:
583:
559:
488:
392:
340:
299:
1059:"Login to access the Oil & Gas Journal Subscriber Premium features"
986:
963:
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354:
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198:
876:
871:
852:
718:
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360:
146:
122:
575:
during hydration. This heat could accelerate the hydration process.
327:
API cement grades A, B and C correspond to ASTM type I, II and III.
291:
C. 0โ6000 ft used when conditions require high early strength
924:
760:
533:
367:
485:
It affects the hydration phase by one of the following theories:
281:
A. 0โ6000 ft used when special properties are not required.
953:
of the aqueous phase and decrease the filter cake permeability.
820:
768:
764:
673:
572:
284:
B. 0โ6000 ft used when conditions require moderate to high
183:
152:
Exclude unwanted sub-surface fluids from the producing interval
813:
645:
605:
theory: the retarder is adsorbed & inhibits water content.
548:
503:
227:
142:
To support the vertical and radial loads applied to the casing
15:
713:
derived from wood or vegetable matter, and are stable to the
836:). Can be used to obtain a cement of density 11.5 to 15.0
1005:
flakes added in quantities of 0.125โ0.500 lbs/sack.
578:
This heat causes the casing to expand and contract as it
133:. Personnel who conduct this job are called "Cementers".
1134:. Sugar Land, Texas: Schulumberger Educational Services.
883:. ฮฑ quartz is used to prevent strength retrogression in
1120:. Sugar Land, Texas: Schlumberger Educational Services.
1109:. Sugar Land, Texas: Schlumberger Educational Services.
1105:
Nelson, E. B., Baret, J. F., & Michaux, M. (1993).
318:
to cover a wide range of well depths and temperatures.
680:
with an effective concentration of 0.1% to 0.3% BWOC.
627:
by the retarder. A nucleus can't be properly formed.
551:
faster, this process producing the precipitation of
473:, under the right conditions, tends to improve the
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
539:C-S-H gel has a higher area and will react faster.
294:D. 6000โ10000 ft used under moderately high
186:cement between the running of the top and bottom
1046:Handbook for Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineers
571:Calcium chloride also produces a high amount of
590:with time, and lowers the sulphate resistance.
129:or to the annular space between two successive
125:to the annular space between the well-bore and
971:). Not used above temperatures of 93 ยฐC.
520:Accelerates the hydration n of C3S. Stein 1961
170:To increase the possibility to hit the target
149:formations from the producing zone formations
8:
1150:Cementing Operations: An Integrated Approach
1048:(Vol. 1). Houston: Gulf Publishing Company.
269:Learn how and when to remove this message
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
1024:
161:Resist chemical deterioration of cement
565:Changes the aqueous phase composition.
598:They work by one of 4 main theories;
7:
44:adding citations to reliable sources
310:G. 0โ8000 ft can be used with
1107:Additives and Mechanisms of Action
403:There are 8 general categories of
14:
927:additives to achieve fluid loss.
652:to a more impermeable structure.
399:Additives and mechanism of action
780:Reduce slurry density โ reduces
544:Diffusion of the chloride ions;
232:
20:
547:Cl ions diffuse into the C-S-H
450:Lost circulation control agents
197:may cause the cement to become
31:needs additional citations for
1082:"Oilfield_Master_Product_List"
384:Given the multitude of cement
174:Cement is introduced into the
121:is the process of introducing
1:
816:can be used to prepare foam.
525:Changes the C-S-H structure.
1044:Lyons, W. C. (Ed.). (1993).
370:and total sulphate content.
336:Particle size distribution.
1181:
1087:. L.V. Lomas Ltd. May 2012
799:Hollow Glass Microspheres
717:conditions of the cement
506:enhance the formation of
444:Fluid loss control agents
1145:How Does Cementing Work?
420:extend the setting time.
178:by means of a cementing
1031:Economides, M. (1990).
989:synthetic polymers and
748:Acids and accompanying
656:Hydroxycarboxylic Acids
648:and causes a change of
241:Some of this article's
1123:Nelson, E. B. (1990).
944:Water-soluble polymers
957:Cellulose derivatives
919:Particulate materials
623:theory: Ca+ ions are
782:hydrostatic pressure
636:: Wood pulp derived
475:compressive strength
210:compressive strength
155:Protect casing from
40:improve this article
741:Inorganic Compounds
698:alkaline hydrolysis
670:molecular structure
640:. Effective in all
137:Cementing Principle
1118:Remedial Cementing
1116:Marca, C. (1990).
979:synthetic polymers
949:They increase the
832:(85% mineral clay
826:aluminum silicates
536:and ionic species.
514:) Tenoutasse 1978.
195:confining pressure
1132:Cement Job Design
991:cationic polymers
929:Emulsion polymers
828:. Most common is
806:Gaseous extenders
440:reduce viscosity.
432:increase density.
426:lower the density
331:Cement parameters
279:
278:
271:
164:Confine abnormal
116:
115:
108:
90:
1172:
1130:Rae, P. (1990).
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1103:
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931:are supplied as
851:โ finely ground
734:phosphonic acids
726:Organophosphates
642:Portland cements
633:Lignosulphonates
501:
500:
499:
471:Calcium chloride
456:Specialty agents
430:Weighting Agents
339:Distribution of
274:
267:
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55:"Well cementing"
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997:Bridging agents
985:There are also
959:
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755:Sodium chloride
711:Polysaccharides
596:
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1139:External links
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1125:Well Cementing
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1033:Well Cementing
1023:
1021:
1018:
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1007:
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958:
955:
946:
941:
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917:
879:and condensed
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353:Reactivity of
351:
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243:listed sources
240:
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225:
224:Cement Classes
222:
182:. It helps in
172:
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153:
150:
143:
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131:casing strings
119:Well cementing
114:
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96:September 2014
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1061:. Weatherford
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912:Powdered coal
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885:thermal wells
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609:Precipitation
607:
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528:Controls the
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259:February 2015
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166:pore pressure
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57: โ
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
1131:
1124:
1117:
1106:
1101:
1089:. Retrieved
1076:
1063:. Retrieved
1053:
1045:
1040:
1032:
1027:
1015:
1000:
984:
974:
973:
969:polypeptides
961:
960:
948:
922:
910:
909:
902:
901:
893:
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870:
869:
864:Diatomaceous
862:
861:
846:
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797:
796:
793:
790:
779:
739:
738:
724:
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703:
702:
683:
682:
658:โ They have
654:
631:
630:
621:Complexation
597:
588:permeability
577:
570:
469:
466:
463:Accelerators
455:
449:
443:
435:
429:
423:
417:
412:Accelerators
411:
402:
390:
383:
365:hemihydrates
326:
323:
320:
312:accelerators
309:
306:
303:
296:temperatures
293:
290:
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256:
245:
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118:
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69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
1010:Thixotropic
937:filter cake
933:suspensions
881:silica fume
707:Derivatives
678:citric acid
553:portlandite
512:crystalline
437:Dispersants
288:resistance
246:may not be
1020:References
1003:cellophane
824:โ Hydrous
685:Saccharide
650:morphology
615:Nucleation
603:Adsorption
580:dissipates
386:parameters
66:newspapers
1165:Oil wells
976:Non-ionic
951:viscosity
904:Gilsonite
894:Expanded
830:bentonite
776:Extenders
705:Cellulose
688:Compounds
668:in their
594:Retarders
530:diffusion
508:ettingite
424:Extenders
418:Retarders
405:additives
355:hydrating
345:aluminate
316:retarders
300:pressures
157:corrosion
1159:Category
964:proteins
962:Organic
848:Pozzolan
834:smectite
810:Nitrogen
731:Alkylene
676:used in
663:carboxyl
660:hydroxyl
638:polymers
625:chelated
584:rheology
560:membrane
489:Chlorine
479:theories
393:job site
377:content.
341:silicate
248:reliable
145:Isolate
987:anionic
896:Perlite
857:fly ash
555:sooner.
357:phases.
286:sulfate
199:ductile
184:pumping
80:scholar
1091:23 Nov
1065:23 Nov
1012:Cement
877:quartz
872:Silica
853:pumice
786:volume
761:Oxides
719:slurry
715:alkali
693:sugars
666:groups
375:alkali
361:Gypsum
348:phases
147:porous
127:casing
123:cement
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
1085:(PDF)
925:latex
923:Uses
821:Clays
750:salts
534:water
373:Free
368:ratio
206:shear
188:plugs
87:JSTOR
73:books
1093:2014
1067:2014
875:โ ฮฑ
769:lead
767:and
765:zinc
674:acid
573:heat
504:ions
343:and
314:and
298:and
218:fail
208:and
180:head
176:well
59:news
855:of
838:ppg
814:air
812:or
763:of
744::
646:gel
549:gel
532:of
214:psi
42:by
1161::
993:.
939:.
808:โ
788:.
736:.
729::
721:.
709::
700:.
691::
502:)
493:Cl
407:.
395:.
201:.
190:.
1095:.
1071:.
1069:.
967:(
771:.
510:(
491:(
458:.
452:.
446:.
363:/
350:.
272:)
266:(
261:)
257:(
251:.
109:)
103:(
98:)
94:(
84:ยท
77:ยท
70:ยท
63:ยท
36:.
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