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completion, it is common to use minimal amounts of formic acid to clean up any mud and skin damage. In this situation, the process is loosely referred to as "well stimulation." Oftentimes, groups that oppose oil and gas production refer to the process as "acidization," which is actually the use of acids in high volume and high pressure to stimulate oil production.
198:. Coiled tubing is run in hole with a jetting tool on the end. When the tool is at its target, the chemical is pumping through the pipe and is jetted directly onto the damaged area. This can be more effective than pumping from surface, though it is much more expensive, and accuracy is dependent on knowing the location of the damage.
745:" are able to perform multiple tasks including riserless operation in the shallow- and mid-water segments, drilling complete oil wells and performing complete subsea decommissioning (P&A). They are also able to perform pre-drilling of the top hole sections in deep water and well intervention operations with workover risers.
664:, and the resulting hazards to public health and the environment. Research has found adverse health effects in populations living near hydraulic fracturing sites, including confirmation of chemical, physical, and psychosocial hazards such as pregnancy and birth outcomes, migraine headaches, chronic
712:
is sometimes considered a form of stimulation, particularly when it is only used for starting up the well and shut off during steady state operation. More commonly though, lifting as a stimulation refers to trying to lift out heavy liquids that have accumulated at the bottom, either through water
560:
Hydraulic fracturing began as an experiment in 1947, and the first commercially successful application followed in 1949. As of 2012, 2.5 million "frac jobs" had been performed worldwide on oil and gas wells, over one million of those within the U.S. Such treatment is generally necessary to achieve
193:
In more serious cases, pumping from surface is insufficient as it does not target any particular location downhole and reduces the chances of the chemical retaining its effectiveness when it gets there. In these cases, it is necessary to spot the chemical directly at its target through the use of
268:
In some cases, more area is needed if the reservoir is of low permeability. In other cases, damage caused by drilling and completion operations can be severe enough that the perforation tunnel does not effectively penetrate through the damaged volume near the bore. This means that the ability of
280:
Propellant stimulations can be a very economical way to clean up nearbore damage. Propellants are a low-explosive material that generate large amounts of gas downhole very rapidly. The gas pressure builds in the wellbore, increasing tension in the rock until it becomes greater than the breakdown
276:
If permeability is naturally low, then as fluid is drained from the immediate area, replacement fluid may not flow into the void sufficiently quickly to make up for the voidage and so the pressure drops. The well cannot then flow at a rate sufficient to make production economic. In this case,
264:
In cased hole completions, perforations are intended to create a hole through the steel casing so that the reservoir can be produced. The holes are typically formed by shaped explosives that perforate the casing and create a fractured hole into the reservoir rock for a short distance. In many
697:
are sometimes caused by the deep-injection disposal of hydraulic fracturing flowback (a byproduct of hydraulically fractured wells), and produced formation brine (a byproduct of both fractured and non-fractured oil and gas wells). For these reasons, hydraulic fracturing is under international
189:
A simple and safe solution is to pump diluted acid mixtures from surface into the well to dissolve the offending material. Once dissolved, permeability should be restored and the reservoir fluids will flow into the well bore, cleaning up what is left of the damaging material. After initial
713:
entry from the formation or through chemicals injected from surface such as scale inhibitors and methanol (hydrate inhibitor). These liquids sit at the bottom of the well as can act as a weight holding back the flow of reservoir fluids, essentially acting to
1191:
During much of the fracking boom, the US economy grew and emissions declined. One study found that between 2005 and 2012, fracking created 725,000 jobs. That's largely due to natural gas from fracking displacing coal in electricity
1159:
The shale-drilling frenzy in the
Permian has enabled the United States not only to reduce crude-oil imports, but even to become a major exporter New technologies for drilling and hydraulic fracturing helped bring the break-even
601:, has dramatically increased. Increased oil and gas production from the decade-long fracking boom has led to lower prices for consumers, with near-record lows of the share of household income going to energy expenditures.
921:
707:
Some stimulation techniques do not necessarily mean altering the permeability outside the well bore. Sometimes they involve making it easier for fluids to flow up the well bore having already entered.
1338:
185:
can have a similar effect by jetting debris into the perforation channels. Both these situations reduce the permeability in the near well bore area and so reduce the flow of fluids into the well bore.
1903:
1249:... hydraulic fracturing techniques spurred a historic U.S. production boom during the decade that has driven down consumer prices, buoyed the national economy and reshaped geopolitics.
698:
scrutiny, restricted in some countries, and banned altogether in others. The
European Union is drafting regulations that would permit the controlled application of hydraulic fracturing.
410:
1321:
1558:"A Systematic Review of the Epidemiologic Literature Assessing Health Outcomes in Populations Living near Oil and Natural Gas Operations: Study Quality and Future Recommendations"
392:
675:
associated with hydraulic fracturing is uncertain, and there is some evidence that leakage may cancel out any greenhouse gas emissions benefit of natural gas relative to other
1936:"Commission recommendation on minimum principles for the exploration and production of hydrocarbons (such as shale gas) using high-volume hydraulic fracturing (2014/70/EU)"
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cases, the tunnels created by the perforation guns do not provide enough surface area and it becomes desirable to create more area in contact with the wellbore.
1335:
668:, severe fatigue, asthma exacerbations and psychological stress. Adherence to regulation and safety procedures are required to avoid further negative impacts.
1705:
Costa, D; Jesus, J; Branco, D; Danko, A; Fiúza, A (June 2017). "Extensive review of shale gas environmental impacts from scientific literature (2010-2015)".
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513:(also known as hydraulic fracturing, fracing, hydrofracturing, or hydrofracking) is a well stimulation technique involving the fracturing of
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pressure of the formation. Fracture length and fracture pattern are highly dependent on the type of propellant stimulation tool that is used.
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by a pressurized liquid. The process involves the high-pressure injection of "fracking fluid" (primarily water, containing sand or other
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1785:"Quantifying methane emissions from the largest oil producing basin in the U.S. from space - Methane Emissions from the Permian Basin"
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fluids to flow into the existing perforation tunnels is too limited. One method to achieve more stimulation is by carrying out a
869:"A preliminary screening and characterization of suitable acids for sandstone matrix acidizing technique: a comprehensive review"
378:
181:
rock and blocking the pore throats (the channels in the rock throughout which the reservoir fluids flow). Similarly, the act of
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operate a fleet of such specialized ships. Also known as "Multipurpose drilling vessels", these ships replace the conventional
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2013:
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Hydraulic fracturing is highly controversial. Its proponents highlight the economic benefits of more extensively accessible
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known as "well stimulation vessels" have been used for deep sea well stimulation. Offshore companies such as
Norshore and
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65:
1935:
922:
An overview of hydraulic fracturing and other formation stimulation technologies for shale gas production – Update 2015
821:
1308:
1556:
Bamber, AM; Hasanali, SH; Nair, AS; Watkins, SM; Vigil, DI; Van Dyke, M; McMullin, TS; Richardson, K (15 June 2019).
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1376:"Cost and performance baseline for fossil energy plants, Volume 1: Bituminous coal and natural gas to electricity"
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extending a hydraulic fracture deeper into the reservoir will allow higher production rates to be achieved.
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Golden Rules for a Golden Age of Gas. World Energy
Outlook Special Report on Unconventional Gas
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1808:'Induced seismicity associated with fluid injection into a deep well in Youngstown, Ohio'
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EMF 26: Changing the Game? Emissions and Market
Implications of New Natural Gas Supplies
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In more recent times, due to the temporary nature of well stimulation, specialized
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1609:"High-Volume Hydraulic Fracturing and Human Health Outcomes: A Scoping Review"
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1142:"The 'Monster' Texas Oil Field That Made the U.S. a Star in the World Market"
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1663:"Environmental Health Concerns From Unconventional Natural Gas Development"
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741:, thus resulting in considerable savings in cost. Some WSV's such as the "
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Processes of tectonism, magmatism and mineralization: Lessons from Europe
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236: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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can often cause damage to the surrounding formation by entering the
1029:
944:
693:
following hydraulic fracturing along dormant or previously unknown
1904:"France to Keep Fracking Ban to Protect Environment, Sarkozy Says"
681:
542:
117:
1758:"Methane Leaks Erase Some of the Climate Benefits of Natural Gas"
1562:
International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
1964:"Marine well stimulation vessels growing larger, more efficient"
1783:
Zhang, Yuzhong; Gautam, Ritesh; Pandey, Sudhanshu (2020-04-23).
985:"Kansas Geological Survey, Public Information Circular (PIC) 32"
617:
1835:"Govt, Energy Industry Accused of Suppressing Fracking Dangers"
1507:"Radionuclides in Fracking Wastewater: Managing a Toxic Blend"
577:
wells. Some hydraulic fractures can form naturally in certain
205:
15:
2014:"Norshore marine names "Norshore Atlantic" at Batam shipyard"
308:
153:. It may be done using a well stimulator structure or using
533:
to create cracks in the deep-rock formations through which
1707:
Environmental
Science and Pollution Research International
874:
Journal of
Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology
1439:"Groundwater Contamination May End the Gas-Fracking Boom"
1345:
Report. Stanford
University. Energy Modeling Forum, 2013.
1015:, Society of Petroleum Engineers, SPE 152596 – via
1989:"Stim vessel survey reflects changing market conditions"
844:"How Does Well Acidizing Work to Stimulate Production?"
1661:
Gorski, Irena; Schwartz, Brian S. (25 February 2019).
1205:"Fracking fluid is leaking more often than we thought"
717:. They can be removed by circulating nitrogen using
1667:
Oxford
Research Encyclopedia of Global Public Health
1230:Rebecca Elliott; Luis Santiago (17 December 2019).
1030:"State by state maps of hydraulic fracturing in US"
686:
Diagram of Hydraulic Fracking Machinery and Process
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1613:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
867:Leong, Van Hong; Ben Mahmud, Hisham (2019-03-01).
585:. Drilling and hydraulic fracturing have made the
1232:"A Decade in Which Fracking Rocked the Oil World"
983:Suchy, Daniel R.; Newell, K.David (15 May 2012).
1381:. National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL),
141:to increase production by improving the flow of
1356:"What is fracking and why is it controversial?"
202:Extending the perforation tunnels and fractures
1412:"The Fracking Industry Deserves Our Gratitude"
1174:"The best case for and against a fracking ban"
1810:, Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth
1262:"2019 Sustainable Energy in America Factbook"
939:; Publications Office of the European Union.
491:
8:
920:Gandossi, Luca; Von Estorff, Ulrik (2015).
448:2012–14 Romanian protests against shale gas
1458:"Industry Issues: Putting the Heat on Gas"
782:
780:
624:, which burns more cleanly and emits less
549:is removed from the well, small grains of
498:
484:
297:
2036:"Specifications of the Norshore Atlantic"
2016:. Offshore energy today. 28 February 2014
1583:
1573:
1532:
1481:
929:Scientific and Technical Research Reports
896:
886:
252:Learn how and when to remove this message
173:pumped down the well during drilling and
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
1057:. Paris: Editions Technip. p. 239.
126:being repaired in Frederikshavn, Denmark
776:
640:argue that these are outweighed by the
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418:
400:
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1941:Official Journal of the European Union
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1112:
1054:Rock Mechanics: Petroleum Applications
1675:10.1093/acrefore/9780190632366.013.44
7:
593:exporter as of 2019, but leakage of
273:treatment through the perforations.
234:adding citations to reliable sources
44:adding citations to reliable sources
1456:Brown, Valerie J. (February 2007).
1140:Clifford Krauss (3 February 2019).
788:"Types of offshore operating units"
157:/ drilling vessels, also known as "
1437:Fischetti, Mark (20 August 2013).
1383:United States Department of Energy
14:
1512:Environmental Health Perspectives
1462:Environmental Health Perspectives
1172:Umair Irfan (13 September 2019).
1756:Storrow, Benjamin (2020-05-05).
1607:Wright, R; Muma, RD (May 2018).
545:will flow more freely. When the
290:This section is an excerpt from
210:
20:
2065:"About well simulation vessels"
1833:Jared Metzker (7 August 2013).
1385:. November 2010. Archived from
1097:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2005.07.003
221:needs additional citations for
31:needs additional citations for
1902:Patel, Tara (4 October 2011).
1861:"The French Public Says No to
820:. Schlumberger. Archived from
814:"Offshore vessels - our fleet"
551:hydraulic fracturing proppants
1:
1859:Patel, Tara (31 March 2011).
1505:V. J. Brown (February 2014).
1091:. Vol. 27. p. 340.
1051:Charlez, Philippe A. (1997).
616:), the benefits of replacing
1625:10.1097/JOM.0000000000001278
1445:. Vol. 309, no. 3.
1269:Bloomberg New Energy Finance
313:Shale gas drilling rig near
1823:, accessed 8 November 2014.
557:) hold the fractures open.
411:U.S. federal law exemptions
2118:
1334:Hillard Huntington et al.
987:. Kansas Geological Survey
525:suspended with the aid of
289:
122:The well stimulation ship
1727:10.1007/s11356-017-8970-0
888:10.1007/s13202-018-0496-6
1821:Produced water, overview
1341:30 November 2020 at the
1017:Kansas Geological Survey
1009:Hydraulic fracturing 101
725:Well stimulation vessels
159:Well stimulation vessels
1237:The Wall Street Journal
1006:King, George E (2012),
632:), and the benefits of
561:adequate flow rates in
1909:Bloomberg Businessweek
1876:Bloomberg Businessweek
1819:US Geological Survey,
1575:10.3390/ijerph16122123
687:
453:Anti-fracking movement
317:
165:Cleaning the formation
127:
933:Joint Research Centre
685:
642:environmental impacts
638:Opponents of fracking
432:Uses of radioactivity
312:
121:
2097:Petroleum production
1993:www.offshore-mag.com
1968:www.offshore-mag.com
1085:Blundell D. (2005).
660:, the triggering of
379:Environmental impact
285:Hydraulic fracturing
230:improve this article
40:improve this article
2069:www.bakerhughes.com
1839:Inter Press Service
1763:Scientific American
1719:2017ESPR...2414579C
1713:(17): 14579–14594.
1525:10.1289/ehp.122-A50
1474:10.1289/ehp.115-a76
1443:Scientific American
937:European Commission
634:energy independence
1392:on 24 January 2014
1364:. 15 October 2018.
1295:The New York Times
1211:. 24 February 2017
1147:The New York Times
898:20.500.11937/71306
688:
547:hydraulic pressure
318:
271:hydraulic fracture
169:The assortment of
128:
55:"Well stimulation"
1944:. 22 January 2014
1916:on 8 October 2011
1684:978-0-19-063236-6
1324:. pp. 18–27.
1106:978-0-444-52233-7
1064:978-2-7108-0586-1
1032:. Fractracker.org
954:978-92-79-53894-0
755:Well intervention
743:Norshore Atlantic
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689:Increases in
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51:Find sources:
45:
41:
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29:This article
27:
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17:
2075:25 September
2073:. Retrieved
2068:
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2049:25 September
2047:. Retrieved
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2020:25 September
2018:. Retrieved
2008:
1997:. Retrieved
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1972:. Retrieved
1970:. 1 Jun 2000
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1946:. Retrieved
1939:
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1918:. Retrieved
1914:the original
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1885:. Retrieved
1881:the original
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1842:. Retrieved
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1568:(12): 2123.
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1420:. Retrieved
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1394:. Retrieved
1387:the original
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1272:. Retrieved
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1241:. Retrieved
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1215:22 September
1213:. Retrieved
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1185:21 September
1183:. Retrieved
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1153:21 September
1151:. Retrieved
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1068:. Retrieved
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989:. Retrieved
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851:. Retrieved
847:
838:
828:25 September
826:. Retrieved
822:the original
817:
808:
798:25 September
796:. Retrieved
791:
742:
735:Schlumberger
728:
706:
677:fossil fuels
670:
606:hydrocarbons
603:
559:
509:
469:
457:
355:South Africa
324:drilling rig
279:
275:
267:
263:
248:
239:
228:Please help
223:verification
220:
192:
188:
168:
158:
143:hydrocarbons
130:
129:
123:
102:
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
1920:22 February
1887:22 February
1866:Le Fracking
1844:28 December
1690:20 February
1646:25 November
1243:20 December
1192:production.
818:www.slb.com
662:earthquakes
646:groundwater
622:natural gas
614:natural gas
597:, a potent
535:natural gas
459:FrackNation
350:New Zealand
183:perforating
2091:Categories
2045:. Norshore
1999:2020-06-30
1974:2020-06-30
1769:2023-09-12
1468:(2): A76.
1422:26 October
1036:19 October
931:(Report).
853:2020-06-30
794:. Norshore
771:References
608:(such as
515:formations
419:Technology
402:Regulation
336:By country
175:completion
66:newspapers
2102:Oil wells
1396:15 August
1125:ignored (
1115:cite book
991:8 October
963:1831-9424
907:2190-0566
760:Well kill
610:petroleum
591:crude oil
571:tight oil
567:tight gas
563:shale gas
539:petroleum
529:) into a
523:proppants
465:Frack Off
427:Proppants
388:Additives
321:Shale gas
242:July 2024
179:reservoir
151:well bore
149:into the
147:reservoir
145:from the
96:June 2012
1948:13 March
1743:36554832
1735:28452035
1641:13653132
1633:29370009
1594:31208070
1543:24486733
1492:17384744
1361:BBC News
1339:Archived
1274:28 April
749:See also
710:Gas lift
589:a major
531:wellbore
511:Fracking
440:Politics
302:Fracking
292:Fracking
1715:Bibcode
1585:6616936
1534:3915249
1483:1817691
935:of the
595:methane
519:bedrock
471:Gasland
360:Ukraine
80:scholar
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1070:14 May
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968:31 May
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695:faults
573:, and
541:, and
345:Canada
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2039:(PDF)
1869:'
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1788:(PDF)
1739:S2CID
1637:S2CID
1390:(PDF)
1379:(PDF)
1318:(PDF)
1265:(PDF)
1160:price
1013:(PDF)
925:(PDF)
654:noise
620:with
583:dikes
579:veins
543:brine
326:near
133:is a
87:JSTOR
73:books
2077:2017
2051:2017
2022:2017
1950:2014
1922:2012
1889:2012
1846:2013
1731:PMID
1692:2020
1679:ISBN
1648:2019
1629:PMID
1590:PMID
1539:PMID
1488:PMID
1424:2022
1398:2019
1322:OECD
1276:2020
1245:2019
1217:2022
1187:2019
1155:2019
1127:help
1101:ISBN
1072:2012
1059:ISBN
1038:2013
993:2021
970:2016
959:ISSN
949:ISBN
903:ISSN
830:2017
800:2017
656:and
648:and
618:coal
612:and
59:news
1723:doi
1671:doi
1621:doi
1580:PMC
1570:doi
1529:PMC
1521:doi
1517:122
1478:PMC
1470:doi
1466:115
1309:IEA
1179:Vox
1093:doi
941:doi
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