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The tectonic subdivision of the
Western Block is still under intense discussion among geologists. There are several models illustrating the tectonic subdivision of the Western Block and these models assign different names to the components and structures of the Western Blocks. The shapes and areas of
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The tectonic setting and evolution of the
Western Block are debated. There are various models hypothesizing the subdivisions and tectonic history of the block and they are generally mutually exclusive. However, most models agree with the presence of a Paleoproterozoic orogenic belt cutting across the
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beneath the Asian continent, followed by crust thickening and hence gravitational collapse of the crust. The craton was thus in extension. The processes led to the thinning of crust, deformation and magmatic events over the North China Craton. Although most of the magmatic activities happened in the
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was subducted under the eastern part of the juvenile
Western Block, while an exotic arc was subducted under the eastern juvenile Western Block. Between 2.3-2.0 billion year ago, the Western Block collided with the two arc on its both sides, creating Hengshan granulite belt in the southeast and Inner
1713:
Wang, Wei; Liu, Shuwen; Wilde, Simon A.; Li, Qiugen; Zhang, Jian; Bai, Xiang; Yang, Pengtao; Guo, Rongrong (2011-11-09). "Petrogenesis and geochronology of
Precambrian granitoid gneisses in Western Liaoning Province: Constraints on Neoarchean to early Paleoproterozoic crustal evolution of the North
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Fig. 4. A tectonic evolution diagram from 2.45 Ga to 1.95 Ga, proposed by Zhao et al. (1) At around 2.45 Ga, the oceanic crust of Ordos Block was subducted beneath
Yinshan Block, making igneous rocks. (2) Sedimentary rocks deposited in Ordos Block between 2.0-1.95 Ga. (3) Both continents of Yinshan
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Fig. 2. A simplified geological map of the
Western Block of the North China Craton, modified from Wang et al., 2012 and 2016. The map shows the distribution of rocks of different ages. Archean and Paleoproterozoic rocks expose in the northern part of the Western Block while the rest of the block is
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The
Western Block became tectonically stable after the amalgamation in Precambrian. Sediment deposition and volcanic activities began to form rocks covering the Precambrian basement. Except a gap of geological record during Late Ordovician to Early Carboniferous, from Cambrian to Jurassic, various
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Fig. 5. Tectonic evolution of the
Western Block proposed by Kusky et al. (1) Wutai Arc in the east and an Exotic arc in the west subducted beneath the juvenile Western Block before 2.3 Ga. (2) Inner Mongolia-North Hebei Orogen formed as the exotic arc collided with the juvenile Western Block. (3)
158:-greenstone terrane is located in the northern part of the Western Block, spreading from Mount Serteng to Donghongsheng in the east-west direction. The terrane is dominated by metamorphic and granitoid rocks. It is suggested that the terrane may represent ancient metamorphism in the upper crust.
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Zhao et al.'s model can be divided into two major stages: Neoarchean crustal accretion and
Paleoproterozoic amalgamation of the two sub-blocks (Yinshan Block and Orods Block). Zhao and other researchers proposed that there was a major crustal accretion of the juvenile Yinshan Block at about 2.7
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Unlike the Zhao's and Kusky's models, the tectonic evolution of the
Western Block suggested by Santosh primarily focused on the amalgamation of the Western Block, with fewer discussion on the early tectonic development before collisional events. Santosh considered the Ordos Block as a
1883:
Li, S.X., Sun, D.Y., Yu, H.F., Jin, W., Liu, X.S., Cao, L., 1995. Distribution of Ductile Shear Zones and Metallogenic Prediction of the Related Gold Deposits in the Early Precambrian Metamorphic Rocks, Middle-Western Inner Mongolia. Jilin Science and Technology Press, Changchun, pp.
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In Early Cretaceous, extensive magmatic activities developed in the eastern part of the Western Block due to cratonic destruction. At that time, a large portion of the North China Craton was eliminated and unstable. The cratonic destruction was induced by the subduction of the
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rocks and sedimentary rocks. They are well exposed in Mount Serteng in Guyang granite-greenstone terrane. There are three sub-units in the greenstone sequence in this terrane. The lower layer is dominated by metamorphosed mafic and ultramafic volcanic rocks, with interlayered
1806:
Jian, Ping; Kröner, Alfred; Windley, Brian F.; Zhang, Qi; Zhang, Wei; Zhang, Liqao (2012-03-12). "Episodic mantle melting-crustal reworking in the late Neoarchean of the northwestern North China Craton: Zircon ages of magmatic and metamorphic rocks from the Yinshan Block".
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Eastern Block, volcanic eruption also took place in the eastern part of the Western Block to produce volcanic rocks like basalt, andesite, dacite and rhyolite. During Cenozoic, because of the thin crust, lava erupted to the surface and the volcanic events produced basalts.
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and the granulites are high-grade metamorphosed TTG rocks. Similar to Guyang granite-greenstone terrane, the rocks in Wuchuan have the age of 2.55-2.50 billion years. The high-grade complex is interpreted to be the metamorphosed lower crust in 2.55-2.50 billion years ago.
2067:
Ma, Xudong; Guo, Jinghui; Liu, Fu; Qian, Qing; Fan, Hongrui (2013-02-11). "Zircon U–Pb ages, trace elements and Nd–Hf isotopic geochemistry of Guyang sanukitoids and related rocks: Implications for the Archean crustal evolution of the Yinshan Block, North China Craton".
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Zhao, Xin-Miao; Zhang, Hong-Fu; Su, Fei; Hu, Zhao-Chu; Lo, Ching-Hua; Wang, Ying; Yang, Sai-Hong; Guo, Jing-Hui (2012-03-04). "Phlogopite40Ar/39Ar geochronology of mantle xenoliths from the North China Craton: Constraints on the eruption ages of Cenozoic basalts".
62:, located in east-central China. The boundaries of the Western Block are slightly different among distinct models, but the shapes and areas are similar. There is a broad consensus that the Western Block covers a large part of the east-central China.
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found in Xiwulanbulang in Inner Mongolia. The youngest rocks are 23-million-year-old extrusive igneous rocks, which are located in Sanyitang (in Hebei) in the orogenic belt across the block. The sedimentary rocks distribute predominantly in the
1753:
Wang, Changming; Bagas, Leon; Lu, Yongjun; Santosh, M.; Du, Bin; McCuaig, T. Campbell (2016-03-08). "Terrane boundary and spatio-temporal distribution of ore deposits in the Sanjiang Tethyan Orogen: Insights from zircon Hf-isotopic mapping".
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Fig. 3b. Tectonic subdivision of the Western Block of North China Craton in Kusky et al's model. The triangles indicate that the Hengshan Plateau moves northwards, towards the Inner Mongolia-Northern Hebei Orogen. Dotted lines show faults.
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Ma, Xudong; Fan, Hong-Rui; Santosh, M.; Liu, Xuan; Guo, Jing-Hui (2014-07-01). "Origin of sanukitoid and hornblendite enclaves in the Dajitu pluton from the Yinshan Block, North China Craton: product of Neoarchaean ridge subduction?".
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Ma, Xudong; Fan, Hong-Rui; Santosh, M.; Guo, Jinghui (2015-12-13). "Petrology and geochemistry of the Guyang hornblendite complex in the Yinshan block, North China Craton: Implications for the melting of subduction-modified mantle".
2012:
Ma, Xudong; Fan, Hong-Rui; Santosh, M.; Guo, Jinghui (2013-05-14). "Geochemistry and zircon U–Pb chronology of charnockites in the Yinshan Block, North China Craton: tectonic evolution involving Neoarchaean ridge subduction".
641:. In between the sub-blocks is a Paleoproterozoic continent–continent collisional belt defined as Khondalite Belt. The Khondalite Belt extends across the whole block in east-northeast (ENE) and west-southwest (WSW) direction.
924:
Zhao, Guochun; Wilde, Simon A.; Cawood, Peter A.; Sun, Min (2001-03-01). "Archean blocks and their boundaries in the North China Craton: lithological, geochemical, structural and P–T path constraints and tectonic evolution".
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Similar to Zhao et al.'s model, Santosh split the Western Block into Yinshan Block and Ordos Block in the north and south respectively. However, instead of Khondalite Belt, he named the collision region of the two sub-blocks
2205:
Condie, Kent C.; Boryta, Mark D.; Liu, Jinzhong; Qian, Xianglin (1992-12-01). "The origin of khondalites: geochemical evidence from the Archean to Early Proterozoic granulite belt in the North China craton".
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Peng, Z.M., Wu, Z.P., 2006. Development features of Triassic strata and analysis of original sedimentary pattern in North China. Geological Journal of China Universities 12, 343–352 (in Chinese with English
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Fig. 6. Tectonic evolution of the Western Block proposed by Santosh. Yinshan Block was subducted under Ordos Block at 1.92 Ga, forming Inner Mongolia Suture Zone with some basaltic oceanic crust in between.
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Chen, S.Y., Liu, H.J., 1997. Carboniferous-Permian lithofacies and paleogeography in the eastern part of the North China Platform. Regional Geology of China 16, 379–386 (in Chinese with English abstract).
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Zhao, Guochun; Wilde, S. A.; Cawood, P. A.; Lu, Liangzhao (1998-08-01). "Thermal Evolution of Archean Basement Rocks from the Eastern Part of the North China Craton and Its Bearing on Tectonic Setting".
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at 1.95-1.87 billion years ago. The minerals in the khondalite exhibit isothermal decompression-type clockwise P-T paths, implying the sedimentary protoliths were metamorphosed in a collisional setting.
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Davis, Gregory A.; Darby, Brian J.; Yadong, Zheng; Spell, Terry L. (2002). "Geometric and temporal evolution of an extensional detachment fault, Hohhot metamorphic core complex, Inner Mongolia, China".
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Zhao, Guochun; Wilde, Simon A; A. Cawood, Peter; Lu, Liangzhao (1999-09-01). "Tectonothermal history of the basement rocks in the western zone of the North China Craton and its tectonic implications".
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Wu, Z.P., Hou, X.B., Li, W., 2007. Discussion on Mesozoic basin patterns and evolution in the eastern North China Block. Geotectonica et Metallogenia 31, 385–399 (in Chinese with English abstract).
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Dong, X.J.; Xu, Z.Y.; Liu, Z.H.; Sha, Q. (2012). Discovery of 2.7 Ga granitic gneiss in the northern Daqingshan area, Inner Mongolia and its geological significance. Earth Sci. J. China Univ.
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of southern Yinshan Block and northern Ordos Block collided. The high pressure and temperature of continent-continent collision formed Khondalite Belt in-between the two sub-blocks and led to
2111:
Dong, XiaoJie; Xu, ZhongYuan; Liu, ZhengHong; Sha, Qian (2012-01-26). "Zircon U-Pb geochronology of Archean high-grade metamorphic rocks from Xi Ulanbulang area, central Inner Mongolia".
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Meng, X.H., Ge, M., 2002. Research on cyclic sequence, events and formational evolu- tion of the Sino-Korean Plate. Earth Science Frontiers 9, 125–140 (in Chinese with English abstract).
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Many researchers proposed that the Western Block of the North China Craton was assembled in the Paleoproterozoic (2.5-1.6 billion years ago), creating a linear structure composed of
220:, with the first stage at about 2.53 billion years ago and the second one at between 2.52-2.48 billion years ago. The sanukitoid in this terrane formed between the two phases of
2162:
LIANGZHAO, LU; SHIQIN, JIN (1993-07-01). "P-T-t paths and tectonic history of an early Precambrian granulite facies terrane, Jining district, south-east Inner Mongolia, China".
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was formed when the two sub-blocks collided. Part of the basaltic oceanic crust was incorporated into the accretionary wedge. Santosh named the accretionary wedge region as
1846:
Liu, Li; Zhang, Lianchang; Dai, Yanpei (2013-11-14). "Formation age and genesis of the banded iron formations from the Guyang Greenstone Belt, Western North China Craton".
1999:
Ren, Y.W. (2010). The Study of Granite-Greenstone Belt in Xihongshan Area, Inner Mongolia. Doctor’s thesis: Jinlin University, pp. 1–69 (in Chinese with English abstract).
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dating, the bottom layer of the greenstone sequence formed in about 2.54 billion years ago, while the middle and upper layers have the age later than 2.51 billion years.
1420:
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of continent in the northern Ordos Block. The final assembly of the Western Block took place at approximately 1.95 billion years ago. The ancient ocean closed as the
1104:
Zhao, Guochun; Sun, Min; Wilde, Simon A.; Sanzhong, Li (2005-01-01). "Late Archean to Paleoproterozoic evolution of the North China Craton: key issues revisited".
1699:
Jin, W., Li, S.X., Liu, X.S. (1991). "The Metamorphic dynamics of Early Precambrian high-grade metamorphic rocks series in Daqing-Ulashan area, Inner Mongolia."
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2427:
ZHOU, X; ARMSTRONG, R (1982-05-01). "Cenozoic volcanic rocks of eastern China — secular and geographic trends in chemistry and strontium isotopic composition".
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There are various evolutionary models of the Western Block proposed by different geologists. Three most popular models explaining the tectonic evolution of the
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In Kusky et al.'s model, ancient continental blocks formed the juvenile Western Block during 3.5-2.7 billion years ago. Prior to 2.3 billion years ago, Wutai
272:
paragneiss and marble, which are the members of the "khondalite series", are exposed along this belt. The khondalite series is metamorphosed from sedimentary
23:
Fig. 1. A simple map showing tectonic components in China. The location of the Western Block of North China Craton is marked in red. Modified from Zhao, 2001.
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data, Santosh proposed that the Yinshan Block and Ordos Block collided at around 1.92 billion years ago, with Yinshan Block subducted under Ordos Block. An
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The Western Block became much more stable after Precambrian. Sedimentary rocks were deposited, covering part of the Precambrian basement. There were also
1434:
Armstrong, R. L.; Harmon, R. S. (1981-05-15). "Radiogenic Isotopes: The Case for Crustal Recycling on a Near-Steady-State No-Continental-Growth Earth ".
688:
Fig. 3c. Tectonic subdivision of the Western Block of North China Craton in Santosh's model. The triangles show that Yinshan Block moves southwards.
1477:
Dewey, John Frederick; Windley, B. F.; Moorbath, Stephen Erwin; Windley, B. F. (1981-05-15). "Growth and differentiation of the continental crust".
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684:
1195:"Polyorogenic evolution of the Paleoproterozoic Trans-North China Belt —New insights from the Lüliangshan-Hengshan-Wutaishan and Fuping massifs"
667:
660:, which have a general trend of east-northeast (ENE) and west-southwest (WSW) direction. There is a northeast-southwest trending fault called
1900:
Post-Doctorate Report. Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing. pp. 1-40 (in Chinese with English abstract)
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billion years ago, forming a thick mafic crust, although it is still uncertain whether the magmatic event occurred in a continental or an
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Kusky and his co-workers divided the Western Block into three elements, including the Inner Mongolia-Northern Hebei Orogen, Hengshan
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118:, when the major crustal accretion and reworking took place. The Neoarchean rocks in the Precambrian basement are mainly composed of
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2318:
1383:
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Santosh, M. (2010-02-04). "Assembling North China Craton within the Columbia supercontinent: The role of double-sided subduction".
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Zhai, Mingguo; Santosh, M. (2013-03-06). "Metallogeny of the North China Craton: Link with secular changes in the evolving Earth".
1250:
Santosh, M. (2010-04-01). "Assembling North China Craton within the Columbia supercontinent: The role of double-sided subduction".
81:
Basin located in the south of the Western Block. Exposures of metamorphic rocks are mostly scattered in the north of the block.
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Block and Ordos Block met at around 1.95 Ga and an orogenic belt called Khondalite Belt was formed between the two sub-blocks.
19:
3400:
1976:
232:
131:
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Zhai, Ming-Guo; Santosh, M. (2011-02-18). "The early Precambrian odyssey of the North China Craton: A synoptic overview".
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Since the geological events of the Western Block started in Precambrian time, when more than 80% of the present volume of
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high-grade complex extends from Zhulagou in the west to Xiwulanbulang in the east. The complex includes granitoids,
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3149:
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Kusky, Timothy M. (2011-01-21). "Geophysical and geological tests of tectonic models of the North China Craton".
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315:. However, carbonates with some coal-bearing rocks started to deposit again between Late Carboniferous and Early
174:. The middle rock assemblage consists of a series of metamorphosed volcanic rocks with compositions varying from
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243:. The granitoid rocks are predominantly medium (550-650 °C)- to high-grade (650-900 °C) metamorphosed
3385:
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3124:
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Kusky, Timothy M.; Li, Jianghai (2003-12-01). "Paleoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the North China Craton".
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are present in the Western Block. The oldest geological records in the Western Block are 2.7 billion-year-old
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Zhu, Ri-Xiang; Yang, Jin-Hui; Wu, Fu-Yuan (2012-05-25). "Timing of destruction of the North China Craton".
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Suture Zone. Discontinuous Khondalite Belt exposures lie inside south of the Inner Mongolia Suture Zone.
560:
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Meng, Qing-Ren (2003-07-01). "What drove late Mesozoic extension of the northern China–Mongolia tract?".
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences
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dating, the sedimentary protoliths were deposited at 2.3-2.0 billion years ago and then experienced
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Condie, Kent C. (2000-07-01). "Episodic continental growth models: afterthoughts and extensions".
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
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Supercontinent Columbia collided with the Western Block. IMNHO-Inner Mongolia-North Hebei Orogen.
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Western Block in these models are similar but they may not completely concordant with each other.
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Fig. 3a. Tectonic subdivision of the Western Block of North China Craton in Zhao et al's model.
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covered by Phanerozoic rocks. GY-Guyang granite-greenstone terrane; WC-Wuchan high-grade complex.
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were formed in the Western Block. Deposits were generally absent from Late Ordovician to Early
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and sanukitoids. Between 2.0-1.95 billion year ago, sedimentary rocks deposited on the stable
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and a micro-continental block. The southern boundary of the Hengshan Plateau is marked by the
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beneath the Yinshan Block. The partial melting of the subducting slab formed granites and
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Faure, Michel; Trap, Pierre; Lin, Wei; Monié, Patrick; Bruguier, Olivier (2007-06-01).
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collided in the northern margin of the North China Craton at 1.8 billion years ago.
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Mongolia-Northern Hebei Orogen with khondalite belt inside in the northwest. Finally,
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Sand-bearing mudstone, medium- to fine-grained sandstone with grey mudstone layers
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Chen, L. (2007). Geochronology and geochemistry of the Guyang Greenstone Belt.
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Western Block in the east-west direction, despite having various names for it.
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1971:. Tracy, Robert J., Ehlers, Ernest G. (2nd ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman.
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history can be studied through the geological records in the Western Block.
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that cuts across the Western Block. The khondalite belt stretches from
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to mafic. The top layer is made by meta-sedimentary rocks, for example
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Basalt, andesite, dacite, rhyolite and fossilized sedimentary rocks
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Ga refers to billion years ago; Ma refers to million years ago.
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Zhao and his colleagues proposed that the Western Block of the
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Medium- to fine-grained sandstones, siltstones, conglomerates,
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10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<1003:gateoa>2.0.co;2
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can be subdivided into two sub-blocks: Yinshan Block and
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examinations show an isobaric cooling-type anticlockwise
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is an ancient micro-continental block mainly composed of
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Phanerozoic stratigraphy (539 million year ago–present)
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Greenstones are sequences of Precambrian metamorphosed
1969:
Petrology : igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
1374:
Zhao, Guochun (Geologist), author. (6 December 2013).
451:, sanukitoids, granitoids, granulites and charnockite
815:. Khondalite belt was also formed in the suture zone.
581:
Fine-grained sandstone and mudstone with coal layers
472:
granulites, quartzite, felsic paragneiss and marble
268:
Complex in the east. Pelitic granulites, quartzite,
196:are intrusive igneous rocks that primarily made by
833:types of sedimentary rock formed a thick strata.
224:formation, at about 2.53-2.52 billion years ago.
105:Precambrian basement (4600–539 million years ago)
796:composed by TTGs and charnockites. Supported by
1376:Precambrian evolution of the North China craton
664:-Wuqi Fault, cutting across the Western Block.
92:formed, complex geological evolution and early
371:with Cenozoic basalt overlay the pre-existing
252:Proterozoic rocks (2500–539 million years ago)
2630:
8:
43:rock basement, with some parts overlain by
3078:
3073:
2873:
2868:
2790:
2785:
2662:
2657:
2637:
2623:
2615:
1419:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1213:
110:Archean rocks (4.0–2.5 billion years ago)
378:
141:
18:
903:
540:Carbonate rocks and coal-bearing rocks
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2379:
2377:
2367:
2365:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2340:
2338:
2304:
2302:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2062:
2060:
2007:
2005:
1962:
1960:
1879:
1877:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1409:
1399:
1369:
1367:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
7:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
747:in other parts of the Western Block.
2429:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
857:Eastern Block of North China Craton
405:Tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite
122:, high-grade metamorphic rocks and
16:Sub-block of the North China craton
2184:10.1111/j.1525-1314.1993.tb00166.x
455:Guyang granite–greenstone terrane
210:tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite
14:
2311:Concise regional geology of China
138:Guyang granite–greenstone terrane
3349:
3348:
3326:
2844:
2829:
2814:
2799:
2761:
2746:
2731:
2716:
2701:
2686:
2671:
216:. There were two phases forming
3172:Possible future supercontinents
2542:10.1016/j.precamres.2010.02.003
2313:. Geological Publishing House.
2090:10.1016/j.precamres.2013.02.001
1860:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2013.10.011
1825:10.1016/j.precamres.2012.03.002
1776:10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.02.008
1732:10.1016/j.precamres.2011.10.023
1679:10.1016/j.precamres.2015.12.001
1272:10.1016/j.precamres.2010.02.003
1215:10.18814/epiiugs/2007/v30i2/004
1160:Journal of Asian Earth Sciences
1126:10.1016/j.precamres.2004.10.002
457:and Wuchuan high-grade complex
132:pressure-temperature (P-T) path
2164:Journal of Metamorphic Geology
706:basement are discussed below.
1:
2406:10.1016/s0040-1951(03)00195-1
2271:10.1016/s0040-1951(99)00152-3
1542:10.1016/s0040-1951(00)00061-5
1180:10.1016/S1367-9120(03)00071-3
947:10.1016/s0301-9268(00)00154-6
380:Summary table of lithologies
2950:Other prehistoric continents
2449:10.1016/0012-821x(82)90083-8
2228:10.1016/0301-9268(92)90057-u
2113:Science China Earth Sciences
2035:10.1080/00206814.2013.796076
2015:International Geology Review
1935:10.1080/00206814.2014.929055
1915:International Geology Review
1038:International Geology Review
1003:10.1016/j.lithos.2012.05.013
186:. According to the data of
3417:
3396:Historical tectonic plates
303:During Cambrian to Middle
228:Wuchuan high-grade complex
3318:
3076:
3072:
2871:
2867:
2788:
2784:
2660:
2656:
2133:10.1007/s11430-011-4360-5
1305:. 37: 20–27.
1058:10.1080/00206819809465233
566:
547:
542:
539:
528:
507:
504:
493:
488:
485:
420:, banded iron formation,
398:
3359:Chronology of continents
2499:10.1016/j.gr.2011.01.004
1628:10.1016/j.gr.2013.02.007
1585:10.1016/j.gr.2011.02.005
1338:10.1016/j.gr.2012.02.015
2441:1982E&PSL..58..301Z
1967:Blatt, Harvey. (1996).
772:supercontinent Columbia
388:Time of rock formation
3120:Great Australian Bight
1499:10.1098/rsta.1981.0105
1448:10.1098/rsta.1981.0122
824:
783:
757:
689:
673:
649:
618:Sediments and basalts
543:Mainly in Ordos Basin
489:Mainly in Ordos Basin
347:happened in the Early
148:
74:intrusive igneous rock
24:
3401:Historical continents
2309:Cheng, Yuqi. (2001).
1756:Earth-Science Reviews
822:
786:
780:
760:
754:
709:
687:
670:
647:
172:banded iron formation
145:
22:
3344:Continental fragment
3339:Regions of the world
2522:Precambrian Research
2208:Precambrian Research
2070:Precambrian Research
1811:. 222–223: 230–254.
1809:Precambrian Research
1718:. 222–223: 290–311.
1716:Precambrian Research
1659:Precambrian Research
1378:. Elsevier Science.
1252:Precambrian Research
1106:Precambrian Research
927:Precambrian Research
625:Tectonic subdivision
276:formed under stable
3301:Indian Subcontinent
3091:Submerged continent
2578:2002Geo....30.1003D
2534:2010PreR..178..149S
2491:2011GondR..20...26K
2398:2003Tectp.369..155M
2263:1999Tectp.310...37Z
2220:1992PreR...59..207C
2176:1993JMetG..11..483L
2125:2012ScChD..55..204D
2082:2013PreR..230...61M
2027:2013IGRv...55.1688M
1927:2014IGRv...56.1197M
1848:Ore Geology Reviews
1817:2012PreR..222..230J
1768:2016ESRv..156...39W
1724:2012PreR..222..290W
1671:2016PreR..273...38M
1620:2013GondR..24..275Z
1577:2011GondR..20....6Z
1534:2000Tectp.322..153C
1491:1981RSPTA.301..189D
1330:2013GondR..23..208Z
1264:2010PreR..178..149S
1172:2003JAESc..22..383K
1118:2005PreR..136..177Z
1050:1998IGRv...40..706Z
995:2012Litho.149...51Z
939:2001PreR..107...45Z
828:Phanerozoic history
761:Kusky et al's model
698:Precambrian history
381:
3082:
2877:
2794:
2666:
1412:has generic name (
877:Archean subduction
852:North China Craton
825:
806:accretionary wedge
784:
758:
710:Zhao et al's model
693:Tectonic evolution
690:
674:
650:
635:North China Craton
385:Geological period
379:
335:) were formed. In
278:continental margin
149:
68:, sedimentary and
60:North China Craton
33:North China Craton
25:
3368:
3367:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3130:Kerguelen Plateau
3068:
3067:
3063:
3062:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2479:Gondwana Research
2021:(13): 1688–1704.
1921:(10): 1197–1212.
1608:Gondwana Research
1565:Gondwana Research
1485:(1461): 189–206.
1442:(1461): 443–472.
1318:Gondwana Research
622:
621:
505:Generally absent
463:Paleoproterozoic
90:continental crust
70:metamorphic rocks
56:sedimentary rocks
3408:
3391:Geology of China
3352:
3351:
3333:World portal
3331:
3330:
3268:
3217:
3174:
3102:
3079:
3074:
2952:
2890:
2874:
2869:
2848:
2833:
2818:
2803:
2791:
2786:
2765:
2750:
2735:
2720:
2705:
2690:
2675:
2663:
2658:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2616:
2606:
2605:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2528:(1–4): 149–167.
2517:
2511:
2510:
2474:
2461:
2460:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2392:(3–4): 155–174.
2381:
2372:
2369:
2360:
2356:
2345:
2342:
2333:
2332:
2306:
2297:
2294:
2283:
2282:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2214:(3–4): 207–223.
2202:
2196:
2195:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2064:
2055:
2054:
2009:
2000:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1964:
1955:
1954:
1909:
1903:
1896:
1885:
1881:
1872:
1871:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1803:
1788:
1787:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1710:
1704:
1703:. Sin. 7: 27-35.
1697:
1691:
1690:
1653:
1640:
1639:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1528:(1–2): 153–162.
1517:
1511:
1510:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1417:
1411:
1407:
1405:
1397:
1371:
1342:
1341:
1312:
1306:
1299:
1284:
1283:
1258:(1–4): 149–167.
1247:
1228:
1227:
1217:
1199:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1155:
1138:
1137:
1101:
1078:
1077:
1032:
1015:
1014:
978:
959:
958:
921:
892:
862:Geology of China
486:Carbonate rocks
475:Khondalite Belt
382:
41:Paleoproterozoic
3416:
3415:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3386:Northeast China
3371:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3363:
3325:
3310:
3305:
3291:Eastern Siberia
3281:Central America
3269:
3262:
3256:
3251:Terra Australis
3218:
3202:
3196:
3192:Pangaea Proxima
3175:
3170:
3164:
3103:
3099:microcontinents
3088:
3064:
3059:
3005:East Antarctica
2953:
2948:
2942:
2891:
2887:supercontinents
2883:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2839:
2834:
2824:
2819:
2809:
2804:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2756:
2751:
2741:
2736:
2726:
2721:
2711:
2706:
2696:
2691:
2681:
2676:
2652:
2643:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2476:
2475:
2464:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2383:
2382:
2375:
2370:
2363:
2357:
2348:
2343:
2336:
2321:
2308:
2307:
2300:
2295:
2286:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2066:
2065:
2058:
2011:
2010:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1979:
1966:
1965:
1958:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1897:
1888:
1882:
1875:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1805:
1804:
1791:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1714:China Craton".
1712:
1711:
1707:
1698:
1694:
1655:
1654:
1643:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1408:
1398:
1386:
1373:
1372:
1345:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1300:
1287:
1249:
1248:
1231:
1197:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1157:
1156:
1141:
1103:
1102:
1081:
1034:
1033:
1018:
980:
979:
962:
923:
922:
905:
900:
889:
885:
872:Greenstone Belt
848:
830:
816:
794:continental arc
789:
787:Santosh's model
763:
748:
737:passive margins
717:oceanic setting
712:
700:
695:
627:
376:
302:
301:in Phanerozoic.
295:
264:in the west to
254:
230:
140:
112:
107:
102:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3414:
3412:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3373:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3286:Eastern Africa
3283:
3278:
3273:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3085:
3083:
3077:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2880:
2878:
2872:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2855:
2842:
2840:
2827:
2825:
2812:
2810:
2797:
2795:
2789:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2759:
2757:
2744:
2742:
2729:
2727:
2714:
2712:
2699:
2697:
2684:
2682:
2669:
2667:
2661:
2654:
2653:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2619:
2608:
2607:
2555:
2512:
2462:
2435:(3): 301–329.
2419:
2386:Tectonophysics
2373:
2361:
2346:
2334:
2319:
2298:
2284:
2257:(1–4): 37–53.
2251:Tectonophysics
2241:
2197:
2170:(4): 483–498.
2154:
2119:(2): 204–212.
2103:
2056:
2001:
1992:
1977:
1956:
1904:
1886:
1873:
1838:
1789:
1745:
1705:
1692:
1641:
1614:(1): 275–297.
1598:
1555:
1522:Tectonophysics
1512:
1469:
1426:
1384:
1343:
1324:(1): 208–219.
1307:
1285:
1229:
1185:
1166:(4): 383–397.
1139:
1112:(2): 177–202.
1079:
1044:(8): 706–721.
1016:
960:
933:(1–2): 45–73.
902:
901:
899:
896:
895:
894:
884:
881:
880:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
847:
844:
829:
826:
810:Inner Mongolia
788:
785:
762:
759:
729:volcanic rocks
711:
708:
699:
696:
694:
691:
679:Inner Mongolia
626:
623:
620:
619:
616:
613:
609:
608:
605:
602:
598:
597:
590:
587:
583:
582:
579:
575:
574:
571:
568:
564:
563:
557:
553:
552:
549:
545:
544:
541:
538:
534:
533:
530:
529:Carboniferous
526:
525:
522:
518:
517:
514:
510:
509:
506:
503:
499:
498:
495:
491:
490:
487:
484:
481:
477:
476:
473:
467:
464:
460:
459:
453:
414:
410:
409:
408:Xiwulanbulang
406:
403:
400:
396:
395:
392:
389:
386:
294:
291:
280:condition. By
253:
250:
229:
226:
139:
136:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3413:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3267:
3266:
3265:Subcontinents
3261:
3260:
3258:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3230:Kumari Kandam
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2889:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2770:
2769:
2768:South America
2764:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2753:North America
2749:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2679:
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2659:
2655:
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2647:
2640:
2635:
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2628:
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2603:
2599:
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2559:
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2500:
2496:
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2473:
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2355:
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2320:9787116032842
2316:
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2305:
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2276:
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2268:
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2260:
2256:
2252:
2245:
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2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2201:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
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1800:
1798:
1796:
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1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
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1761:
1757:
1749:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1559:
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1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1516:
1513:
1508:
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1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
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1473:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1457:
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1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1430:
1427:
1422:
1415:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1385:9780124072275
1381:
1377:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
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1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1208:(2): 96–107.
1207:
1203:
1196:
1189:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
961:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
904:
897:
891:
887:
886:
882:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
849:
845:
843:
840:
839:Pacific Plate
834:
827:
821:
817:
814:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
779:
775:
773:
768:
753:
749:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
707:
705:
697:
692:
686:
682:
680:
669:
665:
663:
659:
658:normal faults
655:
646:
642:
640:
636:
631:
624:
617:
614:
611:
610:
606:
603:
600:
599:
595:
591:
588:
585:
584:
580:
577:
576:
572:
569:
565:
562:
561:conglomerates
559:Red beds and
558:
555:
554:
550:
546:
536:
535:
531:
527:
523:
520:
519:
515:
512:
511:
501:
500:
496:
492:
482:
479:
478:
474:
471:
468:
466:1.95–1.87 Ga
465:
462:
461:
458:
454:
452:
450:
446:
441:
439:
435:
430:
427:
423:
419:
416:Greenschist,
415:
413:2.55–2.50 Ga
412:
411:
407:
404:
401:
397:
393:
390:
387:
384:
383:
377:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
313:Carboniferous
310:
306:
300:
292:
290:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
251:
249:
246:
242:
238:
234:
227:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
168:
164:
159:
157:
154:
144:
137:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
109:
104:
99:
97:
95:
91:
86:
82:
80:
75:
71:
67:
63:
61:
57:
53:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
29:Western Block
21:
3324:
3263:
3249:
3213:hypothesised
3203:
3171:
3089:
3020:Kazakhstania
2995:Congo Craton
2949:
2885:Prehistoric
2884:
2843:
2828:
2813:
2806:Afro-Eurasia
2798:
2760:
2745:
2730:
2715:
2700:
2685:
2670:
2611:
2572:(11): 1003.
2569:
2565:
2558:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2485:(1): 26–35.
2482:
2478:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2389:
2385:
2310:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2073:
2069:
2018:
2014:
1995:
1968:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1899:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1808:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1715:
1708:
1700:
1695:
1662:
1658:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1375:
1321:
1317:
1310:
1302:
1255:
1251:
1205:
1201:
1188:
1163:
1159:
1109:
1105:
1041:
1037:
986:
982:
930:
926:
890:
835:
831:
790:
764:
745:metamorphism
713:
701:
675:
651:
632:
628:
456:
442:
432:
391:Lithologies
307:, extensive
296:
286:metamorphism
255:
231:
192:
160:
150:
113:
87:
83:
64:
28:
26:
3187:Novopangaea
3055:South China
3035:North China
1854:: 388–404.
1701:Acta Petrol
1571:(1): 6–25.
1410:|last=
813:Suture Zone
802:tomographic
800:dating and
704:Precambrian
639:Ordos Block
615:65–present
601:Cretaceous
589:199–145 Ma
578:228–199 Ma
570:251–228 Ma
556:270–251 Ma
551:299–270 Ma
537:318–299 Ma
532:359–318 Ma
524:416–359 Ma
516:443–416 Ma
502:460–443 Ma
497:488–460 Ma
494:Ordovician
483:539–488 Ma
426:plagioclase
418:amphibolite
399:Neoarchean
241:charnockite
120:greenstones
100:Lithologies
3375:Categories
3323:See also:
3225:Hyperborea
3215:continents
3150:Seychelles
3135:Madagascar
3115:Doggerland
3010:Euramerica
2965:Asiamerica
2693:Antarctica
2646:Continents
2359:abstract).
1978:0716724383
898:References
867:Khondalite
741:continents
604:145–65 Ma
594:argillites
434:paragneiss
422:hornblende
349:Cretaceous
309:carbonates
305:Ordovician
274:protoliths
258:khondalite
237:granulites
214:sanukitoid
212:(TTG) and
194:Granitoids
163:ultramafic
124:granitoids
116:Neoarchean
37:Neoarchean
3296:Greenland
3160:Zealandia
3125:Jan Mayen
3110:Cathaysia
3030:Laurentia
3025:Laramidia
3015:Kalaharia
2970:Atlantica
2903:Kenorland
2723:Australia
2594:0091-7613
2550:0301-9268
2507:1342-937X
2457:0012-821X
2414:0040-1951
2329:963570780
2279:0040-1951
2236:0301-9268
2192:0263-4929
2149:128691792
2141:1674-7313
2098:0301-9268
2076:: 61–78.
2051:129089419
2043:0020-6814
1951:128668554
1943:0020-6814
1868:0169-1368
1833:0301-9268
1784:0012-8252
1762:: 39–65.
1740:0301-9268
1687:0301-9268
1665:: 38–52.
1636:1342-937X
1593:1342-937X
1550:0040-1951
1507:121926708
1464:122643506
1456:1364-503X
1402:cite book
1394:877725160
1280:0301-9268
1224:0705-3797
1134:0301-9268
1074:129322912
1066:0020-6814
1011:0024-4937
989:: 51–60.
955:0301-9268
725:subducted
721:TTG rocks
612:Cenozoic
596:and coal
586:Jurassic
567:Triassic
521:Devonian
513:Silurian
480:Cambrian
394:Location
369:sediments
345:magmatism
325:siltstone
321:sandstone
299:magmatism
262:Helanshan
202:feldspars
180:quartzite
3354:Category
3220:Atlantis
3205:Mythical
3140:Mauritia
3105:Beringia
2990:Cimmeria
2985:Chilenia
2975:Avalonia
2955:Amazonia
2938:Vaalbara
2923:Pannotia
2908:Laurasia
2898:Gondwana
2893:Columbia
2821:Americas
2602:53581656
1987:32890797
1202:Episodes
846:See also
733:adakites
548:Permian
357:andesite
353:rhyolite
341:Jurassic
337:Triassic
333:red beds
329:mudstone
94:tectonic
52:volcanic
49:Cenozoic
45:Cambrian
3381:Cratons
3240:Meropis
3235:Lemuria
3050:Siberia
3000:Cuyania
2980:Baltica
2960:Arctica
2928:Rodinia
2918:Pangaea
2851:Oceania
2836:Eurasia
2574:Bibcode
2566:Geology
2530:Bibcode
2487:Bibcode
2437:Bibcode
2394:Bibcode
2259:Bibcode
2216:Bibcode
2172:Bibcode
2121:Bibcode
2078:Bibcode
2023:Bibcode
1923:Bibcode
1813:Bibcode
1764:Bibcode
1720:Bibcode
1667:Bibcode
1616:Bibcode
1573:Bibcode
1530:Bibcode
1487:Bibcode
1326:Bibcode
1260:Bibcode
1168:Bibcode
1114:Bibcode
1046:Bibcode
991:Bibcode
935:Bibcode
654:Plateau
470:Pelitic
449:adakite
445:diorite
443:quartz
436:, mica
402:2.7 Ga
317:Permian
245:diorite
233:Wuchuan
156:granite
128:Mineral
66:Igneous
31:of the
3276:Arabia
3271:Alaska
3211:, and
3182:Aurica
3177:Amasia
3040:Pampia
2738:Europe
2678:Africa
2600:
2592:
2548:
2505:
2455:
2412:
2327:
2317:
2277:
2234:
2190:
2147:
2139:
2096:
2049:
2041:
1985:
1975:
1949:
1941:
1884:1-111.
1866:
1831:
1782:
1738:
1685:
1634:
1591:
1548:
1505:
1462:
1454:
1392:
1382:
1303:Geosci
1278:
1222:
1132:
1072:
1064:
1009:
983:Lithos
953:
798:zircon
662:Datong
438:schist
429:gneiss
373:strata
365:dacite
361:basalt
282:zircon
270:felsic
266:Jining
198:quartz
188:zircon
184:marble
176:acidic
153:Guyang
3155:Sunda
3145:Sahul
3095:lands
3045:Sahul
2650:Earth
2598:S2CID
2145:S2CID
2047:S2CID
1947:S2CID
1503:S2CID
1460:S2CID
1198:(PDF)
1070:S2CID
883:Notes
731:like
206:micas
167:mafic
79:Ordos
3209:lost
3097:and
2913:Nena
2708:Asia
2590:ISSN
2546:ISSN
2503:ISSN
2453:ISSN
2410:ISSN
2325:OCLC
2315:ISBN
2275:ISSN
2232:ISSN
2188:ISSN
2137:ISSN
2094:ISSN
2039:ISSN
1983:OCLC
1973:ISBN
1939:ISSN
1864:ISSN
1829:ISSN
1780:ISSN
1736:ISSN
1683:ISSN
1632:ISSN
1589:ISSN
1546:ISSN
1452:ISSN
1421:link
1414:help
1390:OCLC
1380:ISBN
1276:ISSN
1220:ISSN
1130:ISSN
1062:ISSN
1007:ISSN
951:ISSN
363:and
339:and
327:and
239:and
218:TTGs
204:and
182:and
151:The
54:and
39:and
27:The
2648:of
2582:doi
2538:doi
2526:178
2495:doi
2445:doi
2402:doi
2390:369
2267:doi
2255:310
2224:doi
2180:doi
2129:doi
2086:doi
2074:230
2031:doi
1931:doi
1856:doi
1821:doi
1772:doi
1760:156
1728:doi
1675:doi
1663:273
1624:doi
1581:doi
1538:doi
1526:322
1495:doi
1483:301
1444:doi
1440:301
1334:doi
1268:doi
1256:178
1210:doi
1176:doi
1122:doi
1110:136
1054:doi
999:doi
987:149
943:doi
931:107
767:Arc
222:TTG
165:to
47:to
3377::
3245:Mu
3207:,
2933:Ur
2596:.
2588:.
2580:.
2570:30
2568:.
2544:.
2536:.
2524:.
2501:.
2493:.
2483:20
2481:.
2465:^
2451:.
2443:.
2433:58
2431:.
2408:.
2400:.
2388:.
2376:^
2364:^
2349:^
2337:^
2323:.
2301:^
2287:^
2273:.
2265:.
2253:.
2230:.
2222:.
2212:59
2210:.
2186:.
2178:.
2168:11
2166:.
2143:.
2135:.
2127:.
2117:55
2115:.
2092:.
2084:.
2072:.
2059:^
2045:.
2037:.
2029:.
2019:55
2017:.
2004:^
1981:.
1959:^
1945:.
1937:.
1929:.
1919:56
1917:.
1889:^
1876:^
1862:.
1852:63
1850:.
1827:.
1819:.
1792:^
1778:.
1770:.
1758:.
1734:.
1726:.
1681:.
1673:.
1661:.
1644:^
1630:.
1622:.
1612:24
1610:.
1587:.
1579:.
1569:20
1567:.
1544:.
1536:.
1524:.
1501:.
1493:.
1481:.
1458:.
1450:.
1438:.
1406::
1404:}}
1400:{{
1388:.
1346:^
1332:.
1322:23
1320:.
1288:^
1274:.
1266:.
1254:.
1232:^
1218:.
1206:30
1204:.
1200:.
1174:.
1164:22
1162:.
1142:^
1128:.
1120:.
1108:.
1082:^
1068:.
1060:.
1052:.
1042:40
1040:.
1019:^
1005:.
997:.
985:.
963:^
949:.
941:.
929:.
906:^
888:a.
508:/
447:,
431:,
359:,
355:,
323:,
200:,
126:.
3093:/
2638:e
2631:t
2624:v
2604:.
2584::
2576::
2552:.
2540::
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2497::
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2404::
2396::
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2269::
2261::
2238:.
2226::
2218::
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2182::
2174::
2151:.
2131::
2123::
2100:.
2088::
2080::
2053:.
2033::
2025::
1989:.
1953:.
1933::
1925::
1902:.
1870:.
1858::
1835:.
1823::
1815::
1786:.
1774::
1766::
1742:.
1730::
1722::
1689:.
1677::
1669::
1638:.
1626::
1618::
1595:.
1583::
1575::
1552:.
1540::
1532::
1509:.
1497::
1489::
1466:.
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1423:)
1416:)
1396:.
1340:.
1336::
1328::
1282:.
1270::
1262::
1226:.
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1182:.
1178::
1170::
1136:.
1124::
1116::
1076:.
1056::
1048::
1013:.
1001::
993::
957:.
945::
937::
424:-
375:.
331:(
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