1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
64:
1684:
1571:
2203:
263:
1690:
941:
50:
2073:
1671:
1621:
2293:
807:
335:
1050:
1790:
1385:
1363:
79:
1579:
1616:
1005:; thanks to this, the three smaller countries were able to persuade the others to agree to the concept of automatic and immediate mutual assistance in the event of aggression, and to the idea of setting up a regional organization (a multilateral alliance in accordance with Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations).
1209:(WEU), at which point Italy and Germany were admitted. Although the WEU established by the MBT was significantly less powerful and ambitious than the original Western Union, German membership in the WEU was considered sufficient for the occupation of the country to end in accordance with the General Treaty.
1093:
became much more important than the threat of German rearmament. Western Europe, therefore, sought a new mutual defence pact involving the United States, a powerful military force for such an alliance. The United States, concerned with containing the influence of the Soviet Union, was responsive.
2261:
The objective of WUDO was to provide for the coordination of defence between the five powers in the military and supply fields and for the study of the tactical problems of the defence of
Western Europe; in addition, to provide a framework on which, in the event of any emergency, a command
2383:
Although the Treaty goes no further than providing for 'cooperation' between the contracting parties, 'which will be effected through the
Consultative Council referred to in Article VII as well as through other bodies', in practice the arrangement was referred to as
1072:
Although the Treaty goes no further than providing for 'cooperation' between the contracting parties, 'which will be effected through the
Consultative Council referred to in Article VII as well as through other bodies', in practice the arrangement was referred to as
1205:) of 1952 formally named the EDC as a prerequisite to the end of Allied occupation of Germany, and there was a desire to include Germany in the Western defence architecture. The Modified Brussels Treaty (MBT) transformed the Western Union into the
2956:
3273:
2213:
The Treaty of
Brussels had cultural and social clauses, concepts for the setting up of a 'Consultative Council'. The basis for this was that a cooperation between Western nations would help stop the spread of Communism.
3169:
3164:
2257:
From April 1948, the member states of the
Western Union decided to create a military agency under the name of the Western Union Defence Organisation (WUDO). WUDO was formally established on September 27–28, 1948.
1767:
1112:(NATO). On 20 December 1950 the Consultative Council of the Brussels Treaty Powers decided to merge the military organisation of the Western Union into NATO. In December 1950, with the appointment of General
2433:
3653:
2225:, which the WU instituted to give mutual facilities to each member state for cultural purposes. It could be issued to student, teachers and researchers. It carried an embossed stamp representing the
3246:
2281:
to maintain international peace and security, and
Article VI set forth the obligations of Brussels Pact members to not enter any third-party treaties that conflicted with the Treaty of Brussels.
788:
3356:
3763:
3678:
3708:
3283:
1760:
835:
3733:
3748:
3698:
3278:
3658:
2090:
1596:
1546:
464:
454:
986:
called for the extension of the Treaty of
Dunkirk to also include the Benelux countries, creating a Western Union. The object was to consolidate Western Europe to satisfy the
366:
361:
356:
3432:
3308:
1753:
3743:
3453:
2306:
2094:
1870:
1190:
904:
3288:
2331:
2057:
1915:
772:
3758:
2269:
If any of the High
Contracting Parties should be the object of an armed attack in Europe, the other High Contracting Parties will, in accordance with the provisions of
3693:
3544:
3539:
3346:
3239:
3134:
3663:
2132:
2555:
3129:
3005:
3753:
3120:
371:
3703:
3683:
3386:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
2848:
3688:
2148:, the first of which were the European Communities. The other two pillars consisted of additional areas of cooperation that had been added to the EU's remit.
3184:
3648:
3232:
828:
3728:
3723:
3174:
2821:
2350:
2270:
1125:
900:
3738:
3638:
3633:
3587:
3549:
3336:
3328:
376:
1128:(SHAPE) took over responsibility for the defence of Western Europe, while the physical headquarters in Fontainebleau were transformed into NATO's
2888:
2748:
3522:
3412:
2906:
1141:
1108:
The need to back up the commitments of the North
Atlantic Treaty with appropriate political and military structures led to the creation of the
821:
793:
315:
3718:
3361:
2866:
2794:
2576:
63:
3501:
2458:
2064:
superseded by WU. The CFSP pillar was bolstered by some of the security structures that had been established within the remit of the 1955
1625:
2165:, resulting in the EU framework as such covering all policy areas. Executive/legislative power in each area was instead determined by a
2162:
2145:
1658:
1603:
1554:
1398:
1129:
1002:
351:
133:
3255:
3068:
Compiled by Dr. James A. Kuhlman, University of South
Carolina, 1977; edited by Dr. Mark A. Cichock, University of Texas at Arlington.
2326:
2252:
2174:
2170:
1689:
1683:
1650:
1121:
924:
892:
474:
344:
288:
3598:
3673:
3628:
3427:
3214:
3036:
1453:
1160:
780:
407:
3565:
3417:
3318:
3179:
3057:
1848:
431:
3219:
3189:
3668:
3391:
3340:
2355:
2278:
1636:
1117:
3606:
3144:
238:
3517:
3372:
2124:
513:
24:
19:
This article is about the military alliance in existence from 1948 to 1954. For the American financial services company, see
2202:
3159:
1570:
3643:
3332:
3028:
324:
2727:
1186:
908:
1530:
1487:
927:(ESDP) at the turn of the 21st century, the Western Union is a precursor of both NATO and the military arm of the EU.
443:
419:
3491:
1620:
3139:
2060:
of the EU defence arm, a main part of the CFSP. The Franco-British alliance established by the Dunkirk Treaty was
1254:(EU)—the principal framework for this unification. The EU inherited many of its present responsibilities from the
1120:(SACEUR), the members of the Treaty of Brussels decided to transfer the headquarters, personnel, and plans of the
1670:
1061:
55:
120:
3713:
2128:
1053:
899:(NATO), providing the nucleus of the European half of NATO's command structure (Allied Command Europe), led by
739:
49:
2927:
3422:
3402:
3381:
3298:
2858:
2166:
1469:
1065:
669:
3224:
2412:
2311:
2069:
1866:
1693:
1206:
916:
865:
522:
485:
256:
197:
884:, agreed to collaborate in the defence field as well as in the political, economic and cultural fields.
3602:
3471:
2434:"Treaty of Alliance and Mutual Assistance between the United Kingdom and France (Dunkirk, 4 March 1947)"
2298:
1852:
1099:
1057:
811:
2177:. This distribution, as well as treaty provisions for policy areas in which unanimity is required and
2186:
2107:
1388:
1255:
1235:
1113:
619:
396:
3021:
Secure Command of the Sea: NATO Command Organization and Planning for the Cold War at Sea, 1945-1954
3593:
3496:
3443:
3053:
3024:
2182:
1996:
1956:
1259:
767:
649:
639:
610:
572:
552:
940:
3571:
3194:
3124:
2782:
2709:
2638:
2630:
2512:
2504:
2321:
2226:
2076:
that the Lisbon Treaty provided for EU was considered to render the WEU superfluous. The EU thus
2065:
1969:
1884:
1833:
1182:
1176:
1164:
1133:
1027:
1021:
949:
912:
877:
729:
719:
201:
146:
3279:
Director General of the Military Staff/Director of the Military Planning and Conduct Capability
1147:
The establishment of NATO, along with the signing of a succession of treaties establishing the
919:(WEU) and was joined by Italy and West Germany. As the WEU's functions were transferred to the
3581:
3032:
2862:
2790:
2701:
2622:
2496:
2231:
1985:
1818:
1793:
1213:
1156:
960:
762:
699:
689:
659:
562:
299:
243:
2786:
2776:
3576:
3293:
2854:
2693:
2614:
2488:
2273:, afford the Party so attacked all the military and other aid and assistance in their power.
2018:
1807:
979:
709:
679:
592:
2345:
2178:
1938:
1243:
1224:
1198:
1089:
When the division of Europe into two opposing camps became unavoidable, the threat of the
1230:
countries have entered into treaties and thereby co-operated and harmonised policies (or
1042:
and the United Kingdom, and was an expansion to the preceding year's defence pledge, the
3209:
3259:
2969:
2316:
2007:
1903:
1899:
1789:
1615:
1384:
1366:
1362:
1251:
1194:
1103:
1049:
1043:
1009:
968:
920:
869:
629:
582:
532:
3149:
2656:
1012:
with a bulwark against the communist threat and to bring greater collective security.
3622:
3350:
2642:
2265:
The Treaty of Brussels contained a mutual defence clause as set forth in Article IV:
1973:
1927:
1523:
987:
880:
signed in March the same year. Under this treaty the signatories, referred to as the
542:
100:
20:
2516:
2144:
Between the EU's founding in 1993 and consolidation in 2009, the union consisted of
3107:
2817:"Did you know that Europe already had a defensive military alliance prior to NATO?"
2277:
Article V set forth the obligations of Brussels Pact members to cooperate with the
2158:
2111:
1578:
1220:
1090:
995:
983:
956:
945:
2682:"The Pentagon Negotiations March 1948: The Launching of the North Atlantic Treaty"
1098:
and British officials to initiate the negotiations that led to the signing of the
3154:
1039:
891:(1950–1953), the headquarters, personnel and plans of the WU's defence arm, the
3195:
Memorandum by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to the Secretary of Defense (Forrestal)
3204:
3199:
3140:
Work of the Brussels Treaty Organisation between May, 1948 and September, 1952
2618:
2288:
1035:
888:
169:
3327:
Command structure on the civilian/military strategic and operational levels (
3210:
A Community of Interests: NATO and the Military Assistance Program, 1948-1951
2705:
2626:
2500:
2181:
is possible, reflects the depth of EU integration as well as the EU's partly
2816:
2531:
334:
2556:"The origins of WEU: Western Union - European organisations - CVCE Website"
959:, there were fears of a renewal of German aggression. On 4 March 1947, the
78:
2492:
1299:
2634:
2602:
2508:
2476:
2157:
The consolidation meant that the EU inherited the European Communities'
2893:
2749:"BRUSSELS TREATY ORGANISATION (RESOLUTION) (Hansard, 18 February 1957)"
2713:
2681:
1411:
1031:
873:
2987:
1001:
The negotiating conference was held on 4 March 1948, a few days after
2902:
1227:
1095:
964:
106:
2697:
2935:
2201:
1947:
1539:
1048:
991:
939:
1094:
Secret meetings began by the end of March 1949 between American,
2826:
2477:"The Czechoslovak Factor inWestern Alliance Building, 1945–1948"
2340:
1582:
1152:
1148:
1109:
896:
294:
183:
3228:
915:(MTB) through which the Western Union was transformed into the
2093:(EPC) were shelved following the French failure to ratify the
1250:). The following timeline outlines the legal inception of the
3006:"Western Union 'International Guide for Young People' (1951)"
2135:(TFEU), respectively. They are amended by secondary treaties.
990:
and to give advance notice of the eventual incorporation of
3130:
Western Union ‘International Guide for Young People’ (1951)
1258:(EC), which were founded in the 1950s in the spirit of the
284:
2603:"The Partition of Germany and the Origins of the Cold War"
864:), was the European military alliance established between
2778:
The elusive quest for European security: from EDC to CFSP
3284:
Director of the Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability
3110:, 94:576, 519-535 (1949), DOI: 10.1080/03071844909419583
2114:(i.e. ability to e.g. sign treaties in their own right).
2097:(EDC). The EPC would have combined the ECSC and the EDC.
1216:
to avoid duplication of responsibilities within Europe.
1138:
WUDO's Land, Naval and Air Commanders-in-Chief Committee
2459:"Address given by Ernest Bevin to the House of Commons"
1163:(April 1951), left the Western Union and its founding
876:
countries in September 1948 in order to implement the
3654:
Intergovernmental organizations established by treaty
3083:
3078:
3076:
1598:
Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters
465:
Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters
3558:
3532:
3510:
3484:
3462:
3441:
3433:
Committee for Civilian Aspects of Crisis Management
3400:
3370:
3316:
3307:
3266:
277:
194:
180:
166:
156:
143:
130:
116:
93:
85:
32:
3454:Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space
2850:NATO 1948: the birth of the transatlantic Alliance
2307:Treaty establishing the European Defence Community
2123:The treaties of Maastricht and Rome form the EU's
2095:Treaty establishing the European Defence Community
1191:Treaty establishing the European Defence Community
1137:
895:(WUDO), were transferred to the newly established
3679:Military units and formations established in 1948
2657:"Milestones: 1945–1952 - Office of the Historian"
2332:History of the Common Security and Defence Policy
2072:in 2011, consequently dissolving the WEU, as the
3106:The Western Union and its Defence Organization,
3054:"Chronology of Major European Events, 1815-1985"
903:(SHAPE). As a consequence of the failure of the
3709:Military alliances involving the United Kingdom
2770:
2768:
2271:Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations
2267:
2133:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
1413:European Atomic Energy Community
1212:Social and cultural aspects were handed to the
1171:Transformation into the Western European Union
1149:Organisation for European Economic Cooperation
1046:signed between the United Kingdom and France.
982:on 22 January 1948, British Foreign Secretary
3764:Netherlands–United Kingdom military relations
3240:
1761:
829:
8:
3699:Military alliances involving the Netherlands
3659:International organizations based in Europe
3545:Medal for Extraordinary Meritorious Service
2889:"Brussels Treaty Organisation (Resolution)"
1234:) in an increasing number of areas, in the
3357:Crisis Management and Planning Directorate
3313:
3247:
3233:
3225:
2110:obtained common institutions and a shared
1768:
1754:
1140:on 31 March 1951 and took the position of
1130:Headquarters, Allied Forces Central Europe
1008:The Western Union was intended to provide
836:
822:
309:
77:
29:
3734:Belgium–United Kingdom military relations
3215:1951 Agreement with the Council of Europe
2859:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
2351:Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe
1126:Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe
901:Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe
3749:France–United Kingdom military relations
3337:Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability
3329:Military Planning and Conduct Capability
3185:Montgomery visiting Chateau des Fougeres
3155:Life Magazine Article from 25 April 1949
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
973:Treaty of Alliance and Mutual Assistance
3694:Military alliances involving Luxembourg
2404:
2376:
2036:
1193:(EDC) to gain French ratification: The
323:
312:
3664:Military history of the European Union
3413:Committee of Permanent Representatives
2970:"Western Union Cultural Identity Card"
2907:House of Commons of the United Kingdom
1177:Treaty of Brussels § Modification
1142:Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe
3744:France–Netherlands military relations
2577:"The Brussels Treaty (17 March 1948)"
2217:Examples of this cooperation include
1749:
1681:
1668:
1649:
1613:
1568:
1538:
1423:
1336:
1267:
193:
179:
165:
155:
142:
129:
125:
7:
3704:Military alliances involving Belgium
3684:Organizations disestablished in 1951
2241:International Guide for Young People
2229:. The WU card was superseded by the
2208:Western Union Cultural Identity Card
1030:was signed on 17 March 1948 between
925:European Security and Defence Policy
16:1948–1954 European military alliance
3759:Luxembourg–United Kingdom relations
3689:Military alliances involving France
3086:. European Navigator. 17 March 1948
2680:Wiebes, Cees; Zeeman, Bert (1983).
1085:Cannibalisation and marginalisation
975:in the event of a possible attack.
3649:Former international organizations
3289:Chairman of the Military Committee
3256:Common Security and Defence Policy
2928:"Text of Modified Brussels Treaty"
2341:North Atlantic Treaty Organization
2327:Common Security and Defence Policy
2253:Western Union Defence Organisation
2127:, and are also referred to as the
1652:Common Foreign and Security Policy
1584:North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
1189:as a result of the failure of the
1153:North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
1122:Western Union Defence Organisation
1110:North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
897:North Atlantic Treaty Organization
893:Western Union Defence Organisation
475:Common Foreign and Security Policy
14:
3347:Intelligence and Situation Centre
3170:London Illustrated News article 2
3165:London Illustrated News article 1
1455:European Coal and Steel Community
1167:devoid of much of its authority.
1161:European Coal and Steel Community
408:European Coal and Steel Community
3754:Luxembourg–Netherlands relations
3566:Permanent Structured Cooperation
3418:Political and Security Committee
3135:British parliamentary resolution
3058:University of Texas at Arlington
2291:
2262:organization could be built up.
1788:
1688:
1682:
1669:
1619:
1614:
1577:
1569:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1383:
1361:
1264:
805:
432:European Atomic Energy Community
333:
261:
236:
62:
48:
3639:20th-century military alliances
3634:Intergovernmental organizations
3341:Joint Support Coordination Cell
2822:Allied Command Operations (ACO)
2607:Review of International Studies
2356:Supreme Allied Commander Europe
2279:United Nations Security Council
2068:(MBT). The Brussels Treaty was
1638:European Political Co-operation
1118:Supreme Allied Commander Europe
3387:Institute for Security Studies
3362:Security & Defence College
2056:, these treaties affected the
1887:Completing the Brussels Treaty
773:History of defence integration
25:Western Union (disambiguation)
1:
3729:Belgium–Netherlands relations
3523:Secure Software-defined Radio
2728:"Facts About NATO 1962 (ENG)"
1181:The Western Union's founding
3724:Belgium–Luxembourg relations
3121:History of the Western Union
2909:. 18 February 1957. cc19-20W
2847:Kaplan, Lawrence S. (2007).
2390:Brussels Treaty Organisation
2167:distribution of competencies
2091:European Political Community
1978:S: 14 June 1985/19 June 1990
1948:European Council conclusions
1874:S: 18 April 1951/27 May 1952
1532:European Community (EC)
1236:European integration project
1079:Brussels Treaty Organisation
909:London and Paris Conferences
858:Brussels Treaty Organisation
3739:France–Luxembourg relations
3145:NATO_Facts_and_Figures_1989
2481:Journal of Cold War Studies
2198:Social, cultural initiative
2163:pillar system was abolished
1489:European Economic Community
1144:(DSACEUR) on 1 April 1951.
913:Modified Treaty of Brussels
856:), also referred to as the
420:European Economic Community
202:Modified Treaty of Brussels
3780:
2957:The Western European Union
2250:
1860:F: 3 August/24 August 1949
1375:
1248:la construction européenne
1174:
1019:
944:British Foreign Secretary
905:European Defence Community
18:
3518:Galileo navigation system
3052:Cichock, Mark A. (1977).
3019:Maloney, Sean M. (1995).
2619:10.1017/S0260210500114263
2179:qualified majority voting
2052:Although not EU treaties
2016:
1787:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1709:
1706:
1700:
1635:
1631:
1595:
1591:
1560:
1545:
1529:
1522:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1499:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1467:
1462:
1429:
1427:
1418:
1410:
1408:
1397:
1390:European Communities
1382:
1360:
1342:
1339:
1333:
812:European Union portal
215:
211:
196:• Superseded by the
126:
76:
44:
39:
3719:Belgium–France relations
3674:1948 in military history
3629:Western Union (alliance)
2129:Treaty on European Union
2066:Modified Brussels Treaty
1928:Brussels (Merger) Treaty
1548:Justice and Home Affairs
1308:Rel. w/ EC/EU framework:
1185:was amended at the 1954
1136:resigned as Chairman of
1132:(AFCENT). Field Marshal
740:Von der Leyen Commission
455:Justice and Home Affairs
158:• WUDO established
3423:Politico-Military Group
3319:External Action Service
3299:Foreign Affairs Council
3160:London Illustrated News
2239:the 1951 Western Union
1471:(Distr. of competences)
1124:(WUDO) to NATO. NATO's
3669:Cold War organizations
2312:Western European Union
2275:
2234:cultural identity Card
2223:Cultural Identity Card
2210:
1961:S: 17/28 February 1986
1885:Protocol Modifying and
1695:Western European Union
1247:
1240:construction of Europe
1207:Western European Union
1202:
1069:
1062:Western Union Standard
952:
917:Western European Union
781:History of enlargement
486:Western European Union
257:Western European Union
23:. For other uses, see
3603:Berlin Plus agreement
3550:Monitor mission medal
3029:Naval Institute Press
2686:International Affairs
2299:European Union portal
2205:
2089:Plans to establish a
2074:mutual defence clause
1858:S: 5 May/4 April 1949
1627:Anglo-French alliance
1100:North Atlantic Treaty
1058:Royal Military Police
1052:
978:In his speech to the
943:
3644:European integration
3084:"Treaty of Brussels"
2775:Duke, Simon (2000).
2601:Shlaim, Avi (1985).
2493:10.1162/JCWS_a_00622
2475:Svik, Peter (2016).
2247:Defence Organisation
2108:European Communities
1256:European Communities
1066:Château de Courances
1056:of the Corps of the
955:In the aftermath of
620:Hallstein Commission
397:European Communities
3594:Kortenberg building
3588:Intelligence School
3497:Everything but Arms
3444:European Commission
3405:preparatory bodies
3274:High Representative
3025:Annapolis, Maryland
2938:on 20 December 2019
2781:. Basingstoke, UK:
2080:superseded the WEU.
2022:S: 13 December 2007
2011:S: 26 February 2001
1957:Single European Act
1827:E: 8 September 1997
1825:F: 8 September 1947
1280:F: entry into force
1260:Schuman Declaration
1159:(May 1949) and the
1102:on 4 April 1949 in
998:, into the Treaty.
872:(UK) and the three
768:History of the euro
650:Mansholt Commission
640:Malfatti Commission
573:Treaty of Amsterdam
553:Single European Act
139:21–25 February 1948
3572:Headline Goal 2010
3428:Military Committee
3125:European Navigator
3031:. pp. 66–67.
3008:. 8 November 2011.
2861:pp. 139–165.
2783:Palgrave Macmillan
2464:. 22 January 1948.
2322:Treaty of Brussels
2227:Brussels Town Hall
2211:
2024:F: 1 December 2009
2013:F: 1 February 2003
1991:F: 1 November 1993
1989:S: 7 February 1992
1951:S: 2 December 1975
1942:S: 27 October 1970
1920:S: 21 October 1959
1891:S: 23 October 1954
1416:(EAEC or Euratom)
1232:pooled sovereignty
1203:Deutschlandvertrag
1183:Treaty of Brussels
1165:Treaty of Brussels
1155:(April 1949), the
1151:(April 1948), the
1134:Bernard Montgomery
1070:
1028:Treaty of Brussels
1022:Treaty of Brussels
1003:the coup in Prague
953:
950:Treaty of Brussels
878:Treaty of Brussels
789:List of presidents
730:Juncker Commission
720:Barroso Commission
670:Jenkins Commission
444:European Community
147:Treaty of Brussels
3616:
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3607:Joint Declaration
3582:Military Mobility
3492:Security Strategy
3480:
3479:
3205:Keeping the Peace
3200:Operation Bulldog
2868:978-0-7425-3917-4
2796:978-0-312-22402-8
2753:api.parliament.uk
2735:archives.nato.int
2661:history.state.gov
2581:CVCE.EU by UNI.LU
2530:Nations, United.
2438:CVCE.EU by UNI.LU
2413:"BBC Politics 97"
2232:Council of Europe
2187:intergovernmental
2159:legal personality
2112:legal personality
2029:
2028:
2000:S: 2 October 1997
1986:Maastricht Treaty
1922:F: 1 January 1960
1916:WEU-CoE agreement
1909:F: 1 January 1958
1878:E: 23 July 2002/—
1876:F: 23 July 1952/—
1840:F: 25 August 1948
1795:Council of Europe
1219:Since the end of
1214:Council of Europe
1157:Council of Europe
1068:on 1 October 1949
961:Treaty of Dunkirk
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3108:RUSI Journal
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389:Organisation
377:2004–present
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220:
176:25 June 1950
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3331:within the
3180:Locations 2
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2785:. pp.
2415:. Bbc.co.uk
2185:and partly
2125:legal basis
2058:development
2008:Nice Treaty
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994:, and then
911:led to the
887:During the
882:five powers
611:Commissions
500:(1948–1954)
490:(1954–2011)
480:(1993–2009)
469:(2003–2009)
459:(1993–2003)
449:(1993–2009)
425:(1958–1993)
413:(1952–2002)
401:(1958–2009)
221:Preceded by
172:breaks out
3623:Categories
3267:Leadership
3090:2010-11-27
3063:2010-11-27
2913:2010-11-27
2874:2010-08-08
2833:2010-08-08
2802:2010-11-27
2758:2024-02-07
2666:2023-02-12
2587:2023-02-12
2562:2020-05-14
2541:2023-02-12
2444:2023-02-12
2419:2020-05-14
2070:terminated
1974:Convention
1853:Washington
1660:pillar III
1556:pillar II)
1400:(Pillar I)
1275:S: signing
1114:Eisenhower
1036:Luxembourg
1034:, France,
936:Background
889:Korean War
170:Korean War
3511:Equipment
3309:Structure
2706:0020-5850
2643:145169764
2627:0260-2105
2558:. Cvce.eu
2501:1520-3972
2400:Citations
2371:Footnotes
1605:pillar II
1290:E: expiry
1225:sovereign
1016:Formation
372:1993–2004
367:1973–1993
362:1958–1972
357:1948–1957
40:1948–1954
3485:Policies
3373:Agencies
3150:Archives
2635:20097039
2517:57562260
2509:26925579
2285:See also
2169:between
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2062:de facto
1855:treaties
1318:de facto
1300:de facto
1228:European
1096:Canadian
1064:outside
967:and the
923:'s (EU)
514:Treaties
345:Timeline
316:a series
314:Part of
121:Cold War
103:, France
89:Alliance
3590:(PESCO)
3584:(PESCO)
3568:(PESCO)
3559:Related
3525:(PESCO)
3464:Funding
3403:Council
3258:of the
2988:"Files"
2894:Hansard
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2189:nature.
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182:•
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1199:German
1038:, the
965:France
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866:France
757:Topics
477:pillar
318:on the
107:London
86:Status
2787:13–14
2731:(PDF)
2710:JSTOR
2639:S2CID
2631:JSTOR
2513:S2CID
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2462:(PDF)
2366:Notes
1959:(SEA)
1799:(CoE)
1679:(WU)
1643:(EPC)
1493:(EEC)
992:Italy
971:as a
946:Bevin
69:Badge
3220:Clip
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2827:NATO
2791:ISBN
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2497:ISSN
2221:the
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634:1967
624:1958
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567:1992
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295:NATO
289:CSDP
190:1951
184:NATO
56:Flag
2932:WEU
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