Wh-movement - Knowledge (XXG)

1053:, do not allow wh-movement to occur. John R. Ross proposed and described four types of islands: Complex-Noun Phrase Constraints (CNPC), Coordinate Structure Constraint (CSC), Left Branch Condition, and Sentential Subject Constraint. Configurations showing clear island restrictions have also been called wh-islands, complex noun phrases, and adjunct islands. 3159:: a question we ask to clarify the information we hear (or mishear) in someone's utterance, or that we use to express our shock or disbelief in reaction to a statement made by someone. For echo questions in English, it is typical for speakers to emphasize the wh-words prosodically by using rising intonation (e.g., 3470:

The alternative to the movement approach to wh-movement and discontinuities in general is feature passing. This approach rejects the notion that movement in any sense has occurred. The wh-expression is base generated in its surface position, and instead of movement, information passing (i.e., feature

2226:

German does not show the expected effects of the superiority condition during clauses with multiple wh-phrases. German appears to have a process that allows the farther wh-phrase to "cross over" the closer wh-phrase and move, not remaining in-situ. This movement is tolerated and has less consequences

1223:

The b. sentences are strongly marginal or unacceptable because they attempt to extract an expression out of a wh-island. This occurs because both wh-words are part of a DP. It would not be possible to move the bottom wh-word to the top of the structure, as they would both interfere. In order to get a

2687:

because in English, only one wh-word moves to when there are multiple wh-words in a clause. This is because, in Bulgarian, unlike English, all movements of wh-elements take place in the syntax, where movement is shown overtly. The phrase structure for wh-words in Bulgarian would look like is shown

1840:

also place wh-words at the beginning of a clause. Furthermore, many of the facts illustrated above are also valid for other languages. The systematic difference in word order across main wh-clauses and subordinate wh-clauses shows up in other languages in varying forms. The islands to wh-extraction

176:

The following examples of sentence pairs illustrate wh-movement in main clauses in English: each (a) example has the canonical word order of a declarative sentence in English, while each (b) sentence has undergone wh-movement, whereby the wh-word has been fronted in order to form a direct question.

3145:

In the example sentences above, examples #1 and #2 are both grammatical and share the same meaning in French. Here, the choice of using one form of question over the other is optional; either sentence can be used to ask about the two particular DP constituents expressed by two wh-words. In French,

2879:

principle explains a crucial detail about which wh-words move first in the tree. Since the closest wh-word is moved first, there is a particular order that appears. Wh-subjects go before wh-objects and wh-adjuncts (Grewendorf, 2001). This is seen in Example #2 and Example #3. Example #3 also shows

2583:

principle, where the head adopts the closest candidate available to it, the overt wh-phrase in Mandarin moves to proper scope position while the other wh-phrase stays in-situ as it is c-commanded by the wh-phrase first mentioned. This can be seen in the following example, where the word for "what"

3462:

Theories that posit movement have a long and established tradition that reaches back to early Generative Grammar (1960s and 1970s). They assume that the displaced constituent (e.g., the wh-expression) is first generated in its canonical position at some level or point in the structure generating

1724:

Within syntax trees, islands do not allow movement to occur; if movement is attempted, the sentence would then be perceived as ungrammatical to the native speaker of the observed language. Islands are typically noted as being a boxed node on the tree. The movement in the wh-Island syntax tree is

892:

These examples illustrate that pied-piping is often necessary when the wh-word is inside a noun phrase or adjective phrase. Pied-piping is motivated in part by the barriers and islands to extraction (see below). When the wh-word appears underneath a blocking category or in an island, the entire

1797:

that selects for it. If the farther wh-phrase moves instead of the preceding wh-phrase, an ungrammatical structure is created (in English). Not all languages have instances of multiple wh-movement governed by the superiority condition, most have variations. There is no uniformity found across

2825:

principle occurs in a slightly different way. The order of the way the wh-word moves is dictated by their proximity to . The closest wh-word to the attracting head undergoes movement first and the next closest one follows suit, and on and on. In that way, the Superiority effect is present in

436:

Some theories of syntax maintain that this constitutes a wh-movement, and analyze such cases as if the interrogative subject has moved up the syntactic hierarchy; however, other theories observe that the surface string of words remains the same, and therefore, no movement has occurred.

3534:-fronting appear in many textbooks on syntax and grammar, e.g., Stockwell (1977:35ff.), Baker (1978:119ff.), Riemsdijk and Williams (1986:19ff.), Borsley (1988:188ff.), Radford (1997:267ff.), Roberts (1999:35ff.), Tallerman (2005:217ff.), Carnie (2013, ch.12.3, pp.357ff.). 1668:

movement as we are copying the interrogative word from the bottom, pasting it to Spec-C, and then deleting it from the bottom so that it solely remains at the top (now taking the position of Spec-C). Overall, the highest C will be the target position of the wh-raising.

1013:, which is possible in colloquial English but not allowed in many languages that are related to English. For instance, preposition stranding is largely absent from many of the other Germanic languages, and it may be completely absent from the Romance languages. 483:

in each of these examples. The dependency relation between the canonical, empty position and the wh-expression appears to be unbounded, in the sense that there is no upper bound on how deeply embedded within the given sentence the empty position may appear.

3444:

present. Such discontinuities challenge any theory of syntax, and any theory of syntax is going to have a component that can address these discontinuities. In this regard, theories of syntax tend to explain discontinuities in one of two ways, either via

3463:

process below the surface. This expression is then moved or copied out of this base position and placed in its surface position where it actually appears in speech. Movement is indicated in tree structures using one of a variety of means (e.g., a trace

1758:

In the following English example, a strikeout-line and trace-movement coindexation symbols——are used to indicate the underlying raising-movement of the closest wh-phrase. This movement produces an overt sentence word order with one fronted wh-question:

2670:

As these examples show, Mandarin is a wh-in-situ language, exhibits no movement of wh-phrases at Surface structure, is subject to other conditions based on the type of wh-phrase involved in the question, and adheres to the Attract Closest principle.

1823:

In b., the farther wh-phrase has incorrectly moved from the direct object position of the VP into the Spec-CP position while the closer wh-phrase to Spec-CP has remained in-situ as the subject of the VP. Thus, this sentence contains a violation of

2217:

All the examples are quite similar to the English examples and demonstrate that wh-movement is a general phenomenon in numerous languages. As stated, however, the behaviour of wh-movement can vary, depending on the individual language in question.

2987:

In summary, Bulgarian has multiple wh-movement in the syntax and the wh-words move overtly. We also see that while all wh-words in a clause move under because of the feature, there is still a certain order in how they appear in the clause.

1167:

is created by an embedded sentence that is introduced by a wh-word, creating a dependent clause. Wh-islands are weaker than adjunct islands, and violating them results in a sentence that at minimum sounds ungrammatical to a native speaker.

2696: 2373:

In a., the gloss shows that the wh-phrase has "crossed over" wh-phrase and is now in Spec-CP to satisfy the feature. This movement is a violation of the attract closest principle, which is what the superiority condition is based upon.

1224:

grammatical result, a proper wh-movement must occur. However, because the wh-word is taking up the Spec-C position, it is not possible to move the competing wh-word higher by skipping the higher DP as wh-movement is a cyclic process.

580:

In English, wh-movement occurs in subordinate clauses to form an indirect question. While wh-fronting occurs in both direct and indirect questions, there is a key word order difference, as illustrated with the following examples:

1776:

In the underlying syntax, the wh-phrase closest to Spec-CP is raised to satisfy selectional properties of the CP: the and feature requirements of C. The wh-phrase farther away from Spec-CP stays in its base position (in-situ).

1728:

For example, in "She said ?" we see that "who" takes the place of DP and restricts "what" from rising up to the respected Spec-C. Native speakers may confirm this as well as it will sound ungrammatical: * "What did she say ".

151:

of a sentence but can move leftward from that position to the front of the sentence/clause in the surface structure. Although other theories of syntax do not use the mechanism of movement in the transformative sense, the term

492:

Wh-movement typically occurs when forming questions in English. There are certain forms of questions in which wh-movement does not occur (aside from when the question word serves as the subject and so is already fronted):

571:

The basic examples above demonstrate wh-movement in main clauses in order to form a direct question. Wh-movement can also occur in subordinate clauses, although its behavior in subordinate clauses differs in word order.

683:

In indirect questions, while the interrogative is still fronted to the first position of the clause, the subject is instead placed in second position, and the verb appears in third position, forming a V3 word order.

792:

In some cases of wh-fronting, pied-piping is obligatory, and the entire encompassing phrase must be fronted for the sentence to be grammatically correct. In the following examples, the moved phrase is underlined:

3459:) and Question Feature play a large role in the movement itself. We have noticed that these two features occur in ex-situ questions which allow movement and do not exist in in-situ questions that do allow it. 1819:

In a., the closer wh-phrase moves up toward Spec-CP from being the subject of the VP . The second wh-phrase remains in-situ (as the direct object of the VP). This is to satisfy the feature in the Spec-CP.

1725:

unable to occur because in order to move out of an embedded clause, a Determiner Phrase (DP) must move through the Spec-C position. This cannot occur, as the Determiner Phrase (DP) is already occupied.

1708:

The EPP allows movement of the wh-word from the bottom canonical position of the syntax tree to Spec-C. The EPP is a great indicator when it comes to distinguishing between in-situ trees and ex-situ.

2790:

is a principle of the Superiority Condition where the head which attracts a certain feature adopts the closest candidate available to it. This usually leads to the movement of the closest candidate.

1482:

Wh-extraction out of a conjunct of a coordinate structure is only possible if it can be interpreted as occurring equally out all the conjuncts simultaneously, that is, if it occurs across the board.

4458:

Jurafsky, D. and J. Martin. 2008. Speech and language processing: An introduction to natural language processing, computational linguistics, and speech recognition. Delhi, India: Pearson Education.

1664:

The wh-movement is motivated by a Question Feature/EPP at C (Complementizer), which promotes movement of a wh-word from the canonical base position to Spec-C. This movement could be considered as

1399:, extraction out of a conjunct of a coordinate structure is possible only if this extraction affects all the conjuncts of the coordinate structure equally. The relevant constraint is known as the 1672:

The interrogatives that are used in the wh-movement do not all share headedness. This is important to consider when making the syntax trees, as there are three different heads that may be used.

1653:

are visual breakdowns of sentences that include dominating heads for every segment (word/constituent) in the tree itself. In the wh-movement, there are additional segments that are added: EPP (

3436:: the "moved" constituent ends up in a position that is separated from its canonical position by material that syntactically dominates the canonical position, which means there seems to be a 2683:, the feature of C motivates multiple wh-word movements, which leads to multiple specifiers. It requires formation of clusters of wh-phrases in in the matrix clause. This is different from 1588:-clauses serving as complements to verbs may show island-like behavior if the matrix verb is a nonbridge verb (Erteschik-Shir 1973). Nonbridge verbs include manner-of-speaking verbs, such as 409:

When the subject is questioned, it is unclear whether wh-fronting has occurred because the default position of the subject is clause-initial. In the example sentence pair below, the subject

1232:

Although wh-extraction out of object clauses and phrases is common in English, wh-movement is not (or rarely) possible out of subject phrases, particularly subject clauses. For example:

3010:

The closest wh-phrase to Spec-CP can be fronted (i.e., moved to Spec-CP from its covert base position in deep structure to its overt phonological form in surface-structure word order);

1403:. Extraction must extract the same syntactic expression out of each of the conjuncts simultaneously. This sort of extraction is said to occur across the board (ATB-extraction), e.g., 109:, sentences or clauses with a wh-word show a non-canonical word order that places the wh-word (or phrase containing the wh-word) at or near the front of the sentence or clause (" 3829:

Ross (1967/86) gives his left branch condition on page 127: "No NP which is the leftmost constituent of a larger NP can be reordered out of this NP by a transformational rule".

3706:

See Ross's (1967/86:121ff.) original account of pied-piping. For further analyses of pied-piping, see for instance Riemsdijk and Williams (1986:28ff.) and Radford (1997:276ff).

2501:

The scope of wh-questions in Mandarin is also subject to other conditions depending on the kind of wh-phrase involved. The following example can translate into two meanings:

1017:

grammars often claim that preposition stranding should be avoided in English as well, although it may feel artificial or stilted to a native speaker to move the preposition.

1494:, and comes in two varieties, the first banning extraction from the clausal complement of a noun, and the second banning extraction from a relative clause modifying a noun: 3688:

Concerning the key word order difference across direct and indirect questions, see for instance Roberts (1997:37) and Groß and Osborne (2009:74ff.), and Carnie (2013:367).

3174:

The option of using wh-in-situ in French sentences with multiple wh-questions is limited to specific conditions. There exists "a very limited distribution" of its usage.

1766:

in the underlying (deep) syntax structure of this sentence, is positioned directly after the transitive verb because the VP selects a direct object DP as its complement

1301:. Possessive determiners and attributive adjectives form left branch islands. Fronting of these phrases necessitates pied-piping of the entire noun phrase, for example: 768:

The relative pronouns have fronted in the subordinate clauses of the b. examples. The characteristic V3 word order is obligatory, just as in other subordinate clauses.

3958: 3737:

For general accounts of island phenomena, see for instance Riemsdijk and Williams (1986:23ff), Roberts (1997:186ff.), Borsley (1999:205ff.), and Carnie (2013:374ff.).

1769:

the closest wh-phrase is raised from its canonical position to Spec-CP, which produces sentence word order with a wh-question word at the beginning of the sentence

3919: 3643: 563:

questions are different from wh-fronted questions in that they result from no movement at all, which tends to be morphologically or pragmatically conditioned.

1689:

When creating the Syntax Tree for the wh-movement, consider the subject-aux inversion in the word that was raised from T (Tense) to C (Complementizer).

4594: 2817:

principle is present, and the wh-word that is closest to the attracting head undergoes movement while the rest of the wh-elements remain in-situ

102:. This dependency has been used as a diagnostic tool in syntactic studies as it can be observed to interact with other grammatical constraints. 3869:

Concerning the complex NP constraint, see for instance Ross (1967/86:272ff.), Culicover (1976:280f.), Baker (1978:200ff.), Borsley (1999:206f.)

2880:

that there can be more than two wh-words in and that, no matter how many wh-words are in the clause, they would all have to undergo movement.

4443: 3895: 4105: 2486: 780:, where the word that is moved pulls an entire encompassing phrase to the front of the clause with it. Pied-piping was first identified by 148: 1297:

occurs where a modifier precedes the noun that it modifies. The modifier cannot be extracted, a constraint which Ross identified as the

3847:

Concerning the coordinate structure constraint, see Ross (1967/86:97ff.), Bach (1974:210), Culicover (1976:281ff.), Roberts (1997:188).

3550:-movement, see, for instance, Ross (1967/86:18ff.), Bach (1974:129), Culicover (1976:73f.), Stockwell (1977:172f.), Baker (1978:121f.). 2826:

Serbo-Croatian, Polish, and Czech in the first wh-element, while, in Bulgarian, it is present in all of the wh-elements in the clause.

3163:). These special instances of using multiple wh-questions in English are essentially "requests for the repetition of that utterance". 4467:

Parra-Guinaldo, V. 2013. A generativist approach to renewal in the left periphery: The reanalysis of 'whether'. Saarbrücken: Lambert.

1841:

are also present in other languages, but there will be some variation. The following example illustrates wh-movement of an object in

445:

In many cases, wh-fronting can occur regardless of how far away its canonical location is, as seen in the following set of examples:

4584: 4455:

Groß, T. and T. Osborne 2009. Toward a practical dependency grammar theory of discontinuities. SKY Journal of Linguistics 22, 43–90.

3619: 2393:

questions. In other words, wh-words in Mandarin remain in their original position in their clause, contrasting with wh-movement in

901:

There are other cases where pied-piping is optional. In English, this occurs most notably when the fronted word is the object of a

4569: 4452:

Erteschik-Shir, N. 1973. On the nature of island constraints. Ph.D. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.

2942:

In Bulgarian, we see in Example #4 that to defer from forming a sequence of the same wh-words, a wh-element is allowed to remain

1696: 398: 4425:

Costa, J et al. 2016. The Handbook of Portuguese Linguistics. (2016). The Handbook of Portuguese Linguistics, pp. 288–302.

1387:

While left branch islands exist in English, they are absent from many other languages, most notably from the Slavic languages.

2706:

In Bulgarian and Romanian, a wh-element is attracted into and the other wh-elements are adjoined into the first wh-word in .

3974:"The pragmatic motivation of wh-movement in Mandarin Chinese The pragmatic motivation of wh-movement 1 in Mandarin Chinese" 553:(in base position) more often, such as Slavic languages. In French, for instance, wh-movement is often optional in certain 4554:

Stanford Linguistics 222B: Foundations of Syntactic Theory II Filler-Gap Dependencies (Unbounded Dependency Constructions)

3456: 1654: 3838:

Concerning the lack of left branch islands in Slavic languages, see Ross (1967/86:145), Grosu (1973), Roberts (1997:189).

3209:

Many languages do not have wh-movement. Instead, these languages keep the symmetry of the question and answer sentences.

168:) is widely used to denote the phenomenon, even in theories that do not model long-distance dependencies as a movement. 2571:

This example illustrates the way certain wh-words such as "who" and "what" can freely obtain matrix scope in Mandarin.

1384:

Extraction fails in the b. sentences because the extracted expression corresponds to a left-branch modifier of a noun.

4485:

Ross, J. 1986. Infinite syntax. (Originally presented as the author's thesis from 1967). Norwood, NJ: Infinite syntax!

3820:

Concerning subject islands, see Ross (1967/86:148f.), Culicover (1976:282ff.), Borsley (1999:206), Radford (1997:281).

3486: 3433: 129: 905:. A formal register will pied-pipe the preposition, whereas more colloquial English prefers to leave the preposition 4464:

O'Grady, W. 2005. Syntactic carpentry: An emergentist approach. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.

1789:

determines which wh-phrase moves in a clause that contains multiple wh-phrases. This is the outcome of applying the

4574: 1396: 4470: 2390: 382: 4482:

Ross, J. 1967. Constraints on variables in syntax. Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

1029:

is a construction from which extracting an element leads to an ungrammatical or marginal sentence. For example:

3715:

Concerning preposition stranding in wh-questions in English, see Roberts (1997:212f) and Radford (1999:278ff.).

3501: 3496: 144: 4476:

Riemsdijk, H. van and E. Williams. 1986. Introduction to the theory of grammar. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

1737:

In languages, a sentence can contain more than one wh-question. These interrogative constructions are called

4537: 1014: 3184:

in matrix clauses that do not have an overt complementizer (i.e., complementizer is 'phonologically null')

1069:

clause. Wh-movement is not possible from an adjunct clause. Adjunct clauses include clauses introduced by

4433: 4412: 4009: 4402:

Baker, C. 1978. Introduction to generative-transformational syntax. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

3981: 1010: 291: 113:

are you thinking about?") instead of the canonical position later in the sentence ("I am thinking about

132:. It is observed in many languages and plays a key role in the theories of long-distance dependencies. 3779: 902: 323: 122: 4589: 3155:

By contrast, in English, the grammatical structure of the second sentence is only acceptable as an

2406: 1813: 393:, with the interrogative fronted to first position while the finite verb stays in second position. 4513: 4505: 4418:

Chomsky, N. 1977. On wh-movement. In Culicover, P. W., Wasow, Thomas, and Akmajian, Adrian (eds),

4545: 4350: 4308: 4268: 4260: 4217: 4209: 4166: 4158: 4116: 4086: 4032: 3913: 3637: 3589: 3481: 3447: 3334: 3239: 2810: 2680: 1837: 1794: 696:. Many relative pronouns in English have the same form as the corresponding interrogative words ( 554: 140: 106: 68: 4529: 66:

in "What are you doing?". Interrogative forms are sometimes known within English linguistics as

4488:

Stockwell, R. 1977. Foundations of syntactic theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

4439: 4252: 4201: 4150: 3952: 3901: 3891: 3794: 3748: 3662: 3625: 3615: 3581: 3189: 1066: 254: 4521: 4342: 4300: 4244: 4193: 4142: 4078: 4024: 3573: 2684: 2394: 2382: 1842: 1816:, while both "ti" and "i" represent that the words refer to each other and the same entity. 2797:

concerning the movement of wh-elements at (Rudin, 1998). One group includes the languages

1490:

Extraction is difficult from out of a noun phrase. The relevant constraint is known as the

4579: 3994: 3213: 2802: 2065: 1939: 1082: 693: 2813:, which has all of its wh-elements in at S-structure. In the first group mentioned, the 3890:. Koopman, Hilda Judith,, Stabler, Edward P. Chichester, West Sussex. pp. 295–296. 3471:

passing) occurs up or down the syntactic hierarchy to and from the position of the gap.

147:, in which the interrogative expression always appears in its canonical position in the 3506: 2806: 2798: 2489:, while the wh-word "why" in Mandarin moves to proper scope position and, in doing so, 1793:

principle, where only the closest candidate is eligible for movement to the attracting

1475:– Extraction succeeds because it occurs equally out of both conjuncts (ATB-extraction). 1456:– Extraction succeeds because it occurs equally out of both conjuncts (ATB-extraction). 497: 3941: 2778:

In Example 1, we see that both the wh-words underwent movement and are in a cluster.

2405:

The following example illustrates multiple wh-movement in Mandarin, and is written in

4563: 4354: 4312: 4272: 4170: 4036: 3697:

See Carnie (2013:369ff.) for an analysis of relative clauses in terms of wh-movement.

3511: 3491: 3148: 708:, etc.). Relative clauses are subordinate clauses, so the same V3 word order occurs. 390: 355: 55: 4221: 4090: 3593: 2584:

stays in-situ since it is c-commanded by the phrase in Mandarin meaning "at where":

3761: 781: 557:. Mandarin and Russian also possess wh-expressions without obligatory wh-movement. 4494:

Williams, E. 1978. Across the board rule application. Linguistic Inquiry 9, 31–43.

4473:

2004. English syntax: An introduction. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

2485:

This example demonstrates that the wh-word "what" in Mandarin remains in-situ at

692:

Although many examples of wh-movement form questions, wh-movement also occurs in

2809:

where there is only one wh-element in at S-structure. The other group contains

2794: 777: 514:

Quiz questions or specific questions: Asking for detailed specific information.

413:

already appears at the front of the sentence where the interrogative is placed.

386: 31: 27:

Moving question words to a different place in a sentence than an answer would go

4346: 4248: 4082: 998:– Pied-piping of preposition absent in colloquial English; pied-piping of noun 1650: 394: 4256: 4205: 4154: 3942:"Missing Superiority Effects: Long Movement in German (and other languages)*" 3905: 3666: 3629: 3585: 4491:

Tallerman, M. 2005. Understanding syntax. 2nd edition. Malta: Hodder Arnold.

4197: 3577: 2490: 51: 4399:

Bach, E. 1974. Syntactic theory. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.

4386:

For an example of the movement/copying approach, see Radford (2004:153ff.).

4291:

Rudin, Catherine (1988). "On Multiple Questions and Multiple Wh Fronting".

4133:

Rudin, Catherine (1988). "On Multiple Questions and Multiple WH Fronting".

3201:

Wh-in-situ usage is not allowed in French when these criteria are not met.

3561: 2695: 1615:– Extraction out of object clause easily possible with matrix bridge verb. 397:

is often needed to enable wh-fronting in such cases, which are reliant on

17: 3860:

is from Williams (1978). See also Roberts (1997:188), Borsley (1999:207).

1836:

Wh-movement is also found in many other languages around the world. Most

1812:

The subscript "ti" or "i" are used to mark coreference. "t" represents a

1190:– The attempt to extract out of a wh-island is at best strongly marginal 4553: 4408:

Bošković 2002. On multiple wh-fronting. Linguistic Inquiry 33, 351–384.

4405:

Borsley, R. 1999. Syntactic theory: A unified approach. London: Arnold.

4304: 4264: 4213: 4162: 4146: 4028: 2943: 2386: 4066: 389:

in the corresponding declarative sentence. The main clause remains in

3333: 3238: 1695: 3973: 1085:. Instead, a question would be formed by keeping the interrogative 3187:

in 'short-distance' questions (i.e., wh-movement not blocked by a

2694: 2666:'Where is the place x such that you wonder what Mary bought at x?' 4461:

Grosu, A. 1973. On the Left Branch Condition. Linguistic Inquiry.

4368:

Mathieu, Eric (1999). "WH in situ and the intervention effect".

1828:

and is therefore ungrammatical, as marked by the asterisk (*).

3610:

Wetzels, Leo; Menuzzi, Sergio; Costa, João, eds. (2016-04-06).

2664:'What is the thing x such that you wonder where Mary bought x?' 1544:

does she like the possibility that she might get __ for X-mas?

2996:

In French, multiple wh-questions have the following patterns:

2389:

language, which means that it does not exhibit wh-movement in

2064:

The following examples illustrate wh-movement of an object in

1938:

The following examples illustrate wh-movement of an object in

981:– Pied-piping of preposition associated with a formal register 934:– Pied-piping of preposition associated with a formal register 58:

words. An example in English is the dependency formed between

1377:– Extraction succeeds if the entire noun phrase is pied-piped 1336:– Extraction succeeds if the entire noun phrase is pied-piped 3562:"Wh-Subjects in English and the Vacuous Movement Hypothesis" 2644: 2545: 2461: 885:– Sentence is incorrect because pied-piping has not occurred 837:– Sentence is incorrect because pied-piping has not occurred 143:

in the 1960s and 1970s and was a reference to the theory of

117:"). Leaving the wh-word in its canonical position is called 4333:

Bošković, Željko (Summer 2002). "On Multiple Wh-Fronting".

545:

Expected questions: Occur when new information is expected.

3467:, movement arrows, strikeouts, lighter font shade, etc.). 1363:– Attempt to extract from a left branch under a noun fails 1323:– Attempt to extract from a left branch under a noun fails 2567:'Who is the person x such that you wonder what x bought?' 381:

These examples illustrate that wh-movement occurs when a

2565:'What is the thing x such that you wonder who bought x?' 1704:

The location of the EPP (Extended Projection Principle):

1437:– Extraction fails because it affects just one conjunct. 1418:– Extraction fails because it affects just one conjunct. 1281:

Wh-extraction out of subject phrase is strongly marginal

2397:

where the wh-word would move in constituent questions.

1144:– The attempt to extract out of an adjunct clause fails 1111:– The attempt to extract out of an adjunct clause fails 3679:

Concerning wh-movement in French, see Bošković (2002).

98:, but also include other interrogative words, such as 4479:

Roberts, I. 1997. Comparative syntax. London: Arnold.

4428:

Culicover, P. 1976. Syntax. New York: Academic Press.

2702:

Phrase structure of multiple wh-movement in Bulgarian

4235:

Bošković, Željko (2002). "On Multiple Wh-Fronting".

4184:

Grewendorf, Günther (2001). "Multiple Wh-Fronting".

1638:– Extraction across a non-bridge verb is impossible. 469:

does Carl believe that Bob knows that Mary likes __?

4556:

has a good archive of essential papers in the field

3216:have the same sentence structure as their answers: 1216:– The attempt to extract out of a wh-island fails 4010:"On Multiple Questions and Multiple Wh Fronting" 3888:An introduction to syntactic analysis and theory 2793:Slavic languages are grouped into two different 1801:For example, see the following English phrases: 1798:languages concerning the superiority condition. 219:, which corresponds to the prepositional object 128:Wh-movement is one of the most studied forms of 2230:For example, see the following German phrases: 1546:– Attempt to extract out of a complex NP fails. 1519:– Attempt to extract out of a complex NP fails. 385:is questioned that appears to the right of the 1657:) and the Question Feature that represents a 528:Multiple interrogatives in a single sentence. 3809:The Cambridge Handbook of Experimental Syntax 3726:The Cambridge Handbook of Experimental Syntax 3546:For early accounts of question formation and 3146:the second sentence could also be used as an 1109:did you go home because you needed to do __? 8: 3957:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3167:b) In other French interrogative sentences, 3016:Alternatively, wh-phrases can remain in-situ 2692:below, where a wh-cluster is formed under . 1716:do not as the head C lacks the EPP feature. 1683:Prepositional Phrase (PP): Where, When, Why 1517:did you hear the claim that Fred solved __? 1188:does John wonder where Eric went to buy __? 1045:These types of phrases, also referred to as 121:and in English occurs in echo questions and 3424:Chinese has a wh-particle, no wh-movement. 3000:a) In some French interrogative sentences, 2475:Ni xiang zhidao Mali weishenme maile shenme 1772:the farther away wh-phrase is kept in-situ 1255:Wh-extraction out of a subject clause fails 752:a. Fred reads the paper in the coffee shop. 4370:UCL Working Papers in Linguistics (UCLWPL) 3918:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3642:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2658:Ni xiang zhidao Mali zai nali maile shenme 1712:trees allow the movement to Spec-C, while 1214:did Susan ask why Sam was waiting for __? 1115:c. You went home because you needed to do 950:– Pied-piping absent in colloquial English 4435:A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics 2661:You want know Mary at where buy-PAST what 549:Other languages may leave wh-expressions 500:: Confirming what you thought you heard. 185:, which corresponds to the direct object 4135:Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 2481:'What do you wonder why Mary bought it?' 2409:for the sake of simplicity and clarity: 1039:did you wonder whether Lisa invented __? 666:– Direct question; do-support introduced 633:– Direct question; do-support introduced 3523: 1691: 1142:does Alex like the woman who wears __? 4293:Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 4286: 4284: 4282: 4017:Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 3990: 3979: 3950: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3911: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3795:200 Years of Syntax: A Critical Survey 3635: 3612:The handbook of Portuguese linguistics 893:encompassing phrase must be fronted. 776:Many instances of wh-fronting involve 4328: 4326: 4324: 4322: 1636:did she whisper that he had died __? 7: 4104:Cheng, Lisa Lai-Shen; Bayer, Josef. 3886:Sportiche, Dominique. (2013-09-30). 3605: 3603: 3542: 3540: 3205:Languages in which it is not present 3181:in matrix clauses (aka main clauses) 2478:You want know Mary why buy-PAST what 1573:did they hire someone who speaks __? 253:, which corresponds to the temporal 4432:David Crystal (23 September 2011). 3940:Fanselow, Féry, Gisbert, Caroline. 3432:Wh-movement typically results in a 2946:as a last resort (Bošković, 2002). 2821:The second group of languages, the 2363:Ich weiß nicht, was wer gesehen hat 2293:Ich weiß nicht, wer was gesehen hat 1531:the possibility that she might get 1065:is a type of island formed from an 4039:– via University of Chicago. 3177:French wh-in-situ can occur only: 2001:'He reads Tesnière every evening.' 1680:Determiner Phrase (DP): Who, What 1625:a. She whispered that he had died 1148:c. Alex likes the woman who wears 488:Wh-expressions without wh-movement 25: 4413:Syntax: A generative introduction 2559:Ni xiang zhidao shei maile shenme 2369:"I do not know what who has seen" 2227:than when compared with English. 2060:'Who does he read every evening?' 1497:Sentential complement to a noun: 631:does Sam like to get news about? 479:is the direct object of the verb 462:does Bob know that Mary likes __? 4067:"Wh-in-Situ in Mandarin Chinese" 3749:Foundations of Generative Syntax 3311:The response to which could be: 2493:the wh-word that stays in-situ. 1998:He reads Tesnière every evening. 1694: 1613:does she think that he died __? 761:– Wh-fronting in relative clause 742:– Wh-fronting in relative clause 723:– Wh-fronting in relative clause 4595:Interrogative words and phrases 3780:Basic Concepts and Applications 3141:'What have you sent to who(m)?' 2562:You want know who buy-PAST what 2164:Who {is it that} they have seen 1401:coordinate structure constraint 1279:was the story about __ funny? 620:a. Sam likes to get news about 4415:. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. 4065:Soh, Hooi Ling (Winter 2005). 3560:Agbayani, Brian (2000-10-01). 1253:is that __ went home likely? 243:should she stop talking about? 230:She should stop talking about 156:(or equivalent terms, such as 1: 3457:extended projection principle 2366:I know not, what who seen has 2296:I know not, who what seen has 1655:extended projection principle 1009:The c. examples are cases of 641:Sam likes to get news about. 3002:wh-movement can be optional. 2299:"I do not know who saw what" 2161:Qui {est-ce qu'} ils ont vu? 1391:Coordinate structure islands 1321:does Susan like __ account? 3364: 3346: 3329: 3318: 3263: 3249: 3234: 3223: 1646:Wh-movement in syntax trees 1602:a. She thinks that he died 1505:the claim that Fred solved 1486:Complex noun phrase islands 932:did she reveal her secret? 915:a. She revealed her secret 733:a. John likes the governor. 399:subject–auxiliary inversion 354:, which corresponds to the 322:, which corresponds to the 290:, which corresponds to the 62:and the object position of 4611: 4347:10.1162/002438902760168536 4249:10.1162/002438902760168536 4083:10.1162/ling.2005.36.1.143 3807:Goodall, G. (Ed.). (2021) 3724:Goodall, G. (Ed.). (2021) 3659:Wh-scope marking in Slavic 3614:(1 ed.). Malden, MA. 3138:you have sent what to whom 3077:what have you sent to whom 2057:who reads he every evening 1686:Adverb Phrase (AdvP): How 944:did she reveal her secret 784:in his 1967 dissertation. 518:George Orwell was born in 4438:. John Wiley & Sons. 4093:– via Project MUSE. 4008:Rudin, Catherine (1988). 3438:discontinuous constituent 1584:Extraction out of object 1097:because you needed to do 280:do they want to visit us? 4585:Syntactic transformation 3497:Phrase structure grammar 3442:long distance dependency 3169:wh-movement is required. 3135:Tu as envoyé quoi à qui? 3074:Qu' as- tu envoyé à qui? 1202:why Sam was waiting for 1128:a. Alex likes the woman 608:Fred will ask to leave. 598:will Fred ask to leave? 145:transformational grammar 130:linguistic discontinuity 4570:Syntactic relationships 4547:Lexicon of Linguistics: 4539:Lexicon of Linguistics: 4531:Lexicon of Linguistics: 4523:Lexicon of Linguistics: 4515:Lexicon of Linguistics: 4507:Lexicon of Linguistics: 4198:10.1162/002438901554595 3766:Syntax: An Introduction 3578:10.1162/002438900554523 3418:editing Knowledge (XXG) 2927:Koj kak kogo e celunal? 2865:Kakvo kak napravi Ivan? 1720:Islands in syntax trees 1666:"Copy + Paste + Delete" 1580:Non-bridge-verb islands 1176:where Eric went to buy 714:a. I read Fred's paper. 54:dependencies involving 4050:Cheng, Lisa Lai-Shen. 3989:Cite journal requires 3792:Giorgio Graffi (2001) 3428:Theoretical approaches 3358: 3341: 3326: 3315: 3257: 3246: 3231: 3220: 2977:Kakvo obuslavja kakvo? 2930:Who how whom is kissed 2703: 2650: 2639: 2631: 2623: 2615: 2607: 2599: 2591: 2551: 2540: 2532: 2524: 2516: 2508: 2467: 2456: 2448: 2440: 2432: 2424: 2416: 1361:did he buy a __ boat? 788:Obligatory pied-piping 567:In subordinate clauses 267:They want to visit us 50:) is the formation of 4541:Left Branch Condition 3161:You sent WHAT to WHO? 2983:What conditions what? 2698: 2054:liest er jeden Abend? 1787:superiority condition 1781:Superiority condition 1733:Multiple wh-questions 1492:complex NP constraint 1299:Left Branch Condition 1011:preposition stranding 759:Fred reads the paper 664:did Larry stay home? 653:a. Larry stayed home 576:In indirect questions 292:predicative adjective 209:has Tom been reading? 196:Tom has been reading 105:In languages with wh- 3972:Chen, Shuangshuang. 3214:questions in Chinese 2980:What conditions what 2933:Who kissed whom how? 2579:In reference to the 2110:they have seen Peter 1934:'What did John buy?' 1571:What Balkan language 1334:does Susan like __? 903:prepositional phrase 897:Optional pied-piping 799:a. Susan is reading 441:Distance of movement 366:(6a) They are doing 324:prepositional phrase 125:in informal speech. 3455:. The EPP feature ( 3212:For example, topic 2771:Who whom {} sees {} 2213:'Who did they see?' 2167:'Who did they see?' 1889:'John bought meat.' 1755:at the restaurant? 1561:someone who speaks 1435:did Sam eat and ? 1416:did Sam eat and ? 1289:Left branch islands 755:b. the coffee shop 688:In relative clauses 676:– Indirect question 674:Larry stayed home. 643:– Indirect question 610:– Indirect question 139:stemmed from early 4411:Carnie, A. (2013) 4357:– via JSTOR. 4335:Linguistic Inquiry 4315:– via JSTOR. 4305:10.1007/BF00134489 4237:Linguistic Inquiry 4186:Linguistic Inquiry 4147:10.1007/BF00134489 4071:Linguistic Inquiry 4029:10.1007/BF00134489 3657:Stepanov, Arthur. 3566:Linguistic Inquiry 3482:Dependency grammar 2871:How did Ivan what? 2868:What how did Ivan? 2704: 2210:Who have they seen 2107:Ils ont vu Pierre. 1838:European languages 1832:In other languages 1507:the second problem 1295:left branch island 1047:extraction islands 1021:Extraction islands 816:is Susan reading? 655:due to the weather 475:The interrogative 455:does Mary like __? 405:Subject "fronting" 334:(5a) She is going 141:generative grammar 4575:Generative syntax 4548: 4540: 4532: 4524: 4516: 4508: 4445:978-1-4443-5675-5 3897:978-1-118-47047-3 3194:island constraint 2487:Surface structure 2113:'They saw Peter.' 1886:John bought meat. 1639: 1616: 1563:a Balkan language 1553:Relative clause: 1547: 1520: 1476: 1457: 1438: 1428:a. Sam ate and . 1419: 1409:a. Sam ate and . 1378: 1364: 1337: 1324: 1282: 1256: 1217: 1191: 1145: 1132:extravagant rings 1112: 1095:a. You went home 1003: 982: 951: 935: 886: 870: 866:– Pied-piping of 838: 831:is Susan reading 822: 818:– Pied-piping of 762: 743: 724: 717:b. Fred's paper, 677: 667: 644: 634: 611: 601: 600:– Direct question 587:a. Fred will ask 362: 330: 298: 261: 224: 190: 16:(Redirected from 4602: 4546: 4538: 4530: 4522: 4514: 4506: 4449: 4387: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4330: 4317: 4316: 4288: 4277: 4276: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4122:on Dec 10, 2019. 4121: 4115:. Archived from 4114: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4014: 4005: 3999: 3998: 3992: 3987: 3985: 3977: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3956: 3948: 3946: 3937: 3924: 3923: 3917: 3909: 3883: 3870: 3867: 3861: 3858:across the board 3854: 3848: 3845: 3839: 3836: 3830: 3827: 3821: 3818: 3812: 3805: 3799: 3790: 3784: 3777:Freidin, Robert 3775: 3769: 3759: 3753: 3746:Freidin, Robert 3744: 3738: 3735: 3729: 3722: 3716: 3713: 3707: 3704: 3698: 3695: 3689: 3686: 3680: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3641: 3633: 3607: 3598: 3597: 3557: 3551: 3544: 3535: 3528: 3337: 3242: 2646: 2547: 2463: 2378:Mandarin Chinese 1931:what bought John 1698: 1637: 1614: 1545: 1518: 1474: 1455: 1436: 1417: 1376: 1362: 1335: 1322: 1280: 1267:The story about 1254: 1215: 1189: 1174:a. John wonders 1143: 1110: 1083:relative clauses 1027:syntactic island 1002:still obligatory 997: 980: 960:a. He is hiding 949: 933: 884: 865: 847:a. The music is 836: 817: 760: 741: 736:b. the governor 722: 694:relative clauses 675: 670:c. Nobody knows 665: 642: 632: 609: 599: 430:is working hard? 423:is working hard. 349: 317: 285: 248: 214: 180: 21: 4610: 4609: 4605: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4600: 4599: 4560: 4559: 4502: 4497: 4446: 4431: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4381: 4367: 4366: 4362: 4332: 4331: 4320: 4290: 4289: 4280: 4234: 4233: 4229: 4183: 4182: 4178: 4132: 4131: 4127: 4119: 4112: 4103: 4102: 4098: 4064: 4063: 4059: 4049: 4048: 4044: 4012: 4007: 4006: 4002: 3988: 3978: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3938: 3927: 3910: 3898: 3885: 3884: 3873: 3868: 3864: 3855: 3851: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3833: 3828: 3824: 3819: 3815: 3806: 3802: 3791: 3787: 3776: 3772: 3760: 3756: 3745: 3741: 3736: 3732: 3723: 3719: 3714: 3710: 3705: 3701: 3696: 3692: 3687: 3683: 3678: 3674: 3656: 3655: 3651: 3634: 3622: 3609: 3608: 3601: 3559: 3558: 3554: 3545: 3538: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3516: 3477: 3453:feature passing 3430: 3422: 3412:Knowledge (XXG) 3384: 3374: 3371:Knowledge (XXG) 3356: 3339: 3324: 3309: 3283: 3273: 3255: 3244: 3229: 3207: 3143: 3133: 3125: 3117: 3109: 3101: 3093: 3085: 3081: 3072: 3064: 3056: 3048: 3040: 3032: 3024: 2994: 2985: 2975: 2967: 2959: 2951: 2940: 2935: 2925: 2917: 2909: 2901: 2893: 2885: 2877:Attract Closest 2873: 2863: 2855: 2847: 2839: 2831: 2823:Attract Closest 2815:Attract Closest 2788:Attract Closest 2784: 2782:Attract Closest 2776: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2738: 2733: 2727: 2719: 2711: 2677: 2668: 2665: 2656: 2648: 2637: 2629: 2621: 2613: 2605: 2597: 2589: 2581:Attract Closest 2577: 2575:Attract Closest 2569: 2566: 2557: 2549: 2538: 2530: 2522: 2514: 2506: 2499: 2483: 2473: 2465: 2454: 2446: 2438: 2430: 2422: 2414: 2403: 2380: 2371: 2361: 2353: 2345: 2337: 2329: 2321: 2313: 2305: 2301: 2291: 2283: 2275: 2267: 2259: 2251: 2243: 2235: 2224: 2215: 2207:Qui ont ils vu? 2205: 2197: 2189: 2181: 2173: 2169: 2159: 2151: 2143: 2135: 2127: 2119: 2115: 2105: 2097: 2089: 2081: 2073: 2062: 2049: 2041: 2033: 2025: 2017: 2007: 2003: 1989: 1981: 1973: 1963: 1955: 1947: 1936: 1922: 1914: 1906: 1895: 1891: 1877: 1866: 1858: 1850: 1834: 1826:Attract Closest 1791:Attract Closest 1783: 1735: 1722: 1699: 1678: 1648: 1582: 1488: 1466:a. He is and . 1454:did Sam and ? 1393: 1307:a. Susan likes 1291: 1230: 1228:Subject islands 1200:a. Susan asked 1161: 1089:. For example: 1059: 1057:Adjunct islands 1023: 899: 790: 774: 690: 578: 569: 490: 443: 407: 377:are they doing? 350:Wh-fronting of 318:Wh-fronting of 286:Wh-fronting of 249:Wh-fronting of 215:Wh-fronting of 181:Wh-fronting of 174: 123:polar questions 38:(also known as 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4608: 4606: 4598: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4562: 4561: 4558: 4557: 4551: 4543: 4535: 4527: 4519: 4511: 4501: 4500:External links 4498: 4496: 4495: 4492: 4489: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4477: 4474: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4459: 4456: 4453: 4450: 4444: 4429: 4426: 4423: 4416: 4409: 4406: 4403: 4400: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4388: 4379: 4360: 4341:(3): 351–352. 4318: 4299:(4): 445–501. 4278: 4243:(3): 351–383. 4227: 4176: 4141:(4): 445–501. 4125: 4096: 4057: 4042: 4023:(4): 445–501. 4000: 3991:|journal= 3964: 3925: 3896: 3871: 3862: 3849: 3840: 3831: 3822: 3813: 3800: 3785: 3770: 3768:, vol.2, ch.14 3754: 3739: 3730: 3717: 3708: 3699: 3690: 3681: 3672: 3649: 3620: 3599: 3572:(4): 703–713. 3552: 3536: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3514: 3509: 3507:Topicalization 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3429: 3426: 3375: 3357: 3340: 3325: 3314: 3313: 3307:are you doing? 3274: 3256: 3245: 3230: 3219: 3218: 3206: 3203: 3199: 3198: 3185: 3182: 3126: 3118: 3110: 3102: 3094: 3086: 3083: 3082: 3065: 3057: 3049: 3041: 3033: 3025: 3022: 3021: 2993: 2990: 2968: 2960: 2952: 2949: 2948: 2939: 2936: 2918: 2910: 2902: 2894: 2886: 2883: 2882: 2856: 2848: 2840: 2832: 2829: 2828: 2799:Serbo-Croatian 2783: 2780: 2774:Who sees whom? 2765: 2761: 2750: 2747: 2739: 2731: 2728: 2720: 2712: 2709: 2708: 2676: 2673: 2649: 2638: 2630: 2622: 2614: 2606: 2598: 2590: 2587: 2586: 2576: 2573: 2550: 2539: 2531: 2523: 2515: 2507: 2504: 2503: 2498: 2495: 2466: 2455: 2447: 2439: 2431: 2423: 2415: 2412: 2411: 2402: 2399: 2379: 2376: 2354: 2346: 2338: 2330: 2322: 2314: 2306: 2303: 2302: 2284: 2276: 2268: 2260: 2252: 2244: 2236: 2233: 2232: 2223: 2220: 2198: 2190: 2182: 2174: 2171: 2170: 2152: 2144: 2136: 2128: 2120: 2117: 2116: 2098: 2090: 2082: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2042: 2034: 2026: 2018: 2008: 2005: 2004: 1982: 1974: 1964: 1956: 1948: 1945: 1944: 1915: 1907: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1867: 1859: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1833: 1830: 1810: 1809: 1806: 1782: 1779: 1774: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1734: 1731: 1721: 1718: 1701: 1700: 1693: 1677: 1674: 1647: 1644: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1640: 1630: 1620: 1619: 1618: 1617: 1607: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1576: 1575: 1574: 1567: 1559:a. They hired 1551: 1550: 1549: 1548: 1538: 1524: 1523: 1522: 1521: 1511: 1487: 1484: 1480: 1479: 1478: 1477: 1467: 1461: 1460: 1459: 1458: 1448: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1439: 1429: 1423: 1422: 1421: 1420: 1410: 1392: 1389: 1382: 1381: 1380: 1379: 1365: 1355: 1341: 1340: 1339: 1338: 1325: 1315: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1285: 1284: 1283: 1273: 1260: 1259: 1258: 1257: 1247: 1229: 1226: 1221: 1220: 1219: 1218: 1208: 1195: 1194: 1193: 1192: 1182: 1160: 1157: 1156: 1155: 1154: 1153: 1146: 1136: 1123: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1113: 1103: 1063:adjunct island 1058: 1055: 1043: 1042: 1041: 1040: 1022: 1019: 1007: 1006: 1005: 1004: 983: 979:is he hiding? 969: 955: 954: 953: 952: 936: 923: 898: 895: 890: 889: 888: 887: 871: 864:is the music? 855: 842: 841: 840: 839: 823: 807: 789: 786: 773: 770: 766: 765: 764: 763: 753: 747: 746: 745: 744: 734: 728: 727: 726: 725: 715: 689: 686: 681: 680: 679: 678: 668: 658: 648: 647: 646: 645: 637:c. They asked 635: 625: 615: 614: 613: 612: 602: 592: 577: 574: 568: 565: 555:matrix clauses 547: 546: 543: 542: 541: 526: 525: 524: 512: 511: 510: 498:Echo questions 489: 486: 473: 472: 471: 470: 463: 456: 442: 439: 434: 433: 432: 431: 424: 406: 403: 379: 378: 371: 347: 346: 339: 315: 314: 307: 283: 282: 273: 246: 245: 236: 212: 211: 202: 173: 172:Basic examples 170: 149:deep structure 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4607: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4544: 4542: 4536: 4534: 4528: 4526: 4520: 4518: 4512: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4499: 4493: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4481: 4478: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4447: 4441: 4437: 4436: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4420:Formal Syntax 4417: 4414: 4410: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4397: 4392: 4383: 4380: 4375: 4371: 4364: 4361: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4319: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4279: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4231: 4228: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4192:(1): 87–122. 4191: 4187: 4180: 4177: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4129: 4126: 4118: 4111: 4109: 4100: 4097: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4061: 4058: 4053: 4046: 4043: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4011: 4004: 4001: 3996: 3983: 3975: 3968: 3965: 3960: 3954: 3943: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3926: 3921: 3915: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3893: 3889: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3872: 3866: 3863: 3859: 3853: 3850: 3844: 3841: 3835: 3832: 3826: 3823: 3817: 3814: 3810: 3804: 3801: 3797: 3796: 3789: 3786: 3782: 3781: 3774: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3758: 3755: 3751: 3750: 3743: 3740: 3734: 3731: 3727: 3721: 3718: 3712: 3709: 3703: 3700: 3694: 3691: 3685: 3682: 3676: 3673: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3653: 3650: 3645: 3639: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3621:9781118791745 3617: 3613: 3606: 3604: 3600: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3556: 3553: 3549: 3543: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3527: 3524: 3518: 3513: 3512:V2 word order 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3492:Extraposition 3490: 3488: 3487:Discontinuity 3485: 3483: 3480: 3479: 3474: 3472: 3468: 3466: 3460: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3449: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3434:discontinuity 3427: 3425: 3421: 3419: 3414: 3413: 3410: 3405: 3403: 3402:Wéi jī bǎi kē 3399: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3373: 3372: 3368: 3367: 3366:Wéi jī bǎi kē 3363: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3350: 3349: 3345: 3344: 3338: 3336: 3331: 3328: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3312: 3308: 3306: 3302: 3301: 3296: 3295: 3290: 3288: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3266: 3262: 3260: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3243: 3241: 3236: 3233: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3217: 3215: 3210: 3204: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3193: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3179: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3171: 3170: 3164: 3162: 3158: 3157:echo question 3154: 3151: 3150: 3149:echo question 3142: 3139: 3136: 3132: 3129: 3124: 3121: 3116: 3113: 3108: 3105: 3100: 3097: 3092: 3089: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3071: 3068: 3063: 3060: 3055: 3052: 3047: 3044: 3039: 3036: 3031: 3028: 3020: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3009: 3005: 3004: 3003: 2997: 2991: 2989: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2974: 2971: 2966: 2963: 2958: 2955: 2947: 2945: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2924: 2921: 2916: 2913: 2908: 2905: 2900: 2897: 2892: 2889: 2881: 2878: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2862: 2859: 2854: 2851: 2846: 2843: 2838: 2835: 2827: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2789: 2781: 2779: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2760:Koj kogo ___t 2757: 2754: 2745: 2742: 2737: 2734: 2726: 2723: 2718: 2715: 2707: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2691: 2686: 2682: 2674: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2659: 2655: 2652: 2647: 2641: 2636: 2633: 2628: 2625: 2620: 2617: 2612: 2609: 2604: 2601: 2596: 2593: 2585: 2582: 2574: 2572: 2568: 2563: 2560: 2556: 2553: 2548: 2542: 2537: 2534: 2529: 2526: 2521: 2518: 2513: 2510: 2502: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2488: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2472: 2469: 2464: 2458: 2453: 2450: 2445: 2442: 2437: 2434: 2429: 2426: 2421: 2418: 2410: 2408: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2377: 2375: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2360: 2357: 2352: 2349: 2344: 2341: 2336: 2333: 2328: 2325: 2320: 2317: 2312: 2309: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2290: 2287: 2282: 2279: 2274: 2271: 2266: 2263: 2258: 2255: 2250: 2247: 2242: 2239: 2231: 2228: 2221: 2219: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2204: 2201: 2196: 2193: 2188: 2185: 2180: 2177: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2158: 2155: 2150: 2147: 2142: 2139: 2134: 2131: 2126: 2123: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2104: 2101: 2096: 2093: 2088: 2085: 2080: 2077: 2069: 2067: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2048: 2045: 2040: 2037: 2032: 2029: 2024: 2021: 2016: 2013: 2012: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1988: 1985: 1980: 1977: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1962: 1959: 1954: 1951: 1943: 1941: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1921: 1918: 1913: 1910: 1905: 1902: 1901: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1865: 1862: 1857: 1854: 1846: 1844: 1839: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1821: 1817: 1815: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1780: 1778: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1764: 1763: 1760: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1745: 1744: 1740: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1706: 1705: 1697: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1645: 1635: 1631: 1628: 1624: 1623: 1622: 1621: 1612: 1608: 1605: 1601: 1600: 1599: 1598: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1579: 1572: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1558: 1557: 1556: 1555: 1554: 1543: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1529:a. She likes 1528: 1527: 1526: 1525: 1516: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1503:a. You heard 1502: 1501: 1500: 1499: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1485: 1483: 1473:is he and ? 1472: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1463: 1462: 1453: 1449: 1447:a. Sam and . 1446: 1445: 1444: 1443: 1434: 1430: 1427: 1426: 1425: 1424: 1415: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1406: 1405: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1374: 1372: 1366: 1360: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1346:a. He bought 1345: 1344: 1343: 1342: 1333: 1331: 1326: 1320: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1306: 1305: 1304: 1303: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1288: 1278: 1274: 1271: 1270: 1264: 1263: 1262: 1261: 1252: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1237: 1236: 1235: 1234: 1233: 1227: 1225: 1213: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1199: 1198: 1197: 1196: 1187: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1173: 1172: 1171: 1170: 1169: 1166: 1158: 1151: 1147: 1141: 1137: 1134: 1133: 1127: 1126: 1125: 1124: 1118: 1114: 1108: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1081:, as well as 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1056: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1038: 1034: 1033: 1032: 1031: 1030: 1028: 1020: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1001: 995: 992:is he hiding 991: 989: 984: 978: 976: 970: 967: 965: 959: 958: 957: 956: 947: 943: 942: 937: 931: 930: 924: 921: 920: 914: 913: 912: 911: 910: 908: 904: 896: 894: 882: 879:is the music 878: 877: 872: 869: 863: 861: 856: 853: 851: 846: 845: 844: 843: 834: 830: 829: 824: 821: 815: 813: 808: 805: 803: 798: 797: 796: 795: 794: 787: 785: 783: 779: 771: 769: 758: 754: 751: 750: 749: 748: 739: 735: 732: 731: 730: 729: 720: 716: 713: 712: 711: 710: 709: 707: 703: 699: 695: 687: 685: 673: 669: 663: 659: 656: 652: 651: 650: 649: 640: 636: 630: 626: 623: 619: 618: 617: 616: 607: 603: 597: 593: 590: 586: 585: 584: 583: 582: 575: 573: 566: 564: 562: 558: 556: 552: 544: 540: 538: 534: 530: 529: 527: 523: 521: 516: 515: 513: 509: 507: 502: 501: 499: 496: 495: 494: 487: 485: 482: 478: 468: 464: 461: 457: 454: 450: 449: 448: 447: 446: 440: 438: 429: 425: 422: 418: 417: 416: 415: 414: 412: 404: 402: 400: 396: 392: 391:V2 word order 388: 384: 376: 372: 369: 365: 364: 363: 360: 357: 356:adverb phrase 353: 345:is she going? 344: 340: 337: 333: 332: 331: 328: 325: 321: 312: 308: 305: 301: 300: 299: 296: 293: 289: 281: 279: 274: 271: 270: 264: 263: 262: 259: 256: 252: 244: 242: 237: 234: 233: 227: 226: 225: 222: 218: 210: 208: 203: 200: 199: 193: 192: 191: 188: 184: 178: 171: 169: 167: 163: 162:wh-extraction 159: 155: 150: 146: 142: 138: 133: 131: 126: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 103: 101: 97: 95: 90: 88: 84: 80: 76: 71: 70: 65: 61: 57: 56:interrogative 53: 49: 45: 44:wh-extraction 41: 37: 33: 19: 4434: 4419: 4382: 4373: 4369: 4363: 4338: 4334: 4296: 4292: 4240: 4236: 4230: 4189: 4185: 4179: 4138: 4134: 4128: 4117:the original 4107: 4099: 4074: 4070: 4060: 4051: 4045: 4020: 4016: 4003: 3982:cite journal 3967: 3887: 3865: 3857: 3852: 3843: 3834: 3825: 3816: 3808: 3803: 3793: 3788: 3778: 3773: 3765: 3757: 3747: 3742: 3733: 3725: 3720: 3711: 3702: 3693: 3684: 3675: 3658: 3652: 3611: 3569: 3565: 3555: 3547: 3531: 3530:Accounts of 3526: 3469: 3464: 3461: 3452: 3446: 3441: 3437: 3431: 3423: 3417: 3415: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3401: 3397: 3395: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3370: 3369: 3365: 3359: 3352: 3351: 3347: 3342: 3332: 3321: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3299: 3298:you PROG do 3297: 3293: 3291: 3286: 3284: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3269: 3268: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3237: 3226: 3211: 3208: 3200: 3191: 3188: 3176: 3173: 3168: 3166: 3165: 3160: 3156: 3153: 3147: 3144: 3140: 3137: 3134: 3130: 3127: 3122: 3119: 3114: 3111: 3106: 3103: 3098: 3095: 3090: 3087: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3069: 3066: 3061: 3058: 3053: 3050: 3045: 3042: 3037: 3034: 3029: 3026: 3017: 3013: 3012: 3007: 3006: 3001: 2999: 2998: 2995: 2986: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2972: 2969: 2964: 2961: 2956: 2953: 2941: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2922: 2919: 2914: 2911: 2906: 2903: 2898: 2895: 2890: 2887: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2860: 2857: 2852: 2849: 2844: 2841: 2836: 2833: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2795:S-structures 2792: 2787: 2785: 2777: 2773: 2770: 2759: 2755: 2748: 2743: 2740: 2735: 2729: 2724: 2721: 2716: 2713: 2705: 2699: 2689: 2678: 2669: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2653: 2642: 2634: 2626: 2618: 2610: 2602: 2594: 2580: 2578: 2570: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2554: 2543: 2535: 2527: 2519: 2511: 2500: 2497:Matrix scope 2484: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2470: 2459: 2451: 2443: 2435: 2427: 2419: 2404: 2381: 2372: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2358: 2355: 2350: 2347: 2342: 2339: 2334: 2331: 2326: 2323: 2318: 2315: 2310: 2307: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2288: 2285: 2280: 2277: 2272: 2269: 2264: 2261: 2256: 2253: 2248: 2245: 2240: 2237: 2229: 2225: 2216: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2202: 2199: 2194: 2191: 2186: 2183: 2178: 2175: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2156: 2153: 2148: 2145: 2140: 2137: 2132: 2129: 2124: 2121: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2102: 2099: 2094: 2091: 2086: 2083: 2078: 2075: 2063: 2059: 2056: 2051: 2050: 2046: 2043: 2038: 2035: 2030: 2027: 2022: 2019: 2014: 2010: 2009: 2000: 1997: 1995:jeden Abend. 1992: 1990: 1986: 1983: 1978: 1975: 1970: 1966: 1965: 1960: 1957: 1952: 1949: 1937: 1933: 1930: 1928:compró Juan? 1925: 1923: 1919: 1916: 1911: 1908: 1903: 1899: 1897: 1888: 1885: 1880: 1879:Juan compró 1878: 1874: 1869: 1868: 1863: 1860: 1855: 1852: 1835: 1825: 1822: 1818: 1811: 1800: 1790: 1786: 1784: 1775: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1736: 1727: 1723: 1713: 1709: 1707: 1703: 1702: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1671: 1665: 1663: 1658: 1651:Syntax trees 1649: 1633: 1627:in his sleep 1626: 1610: 1604:in his sleep 1603: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1583: 1570: 1562: 1560: 1552: 1541: 1532: 1530: 1514: 1506: 1504: 1496: 1491: 1489: 1481: 1470: 1451: 1432: 1413: 1400: 1397:coordination 1394: 1386: 1383: 1375:did he buy? 1370: 1368: 1358: 1349: 1347: 1329: 1328: 1318: 1309: 1308: 1298: 1294: 1292: 1276: 1268: 1266: 1250: 1241: 1239: 1231: 1222: 1211: 1203: 1201: 1185: 1177: 1175: 1164: 1162: 1149: 1139: 1131: 1129: 1116: 1106: 1098: 1096: 1086: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1062: 1060: 1050: 1046: 1044: 1036: 1026: 1024: 1015:Prescriptive 1008: 999: 993: 987: 986: 974: 972: 963: 961: 945: 940: 939: 928: 926: 918: 916: 906: 900: 891: 880: 875: 874: 867: 859: 858: 849: 848: 832: 827: 826: 819: 811: 810: 801: 800: 791: 782:John R. Ross 775: 767: 756: 737: 718: 705: 701: 697: 691: 682: 671: 661: 654: 638: 628: 621: 605: 604:c. I wonder 595: 588: 579: 570: 560: 559: 550: 548: 536: 532: 531: 519: 517: 505: 503: 491: 480: 476: 474: 466: 459: 452: 444: 435: 427: 420: 410: 408: 380: 374: 367: 358: 351: 348: 342: 335: 326: 319: 316: 310: 303: 302:(4a) She is 294: 287: 284: 277: 276: 268: 266: 257: 250: 247: 240: 239: 231: 229: 220: 216: 213: 206: 205: 197: 195: 186: 182: 179: 175: 165: 161: 157: 153: 136: 134: 127: 118: 114: 110: 104: 99: 93: 92: 86: 82: 78: 74: 73: 67: 63: 59: 47: 43: 39: 35: 29: 4517:Pied piping 4509:Wh-movement 4471:Radford, A. 4422:, New York. 4077:: 143–155. 3292:nǐ zài zuò 2391:constituent 1743:-questions, 1533:a new phone 962:behind the 778:pied-piping 772:Pied-piping 740:John likes 504:You bought 387:finite verb 383:constituent 158:wh-fronting 154:wh-movement 137:wh-movement 40:wh-fronting 36:wh-movement 32:linguistics 4590:Word order 4564:Categories 4549:Wh-in-situ 4393:References 4052:Wh-in-situ 3502:Scrambling 2965:conditions 2764:vižda ___t 2491:c-commands 2133:is it that 2130:est-ce qu' 1676:Headedness 1661:sentence. 1275:b. ?? 1272:was funny. 1246:is likely. 1184:b. ?? 1159:Wh-islands 1130:who wears 1049:or simply 622:hurricanes 395:Do-support 166:wh-raising 119:wh-in-situ 72:, such as 48:wh-raising 18:Wh-in-situ 4533:Wh-island 4355:123577882 4313:170344200 4273:123577882 4257:0024-3892 4206:0024-3892 4171:170344200 4155:0167-806X 4110:-in-situ" 4037:170344200 3914:cite book 3906:842337755 3856:The term 3667:449924033 3638:cite book 3630:944246651 3586:0024-3892 2962:obuslavja 2811:Bulgarian 2700:Figure 1. 2681:Bulgarian 2675:Bulgarian 2449:weishenme 1991:Er liest 1535:for X-mas 1371:expensive 1359:expensive 1350:expensive 1244:went home 1165:wh-island 591:to leave. 336:to school 327:to school 135:The term 52:syntactic 4222:57566471 4091:57572217 3953:cite web 3811:, ch. 5. 3728:, ch. 9. 3594:57562940 3475:See also 3448:movement 2920:celunal? 2690:Figure 1 2385:is a wh- 2383:Mandarin 1993:Tesnière 1987:evening. 1971:Tesnière 1967:Tesnière 1739:multiple 1659:question 1596:, e.g., 1357:b. *How 522:country? 269:tomorrow 258:tomorrow 198:Tesnière 187:Tesnière 107:movement 69:wh-words 4265:4179196 4214:4179138 4163:4047590 3798:, p.363 3783:, p.188 3764:(2001) 3752:, p.131 3451:or via 3407:I PROG 3396:wǒ zài 2944:in-situ 2938:In-situ 2850:napravi 2685:English 2401:In-situ 2395:English 2387:in-situ 2348:gesehen 2278:gesehen 2100:Pierre. 2047:evening 1843:Spanish 1762:e.g.: 1714:in-situ 1710:Ex-situ 1590:whisper 1332:account 1312:account 1087:in situ 1071:because 1067:adjunct 1051:islands 973:Behind 907:in situ 721:I read 561:In-situ 551:in-situ 535:bought 313:is she? 255:adjunct 4580:Syntax 4525:Island 4442: 4376:: 441. 4353: 4311: 4271: 4263: 4255: 4220: 4212: 4204: 4169: 4161: 4153: 4089: 4035: 3904: 3894: 3665: 3628: 3618: 3592: 3584: 3440:and a 3398:biānjí 3382: 3379: 3348:biānjí 3294:shénme 3285:你在做 3281: 3278: 3265:shénme 3104:envoyé 3051:envoyé 2992:French 2970:kakvo? 2923:kissed 2805:, and 2803:Polish 2756: 2736: 2651:shenme 2608:zhidao 2552:shenme 2525:zhidao 2468:shenme 2433:zhidao 2407:pinyin 2324:nicht, 2254:nicht, 2222:German 2066:French 2044:Abend? 1984:Abend. 1940:German 1912:bought 1909:compró 1864:bought 1861:compró 1747:e.g.: 1373:a boat 1310:Fred's 1178:a gift 1077:, and 994:behind 802:Fred's 232:syntax 221:syntax 91:, and 4351:S2CID 4309:S2CID 4269:S2CID 4261:JSTOR 4218:S2CID 4210:JSTOR 4167:S2CID 4159:JSTOR 4120:(PDF) 4113:(PDF) 4087:S2CID 4033:S2CID 4013:(PDF) 3945:(PDF) 3762:Givon 3590:S2CID 3519:Notes 3416:I am 3084:ex. 2 3023:ex. 1 2954:Kakvo 2861:Ivan? 2858:Ivan? 2834:Kakvo 2807:Czech 2741:vižda 2640:maile 2635:where 2600:xiang 2541:maile 2517:xiang 2457:maile 2425:xiang 2103:Peter 2039:every 2036:jeden 2023:reads 2020:liest 1979:every 1976:jeden 1961:reads 1958:liest 1917:Juan? 1881:carne 1875:meat. 1870:carne 1814:trace 1594:shout 1330:Whose 1319:Whose 1269:Susan 1240:That 988:Which 975:which 833:novel 828:Whose 820:novel 814:novel 812:Whose 804:novel 757:where 719:which 706:where 698:which 520:which 373:(6b) 343:Where 341:(5b) 320:where 309:(4b) 304:happy 295:happy 275:(3b) 265:(3a) 238:(2b) 228:(2a) 204:(1b) 194:(1a) 164:, or 85:ere, 64:doing 46:, or 4440:ISBN 4253:ISSN 4202:ISSN 4151:ISSN 3995:help 3959:link 3920:link 3902:OCLC 3892:ISBN 3663:OCLC 3644:link 3626:OCLC 3616:ISBN 3582:ISSN 3409:edit 3391:維基百科 3386:我在 3360:維基百科 3353:edit 3335:PROG 3305:What 3300:what 3270:what 3240:PROG 3131:whom 3128:qui? 3115:what 3112:quoi 3107:sent 3099:have 3070:whom 3067:qui? 3054:sent 3038:have 3030:what 2973:what 2957:What 2907:whom 2904:kogo 2875:The 2837:What 2786:The 2749:___t 2744:sees 2730:___t 2725:whom 2722:kogo 2654:what 2645:PAST 2643:buy- 2632:nali 2619:Mary 2616:Mali 2611:know 2603:want 2555:what 2546:PAST 2544:buy- 2533:shei 2528:know 2520:want 2471:what 2462:PAST 2460:buy- 2444:Mary 2441:Mali 2436:know 2428:want 2351:seen 2335:what 2327:not, 2319:know 2316:weiß 2281:seen 2273:what 2257:not, 2249:know 2246:weiß 2203:seen 2195:they 2187:have 2157:seen 2149:have 2141:they 2095:seen 2087:have 2079:they 1920:John 1904:what 1856:John 1853:Juan 1808:b. * 1795:head 1785:The 1753:what 1751:ate 1632:b. * 1586:that 1569:b. * 1542:What 1540:b. * 1515:What 1513:b. * 1471:Whom 1452:What 1433:What 1431:b. * 1414:What 1412:b. * 1369:How 1352:boat 1317:b. * 1277:Whom 1249:b. * 1242:John 1212:Whom 1210:b. * 1204:Fred 1186:What 1150:what 1140:What 1138:b. * 1117:what 1107:What 1105:b. * 1099:that 1079:when 1037:What 1000:door 990:door 977:door 966:door 941:Whom 929:whom 881:loud 873:c. * 868:loud 862:loud 852:loud 850:very 825:c. * 738:whom 639:what 629:What 606:whom 596:Whom 589:Jill 537:what 506:what 481:like 477:whom 467:Whom 460:Whom 453:Whom 421:Fred 411:Fred 368:well 359:well 311:What 288:what 278:When 251:when 241:What 217:what 207:Whom 183:whom 81:en, 77:at, 60:what 4343:doi 4301:doi 4245:doi 4194:doi 4143:doi 4079:doi 4025:doi 3574:doi 3330:zài 3250:zuò 3235:zài 3227:you 3091:you 3046:you 3035:as- 3027:Qu' 2899:how 2896:kak 2891:Who 2888:Koj 2853:did 2845:how 2842:kak 2717:Who 2714:Koj 2688:in 2679:ln 2624:zai 2595:You 2536:who 2512:You 2452:why 2420:You 2359:has 2356:hat 2343:who 2340:wer 2332:was 2308:Ich 2289:has 2286:hat 2270:was 2265:who 2262:wer 2238:Ich 2200:vu? 2192:ils 2184:ont 2179:Who 2176:Qui 2154:vu? 2146:ont 2138:ils 2125:Who 2122:Qui 2084:ont 2076:Ils 2052:Wen 2015:who 2011:Wen 1926:Qué 1900:Qué 1805:a. 1749:Who 1634:How 1611:How 1609:b. 1592:or 1469:b. 1450:b. 1395:In 1367:c. 1348:an 1327:c. 1265:a. 1251:Who 1238:a. 1061:An 985:c. 971:b. 964:red 938:c. 927:To 925:b. 919:Tom 917:to 876:How 860:How 857:b. 809:b. 702:who 672:why 662:Why 660:b. 627:b. 594:b. 533:Who 465:c. 458:b. 451:a. 428:Who 426:b. 419:a. 375:How 352:how 115:you 111:Who 100:how 30:In 4566:: 4374:11 4372:. 4349:. 4339:33 4337:. 4321:^ 4307:. 4295:. 4281:^ 4267:. 4259:. 4251:. 4241:33 4239:. 4216:. 4208:. 4200:. 4190:32 4188:. 4165:. 4157:. 4149:. 4137:. 4108:Wh 4085:. 4075:36 4073:. 4069:. 4031:. 4019:. 4015:. 3986:: 3984:}} 3980:{{ 3955:}} 3951:{{ 3928:^ 3916:}} 3912:{{ 3900:. 3874:^ 3661:. 3640:}} 3636:{{ 3624:. 3602:^ 3588:. 3580:. 3570:31 3568:. 3564:. 3548:wh 3539:^ 3532:wh 3388:編輯 3343:編輯 3319:wǒ 3287:什麼 3259:什麼 3253:do 3224:nǐ 3190:wh 3152:. 3123:to 3096:as 3088:Tu 3062:to 3043:tu 3014:2. 3008:1. 2950:#4 2915:is 2884:#3 2830:#2 2801:, 2710:#1 2627:at 2592:Ni 2588:#3 2509:Ni 2505:#2 2417:Ni 2413:#1 2304:b. 2234:a. 2172:c. 2118:b. 2092:vu 2072:a. 2068:: 2031:he 2028:er 2006:b. 1953:He 1950:Er 1946:a. 1942:: 1894:b. 1849:a. 1845:: 1741:wh 1293:A 1163:A 1075:if 1073:, 1025:A 996:? 948:? 946:to 909:: 883:? 835:? 704:, 700:, 401:. 160:, 94:wh 87:wh 83:wh 79:wh 75:wh 42:, 34:, 4448:. 4345:: 4303:: 4297:6 4275:. 4247:: 4224:. 4196:: 4173:. 4145:: 4139:6 4106:" 4081:: 4054:. 4027:: 4021:6 3997:) 3993:( 3976:. 3961:) 3947:. 3922:) 3908:. 3669:. 3646:) 3632:. 3596:. 3576:: 3465:t 3420:. 3404:} 3400:{ 3393:。 3362:。 3327:在 3322:I 3316:我 3289:？ 3261:？ 3247:做 3232:在 3221:你 3197:) 3192:- 3120:à 3059:à 3018:. 2912:e 2819:. 2768:? 2766:2 2762:1 2753:? 2751:2 2732:1 2311:I 2241:I 1924:¿ 1898:¿ 1883:. 1872:. 1629:. 1606:. 1566:. 1537:. 1510:. 1354:. 1314:. 1207:. 1181:. 1152:? 1135:. 1119:? 1102:. 1035:* 968:. 922:. 854:. 806:. 657:. 624:. 539:? 508:? 370:. 361:. 338:. 329:. 306:. 297:. 272:. 260:. 235:. 223:. 201:. 189:. 96:y 89:o 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index