Relative clause - Knowledge (XXG)

748:. This strategy is equivalent to saying "Which girl you see over there, she is my daughter" or "Which knife I killed my friend with, the police found that knife". It is "correlative" because of the corresponding "which ... that ..." demonstratives or "which ... she/he/it ..." pronouns, which indicate the respective nouns being equated. The shared noun can either be repeated entirely in the main clause or reduced to a pronoun. There is no need to front the shared noun in such a sentence. For example, in the second example above, Hindi would actually say something equivalent to "I killed my friend with which knife, the police found that knife". 2015: 4385:). The rules of suppression in Arabic are identical to those of Hebrew: obligatory suppression in the case that the pronoun is the subject of the relative clause, obligatory retention in the case that the pronoun is the object of a preposition, and at the discretion of the speaker if the pronoun is the direct object. The only difference from Hebrew is that, in the case of the direct object, it is preferable to retain the pronoun rather than suppress it. 2870: 1023:, which constructs relative clauses of a form similar to "I saw the man yesterday, which he was going home". However, it is sometimes said these languages have no relative clauses at all, since the sentences of this form can equally well translate as "I saw the man who was going home yesterday" or "I saw the man yesterday when/while he was going home". 6680:'gave rice to the child'. In (5), the head is found in some position inside the relative clause. When the head appears to the right of or internally to the relative clause, the complementizer appears to the left of the head. When the head surfaces to the left of the relative clause, the complementizer surfaces to the right of the head. 890:, which has sentences equivalent to "I ate the potato of Hasan's giving to Sina" (in place of "I ate the potato that Hasan gave to Sina"). This can be viewed as a situation in which the "complementizer" is attached to the verb of the embedded clause (e.g. in English, "-ing" or "-ed" can be viewed as a type of complementizer). 5205:. This particle is generally the second word of the clause, and since it does not decline, is often followed by the appropriately cased third-person pronoun to show the relativized noun's role in the embedded clause. A determiner precedes the relativized noun, which is also usually preceded by the clause as a whole. 7092:'that', the complementizer that separates the head from the relative clause, is optional. The relative clause itself is also composed differently. In the examples in (1a), and in (3) to (6), the relative clauses are simple declaratives that contain a gap. However, the relative clause in (7a) looks more like an 6029:

There is a constraint in Tagalog on the position from which a noun can be relativized and in which a gap can appear: A noun has to be the subject within the relative clause in order for it to be relativized. The phrases in (2) are ungrammatical because the nouns that have been relativized are not the

4550:

in Japanese can be analyzed as intransitive stative verbs, it can be argued that the structure of the first example (with an adjective) is the same as the others. A number of "adjectival" meanings, in Japanese, are customarily shown with relative clauses consisting solely of a verb or a verb complex:

720:

in the embedded clause, which has the form of a full independent clause. Typically, it is the head noun in the main clause that is reduced or missing. Some languages use relative clauses of this type with the normal strategy of embedding the relative clause next to the head noun. These languages are

7385:

If both the subject and the object are missing from the relative clause, then the main-clause noun could either be the implied subject or the implied object of the relative clause; sometimes which is intended is clear from the context, especially when the subject or object of the verb must be human

7138:

If in English a relative clause would have a copula and an adjective, in Hawaiian the antecedent is simply modified by the adjective: "The honest man" instead of "the man who is honest". If the English relative clause would have a copula and a noun, in Hawaiian an appositive is used instead: "Paul,

3837:

Both direct and indirect relative particles can be used simply for emphasis, often in answer to a question or as a way of disagreeing with a statement. For instance, the Welsh example above, "y dyn a welais" means not only "the man whom I saw", but also "it was the man (and not anyone else) I saw";

2572:

Information that in English would be encoded with relative clauses could be represented with complex participles in Ancient Greek. This was made particularly expressive by the rich suite of participles available, with active and passive participles in present, past and future tenses. This is called

557:

There may or may not be any marker used to join the relative and main clauses. (Languages with a case-marked relative pronoun are technically not considered to employ the gapping strategy even though they do in fact have a gap, since the case of the relative pronoun indicates the role of the shared

7142:

If the English relative pronoun would be the subject of an intransitive or passive verb, in Hawaiian a participle is used instead of a full relative clause: "the people fallen" instead of "the people who fell"; "the thing given" instead of "the thing that was given". But when the relative clause's

5453:

Such relative clauses may be internally headed. In such cases, the modified noun moves into the clause, taking the appropriate declension for its role therein (thus eliminating the need for the third person pronouns in the above examples), and leaves behind the determiner (which now functions as a

573:

with very strong politeness distinctions in their grammars, gapped relative clauses tend, however, to be restricted to positions high up in the accessibility hierarchy. With obliques and genitives, non-verb-final languages that do not have politeness restrictions on pronoun use tend to use pronoun

8140:

However, relative pronouns serving as the subject of a relative clause show more flexibility than in English; they can be included, as is mandatory in English, they can be omitted, or they can be replaced by another pronoun. For example, all of the following can occur and all mean the same thing:

601:

the embedded sentence, thereby moving the noun in the embedded sentence into the subject position. This, for example, would transform "The person who I gave a book to" into "The person who was given a book by me". Generally, languages such as this "conspire" to implement general relativization by

1366:

These passivized sentences get progressively more ungrammatical in English as they move down the accessibility hierarchy; the last two, in particular, are so ungrammatical as to be almost unparsable by English speakers. But languages with severe restrictions on which roles can be relativized are

1441:

In English, a relative clause follows the noun it modifies. It is generally indicated by a relative pronoun at the start of the clause, although sometimes simply by word order. If the relative pronoun is the object of the verb in the relative clause, it comes at the beginning of the clause even

606:

positions — hence a sentence equivalent to "The person who is run slower than by me" is grammatical. Gapping is often used in conjunction with case-marked relative pronouns (since the relative pronoun indicates the case role in the embedded clause), but this is not necessary (e.g. Chinese and

2204:: a relative pronoun's case reflects its role in the relative clause it introduces, while its antecedent's case reflects the antecedent's role in the clause that contains the relative clause. (Nonetheless, it is possible for the pronoun and antecedent to be in the same case.) For example: 853:

case with the head noun (rather than taking the case role of the noun in the embedded clause). Languages with prototypical relative pronouns typically use the gapping strategy for indicating the role in the embedded clause, since the relative pronoun itself indicates the role by its case.

4731:

Here, the preposition "in" is missing from the Japanese ("missing" in the sense that the corresponding postposition would be used with the main clause verb in Japanese). Common sense indicates what the meaning is in this case, but the "missing preposition" can sometimes create ambiguity.

584:

described below) "... who I know", "... who I gave a book to", "... who I spoke with", "... who I run slower than". Usually, languages with gapping disallow it beyond a certain level in the accessibility hierarchy, and switch to a different strategy at this point.

7975:

also called Hawaiian Pidgin or simply Pidgin, relative clauses work in a way that is similar to, but not identical to, the way they work in English. As in English, a relative pronoun that serves as the object of the verb in the relative clause can optionally be omitted: For example,

3891:, except in some formal, archaic, or poetic writing. In meaning, the two are interchangeable; they are used regardless of whether the clause is modifying a human, regardless of their grammatical case in the relative clause, and regardless of whether the clause is restrictive. 2168:

Unlike English, which only permits relatively small participle phrases in adjectival positions (typically just the participle and adverbs), and disallows the use of direct objects for active participles, German sentences of this sort can embed clauses of arbitrary complexity.

4885:, there are two strategies for forming relative clauses. The first is similar to that of English or Latin: the modified noun is followed by a relativizer that inflects for its embedded case and may take a postposition. The relativized noun may be preceded by a determiner. 148:

refers back to the referent of that noun. The sentence is equivalent to the following two sentences: "I saw a person yesterday. The person went home". The shared argument need not fulfill the same role in both clauses; in this example the same person is referred to by the

3987:

Nonetheless, many speakers of Modern Hebrew still use the pre-1994 rules, which were based on the German rules (described above). Except for the simple adjective-phrase clauses described above, these speakers set off all relative clauses, restrictive or not, with commas:

619:) used to join the main and embedded clauses. All languages which use relative pronouns have them in clause-initial position: though one could conceivably imagine a clause-final relative pronoun analogous to an adverbial subordinator in that position, they are unknown. 775:) inserted into the sentence, placed next to the modified noun; the embedded clause is likewise inserted into the appropriate position, typically placed on the other side of the complementizer. This strategy is very common and arguably occurs in English with the word 266:

This contains a non-restrictive relative clause since this provides supplementary information about the mayor but is not essential to the sentence. If this clause were omitted, it would still be known who is meant (the mayor), and the remaining part would still make

6235:

The correct Tagalog translations for the intended meanings in (2) are found in (3), where the verbs have been passivized in order to raise the logical direct object in (3a) and the logical indirect object in (3b) to subject position. (Tagalog can have more than one

1496:

case form ("whom") if it is the object of the verb or preposition in the relative clause ("She is the police officer whom I saw", "She is the police officer whom I talked to", "She is the officer to whom I talked"); but in informal usage "whom" is often replaced by

1019:, the most well-known such language, has a structure similar to "Which person I saw yesterday, that person went home" or (without fronting of the relativized noun in the relative clause) "I saw which person yesterday, that person went home". Another example is 885:

in English (e.g. "The person seen by me yesterday went home" or "The person planning to go home soon is my friend"). Formal German makes common use of such participial relative clauses, which can become extremely long. This is also the normal strategy in

1532:

treats "that" as a subordinating conjunction even when it introduces relative clauses. One motivation for the different treatment of "that" is that there are differences between "that" and "which" (e.g., one can say "in which" but not "in that", etc.).

1453:

The choice of relative pronoun can be affected by whether the clause modifies a human or non-human noun, by whether the clause is restrictive or not, and by the role (subject, direct object, or the like) of the relative pronoun in the relative clause.

4047:

More specifically, if this pronoun is the subject of the relative clause, it is always suppressed. If it is the direct object, then it is usually suppressed, though it is also correct to leave it in. (If it is suppressed, then the special preposition

2079:. As in most Germanic languages, including Old English, both of these varieties inflect according to gender, case and number. They take their gender and number from the noun which they modify, but the case from their function in their own clause. 4626:

Often confusing to speakers of languages which use relative pronouns are relative clauses which would in their own languages require a preposition with the pronoun to indicate the semantic relationship among the constituent parts of the phrase.

622:

Some languages have what are described as "relative pronouns" (in that they agree with some properties of the head noun, such as number and gender) but which do not actually indicate the case role of the shared noun in the embedded clause.

1564:, which is inflected for grammatical gender and number, is sometimes used in order to give more precision. For example, any of the following is correct and would translate to "I talked to his/her father and mother, whom I already knew": 168:), on the other hand, does not have an explicit antecedent external to itself. Instead, the relative clause itself takes the place of an argument in the matrix clause. For example, in the English sentence "I like what I see", the clause 526:

There are four main strategies for indicating the role of the shared noun phrase in the embedded clause. These are typically listed in order of the degree to which the noun in the relative clause has been reduced, from most to least:

275:(as in the examples). However, many languages distinguish the two types of relative clauses in this way only in speaking, not in writing. Another difference in English is that only restrictive relative clauses may be introduced with 549:

In this strategy, there is simply a gap in the relative clause where the shared noun would go. This is normal in English, for example, and also in Chinese and Japanese. This is the most common type of relative clause, especially in

1608:

However, in the first sentence, "whom I already knew" refers only to the mother; in the second, it refers to both parents; and in the third, as in the English sentence, it could refer either only to the mother, or to both parents.

4015:

One major difference between relative clauses in Hebrew and those in (for example) English is that in Hebrew, what might be called the "regular" pronoun is not always suppressed in the relative clause. To reuse the prior example:

4052:, used to mark the direct object, is suppressed as well.) If it is the object of a preposition, it must be left in, because in Hebrew—unlike in English—a preposition cannot appear without its object. When the pronoun is left in, 3378:) distinguish two types of relative clause: direct relative clauses and indirect relative clauses. A direct relative clause is used where the relativized element is the subject or the direct object of its clause (e.g. "the man 4195:

Its usage has two specific rules: it agrees with the antecedent in gender, number and case, and it is used only if the antecedent is definite. If the antecedent is indefinite, no relative pronoun is used. The former is called

2588:

uses exactly the same principle as Latin does. The following sentences are the Latin examples translated to Serbo-Croatian (the same sentences apply to the Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, and Montenegrin standard variants of the

869:

Directly inserting the embedded clause in the matrix clause at the appropriate position, with no word used to join them. This is common, for example, in English (cf. "The person I saw yesterday went home"), and is used in

7143:

antecedent is a person, the English relative pronoun would be the subject of the relative clause, and the relative clause's verb is active and transitive, a relative clause is used and it begins with the relative pronoun

826:. Many languages also have similar linking words commonly termed "relative pronouns" that agree in some way with the head noun, but do not adopt the case role of the embedded clause. In English, for example, the use of 88:, the main verb of the relative clause may appear in a special morphological variant, or a relative clause may be indicated by word order alone. In some languages, more than one of these mechanisms may be possible. 589:, for example, only allows gapping in the subject and sometimes the direct object; beyond that, a resumptive pronoun must be used. Some languages have no allowed strategies at all past a certain point—e.g. in many 469:—to link the relative clause to the head noun. This occurs in many Sino-Tibetan languages and possibly developed from "relative clause + noun" > "nominalized clause + noun" > "genitive construction"., as in 3954:) have stated that relative clauses are to be punctuated in Hebrew the same way as in English (described above). That is, non-restrictive clauses are to be set off with commas, while restrictive clauses are not: 1097:

can relativize absolutives, ergatives and indirect objects, but not obliques or genitives or objects of comparatives. Similar hierarchies have been proposed in other circumstances, e.g. for pronominal reflexes.

681:, for example, resumptive pronouns are required when the embedded role is other than the subject or direct object, and optional in the case of the direct object. Resumptive pronouns are common in non-verb-final 751:

Dialects of some European languages, such as Italian, do use the nonreduction type in forms that could be glossed in English as "The person just passed us by, she introduced me to the chancellor here."

597:, all relative clauses must have the shared noun serving the subject role in the embedded clause. In these languages, relative clauses with shared nouns serving "disallowed" roles can be expressed by 5647:

is not allowed as the object of a relative clause, so that Indonesian cannot exactly reproduce structures such as "the house that Jack built". Instead, a passive form of construction must be used:

338:; that is, a gap is left in the object position after "saw", implying that the shared noun phrase ("the person") is to be understood to fill that gap and to serve as the object of the verb "saw". 947:

are prototypical languages of this sort. Not all languages fit so easily into these categories. English, for example, is generally head-first, but has adjectives preceding their head nouns, and

615:

This is a type of gapped relative clause, but is distinguished by the fact that the role of the shared noun in the embedded clause is indicated indirectly by the case marking of the marker (the

578:

roles in the embedded clause can be indicated by gapping: e.g. "I saw the person who is my friend", but also (in progressively less accessible positions cross-linguistically, according to the

2192:, relative clauses follow the noun phrases they modify, and are always introduced using relative pronouns. Relative pronouns, like other pronouns in Latin, agree with their antecedents in 2499:

In this example, although the relative pronoun should be in the accusative case, as the object of "obtain", it is attracted to the genitive case of its antecedent ("of the freedom...").

7237:(的). If the relative clause is missing a subject but contains an object (in other words, if the verb is transitive), the main-clause noun is the implied subject of the relative clause: 1378:

The other ungrammatical examples above would still be ungrammatical. These languages often allow an oblique object to be moved to the direct object slot by the use of the so-called

3830:

Although both the Irish relative pronoun and the relativizer are 'a', the relative pronoun triggers lenition of a following consonant, while the relativizer triggers eclipsis (see

7742:

Sometimes a relative clause has both a subject and an object specified, in which case the main-clause noun is the implied object of an implied preposition in the relative clause:

1388:

moves an oblique object to the subject position. The above examples expressed in an applicative voice might be similar to the following (in not necessarily grammatical English):

1011:

Adjoined relative clause. These languages have the relative clause completely outside the main clause, and use a correlative structure to link the two. These languages also have

256:

and is essential to the sentence. If this clause were omitted, it would no longer be known which person is being referred to, and the remaining part would not really make sense.

9258:. The Yugoslav Serbo-Croatian - English contrastive project, New studies; vol. 4. Zagreb: Institute of Linguistics, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Zagreb. p. 165. 1524:

The status of "that" as a relative pronoun is not universally agreed. Traditional grammars treat "that" as a relative pronoun, but not all contemporary grammars do: e.g. the

9232:. The Yugoslav Serbo-Croatian - English contrastive project, New studies; vol. 3. Zagreb: Institute of Linguistics, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Zagreb. p. 91. 8392:, an English-based creole spoken along the southeastern coast of the United States, no relative pronoun is normally used for the subject of a relative clause. For example: 7154:

If in English a relative pronoun would be the object of a relative clause, in Hawaiian the possessive form is used so as to treat the antecedent as something possessed:

7611:

However, the first meaning (in which the main-clause noun is the subject) is usually intended, as the second can be unambiguously stated using a passive voice marker:

7493:

But sometimes ambiguity arises when it is not clear from the context whether the main-clause noun is intended as the subject or the object of the relative clause:

82:

in the example just given. In other languages, relative clauses may be marked in different ways: they may be introduced by a special class of conjunctions called

4398:

Japanese does not employ relative pronouns to relate relative clauses to their antecedents. Instead, the relative clause directly modifies the noun phrase as an

5583:

language that does not mark verb tense, allows a variety of types of relative clause, normally restrictive. They are usually introduced by the relative pronoun

9294:. Znanstvena biblioteka Hrvatskog filološkog društva; vol. 25 (in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb: Matica hrvatska & Hrvatsko filološko društvo. pp. 113–128. 4346:

In Colloquial Arabic the multiple forms of the relative pronoun have been levelled in favour of a single form, a simple conjunction, which in most dialects is

881:

the relative clause (e.g. converting it to a participial construction). Generally, no relative pronoun or complementizer is used. This occurs, for example, in

1085:. If a language can relativize positions lower in the accessibility hierarchy, it can always relativize positions higher up, but not vice versa. For example, 1032:

The antecedent of the relative clause (that is, the noun that is modified by it) can in theory be the subject of the main clause, or its object, or any other

42:

and uses some grammatical device to indicate that one of the arguments in the relative clause refers to the noun or noun phrase. For example, in the sentence

8952:. Sovmestnyj issledovatel'skij sbornik slavistov universitetov v Minske i Bochume (in German). Minsk: Belorusskij gosudarstvennyj universitet. p. 165. 725:

relative clauses, which would be similar to the (ungrammatical) English structure " is my friend" or "I took out on a date". This is used, for example, in

1525: 6030:

subjects of their respective relative clauses. In (2a), the gap is in direct object position, while in (2b), the gap is in indirect object position.

2143:

Alternatively, particularly in formal registers, participles (both active and passive) can be used to embed relative clauses in adjectival phrases:

1639:

Contrary to English, the relative pronoun can never be omitted in French, not even when the relative clause is embedded in another relative clause.

140:

For example, in the English sentence "The person whom I saw yesterday went home", the relative clause "whom I saw yesterday" modifies the head noun

9619: 8716: 8683: 7233:, the relative clause is similar to other adjectival phrases in that it precedes the noun that it modifies, and ends with the relative particle 673:

yesterday went home". Pronoun retention is very frequently used for relativization of inaccessible positions on the accessibility hierarchy. In

9343: 8666: 6018:

The gap inside the relative clause corresponds to the position that the noun acting as the head would have normally taken, had it been in a

9409: 1406: 644: 326:

Where the embedded clause is placed relative to the head noun (in the process indicating which noun phrase in the main clause is modified).

8975: 7311:

If the object but not the subject is missing from the relative clause, the main-clause noun is the implied object of the relative clause:

1492:

case form ("who") is used if it is the subject of the relative clause ("She is the police officer who saw me"); and, in formal usage, the

558:

noun.) Often the form of the verb is different from that in main clauses and is to some degree nominalized, as in Turkish and in English

113:) appearing in the main clause, and refers back to that element by means of some explicit or implicit device within the relative clause. 554:

languages with prenominal relative clauses, but is also widespread among languages with postnominal externally headed relative clauses.

368:

strategy indicating the role of the shared noun in the embedded clause. One possibility in English. Very common cross-linguistically.)

9535: 9516: 9307: 9187: 9098: 8921: 8757: 8601: 8564: 9216: 9131: 2102:, but dative because it follows a preposition in its own clause. On the same basis, it would be possible to substitute the pronoun 2035:

relative pronouns are less complicated than English. There are two varieties. The more common one is based on the definite article

7115:'where', as in (7b). The sentence in (7c) is the declarative version of the relative clause in (7a), illustrating where the head, 4365:

As in Hebrew, the regular pronoun referring to the antecedent is repeated in the relative clause - literally, "the boy whom I saw

7827:

It is also possible to include the preposition explicitly in the relative clause, but in that case it takes a pronoun object (a

2938:, while its case form depends on its function in the relative clause. The resumptive pronoun never appears in subject function. 779:("the woman that I saw"), though this interpretation of "that" as something other than a relative pronoun is controversial (see 3059:

Relative clauses are relatively frequent in modern Serbo-Croatian since they have expanded as attributes at the expense of the

286:

A non-restrictive relative clause may have a whole sentence as its antecedent rather than a specific noun phrase; for example:

806:. Prototypically, a relative pronoun agrees with the head noun in gender, number, definiteness, animacy, etc., but adopts the 697:

yesterday went home"). They also occur in deeply embedded positions in English, as in "That's the girl that I don't know what

3951: 1367:

precisely those that can passivize almost any position, and hence the last two sentences would be normal in those languages.

390:

indicating the role of the shared noun in the embedded clause—in this case, the direct object. Used in formal English, as in

6683:

There are exceptions to the subjects-only constraint to relativization mentioned above. The first involves relativizing the

1370:

A further example is languages that can relativize only subjects and direct objects. Hence the following would be possible:

271:

In speaking, it is natural to make slight pauses around non-restrictive clauses, and in English this is shown in writing by

6415:

Tagalog relative clauses can be left-headed, as in (1a) and (3), right-headed, as in (4), or internally headed, as in (5).

6022:. In (1a), the gap is in subject position within the relative clause. This corresponds to the subject position occupied by 2014: 1292:

Languages that cannot relativize directly on noun phrases low in the accessibility hierarchy can sometimes use alternative

1055:

noted that these roles can be ranked cross-linguistically in the following order from most accessible to least accessible:

663:

in the same syntactic position as would ordinarily be occupied by a noun phrase of that type in the main clause—known as a

450:"The 's person went home". (Preceding relative clause with gapping and use of a possessive particle—as normally used in a 9599: 2507: 1104:

can relativize all positions in the hierarchy. Here are some examples of the NP and relative clause usage from English:

551: 9016: 8942:"Pronomina im Antezedenten und Restriktivität/Nicht-Restriktivität von Relativsätzen im Kroatoserbischen und Deutschen" 755:

In general, however, nonreduction is restricted to verb-final languages, though it is more common among those that are

8999: 9144:

Auwera, Johan van der; Kučanda, Dubravko (1985). "Pronoun or conjunction - the Serbo-Croatian invariant relativizer

9032: 1485:

fell is over there")—but some styles and prescriptive grammars require the use of "that" in the restrictive context.

9609: 9044: 9011: 8503: 7607:"the people who criticized yesterday are all not here" or "the people whom criticized yesterday are all not here" 7119:'hospital', would have been "before" relativization. The question in (7d) shows the direct question version of the 3838:

and "y dyn y rhois y llyfr iddo" can likewise mean "it was the man (and not anyone else) to whom I gave the book".

3533:

The direct relative particle "a" is not used with "mae" ("is") in Welsh; instead the form "sydd" or "sy'" is used:

2574: 1414: 1041: 8944:[Pronouns in antecedents and restrictive / non-restrictive relative clauses in Serbo-Croatian and German] 927:

are prototypical languages of this sort. Languages that place relative clauses before their head noun (so-called

632: 9542:§72-85. (For the basic "rules" of the English relative pronoun in a presentation suitable for foreign learners.) 1872:

cannot be used because it must agree in gender with its head, and an indefinite pronoun has no gender. Instead,

6684: 5825:'that', separating the head, which is the noun being modified, from the actual relative clause. In (1a) below, 3852: 3386:

I saw"), while an indirect relative clause is used where the relativized element is a genitival (e.g. "the man

3375: 3072: 2018: 1682: 1436: 834:

agrees with the animacy of the head noun, but there is no case agreement except in the formal English contrast

280: 187: 20: 3939:

does not occur with simple adjectives, as Hebrew has a different way of making that distinction. For example,

1063: 4791:

In this case, (1) is the context-free interpretation of choice, but (2) is possible with the proper context.

2162:

The government would like to further promote this industry, which has grown rather slowly over the last year.

1636:

with direct objects, however, since verbs in French often reflect the grammatical number of their subjects.)

9384: 9376: 8508: 7968: 3831: 1529: 1528:(pp. 1056–7) makes a case for treating "that" as a subordinator instead of a relative pronoun; and the 900: 882: 580: 559: 406: 372: 899:

The positioning of a relative clause before or after a head noun is related to the more general concept of

435:"The person went home". (Similar to the previous, but with the resumptive pronoun fronted. This occurs in 330:

For example, the English sentence "The person that I saw yesterday went home" can be described as follows:

7100: 7096: 6019: 4140: 3880: 2873: 1413:

list, and interacts with other principles in explanations of binding facts. The hierarchy also figures in

590: 440: 2862:{the cities:NOM.M.PL} which:ACC.M.PL {I am:AUX.1.SG} saw:AP.M.SG were:AP.M.PL are:AUX.3.PL large:NOM.M.PL 1864:

There exists a further complication when the antecedent is a non-human indefinite pronoun. In that case,

1296:

to "raise" the relevant noun phrase so that it can be relativized. The most common example is the use of

866:

only for the prototypical cases (but in this case it is unclear what to call the non-prototypical cases).

2590: 948: 936: 912: 756: 466: 451: 436: 356:

The following sentences indicate various possibilities (only some of which are grammatical in English):

9368: 9277: 9175: 9082: 8937: 8731: 8698: 1712:

This construction is also used in non-possessive cases where the pronoun replaces an object marked by

1516:"I met two women yesterday, one with a thick French accent and one with a mild Italian one. The woman 237:

relative clause modifies the meaning of its head word (restricts its possible referent). For example:

9182:. Languages of the World/Materials; vol. 148. Munich & Newcastle: Lincom Europa. pp. 57–60. 3902:

is used to distinguish adjective phrases used in epithet from adjective phrases used in attribution:

2935: 2516: 1477:

fell, is over there"); while either "which" or "that" may be used in a restrictive clause ("The tree

1059:

Subject > Direct Object > Indirect Object > Oblique > Genitive > Object of comparative

741: 640: 133: 4868:

Without more context, both (1) and (2) are equally viable interpretations of the Japanese sentence.

5576: 3399: 1044:

with prenominal relative clauses, there are major restrictions on the role the antecedent may have

784: 682: 570: 371:"The person went home". (Gapping strategy, with no word joining the clauses—also known as a 9576: 9281: 3594:

There is also a defective verb "piau" (usually lenited to "biau"), corresponding to "who own(s)":

951:

with both preceding and following modifiers ("the friend of my father" vs. "my father's friend").

9552: 8893: 8846: 8654: 7108: 2927: 2912: 2908: 2197: 2193: 859: 665: 481: 417: 181: 8941: 7938:

Free relative clauses are formed in the same way, omitting the modified noun after the particle

9093:]. Studies in Slavic Linguistics; vol. 10 (in German). Munich: Lincom Europa. p. 330. 3075:

to the masculine inanimate of the pronoun. The cause lies in the necessity to disambiguate the

2274:, both are feminine and plural. In the latter example, both are still feminine and plural, and 814:, not matrix, clause. This is the case in a number of conservative European languages, such as 9531: 9512: 9500: 9456: 9405: 9321: 9313: 9303: 9259: 9233: 9193: 9183: 9157: 9104: 9094: 9061: 8965: 8961: 8953: 8917: 8891:

Keenan, Edward L.; Comrie, Bernard (1977). "Noun phrase accessibility and Universal Grammar".

8786: 8763: 8753: 8662: 8650: 8607: 8597: 8570: 8560: 8533: 7132: 4882: 4078: 3076: 2267: 1380: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1233: 1124: 1086: 1020: 982: 944: 686: 648: 477: 150: 62: 61:

to indicate that the same "man" is referred to in the subordinate clause (in this case as its

9614: 9338: 9295: 9210: 9121: 8970: 8873: 8838: 7828: 7230: 7120: 5806: 4399: 4144: 3860: 3395: 3371: 3084: 3080: 2931: 2916: 2904: 2301: 2271: 2201: 2178: 1101: 1090: 986: 978: 952: 940: 920: 887: 871: 855: 843: 823: 807: 803: 792: 745: 678: 674: 660: 636: 624: 616: 594: 586: 492: 476:"The person went home". (Preceding relative clause with gapping and no linking word, as in 470: 455: 429: 399: 387: 173: 74: 47: 4402:, occupying the same syntactic space as an attributive adjective (before the noun phrase). 2869: 2415:, where the case of the relative pronoun can be "attracted" to the case of its antecedent. 9604: 9504: 9329: 9201: 9112: 9021: 8389: 7972: 7224: 7093: 6237: 4089: 4064: 3406:

in the examples below) is left in the relative clause at the pronoun's expected position.

2528: 2158:

Die Regierung möchte diese im letzten Jahr eher langsam wachsende Industrie weiter fördern

2032: 2022: 1542: 1502: 1253: 1156: 1094: 1070: 1001: 967: 916: 819: 726: 705: 514: 447:

of complementizer and resumptive pronoun behaves similarly to a unitary relative pronoun.)

425: 395: 214: 200: 8829:

McKee, Cecile; McDaniel, Dana (2001), "Resumptive Pronouns in English Relative Clauses",

5097:(that.NOM) woman-NOM which-DAT-REL letter-DAT I.will.write.it.to.her Tbilisi-in she.lives 1751:

can signal the topic of the following clause, without replacing anything in this clause:

1473:

For a non-human antecedent in a non-restrictive clause, only "which" is used ("The tree,

631:

noun. Case-marked relative pronouns in the strict sense are almost entirely confined to

308:

expressed in the main clause, namely the situation of the cat being allowed on the bed.

9372: 8596:]. Language universals series; vol. 3 (in German). Tübingen: G. Narr. p. 438. 5814: 4119: 4112: 2881: 2712:{the cities:NOM.M.PL} which:NOM.M.PL are:PR.3.PL large:NOM.M.PL see:PR.3.PL itself:REFL 2585: 2270:

in their respective clauses, so both are in the nominative case; and due to gender and

1052: 1037: 903:

in linguistics. Languages that place relative clauses after their head noun (so-called

878: 488: 462: 126: 9577:

Relative Clause: Does it specify which one? Or does it just describe the one and only?

9593: 9251: 9040: 9007: 8850: 2312: 2287: 1458:

For a human antecedent, "who", "whom", or "that" is usually used ("She is the person

1385: 1343: 1243: 1140: 1074: 1033: 729:, which uses a special relative verb (as with some other Native American languages). 598: 566: 410: 180:

in the main clause. Alternatively, one could argue that the free relative clause has

154: 9581: 5320:

letter-DAT REL 3S.DAT I.will.write.it.to.her that.NOM woman-NOM Tbilisi-in she.lives

7489:"the won-today money pays the rent" or "the money that was won today pays the rent" 6780: 3365: 3361: 2063:. The second, which is more literary and used for emphasis, is the relative use of 1263: 1172: 847: 380: 7954:"eat (particle)" may mean "that which is eaten", i.e. "food", or "those who eat". 1513:, was very tall." (non-restrictive—does not narrow down who is being talked about) 172:

is a free relative clause, because it has no antecedent, but itself serves as the

1405:

Modern grammars may use the accessibility hierarchy to order productions—e.g. in

607:

Japanese both using gapping in conjunction with an indeclinable complementizer).

9571: 8625: 7944: 5580: 4067: 4057: 3864: 3656: 2877: 1628:

may be used instead for greater precision. (This is less common than the use of

772: 627:

has "relative pronouns" which are case-marked, but which agree in case with the

305: 206: 110: 84: 39: 8877: 8842: 8804: 4350:, and is never omitted. So in Palestinian Arabic the above sentences would be: 4278:"The boy I saw in class yesterday is missing today". (relative pronoun present) 3390:

daughter is in the hospital") or is the object of a preposition (e.g. "the man

1919:

The same happens when the antecedent is an entire clause, also lacking gender.

643:. The influence of Spanish has led to their adaption by a very small number of 9058:

The syntax of relative clauses in Serbo-Croatian: Viewed on a historical basis

3060: 2900: 2892: 1008:

relative clauses. These languages have a structure equivalent to " went home".

716:

In the nonreduction type, unlike the other three, the shared noun occurs as a

124:. The noun in the main clause that the relative clause modifies is called the 9161: 8957: 8950:

Slavjano-germanskie jazykovye paralleli/Slawisch-germanische Sprachparallelen

8767: 3398:(unmarked for case) at the beginning; a gap (in terms of syntactic theory, a 1520:

was very tall." (restrictive—adds information about who is being referred to)

767:

The following are some of the common strategies for joining the two clauses:

9460: 9325: 9263: 9237: 9197: 9108: 8790: 8611: 8574: 8537: 5201:

A second, more colloquial, strategy is marked by the invariant particle რომ

3348:

car:NOM/ACC.M.SG which:ACC/GEN.M.SG be:AUX.3.SG hit:AP.M.SG bus:NOM/ACC.M.SG

3220:

car:NOM/ACC.M.SG which:NOM/ACC.M.SG be:AUX.3.SG hit:AP.M.SG bus:NOM/ACC.M.SG

2558:) has a different origin, since it is related to the Sanskrit demonstrative 1442:

though it would come at the end of an independent clause ("She is the woman

708:, have pronoun retention as their sole grammatical type of relative clause. 522:

Strategies for indicating the role of the shared noun in the relative clause

416:"The person went home". (A complementizer linking the two sentences with a 9333: 9205: 9116: 5555:

woman-DAT REL letter-DAT I.will.write.it.to.her 3S.NOM Tbilisi-in she.lives

2922:

An alternative relativizing strategy is the use of the non-declinable word

1774:

When the pronoun is to act as the object of a preposition (other than when

320:

How the role of the shared noun phrase is indicated in the embedded clause.

105:, the type most often considered, qualifies an explicit element (usually a 9065: 4989:(that.NOM) man-NOM which-NOM-REL park=to he.went newspaper-DAT he.reads.it 4153: 3052:

that:NOM.M.SG acquaintance:NOM.M.SG that be:AUX.2.SG him:ACC greet:AP.M.SG

1545:

is as complicated as, but similar in many ways to, the system in English.

1307:

For example, a language that can relativize only subjects could say this:

959:

order, with verb preceding object, but otherwise is generally head-final.

221:

is a relative clause that is not a restrictive relative clause. Whereas a

9299: 3947:

means "The red chair is broken"—literally, "The chair the red broken.")

2926:'that' to introduce a relative clause. This word is used together with a 2536: 1273: 1188: 68:

In many languages, relative clauses are introduced by a special class of

6893: 5517: 5365: 5339: 5243: 1942:

The preposition always appears before the pronoun, and the prepositions

1669:

When the pronoun is to act in a possessive sense, where the preposition

1548:

When the pronoun is to act as the direct object of the relative clause,

1505:

relative clauses are set off with commas, but restrictive ones are not:

685:

and Asia, and also used by the Celtic languages of northwest Europe and

465:

the final verb, then use of a possessive particle—as normally used in a

461:"The 's person went home". (Preceding relative clause with gapping, and 8661:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1068–1070. 5559: 5324: 5101: 3063:

performing that function. The most frequently used relative pronoun is

2532: 69: 3950:

Since 1994, the official rules of Modern Hebrew (as determined by the

2495:) you have obtained. = Worthy of the freedom which you have obtained. 971: 924: 421: 420:

indicating the role of the shared noun in the embedded clause, as in

376: 316:

Languages differ in many ways in how relative clauses are expressed:

31: 7942:. As with bound relative clauses, ambiguity may arise; for example, 1914:

C'est manifestement quelque chose à laquelle il a beaucoup réfléchi.

1501:

In English, as in some other languages (such as French; see below),

1470:

I saw"). For a non-human antecedent, only "that" or "which" is used.

131:, or (particularly when referred back to by a relative pronoun) the 9547: 7189: 4337:"This is a boy I saw in class yesterday". (relative pronoun absent) 3304: 3176: 3027: 2803: 2784: 2302:

the section on relative pronouns in the article on Latin declension

1417:, where it is known as Syntactic Rank or the Relational Hierarchy. 939:

preceding the head noun, as well as verbs following their objects.

915:

following the head noun, as well as verbs preceding their objects.

334:

The role of the shared noun in the embedded clause is indicated by

8864:

Lehmann, Christian (1986). "On the typology of relative clauses".

3331: 3308: 3270: 3245: 3203: 3180: 3142: 3117: 3031: 2970: 2951: 2868: 2845: 2807: 2788: 2750: 2729: 2665: 2627: 2606: 2563: 2189: 2013: 1612:

When the pronoun is to act as the subject of the relative clause,

1016: 815: 737: 704:

Only a very small number of languages, of which the best known is

659:

In this type, the position relativized is indicated by means of a

503: 391: 272: 7064: 6983: 6940: 6897: 6847: 6729: 6606: 6541: 6437: 6386: 6199: 6181: 6080: 5969: 5949: 5883: 5521: 5409: 5395: 5286: 5272: 5146: 5131: 5020: 5005: 4926: 4912: 4897: 3335: 3327: 3323: 3312: 3293: 3274: 3262: 3249: 3241: 3237: 3207: 3199: 3195: 3184: 3165: 3146: 3138: 3134: 3121: 3113: 3109: 3035: 3016: 3003: 2974: 2966: 2955: 2947: 2841: 2792: 2773: 2746: 2725: 2661: 2623: 2602: 9317: 9127: 5479: 5446:

1S REL 3S.DAT=on I.sit that.NOM chair-NOM Nino-ERG she.bought.it

5352: 5230: 5160: 5038: 4930: 4275:

al-fatā (a)lladhi ra’aytuhu fī (a)ṣ-ṣaffi ’amsi ġā’ibun al-yawma

3875:(which is also used as a conjunction, with the sense of English 3782: 3696: 3622: 3561: 3509: 3439: 3285: 3157: 2995: 2822: 2765: 106: 35: 7633: 7053: 7003: 6972: 6929: 6907: 6836: 6814: 6719: 6368: 6358: 6282: 6271: 5423: 5117: 3266: 2999: 2849: 2830: 2811: 2754: 2733: 2688: 2669: 2650: 2631: 2610: 7185: 6882: 6676:'man', is found after or to the right of the relative clause, 6595: 6510: 6426: 6170: 6069: 5936: 5864: 5194:

Nino-ERG (that.NOM) chair-NOM which=on-REL I.sit she.bought.it

3289: 3161: 2826: 2769: 2684: 2646: 2297:

For more information on the forms of Latin relative pronouns,

2286:, its accusative-case counterpart, to reflect its role as the 9572:

SIL Glossary of linguistic terms - What is a relative clause?

9256:

Relative clauses in Serbo-Croatian in comparison with English

9033: 9000: 6911: 6818: 6804: 6708: 6644: 6624: 6559: 6521: 6473: 6455: 6347: 6300: 6261: 6160: 6106: 6059: 5987: 5901: 5854: 5493: 5466: 5369: 5247: 5217: 5052: 5034: 4966: 4817: 4744: 4686: 4639: 4502: 3394:

I gave the book"). Direct relative clauses are formed with a

2680: 2642: 2152:

The pictures he painted in that style are highly sought after

895:

Position of the head noun with respect to the relative clause

846:, there is a relative pronoun that agrees in number, gender, 763:

Strategies for joining the relative clause to the main clause

229:

relative clause merely provides supplementary information, a

9371:(2006). "Chapter 3: Complement clause types in Israeli". In 8062:

can also be expressed with the relative pronoun omitted, as

7181: 5094:(is) kal-i, romel-sa-c c̣eril-s davuc̣er, tbilis=ši cxovrobs 4516: 4463: 4073:'that' "might be a shortened form of the Hebrew relativizer 3894:

Further, because Hebrew does not generally use its word for

188:

English relative clauses § Fused relative constructions

8783:

Sentence Comprehension: The Integration of Habits and Rules

7738:"the people who were criticized yesterday are all not here" 3055:"That acquaintance that (whom) you have said 'hello' to..." 2699: 2148:

Die von ihm in jenem Stil gemalten Bilder sind sehr begehrt

7897: 7786: 7657: 7526: 7419: 7344: 7307:"the fruit-growing farmer" or "the farmer who grows fruit" 7270: 3778: 3692: 1859:

C'est une table sur qui on peut mettre beaucoup de choses.

1409:

the hierarchy corresponds to the order of elements on the

858:, where the case marking indicates something else, uses a 701:

did", although this is sometimes considered non-standard.

120:

within a main (or higher-level) clause, thereby forming a

4803: 4449: 1300:

to relativize obliques, but in such languages as Chukchi

7088:

When an oblique noun phrase is relativized, as in (7a),

6768:'child', is the owner of the injured finger. The phrase 5317:

c̣̣eril-s rom mas davuc̣̣er, is kal-i tbilis=ši cxovrobs

4992:"the man who went to the park is reading the newspaper." 4986:(is) ḳac-i, romel-i-c ṗarḳ=ši c̣avida, gazet-s ḳitxulobs 3618: 3557: 3505: 3435: 3087:

means. The nominative-accusative syncretism of the form

2506:) is unrelated to the Latin word, since it derives from 2140:

In German, all relative clauses are marked with commas.

966:

Relative clause following the head noun, as in English,

7381:"the by-them-grown fruit" or "the fruit that they grow" 3071:. One of them is the spread of the genitive-accusative 2411:

However, there is a phenomenon in Ancient Greek called

565:

In non-verb-final languages, apart from languages like

2113:('what') as a relative pronoun when the antecedent is 5091:(ის) ქალი, რომელსაც წერილს დავუწერ, თბილისში ცხოვრობს 1342:

These languages might form an equivalent sentence by

454:—to link the relative clause to the head noun, as in 7735:

yesterday PASS criticize PTCL person all not at here

5552:

kal-s rom c̣̣eril-s davuc̣̣er, is tbilis=ši cxovrobs

4720:

tea-OBJ make purpose for hot-water-OBJ boiled kettle

4355:

alwalad illi shuftō fi (a)ssaff embārih ghāyeb alyōm

2510: 2025: 1304:

are used to raise ergative arguments to absolutive.

9511:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. 9060:. Oslo: I Kommisjon Hos H. Aschehoug. p. 186. 8717:"Relative Clause Structures in the Rawang Language" 8528:Huddleston, Rodney D.; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (2005). 7139:an apostle" instead of "Paul, who was an apostle". 6325:(or: "rice that was given to the child by the man") 1488:Of the relative pronoun pair "who" and "whom", the 1000:relative clause). An example of such a language is 304:refers not to the bed or the cat but to the entire 19:For details about relative clauses in English, see 8752:(5th ed.). Belmont: Thomson & Wadsworth. 4983:(ის) კაცი, რომელიც პარკში წავიდა, გაზეთს კითხულობს 4200:(conjunctive sentence) while the latter is called 3659:at the beginning; the relativized element remains 669:. It is equivalent to saying "The woman who I saw 9548:"Data on the Noun Phrase Accessibility Hierarchy" 5833:'gave rice to the child' is the relative clause. 5558:"the woman who I will write a letter to lives in 5323:"the woman who I will write a letter to lives in 5314:წერილს რომ მას დავუწერ, ის ქალი თბილისში ცხოვრობს 5100:"the woman who I will write a letter to lives in 3745:the man IND-REL is his daughter {in the} hospital 1700:("I spoke with a woman whose son I work with." - 1036:. In many languages, however, especially rigidly 874:in relative clauses that modify indefinite nouns. 771:Use of an indeclinable particle (specifically, a 9546:Keenan, Edward L.; Comrie, Bernard (June 1979). 9437:Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar 8559:] (in German). Hamburg: Buske. p. 117. 8553:Der Relativsatz in den indoeuropäischen Sprachen 6957:ACT.asked 3SG.NOM Q-COMP where PAS.bore NOM Juan 5587:, which stands for "who"/"which"/"what"/"that". 693:-am văzut ieri a mers acasă"/"The man who I saw 53:is a relative clause since it modifies the noun 8557:Relative Clauses in the Indo-European Languages 7604:yesterday criticize PTCL person all not at here 6411:(or: "child that was given rice to by the man") 6026:'the man' in the declarative sentence in (1b). 3067:. There are several ongoing changes concerning 1509:"I met a woman and a man yesterday. The woman, 977:Relative clause preceding the head noun, as in 9439:. Univ. of California Press. pp. 579–585. 8532:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 183ff. 2715:"The cities, which are large, are being seen." 2047:, but with distinctive forms in the genitive ( 1673:(of/from) would normally be used, the pronoun 1286:The first person will win a million dollars. 1077:> Indirect Object > etc. (same as above) 935:languages) generally also have adjectives and 911:languages) generally also have adjectives and 248:This contains the restrictive relative clause 9509:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language 8948:. In Suprun, Adam E; Jachnow, Helmut (eds.). 8781:Townsend, David J.; Bever, Thomas G. (2001). 8659:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language 6954:Nagtanong siya kung saan ipinanganak si Juan. 6687:of a noun phrase within the relative clause. 5640:"the person who built/is building that house" 5549:ქალს რომ წერილს დავუწერ, ის თბილისში ცხოვრობს 3855:, relative clauses were headed with the word 2502:The Ancient Greek relative pronoun ὅς, ἥ, ὅ ( 1770:I believe that he must make a lot of money.") 635:, where they are widespread except among the 8: 9435:Li, Charles N.; Thompson, Sandra A. (1981). 9381:Complementation: A Cross-Linguistic Typology 9230:Relativization in English and Serbo-Croatian 9077: 9075: 8377:There's one other girl she no can stay still 8220:There's one other girl who no can stay still 6867:hospital COMP Q-COMP where PAS.bore NOM Juan 6779:Another exception involves relativizing the 5443:me rom mas=ze vzivar, is sḳam-i Nino-m iqida 5191:Nino-m (is) sḳam-i, romel=ze-c vzivar, iqida 4148: 3655:Indirect relative clauses are formed with a 2903:. Both words are two case forms of the same 2000: 1992: 1984: 1976: 1968: 1960: 1952: 1944: 1924: 1885: 1874: 1866: 1840: 1825: 1803: 1792: 1784: 1776: 1762:je crois qu'il doit très bien gagner sa vie. 1756: 1745: 1725: 1714: 1690: 1675: 1651: 1630: 1622: 1614: 1595: 1582: 1569: 1558: 1550: 383:, as in "a person" instead of "the person".) 116:The relative clause may also function as an 9455:. Cambridge University Press. p. 189. 8914:Language Universals and Linguistic Typology 8530:A Student's Introduction to English Grammar 5810: 4717:kōcha-o ireru tame ni oyu-o wakashita yakan 4099:, or it was a convergence of Proto-Semitic 3748:"the man whose daughter is in the hospital" 2059:). Historically this is related to English 8223:There's another girl who cannot stay still 7831:with the function of a relative pronoun): 7732:zuótiān bèi pīping de rén dōu bu zài zhèlǐ 6228:{} child COMP ACT.gave NOM man ACC rice {} 6130:for: "rice that the man gave to the child" 6127:{} rice COMP ACT.gave NOM man {} DAT child 4360:hāda walad illi shuftō fi (a)ssaff embārih 3823:the man IND-REL {I gave} the book {to him} 2934:that agrees in gender and number with the 2315:follows (almost) the same rules as Latin. 44:I met a man who wasn't too sure of himself 9530:(4th ed.). Oxford University Press. 8055:I never see the book that Lisa (past) buy 6772:'the finger' is the subject of the verb, 5440:მე რომ მასზე ვზივარ, ის სკამი ნინომ იყიდა 4334:hāḏā fatan ra’aytu-hu fī (a)ṣ-ṣaffi ’amsi 4184:(accusative and genitive), feminine dual 2179:Spanish pronouns § Relative pronouns 2084:Das Haus, in dem ich wohne, ist sehr alt. 2031:Aside from their highly inflected forms, 1681:("whose") is used, but does not act as a 1526:Cambridge Grammar of the English Language 862:.) Some linguists prefer to use the term 213:is a relative clause that functions as a 205:Bound relative clauses may or may not be 9526:Thomson, A. J.; Martinet, A. V. (1986). 8785:. Cambridge: MIT Press. pp. 247–9. 8295:There's one other girl no can stay still 7934:"the person for whom I drew the picture" 5449:"Nino bought the chair I am sitting in." 5197:"Nino bought the chair I am sitting in." 5188:ნინომ (ის) სკამი, რომელზეც ვზივარ, იყიდა 4164:(masculine singular), feminine singular 4147:there is a relative pronoun (in Arabic: 2125:('everything', 'something', 'nothing'). 1798:can be used if the antecedent is human. 962:Various possibilities for ordering are: 323:How the two clauses are joined together. 279:or use the "zero" relative pronoun (see 9424:, Dover, 2004 (originally 1864): 45-47. 8520: 5921:man COMP ACT.gave {} ACC rice DAT child 5751:"what is most surprising is its colour" 5702:Relative clauses with no antecedent to 4272:الفتى الذي رأيته في الصف أمس غائب اليوم 3871:became interchangeable with the prefix 2134:Everything that Jack does is a success. 1880:, which usually means "what", is used. 16:Grammatical structure in some languages 9433:The examples in this section are from 8058:I didn't see the book that Lisa bought 7931:I for her/him draw picture PTCL person 7823:the brushpen that I write letters with 7601:zuótiān pīping de rén dōu bu zài zhèlǐ 6231:for: "child that the man gave rice to" 2865:"The cities, which I saw, were large." 2109:However, German uses the uninflecting 2088:The house in which I live is very old. 1012: 1005: 574:retention. English is unusual in that 531:Gap strategy or gapped relative clause 375:. One possibility in English. Used in 8374:Get wan nada grl shi no kaen ste stil 6323:"rice that the man gave to the child" 6225:=ng nagbigay ang lalaki ng bigas ____ 4781:(1) "the person who made the tempura" 3742:an fear a bhfuil a iníon san ospidéal 2554:The Greek definite article ὁ, ἡ, τό ( 2278:is still in the nominative case, but 1620:is generally used, though as before, 1597:J'ai parlé avec son père et sa mère, 1584:J'ai parlé avec son père et sa mère, 1571:J'ai parlé avec son père et sa mère, 7: 8217:Get wan nada grl hu no kaen ste stil 8133:I never see the book Lisa (past) buy 7107:'if', and a pre-verbally positioned 6757:child COMP injured.PAS NOM finger {} 6665:ACT.gave ACC rice COMP man DAT child 6580:ACT.gave COMP man ACC rice DAT child 6495:ACT.gave ACC rice DAT child COMP man 6406:child COMP gave.PAS GEN man ACC rice 6320:rice COMP PAS.gave GEN man DAT child 4126:can only function as a relativize." 3923:("The chair next to you is broken."— 3648:the man {DIR-REL + owns} castle huge 3366:Welsh syntax § Relative clauses 3362:Irish syntax § Relative clauses 3091:is inadequate, so the genitive form 1446:I saw", not "She is the woman I saw 1407:Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar 1066:languages have a similar hierarchy: 810:that the shared noun assumes in the 791:placed after the modified noun); in 9486:Sakoda, Kent; Siegel, Jeff (2003). 9473: 9400:Indonesian: A Comprehensive Grammar 9087:Der Relativsatz im Serbokroatischen 8981:from the original on 29 August 2012 8052:Ai neva si da buk daet Lisa wen bai 7486:today win PTCL money pay house rent 7135:are avoided unless they are short. 6124:na nagbigay ang lalaki ____ sa bata 6011:ACT.gave NOM man ACC rice DAT child 5813:to form relative clauses, with the 5797:"what he heard was very surprising" 5791:yang didengarnya mengejutkan sekali 4851:I-SUBJ article-OBJ wrote restaurant 4149: 2130:Alles, was Jack macht, gelingt ihm. 1541:The system of relative pronouns in 1004:. These languages are said to have 9453:Chinese: A Linguistic Introduction 9404:§§ 2.45, 2.77, 3.97–107, 3.171–5. 9091:Relative Clauses in Serbo-Croatian 6864:(na) kung saan ipinanganak si Juan 5918:=ng nagbigay ____ ng bigas sa bata 4783:(2) "the person made the tempura 2523:before a vowel usually changed to 1926:Il m'a dit d'aller me faire voir, 1846:on peut mettre beaucoup de choses. 1743:More generally, in modern French, 1661:(literally: "Here is what I think 1093:only absolutive arguments, whilst 647:, of which the best known are the 14: 8292:Get wan nada grl no kaen ste stil 8136:I didn't see the book Lisa bought 7386:and the other must be non-human: 6668:"man that gave rice to the child" 6583:"man that gave rice to the child" 6498:"man that gave rice to the child" 6409:"child that the man gave rice to" 6014:"The man gave rice to the child." 5924:"man that gave rice to the child" 5794:what heard-by-him surprising very 3826:"the man to whom I gave the book" 3587:the man {DIR-REL + is} hairy very 3100:Nominative-accusative syncretism: 2098:is neuter singular to agree with 799:placed before the modified noun). 9422:Introduction to Hawaiian Grammar 9349:from the original on 4 June 2012 8630:SIL Glossary of Linguistic Terms 8493:Isn't it they who saw him there? 7033:"Juan was born at the hospital." 6960:"She asked where Juan was born." 6760:"child whose finger was injured" 5829:'man' serves as the head, while 5745:yang paling mengejutkan warnanya 4542:"the person who ate the tempura" 4056:might more properly be called a 4011:you are sitting on, is broken.") 3969:you are sitting on, is broken.") 3651:"the man who owns a huge castle" 1089:can relativize only subject and 291:The cat was allowed on the bed, 252:, which modifies the meaning of 7483:jīntiān yíng de qián fù fáng zū 7209:"the poncho he is dancing with" 6403:=ng binigyan ng lalaki ng bigas 5748:what most surprising its-colour 5454:pronoun) in the matrix clause. 4003:you are sitting on is broken," 3983:you are sitting on is broken.") 3909:("The chair is next to you." - 3228:Genitive-accusative syncretism: 1575:(f. sing.) je connaissais déjà. 1518:who had the thick French accent 1481:fell is over there", "The tree 1278:The girl told me she was sad. 1221: 1106: 364:linking the two clauses with a 219:non-restrictive relative clause 195:Restrictive and non-restrictive 9620:Grammatical construction types 8805:"WALS Online - Language Acoma" 8490:Ain't it them {saw him} there? 8130:Ai neva si da buk Lisa wen bai 7950: 7030:PAS.bore NOM Juan LOC hospital 6870:"hospital where Juan was born" 5634:orang yang membangun rumah itu 4848:boku-ga kiji-o kaita resutoran 3952:Academy of the Hebrew Language 3943:means "The chair red", while 1854:you can put a lot of things".) 1113:With explicit relative pronoun 498:", that person went home". (A 413:. One possibility in English.) 348:The embedded clause is placed 341:The clauses are joined by the 153:of the matrix clause, but the 51:who wasn't too sure of himself 1: 9490:. Bess Press. pp. 102ff. 7156:the things of me to have seen 6754:=ng nasugatan ang daliri ____ 6489:nagbigay ng bigas sa bata na 6317:na ibinigay ng lalaki sa bata 4489:"the tempura my sister made" 4486:sister-SUBJ make-PAST tempura 1588:(m. pl.) je connaissais déjà. 1511:who had a thick French accent 1116:With omitted relative pronoun 264:, has not been seen for days. 8730:(4): 797–812. Archived from 8697:(4): 735–768. Archived from 7820:I write letter PTCL brushpen 4077:'that', which is related to 3913:, "The-chair next-to-you.") 2462: 2452: 2440: 2430: 2422: 2372: 2364: 2356: 2346: 2333: 2322: 2055:) and in the dative plural ( 2026:restrictive relative clauses 1556:is generally used, although 1248:I gave a rose to the girl . 780: 602:allowing passivization from 511:unreduced, internally headed 405:"The person went home". (A 386:"The person went home". (A 360:"The person went home". (A 9528:A Practical English Grammar 8588:Lehmann, Christian (1984). 7906: 7893: 7882: 7871: 7860: 7849: 7838: 7795: 7782: 7771: 7760: 7749: 7710: 7699: 7688: 7677: 7666: 7653: 7642: 7629: 7618: 7579: 7568: 7557: 7546: 7535: 7522: 7511: 7500: 7461: 7450: 7439: 7428: 7415: 7404: 7393: 7353: 7340: 7329: 7318: 7279: 7266: 7255: 7244: 7160:Here is theirs to have seen 7158:= "the things that I saw"; 7123:indirect question in (7b). 5693:rumah yang dibangun {} Jack 5637:person who build house that 4723:"the kettle I boiled water 4539:tempura-OBJ eat-PAST person 4326: 4318: 4310: 4302: 4294: 4286: 4267: 4259: 4251: 4243: 4235: 4227: 4219: 4211: 4154: 3590:"the man who is very hairy" 1462:saw me", "He is the person 1042:dependent-marking languages 352:the head noun "the person". 246:has not been seen for days. 211:restrictive relative clause 185: 144:, and the relative pronoun 9636: 9034: 9001: 8878:10.1515/ling.1986.24.4.663 8843:10.1207/s15327817la0902_01 8715:LaPolla, Randy J. (2008). 8504:Long-distance dependencies 7222: 7162:= This is what they saw". 7149:The one who me (past) sent 6240:form for any given verb.) 4331:هذا فتًى رأيته في الصف أمس 3859:, which could be either a 3820:y dyn y rhois y llyfr iddo 3645:y dyn piau castell anferth 3359: 2859:sam vidio, bili su veliki. 2575:the attributive participle 2511: 2226:are large, are being seen. 2176: 2075:, comparable with English 1934:("He told me to get lost, 1790:is generally used, though 1708:the son is my colleague.") 1692:J'ai parlé avec une femme 1685:for the noun "possessed": 1466:I saw", "He is the person 1434: 1415:Lexical Functional Grammar 1331:The girl came to visit. ( 487:"The person went home". ( 439:and as one possibility in 198: 18: 8748:Carrol, David W. (2008). 8684:"Relativization in Qiang" 8682:Huang, Chenglong (2008). 7943: 7151:= "the one who sent me". 7078:Saan ipinanganak si Juan? 6678:nagbigay ng bigas sa bata 5831:nagbigay ng bigas sa bata 4714:紅茶を淹れるためにお湯を沸かしたやかん 4586:"an illuminated building" 4546:In fact, since so-called 4060:than a relative pronoun. 3997:at yoshevet alav, shavur. 3963:at yoshevet alav, shavur. 3887:is much more common than 3472:the man DIR-REL saw {} me 1696:le fils est mon collègue. 1081:This order is called the 736:-clause strategy used by 732:A second strategy is the 645:Native American languages 9377:Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 8724:Language and Linguistics 8691:Language and Linguistics 8551:Kurzová, Helena (1981). 8442:It's he who cries out so 7301:zhòng shuǐguǒ de nóngrén 4436:"this delicious tempura" 4204:(descriptive sentence). 3977:at yoshevet alav shavur. 3931:--next-to-you broken.") 3663:in the relative clause. 3469:an fear a chonaic (t) mé 3376:Insular Celtic languages 2907:, that is inflicted for 2216:sunt magnae, videntur. ( 1704:, "I spoke with a woman 1437:English relative clauses 1401:The girl came to visit. 1398:The girl came to visit. 1395:The girl came to visit. 1392:The girl came to visit. 1374:The girl came to visit. 1362:The girl came to visit. 1359:The girl came to visit. 1356:The girl came to visit. 1353:The girl came to visit. 1350:The girl came to visit. 1338:The girl came to visit. 1328:The girl came to visit. 1325:The girl came to visit. 1322:The girl came to visit. 1319:The girl came to visit. 1311:The girl came to visit. 1238:The girl is my sister. 996:the relative clause (an 883:reduced relative clauses 718:full-fledged noun phrase 560:reduced relative clauses 281:English relative clauses 157:of the relative clause. 21:English relative clauses 9398:Sneddon, J. N. (1996). 9385:Oxford University Press 9017:A Greek–English Lexicon 8509:Reduced relative clause 7969:Hawaiian Creole English 7963:Hawaiian Creole English 7928:wǒ tì tā huà huà de rén 7206:dance-INF-3.POSS poncho 7081:where PAS.bore NOM Juan 4778:tempura-OBJ made person 4775:tempura-o tsukutta hito 4483:ane-ga tsukutta tempura 3945:Ha-kis'e ha-adom shavur 3832:Irish initial mutations 3526:the man DIR-REL {I saw} 2887:In the first sentence, 2459: 2447: 2435: 2427: 2419: 2369: 2361: 2353: 2341: 2327: 2319: 2258:In the former example, 1894:il a beaucoup réfléchi. 1530:British National Corpus 1426:Indo-European languages 1083:accessibility hierarchy 1028:Accessibility hierarchy 581:accessibility hierarchy 513:relative clause, as in 491:relative clause, as in 407:reduced relative clause 373:reduced relative clause 262:who lives in this house 250:who lives in this house 244:who lives in this house 9583:Using relative clauses 8750:Psychology of Language 8487:Enty duh dem shum dey? 7903: 7890: 7879: 7868: 7857: 7846: 7835: 7792: 7779: 7768: 7757: 7746: 7707: 7696: 7685: 7674: 7663: 7650: 7639: 7626: 7615: 7576: 7565: 7554: 7543: 7532: 7519: 7508: 7497: 7458: 7447: 7436: 7425: 7412: 7401: 7390: 7375:tāmen zhòng de shuǐguǒ 7350: 7337: 7326: 7315: 7304:grow fruit PTCL farmer 7276: 7263: 7252: 7241: 7084:"Where was Juan born?" 5696:house that built Jack 5567:Austronesian languages 5506:I.will.write.it.to.her 5260:I.will.write.it.to.her 5065:I.will.write.it.to.her 4323: 4315: 4307: 4299: 4291: 4283: 4264: 4256: 4248: 4240: 4232: 4224: 4216: 4208: 4084:'place' (cf. Semitic * 3584:y dyn sy'n blewog iawn 2884: 2028: 2001: 1993: 1985: 1977: 1969: 1961: 1958:(at/to) contract with 1953: 1945: 1925: 1886: 1875: 1867: 1841: 1826: 1804: 1793: 1785: 1777: 1757: 1746: 1726: 1715: 1691: 1676: 1653:Voilà ce que je crois 1652: 1631: 1623: 1615: 1596: 1583: 1570: 1559: 1551: 1333:equivalent to previous 1258:John knows the girl . 1046:in the relative clause 949:genitive constructions 655:Pronoun retention type 591:Austronesian languages 545:Gapped relative clause 379:when the head noun is 9451:Sun, Chaofen (2006). 9449:This example is from 9056:Gallis, Arne (1956). 9008:Liddell, Henry George 7223:Further information: 6658:nagbigay ng bigas na 4536:tempura-o tabeta hito 3374:(at least the modern 2872: 2591:pluricentric language 2396:eîdon, megálai eisin. 2385:εἶδον, μεγάλαι εἰσίν. 2282:has been replaced by 2094:The relative pronoun 2017: 1905:he has thought a lot 1643:Here is what I think 1219:Some other examples: 611:Relative pronoun type 467:genitive construction 452:genitive construction 293:which annoyed the dog 103:bound relative clause 57:and uses the pronoun 9300:10.2139/ssrn.3460911 9228:Maček, Dora (1986). 8916:. pp. 156–163. 8831:Language Acquisition 7729:昨天被批评的人都不在这里 7378:they grow PTCL fruit 7131:Relative clauses in 7099:, complete with the 7020:Ipinanganak si Juan 6020:declarative sentence 3529:"the man whom I saw" 3475:"the man who saw me" 2915:(here: plural), and 2895:, and in the second 1938:I replied that ...") 1898:("This is obviously 1887:C'est manifestement 1601:je connaissais déjà. 1183:That's the person . 1167:That's the person . 742:Indo-Aryan languages 215:restrictive modifier 162:free relative clause 9600:Linguistic typology 9586:, by Jennifer Frost 9505:Pullum, Geoffrey K. 9369:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad 8737:on 29 October 2013. 8704:on 14 October 2021. 8655:Pullum, Geoffrey K. 7971:, an English-based 7817:wǒ xiě xìn de máobǐ 4872:Caucasian languages 4864:I wrote an article" 4858:I wrote an article" 4433:kono oishii tempura 4168:, masculine plural 3907:Ha-kise l'-yad-ekh. 2911:(here: masculine), 2709:su veliki, vide se. 2508:Proto-Indo-European 2240:vīdī, erant magnae. 1930:j'ai répondu que... 1813:("These are people 1268:I found the rock . 1213:That's the woman . 1199:That's the woman . 1180:That's the person . 1177:That's the person . 1164:That's the person . 1161:That's the person . 1151:That's the woman . 1135:That's the woman . 1064:Ergative–absolutive 785:varieties of Arabic 683:languages of Africa 184:as its antecedent. 9501:Huddleston, Rodney 9420:Alexander, W. D., 9283:Relativna rečenica 8894:Linguistic Inquiry 8651:Huddleston, Rodney 8436:Duh him cry out so 7598:昨天批评的人都不在这里 7480:(用)今天赢的钱来付房租 6764:In (6), the head, 6672:In (4), the head, 4860:(2) "a restaurant 4854:(1) "a restaurant 4369:in class..." (the 4172:, feminine plural 4118:functions both as 4088:). Alternatively, 3921:l'-yad-ekh shavur. 3867:. In later times, 3382:saw me", "the man 2928:resumptive pronoun 2885: 2539:relative pronouns 2252:I saw, were large. 2029: 1850:("This is a table 1298:applicative voices 1210:That's the woman . 1207:That's the woman . 1193:That's the woman . 1148:That's the woman . 1145:That's the woman . 1129:That's the woman . 1119:In formal English 1051:Edward Keenan and 1015:relative clauses. 937:genitive modifiers 913:genitive modifiers 860:resumptive pronoun 666:resumptive pronoun 633:European languages 509:" went home." (An 443:; the combination 418:resumptive pronoun 48:subordinate clause 9610:Generative syntax 8912:Comrie, Bernard. 8668:978-0-521-43146-0 8626:"Matrix Sentence" 8439:It him cry out so 6008:ng bigas sa bata. 4389:Japonic languages 4342:Colloquial Arabic 4192:(acc. and gen.). 4176:, masculine dual 4122:and relativizer, 3842:Semitic languages 3345:je udario autobus 3217:je udario autobus 2547:changed to short 2504:hós, hḗ, hó 2266:both function as 1827:Ce sont des gens 1805:Ce sont des gens 1735:("That's the man 1381:applicative voice 1290: 1289: 1217: 1216: 998:internally headed 783:). In the modern 723:internally headed 712:Nonreduction type 649:Keresan languages 641:Indo-Aryan family 537:Pronoun retention 502:structure, as in 312:Formation methods 75:relative pronouns 9627: 9561: 9541: 9522: 9492: 9491: 9483: 9477: 9471: 9465: 9464: 9447: 9441: 9440: 9431: 9425: 9418: 9412: 9410:978-0415-15529-8 9403: 9395: 9389: 9388: 9365: 9359: 9358: 9356: 9354: 9348: 9341: 9293: 9288:Relative Clauses 9278:Kordić, Snježana 9274: 9268: 9267: 9248: 9242: 9241: 9225: 9219: 9215: 9213: 9176:Kordić, Snježana 9172: 9166: 9165: 9141: 9135: 9126: 9124: 9083:Kordić, Snježana 9079: 9070: 9069: 9053: 9047: 9037: 9036: 9030: 9024: 9004: 9003: 8997: 8991: 8990: 8988: 8986: 8980: 8973: 8947: 8938:Kordić, Snježana 8934: 8928: 8927: 8909: 8903: 8902: 8888: 8882: 8881: 8861: 8855: 8853: 8826: 8820: 8819: 8817: 8815: 8801: 8795: 8794: 8778: 8772: 8771: 8745: 8739: 8738: 8736: 8721: 8712: 8706: 8705: 8703: 8688: 8679: 8673: 8672: 8647: 8641: 8640: 8638: 8636: 8622: 8616: 8615: 8594:Relative Clauses 8585: 8579: 8578: 8548: 8542: 8541: 8525: 7952: 7947: 7899: 7829:personal pronoun 7788: 7659: 7635: 7528: 7421: 7346: 7272: 7231:Mandarin Chinese 7191: 7187: 7183: 7166:Andean languages 7103:complementizer, 7066: 7055: 7005: 6985: 6974: 6942: 6931: 6913: 6909: 6899: 6895: 6884: 6849: 6838: 6820: 6816: 6806: 6731: 6721: 6710: 6646: 6626: 6608: 6597: 6577:ng bigas sa bata 6561: 6543: 6523: 6512: 6475: 6457: 6439: 6428: 6388: 6370: 6360: 6349: 6302: 6284: 6273: 6263: 6201: 6183: 6172: 6162: 6108: 6082: 6071: 6061: 5989: 5971: 5951: 5938: 5903: 5885: 5866: 5856: 5811:gapping strategy 5523: 5519: 5495: 5481: 5468: 5425: 5411: 5397: 5371: 5367: 5354: 5341: 5288: 5274: 5249: 5245: 5232: 5219: 5162: 5148: 5133: 5119: 5054: 5040: 5036: 5022: 5007: 4968: 4932: 4928: 4914: 4899: 4845:僕が記事を書いたレストラン 4819: 4805: 4746: 4688: 4641: 4580:hikatte-iru biru 4518: 4504: 4465: 4451: 4400:attributive verb 4159: 4156:al-ism al-mawṣūl 4152: 4151: 4145:Classical Arabic 4039:you are sitting 3861:relative pronoun 3784: 3780: 3698: 3694: 3624: 3620: 3563: 3559: 3511: 3507: 3441: 3437: 3402:, indicated by ( 3396:relative pronoun 3372:Celtic languages 3356:Celtic languages 3351:"Car hit by bus" 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3018: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2932:personal pronoun 2905:relative pronoun 2851: 2847: 2843: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2701: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2514: 2513: 2407:I saw are large. 2272:number agreement 2004: 1996: 1988: 1980: 1972: 1964: 1956: 1948: 1932: 1896: 1878: 1870: 1848: 1842:C'est une table 1833: 1831:on peut compter. 1817:can be depended 1811: 1809:on peut compter. 1796: 1788: 1780: 1764: 1749: 1733: 1718: 1698: 1679: 1659: 1634: 1626: 1618: 1603: 1590: 1577: 1562: 1554: 1222: 1107: 872:Classical Arabic 864:relative pronoun 856:Classical Arabic 844:Classical Arabic 842:. Similarly, in 804:relative pronoun 679:Classical Arabic 661:personal pronoun 625:Classical Arabic 617:relative pronoun 587:Classical Arabic 534:Relative pronoun 388:relative pronoun 191: 34:that modifies a 9635: 9634: 9630: 9629: 9628: 9626: 9625: 9624: 9590: 9589: 9568: 9545: 9538: 9525: 9519: 9499: 9496: 9495: 9485: 9484: 9480: 9472: 9468: 9450: 9448: 9444: 9434: 9432: 9428: 9419: 9415: 9397: 9396: 9392: 9373:Dixon, R. M. W. 9367: 9366: 9362: 9352: 9350: 9346: 9337: 9310: 9291: 9276: 9275: 9271: 9250: 9249: 9245: 9227: 9226: 9222: 9209: 9190: 9174: 9173: 9169: 9143: 9142: 9138: 9120: 9101: 9081: 9080: 9073: 9055: 9054: 9050: 9031: 9027: 9022:Perseus Project 8998: 8994: 8984: 8982: 8978: 8969: 8945: 8936: 8935: 8931: 8924: 8911: 8910: 8906: 8890: 8889: 8885: 8863: 8862: 8858: 8828: 8827: 8823: 8813: 8811: 8803: 8802: 8798: 8780: 8779: 8775: 8760: 8747: 8746: 8742: 8734: 8719: 8714: 8713: 8709: 8701: 8686: 8681: 8680: 8676: 8669: 8649: 8648: 8644: 8634: 8632: 8624: 8623: 8619: 8604: 8590:Der Relativsatz 8587: 8586: 8582: 8567: 8550: 8549: 8545: 8527: 8526: 8522: 8517: 8500: 8495: 8485: 8477: 8469: 8461: 8453: 8444: 8434: 8426: 8418: 8410: 8402: 8386: 8381: 8372: 8364: 8356: 8348: 8340: 8332: 8324: 8316: 8308: 8299: 8290: 8282: 8274: 8266: 8258: 8250: 8242: 8234: 8225: 8215: 8207: 8199: 8191: 8183: 8175: 8167: 8159: 8151: 8138: 8128: 8120: 8112: 8104: 8096: 8088: 8080: 8072: 8060: 8050: 8042: 8034: 8026: 8018: 8010: 8002: 7994: 7986: 7965: 7960: 7936: 7923: 7912: 7901: 7888: 7877: 7866: 7855: 7844: 7825: 7812: 7801: 7790: 7777: 7766: 7755: 7740: 7727: 7719:(昨天被批評的人都不在這裡。) 7716: 7705: 7694: 7683: 7672: 7661: 7648: 7637: 7624: 7609: 7596: 7585: 7574: 7563: 7552: 7541: 7530: 7517: 7506: 7491: 7478: 7470:((用)今天贏的錢來付房租。) 7467: 7456: 7445: 7434: 7423: 7410: 7399: 7383: 7370: 7359: 7348: 7335: 7324: 7309: 7296: 7285: 7274: 7261: 7250: 7227: 7225:Chinese grammar 7221: 7216: 7211: 7203:thuquñap punchu 7201: 7193: 7173: 7168: 7129: 7086: 7076: 7068: 7058: 7047: 7039: 7035: 7018: 7007: 6995: 6987: 6977: 6966: 6962: 6952: 6944: 6934: 6923: 6915: 6901: 6887: 6876: 6872: 6859: 6851: 6841: 6830: 6822: 6808: 6798: 6788: 6776:'was injured'. 6762: 6749: 6741: 6733: 6723: 6712: 6702: 6692: 6670: 6656: 6648: 6638: 6628: 6618: 6610: 6600: 6589: 6585: 6571: 6563: 6553: 6545: 6535: 6525: 6515: 6504: 6500: 6487: 6477: 6467: 6459: 6449: 6441: 6431: 6420: 6413: 6410: 6398: 6390: 6380: 6372: 6362: 6351: 6341: 6331: 6327: 6324: 6312: 6304: 6294: 6286: 6276: 6265: 6255: 6245: 6233: 6219: 6211: 6203: 6193: 6185: 6175: 6164: 6154: 6144: 6136: 6132: 6118: 6110: 6100: 6092: 6084: 6074: 6063: 6053: 6043: 6035: 6016: 5999: 5991: 5981: 5973: 5963: 5953: 5941: 5930: 5926: 5913: 5905: 5895: 5887: 5877: 5869: 5858: 5848: 5838: 5804: 5799: 5789: 5781: 5773: 5765: 5757: 5753: 5743: 5735: 5727: 5719: 5711: 5700: 5691: 5683: 5676: 5668: 5660: 5652: 5642: 5632: 5624: 5616: 5608: 5600: 5592: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5547: 5536: 5525: 5508: 5497: 5483: 5470: 5451: 5438: 5427: 5413: 5399: 5385: 5374: 5356: 5343: 5329: 5312: 5301: 5290: 5276: 5262: 5251: 5234: 5221: 5199: 5186: 5175: 5164: 5150: 5136: 5121: 5106: 5089: 5078: 5067: 5056: 5042: 5024: 5010: 4994: 4981: 4970: 4956: 4945: 4934: 4916: 4902: 4879: 4874: 4866: 4859: 4843: 4832: 4821: 4807: 4789: 4782: 4770: 4759: 4748: 4729: 4712: 4701: 4690: 4676: 4665: 4654: 4643: 4624: 4611: 4600: 4588: 4583:lit-be building 4575: 4564: 4544: 4531: 4520: 4506: 4491: 4478: 4467: 4453: 4438: 4428: 4420: 4412: 4396: 4391: 4344: 4339: 4329: 4321: 4313: 4305: 4297: 4289: 4280: 4270: 4262: 4254: 4246: 4238: 4230: 4222: 4214: 4180:(nominative) / 4141:Modern Standard 4137: 4135:Literary Arabic 4132: 3853:Biblical Hebrew 3849: 3844: 3828: 3818: 3810: 3802: 3794: 3786: 3772: 3764: 3750: 3740: 3732: 3724: 3716: 3708: 3700: 3686: 3678: 3653: 3643: 3635: 3627: 3612: 3604: 3592: 3582: 3574: 3566: 3551: 3543: 3531: 3521: 3513: 3499: 3491: 3477: 3467: 3459: 3451: 3443: 3429: 3421: 3368: 3358: 3353: 3339: 3316: 3297: 3278: 3253: 3230: 3224: 3211: 3188: 3169: 3150: 3125: 3102: 3057: 3039: 3020: 3007: 2988: 2978: 2959: 2867: 2853: 2834: 2815: 2796: 2777: 2758: 2737: 2717: 2703: 2692: 2673: 2654: 2635: 2614: 2583: 2529:debuccalization 2497: 2465: 2457: 2445: 2433: 2425: 2413:case attraction 2409: 2375: 2367: 2359: 2351: 2339: 2325: 2310: 2186: 2181: 2175: 2012: 1766:("That's a man 1758:C'est un homme 1539: 1503:non-restrictive 1439: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1254:Indirect object 1157:Indirect object 1030: 897: 765: 714: 689:("Omul pe care 657: 613: 547: 524: 409:, in this case 314: 223:non-restrictive 203: 201:Restrictiveness 197: 122:matrix sentence 118:embedded clause 99: 94: 28:relative clause 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9633: 9631: 9623: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9592: 9591: 9588: 9587: 9579: 9574: 9567: 9566:External links 9564: 9563: 9562: 9543: 9536: 9523: 9517: 9494: 9493: 9488:Pidgin Grammar 9478: 9466: 9442: 9426: 9413: 9390: 9360: 9308: 9269: 9252:Browne, Wayles 9243: 9220: 9188: 9180:Serbo-Croatian 9167: 9156:(6): 917–962. 9136: 9099: 9071: 9048: 9025: 8992: 8929: 8922: 8904: 8883: 8872:(4): 663–680. 8856: 8837:(2): 113–156, 8821: 8796: 8773: 8758: 8740: 8707: 8674: 8667: 8642: 8617: 8602: 8580: 8565: 8543: 8519: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8512: 8511: 8506: 8499: 8496: 8478: 8470: 8462: 8454: 8446: 8445: 8427: 8419: 8411: 8403: 8395: 8394: 8385: 8382: 8365: 8357: 8349: 8341: 8333: 8325: 8317: 8309: 8301: 8300: 8283: 8275: 8267: 8259: 8251: 8243: 8235: 8227: 8226: 8208: 8200: 8192: 8184: 8176: 8168: 8160: 8152: 8144: 8143: 8121: 8113: 8105: 8097: 8089: 8081: 8073: 8065: 8064: 8043: 8035: 8027: 8019: 8011: 8003: 7995: 7987: 7979: 7978: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7913: 7902: 7889: 7878: 7867: 7856: 7845: 7834: 7833: 7802: 7791: 7778: 7767: 7756: 7745: 7744: 7717: 7706: 7695: 7684: 7673: 7662: 7649: 7638: 7625: 7614: 7613: 7588:(昨天批評的人都不在這裡。) 7586: 7575: 7564: 7553: 7542: 7531: 7518: 7507: 7496: 7495: 7468: 7457: 7446: 7435: 7424: 7411: 7400: 7389: 7388: 7360: 7349: 7336: 7325: 7314: 7313: 7286: 7275: 7262: 7251: 7240: 7239: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7194: 7175: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7128: 7125: 7069: 7059: 7048: 7040: 7037: 7036: 7008: 6996: 6988: 6978: 6967: 6964: 6963: 6945: 6935: 6924: 6916: 6902: 6888: 6877: 6874: 6873: 6852: 6842: 6831: 6823: 6809: 6799: 6789: 6786: 6785: 6742: 6734: 6724: 6713: 6703: 6693: 6690: 6689: 6649: 6639: 6629: 6619: 6611: 6601: 6590: 6587: 6586: 6564: 6554: 6546: 6536: 6526: 6516: 6505: 6502: 6501: 6478: 6468: 6460: 6450: 6442: 6432: 6421: 6418: 6417: 6391: 6381: 6373: 6363: 6352: 6342: 6332: 6329: 6328: 6305: 6295: 6287: 6277: 6266: 6256: 6246: 6243: 6242: 6212: 6204: 6194: 6186: 6176: 6165: 6155: 6145: 6137: 6134: 6133: 6111: 6101: 6093: 6085: 6075: 6064: 6054: 6044: 6036: 6033: 6032: 5992: 5982: 5974: 5964: 5954: 5942: 5931: 5928: 5927: 5906: 5896: 5888: 5878: 5870: 5859: 5849: 5839: 5836: 5835: 5815:complementizer 5803: 5800: 5782: 5774: 5766: 5758: 5755: 5754: 5736: 5728: 5720: 5712: 5709: 5708: 5706:are possible: 5684: 5677: 5669: 5661: 5653: 5650: 5649: 5625: 5617: 5609: 5601: 5593: 5590: 5589: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5537: 5526: 5509: 5498: 5484: 5471: 5457: 5456: 5428: 5414: 5400: 5386: 5375: 5357: 5344: 5331: 5330: 5302: 5291: 5277: 5263: 5252: 5235: 5222: 5208: 5207: 5176: 5165: 5151: 5137: 5122: 5108: 5107: 5079: 5068: 5057: 5043: 5025: 5011: 4996: 4995: 4971: 4957: 4946: 4935: 4917: 4903: 4888: 4887: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4833: 4822: 4808: 4794: 4793: 4760: 4749: 4735: 4734: 4702: 4691: 4677: 4666: 4655: 4644: 4630: 4629: 4619:get_wet-be dog 4616:nurete-iru inu 4601: 4590: 4589: 4565: 4554: 4553: 4521: 4507: 4493: 4492: 4468: 4454: 4440: 4439: 4421: 4413: 4405: 4404: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4363: 4362: 4357: 4343: 4340: 4322: 4314: 4306: 4298: 4290: 4282: 4281: 4263: 4255: 4247: 4239: 4231: 4223: 4215: 4207: 4206: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4120:complementizer 4045: 4044: 4035:, "The chair, 4013: 4012: 3985: 3984: 3970: 3933: 3932: 3914: 3883:, this use of 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3811: 3803: 3795: 3787: 3773: 3765: 3757: 3756: 3755: 3754: 3733: 3725: 3717: 3709: 3701: 3687: 3679: 3671: 3670: 3669: 3668: 3636: 3628: 3613: 3605: 3597: 3596: 3575: 3567: 3552: 3544: 3536: 3535: 3523:y dyn a welais 3514: 3500: 3492: 3484: 3483: 3482: 3481: 3460: 3452: 3444: 3430: 3422: 3414: 3413: 3412: 3411: 3357: 3354: 3317: 3298: 3279: 3254: 3231: 3226: 3225: 3189: 3170: 3151: 3126: 3103: 3098: 3097: 3095:is preferred: 3041:Onaj poznanik 3021: 3008: 2989: 2979: 2960: 2941: 2940: 2882:Serbo-Croatian 2835: 2816: 2797: 2778: 2759: 2738: 2719: 2718: 2693: 2674: 2655: 2636: 2615: 2596: 2595: 2586:Serbo-Croatian 2582: 2581:Serbo-Croatian 2579: 2489:of the freedom 2458: 2446: 2434: 2426: 2418: 2417: 2368: 2360: 2352: 2340: 2326: 2318: 2317: 2309: 2306: 2256: 2255: 2230: 2185: 2182: 2177:Main article: 2174: 2171: 2166: 2165: 2164: 2163: 2155: 2154: 2153: 2138: 2137: 2136: 2135: 2092: 2091: 2090: 2089: 2011: 2008: 1940: 1939: 1917: 1916: 1910: 1862: 1861: 1855: 1836: 1835: 1822: 1772: 1771: 1741: 1740: 1727:C'est l'homme 1710: 1709: 1667: 1666: 1648: 1606: 1605: 1592: 1579: 1538: 1535: 1522: 1521: 1514: 1499: 1498: 1486: 1471: 1435:Main article: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1403: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1384:, much as the 1376: 1375: 1364: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1340: 1339: 1336: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1313: 1312: 1288: 1287: 1284: 1280: 1279: 1276: 1270: 1269: 1266: 1260: 1259: 1256: 1250: 1249: 1246: 1240: 1239: 1236: 1230: 1229: 1226: 1215: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1201: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1185: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1169: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1153: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1137: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1121: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1079: 1078: 1061: 1060: 1053:Bernard Comrie 1038:left-branching 1029: 1026: 1025: 1024: 1009: 990: 975: 896: 893: 892: 891: 875: 867: 800: 764: 761: 713: 710: 656: 653: 612: 609: 546: 543: 542: 541: 538: 535: 532: 523: 520: 519: 518: 507: 496: 485: 474: 459: 448: 433: 414: 403: 384: 369: 362:complementizer 354: 353: 346: 343:complementizer 339: 328: 327: 324: 321: 313: 310: 298: 297: 283:for details). 269: 268: 257: 196: 193: 166:fused relative 98: 97:Bound and free 95: 93: 90: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9632: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9597: 9595: 9585: 9584: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9569: 9565: 9560:(2): 333–351. 9559: 9555: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9537:0-19-431342-5 9533: 9529: 9524: 9520: 9518:0-521-43146-8 9514: 9510: 9506: 9502: 9498: 9497: 9489: 9482: 9479: 9476:, p. 187 9475: 9470: 9467: 9462: 9458: 9454: 9446: 9443: 9438: 9430: 9427: 9423: 9417: 9414: 9411: 9407: 9401: 9394: 9391: 9387:. p. 79. 9386: 9382: 9378: 9374: 9370: 9364: 9361: 9345: 9340: 9339:CROSBI 426507 9335: 9331: 9327: 9323: 9319: 9315: 9311: 9309:953-6050-04-8 9305: 9301: 9297: 9289: 9285: 9284: 9279: 9273: 9270: 9265: 9261: 9257: 9253: 9247: 9244: 9239: 9235: 9231: 9224: 9221: 9218: 9212: 9211:CROSBI 426503 9207: 9203: 9199: 9195: 9191: 9189:3-89586-161-8 9185: 9181: 9177: 9171: 9168: 9163: 9159: 9155: 9151: 9147: 9140: 9137: 9133: 9129: 9123: 9122:CROSBI 426502 9118: 9114: 9110: 9106: 9102: 9100:3-89586-573-7 9096: 9092: 9088: 9084: 9078: 9076: 9072: 9067: 9063: 9059: 9052: 9049: 9046: 9042: 9038: 9029: 9026: 9023: 9019: 9018: 9013: 9012:Scott, Robert 9009: 9005: 8996: 8993: 8977: 8972: 8971:CROSBI 426662 8967: 8963: 8959: 8955: 8951: 8943: 8939: 8933: 8930: 8925: 8923:0-226-11434-1 8919: 8915: 8908: 8905: 8900: 8896: 8895: 8887: 8884: 8879: 8875: 8871: 8867: 8860: 8857: 8852: 8848: 8844: 8840: 8836: 8832: 8825: 8822: 8810: 8806: 8800: 8797: 8792: 8788: 8784: 8777: 8774: 8769: 8765: 8761: 8759:9780495099697 8755: 8751: 8744: 8741: 8733: 8729: 8725: 8718: 8711: 8708: 8700: 8696: 8692: 8685: 8678: 8675: 8670: 8664: 8660: 8656: 8652: 8646: 8643: 8631: 8627: 8621: 8618: 8613: 8609: 8605: 8603:3-87808-982-1 8599: 8595: 8591: 8584: 8581: 8576: 8572: 8568: 8566:3-87118-458-6 8562: 8558: 8554: 8547: 8544: 8539: 8535: 8531: 8524: 8521: 8514: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8501: 8497: 8494: 8491: 8488: 8484: 8481: 8476: 8473: 8468: 8465: 8460: 8457: 8452: 8449: 8443: 8440: 8437: 8433: 8430: 8425: 8422: 8417: 8414: 8409: 8406: 8401: 8398: 8393: 8391: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8371: 8368: 8363: 8360: 8355: 8352: 8347: 8344: 8339: 8336: 8331: 8328: 8323: 8320: 8315: 8312: 8307: 8304: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8289: 8286: 8281: 8278: 8273: 8270: 8265: 8262: 8257: 8254: 8249: 8246: 8241: 8238: 8233: 8230: 8224: 8221: 8218: 8214: 8211: 8206: 8203: 8198: 8195: 8190: 8187: 8182: 8179: 8174: 8171: 8166: 8163: 8158: 8155: 8150: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8134: 8131: 8127: 8124: 8119: 8116: 8111: 8108: 8103: 8100: 8095: 8092: 8087: 8084: 8079: 8076: 8071: 8068: 8063: 8059: 8056: 8053: 8049: 8046: 8041: 8038: 8033: 8030: 8025: 8022: 8017: 8014: 8009: 8006: 8001: 7998: 7993: 7990: 7985: 7982: 7977: 7974: 7970: 7962: 7957: 7955: 7953: 7946: 7941: 7935: 7932: 7929: 7926: 7925:我替他画画的人 7922: 7919: 7916: 7911: 7908: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7892: 7887: 7884: 7881: 7876: 7873: 7870: 7865: 7862: 7859: 7854: 7851: 7848: 7843: 7840: 7837: 7832: 7830: 7824: 7821: 7818: 7815: 7811: 7808: 7805: 7800: 7797: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7781: 7776: 7773: 7770: 7765: 7762: 7759: 7754: 7751: 7748: 7743: 7739: 7736: 7733: 7730: 7726: 7723: 7720: 7715: 7712: 7709: 7704: 7701: 7698: 7693: 7690: 7687: 7682: 7679: 7676: 7671: 7668: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7652: 7647: 7644: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7628: 7623: 7620: 7617: 7612: 7608: 7605: 7602: 7599: 7595: 7592: 7589: 7584: 7581: 7578: 7573: 7570: 7567: 7562: 7559: 7556: 7551: 7548: 7545: 7540: 7537: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7521: 7516: 7513: 7510: 7505: 7502: 7499: 7494: 7490: 7487: 7484: 7481: 7477: 7474: 7471: 7466: 7463: 7460: 7455: 7452: 7449: 7444: 7441: 7438: 7433: 7430: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7414: 7409: 7406: 7403: 7398: 7395: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7379: 7376: 7373: 7369: 7366: 7363: 7358: 7355: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7339: 7334: 7331: 7328: 7323: 7320: 7317: 7312: 7308: 7305: 7302: 7299: 7295: 7292: 7289: 7284: 7281: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7265: 7260: 7257: 7254: 7249: 7246: 7243: 7238: 7236: 7232: 7226: 7218: 7213: 7210: 7207: 7204: 7200: 7197: 7192: 7178: 7170: 7165: 7163: 7161: 7157: 7152: 7150: 7146: 7140: 7136: 7134: 7126: 7124: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7101:interrogative 7098: 7095: 7091: 7085: 7082: 7079: 7075: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7051: 7046: 7043: 7034: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7006: 7001: 7000: 6994: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6970: 6961: 6958: 6955: 6951: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6927: 6922: 6919: 6914: 6905: 6900: 6891: 6886: 6880: 6871: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6858: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6834: 6829: 6826: 6821: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6794: 6793: 6784: 6783:noun phrase. 6782: 6777: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6761: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6748: 6745: 6740: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6698: 6697: 6688: 6686: 6681: 6679: 6675: 6669: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6655: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6634: 6633: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6593: 6584: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6570: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6531: 6530: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6508: 6499: 6496: 6493: 6492: 6486: 6483: 6482: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6424: 6416: 6412: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6397: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6337: 6336: 6326: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6311: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6251: 6250: 6241: 6239: 6238:passive voice 6232: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6218: 6215: 6210: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6150: 6149: 6143: 6140: 6131: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6117: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6096: 6091: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6049: 6048: 6042: 6039: 6031: 6027: 6025: 6021: 6015: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 5998: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5959: 5958: 5952: 5947: 5946: 5940: 5934: 5925: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5912: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5873: 5868: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5844: 5843: 5834: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5801: 5798: 5795: 5792: 5788: 5785: 5780: 5777: 5772: 5769: 5764: 5761: 5752: 5749: 5746: 5742: 5739: 5734: 5731: 5726: 5723: 5718: 5715: 5707: 5705: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5690: 5687: 5682: 5680: 5675: 5672: 5667: 5664: 5659: 5656: 5648: 5646: 5641: 5638: 5635: 5631: 5628: 5623: 5620: 5615: 5612: 5607: 5604: 5599: 5596: 5588: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5571: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5556: 5553: 5550: 5546: 5543: 5540: 5535: 5532: 5529: 5524: 5515: 5512: 5507: 5504: 5501: 5496: 5490: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5474: 5469: 5463: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5447: 5444: 5441: 5437: 5436:she.bought.it 5434: 5431: 5426: 5420: 5417: 5412: 5406: 5403: 5398: 5392: 5389: 5384: 5381: 5378: 5373: 5363: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5334: 5328: 5326: 5321: 5318: 5315: 5311: 5308: 5305: 5300: 5297: 5294: 5289: 5283: 5280: 5275: 5269: 5266: 5261: 5258: 5255: 5250: 5241: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5225: 5220: 5214: 5211: 5206: 5204: 5198: 5195: 5192: 5189: 5185: 5184:she.bought.it 5182: 5179: 5174: 5171: 5168: 5163: 5157: 5154: 5149: 5143: 5140: 5135: 5128: 5125: 5120: 5114: 5111: 5105: 5103: 5098: 5095: 5092: 5088: 5085: 5082: 5077: 5074: 5071: 5066: 5063: 5060: 5055: 5049: 5046: 5041: 5031: 5028: 5023: 5017: 5014: 5009: 5002: 4999: 4993: 4990: 4987: 4984: 4980: 4977: 4974: 4969: 4963: 4960: 4955: 4952: 4949: 4944: 4941: 4938: 4933: 4923: 4920: 4915: 4909: 4906: 4901: 4894: 4891: 4886: 4884: 4876: 4871: 4869: 4865: 4863: 4857: 4852: 4849: 4846: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4831: 4828: 4825: 4820: 4814: 4811: 4806: 4800: 4797: 4792: 4788: 4786: 4779: 4776: 4773: 4769: 4766: 4763: 4758: 4755: 4752: 4747: 4741: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4726: 4721: 4718: 4715: 4711: 4708: 4705: 4700: 4697: 4694: 4689: 4683: 4680: 4675: 4672: 4669: 4664: 4661: 4658: 4653: 4650: 4647: 4642: 4636: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4620: 4617: 4614: 4610: 4607: 4604: 4599: 4596: 4593: 4587: 4584: 4581: 4578: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4563: 4560: 4557: 4552: 4549: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4534: 4530: 4527: 4524: 4519: 4513: 4510: 4505: 4499: 4496: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4481: 4477: 4474: 4471: 4466: 4460: 4457: 4452: 4446: 4443: 4437: 4434: 4431: 4427: 4424: 4419: 4416: 4411: 4408: 4403: 4401: 4393: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4352: 4351: 4349: 4341: 4338: 4335: 4332: 4328: 4325: 4320: 4317: 4312: 4309: 4304: 4301: 4296: 4293: 4288: 4285: 4279: 4276: 4273: 4269: 4266: 4261: 4258: 4253: 4250: 4245: 4242: 4237: 4234: 4229: 4226: 4221: 4218: 4213: 4210: 4205: 4203: 4199: 4193: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4158: 4157: 4150:الاسم الموصول 4146: 4142: 4134: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4103:(cf. Aramaic 4102: 4098: 4095:derived from 4094: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4069: 4066: 4061: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4028: 4024: 4019: 4018: 4017: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3996: 3991: 3990: 3989: 3982: 3978: 3976: 3971: 3968: 3965:("The chair, 3964: 3962: 3957: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3948: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3935:(This use of 3930: 3927:, "The-chair 3926: 3922: 3920: 3915: 3912: 3908: 3905: 3904: 3903: 3901: 3897: 3892: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3881:Modern Hebrew 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3846: 3841: 3839: 3835: 3833: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3817: 3814: 3809: 3806: 3801: 3798: 3793: 3790: 3785: 3776: 3771: 3768: 3763: 3760: 3752: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3743: 3739: 3736: 3731: 3728: 3723: 3720: 3715: 3712: 3707: 3704: 3699: 3690: 3685: 3682: 3677: 3674: 3666: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3658: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3642: 3639: 3634: 3631: 3626: 3616: 3611: 3608: 3603: 3600: 3595: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3581: 3578: 3573: 3570: 3565: 3555: 3550: 3547: 3542: 3539: 3534: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3520: 3517: 3512: 3503: 3498: 3495: 3490: 3487: 3479: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3466: 3463: 3458: 3455: 3450: 3447: 3442: 3433: 3428: 3425: 3420: 3417: 3409: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3367: 3363: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3338: 3320: 3315: 3301: 3296: 3282: 3277: 3259: 3258: 3252: 3234: 3229: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3210: 3192: 3187: 3173: 3168: 3154: 3149: 3131: 3130: 3124: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3085:morphological 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3044: 3038: 3024: 3019: 3013: 3012: 3006: 2992: 2987: 2984: 2983: 2977: 2965:acquaintance: 2963: 2958: 2944: 2939: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2920: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2852: 2838: 2833: 2819: 2814: 2800: 2795: 2781: 2776: 2762: 2757: 2743: 2742: 2736: 2722: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2702: 2696: 2691: 2677: 2672: 2658: 2653: 2639: 2634: 2620: 2619: 2613: 2599: 2594: 2592: 2587: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2509: 2505: 2500: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2464: 2461: 2456: 2455: 2451: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2439: 2438: 2432: 2429: 2424: 2421: 2416: 2414: 2408: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2395: 2391: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2374: 2371: 2366: 2363: 2358: 2355: 2350: 2349: 2345: 2344: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2330: 2324: 2321: 2316: 2314: 2313:Ancient Greek 2308:Ancient Greek 2307: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2295: 2293: 2289: 2288:direct object 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2206: 2205: 2203: 2200:, but not in 2199: 2195: 2191: 2183: 2180: 2172: 2170: 2161: 2160: 2159: 2156: 2151: 2150: 2149: 2146: 2145: 2144: 2141: 2133: 2132: 2131: 2128: 2127: 2126: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2087: 2086: 2085: 2082: 2081: 2080: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2027: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2009: 2007: 2005: 2003: 1997: 1995: 1989: 1987: 1981: 1979: 1973: 1971: 1965: 1963: 1957: 1955: 1949: 1947: 1937: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1922: 1921: 1920: 1915: 1911: 1908: 1904: 1901: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1889:quelque chose 1883: 1882: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1871: 1869: 1860: 1856: 1853: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1838: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1823: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1801: 1800: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1789: 1787: 1781: 1779: 1769: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1754: 1753: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1738: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1723: 1722: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1688: 1687: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1678: 1672: 1664: 1660: 1658: 1656: 1649: 1646: 1642: 1641: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1633: 1627: 1625: 1619: 1617: 1610: 1604: 1602: 1600: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1580: 1578: 1576: 1574: 1567: 1566: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1555: 1553: 1546: 1544: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1527: 1519: 1515: 1512: 1508: 1507: 1506: 1504: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1456: 1455: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1438: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1389: 1387: 1386:passive voice 1383: 1382: 1373: 1372: 1371: 1368: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1347: 1345: 1344:passivization 1337: 1334: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1316: 1310: 1309: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1247: 1245: 1244:Direct object 1242: 1241: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1231: 1227: 1224: 1223: 1220: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1170: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1141:Direct object 1139: 1138: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1076: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1065: 1058: 1057: 1056: 1054: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1034:verb argument 1027: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 988: 984: 980: 976: 973: 969: 965: 964: 963: 960: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 894: 889: 884: 880: 876: 873: 868: 865: 861: 857: 852: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 769: 768: 762: 760: 758: 753: 749: 747: 744:, as well as 743: 739: 735: 730: 728: 724: 721:said to have 719: 711: 709: 707: 702: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 667: 662: 654: 652: 650: 646: 642: 638: 637:Celtic family 634: 630: 626: 620: 618: 610: 608: 605: 600: 596: 592: 588: 583: 582: 577: 572: 568: 563: 561: 555: 553: 544: 539: 536: 533: 530: 529: 528: 521: 516: 512: 508: 505: 501: 497: 494: 490: 486: 483: 479: 475: 472: 468: 464: 460: 457: 453: 449: 446: 442: 441:modern Hebrew 438: 434: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 412: 408: 404: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 382: 378: 374: 370: 367: 363: 359: 358: 357: 351: 347: 344: 340: 337: 333: 332: 331: 325: 322: 319: 318: 317: 311: 309: 307: 303: 296: 294: 289: 288: 287: 284: 282: 278: 274: 265: 263: 258: 255: 251: 247: 245: 240: 239: 238: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 202: 194: 192: 189: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 158: 156: 155:direct object 152: 147: 143: 138: 136: 135: 130: 128: 123: 119: 114: 112: 108: 104: 96: 91: 89: 87: 86: 81: 77: 76: 71: 66: 64: 60: 56: 52: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 29: 22: 9582: 9557: 9551: 9527: 9508: 9487: 9481: 9469: 9452: 9445: 9436: 9429: 9421: 9416: 9402:. Routledge. 9399: 9393: 9380: 9363: 9351:. Retrieved 9287: 9282: 9272: 9255: 9246: 9229: 9223: 9179: 9170: 9153: 9149: 9145: 9139: 9090: 9086: 9057: 9051: 9028: 9015: 8995: 8983:. Retrieved 8949: 8932: 8913: 8907: 8898: 8892: 8886: 8869: 8865: 8859: 8834: 8830: 8824: 8812:. Retrieved 8808: 8799: 8782: 8776: 8749: 8743: 8732:the original 8727: 8723: 8710: 8699:the original 8694: 8690: 8677: 8658: 8645: 8633:. Retrieved 8629: 8620: 8593: 8589: 8583: 8556: 8552: 8546: 8529: 8523: 8492: 8489: 8486: 8482: 8479: 8474: 8471: 8466: 8463: 8458: 8455: 8450: 8447: 8441: 8438: 8435: 8431: 8428: 8423: 8420: 8415: 8412: 8407: 8404: 8399: 8396: 8387: 8379: 8376: 8373: 8369: 8366: 8361: 8358: 8353: 8350: 8345: 8342: 8337: 8334: 8329: 8326: 8321: 8318: 8313: 8310: 8305: 8302: 8297: 8294: 8291: 8287: 8284: 8279: 8276: 8271: 8268: 8263: 8260: 8255: 8252: 8247: 8244: 8239: 8236: 8231: 8228: 8222: 8219: 8216: 8212: 8209: 8204: 8201: 8196: 8193: 8188: 8185: 8180: 8177: 8172: 8169: 8164: 8161: 8156: 8153: 8148: 8145: 8139: 8135: 8132: 8129: 8125: 8122: 8117: 8114: 8109: 8106: 8101: 8098: 8093: 8090: 8085: 8082: 8077: 8074: 8069: 8066: 8061: 8057: 8054: 8051: 8047: 8044: 8039: 8036: 8031: 8028: 8023: 8020: 8015: 8012: 8007: 8004: 7999: 7996: 7991: 7988: 7983: 7980: 7966: 7949: 7939: 7937: 7933: 7930: 7927: 7924: 7920: 7917: 7914: 7909: 7896: 7885: 7874: 7863: 7852: 7841: 7826: 7822: 7819: 7816: 7813: 7809: 7806: 7803: 7798: 7785: 7774: 7763: 7752: 7741: 7737: 7734: 7731: 7728: 7724: 7721: 7718: 7713: 7702: 7691: 7680: 7669: 7656: 7645: 7632: 7621: 7610: 7606: 7603: 7600: 7597: 7593: 7590: 7587: 7582: 7571: 7560: 7549: 7538: 7525: 7514: 7503: 7492: 7488: 7485: 7482: 7479: 7475: 7472: 7469: 7464: 7453: 7442: 7431: 7418: 7407: 7396: 7384: 7380: 7377: 7374: 7371: 7367: 7364: 7361: 7356: 7343: 7332: 7321: 7310: 7306: 7303: 7300: 7297: 7293: 7290: 7287: 7282: 7269: 7258: 7247: 7234: 7228: 7208: 7205: 7202: 7198: 7195: 7179: 7176: 7159: 7155: 7153: 7148: 7144: 7141: 7137: 7130: 7116: 7112: 7104: 7089: 7087: 7083: 7080: 7077: 7073: 7070: 7063: 7060: 7052: 7049: 7044: 7041: 7032: 7029: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7015: 7010: 7009: 7002: 6998: 6997: 6992: 6989: 6982: 6979: 6971: 6968: 6959: 6956: 6953: 6949: 6946: 6939: 6936: 6928: 6925: 6920: 6917: 6906: 6903: 6892: 6889: 6881: 6878: 6869: 6866: 6861: 6860: 6856: 6853: 6846: 6843: 6835: 6832: 6827: 6824: 6813: 6810: 6803: 6800: 6795: 6791: 6790: 6778: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6763: 6759: 6756: 6751: 6750: 6746: 6743: 6738: 6735: 6728: 6725: 6717: 6714: 6707: 6704: 6699: 6695: 6694: 6682: 6677: 6673: 6671: 6667: 6664: 6659: 6657: 6653: 6650: 6643: 6640: 6635: 6631: 6630: 6623: 6620: 6615: 6612: 6605: 6602: 6594: 6591: 6582: 6579: 6574: 6573:nagbigay na 6572: 6568: 6565: 6558: 6555: 6550: 6547: 6540: 6537: 6532: 6528: 6527: 6520: 6517: 6509: 6506: 6497: 6494: 6490: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6479: 6472: 6469: 6464: 6461: 6454: 6451: 6446: 6443: 6436: 6433: 6425: 6422: 6414: 6408: 6405: 6400: 6399: 6395: 6392: 6385: 6382: 6377: 6374: 6367: 6364: 6356: 6353: 6346: 6343: 6338: 6334: 6333: 6322: 6319: 6314: 6313: 6309: 6306: 6299: 6296: 6291: 6288: 6281: 6278: 6270: 6267: 6260: 6257: 6252: 6248: 6247: 6234: 6230: 6227: 6222: 6220: 6216: 6213: 6208: 6205: 6198: 6195: 6190: 6187: 6180: 6177: 6169: 6166: 6159: 6156: 6151: 6147: 6146: 6141: 6138: 6129: 6126: 6121: 6119: 6115: 6112: 6105: 6102: 6097: 6094: 6089: 6086: 6079: 6076: 6068: 6065: 6058: 6055: 6050: 6046: 6045: 6040: 6037: 6028: 6023: 6017: 6013: 6010: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5996: 5993: 5986: 5983: 5978: 5975: 5968: 5965: 5960: 5956: 5955: 5948: 5944: 5943: 5935: 5932: 5923: 5920: 5915: 5914: 5910: 5907: 5900: 5897: 5892: 5889: 5882: 5879: 5874: 5871: 5863: 5860: 5853: 5850: 5845: 5841: 5840: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5805: 5796: 5793: 5790: 5786: 5783: 5778: 5775: 5771:heard-by-him 5770: 5767: 5762: 5759: 5750: 5747: 5744: 5740: 5737: 5732: 5729: 5724: 5721: 5716: 5713: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5695: 5692: 5688: 5685: 5681: 5678: 5673: 5670: 5665: 5662: 5657: 5654: 5644: 5643: 5639: 5636: 5633: 5629: 5626: 5621: 5618: 5613: 5610: 5605: 5602: 5597: 5594: 5584: 5575: 5557: 5554: 5551: 5548: 5544: 5541: 5538: 5533: 5530: 5527: 5516: 5513: 5510: 5505: 5502: 5499: 5491: 5488: 5485: 5478: 5475: 5472: 5464: 5461: 5458: 5452: 5448: 5445: 5442: 5439: 5435: 5432: 5429: 5421: 5418: 5415: 5407: 5404: 5401: 5393: 5390: 5387: 5382: 5379: 5376: 5364: 5361: 5358: 5351: 5348: 5345: 5338: 5335: 5332: 5322: 5319: 5316: 5313: 5309: 5306: 5303: 5298: 5295: 5292: 5284: 5281: 5278: 5270: 5267: 5264: 5259: 5256: 5253: 5242: 5239: 5236: 5229: 5226: 5223: 5215: 5212: 5209: 5202: 5200: 5196: 5193: 5190: 5187: 5183: 5180: 5177: 5172: 5169: 5166: 5158: 5155: 5152: 5144: 5141: 5138: 5129: 5126: 5123: 5115: 5112: 5109: 5099: 5096: 5093: 5090: 5086: 5083: 5080: 5075: 5072: 5069: 5064: 5061: 5058: 5050: 5047: 5044: 5032: 5029: 5026: 5018: 5015: 5012: 5003: 5000: 4997: 4991: 4988: 4985: 4982: 4978: 4975: 4972: 4964: 4961: 4958: 4953: 4950: 4947: 4942: 4939: 4936: 4924: 4921: 4918: 4910: 4907: 4904: 4895: 4892: 4889: 4880: 4867: 4861: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4847: 4844: 4840: 4837: 4834: 4829: 4826: 4823: 4815: 4812: 4809: 4801: 4798: 4795: 4790: 4784: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4771: 4767: 4764: 4761: 4756: 4753: 4750: 4742: 4739: 4736: 4730: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4716: 4713: 4709: 4706: 4703: 4698: 4695: 4692: 4684: 4681: 4678: 4673: 4670: 4667: 4662: 4659: 4656: 4651: 4648: 4645: 4637: 4634: 4631: 4625: 4621: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4608: 4605: 4602: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4585: 4582: 4579: 4576: 4572: 4569: 4566: 4561: 4558: 4555: 4548:i-adjectives 4547: 4545: 4541: 4538: 4535: 4532: 4528: 4525: 4522: 4514: 4511: 4508: 4500: 4497: 4494: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4461: 4458: 4455: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4435: 4432: 4429: 4425: 4422: 4417: 4414: 4409: 4406: 4397: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4347: 4345: 4336: 4333: 4330: 4277: 4274: 4271: 4201: 4197: 4194: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4155: 4138: 4123: 4115: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4085: 4081: 4074: 4070: 4062: 4053: 4049: 4046: 4043:, broken.") 4040: 4036: 4032: 4026: 4025:at yoshevet 4022: 4020: 4014: 4008: 4007:"The chair, 4004: 4000: 3999:("The chair 3994: 3992: 3986: 3980: 3979:("The chair 3974: 3972: 3966: 3960: 3958: 3949: 3944: 3941:Ha-kise adom 3940: 3936: 3934: 3928: 3924: 3918: 3916: 3910: 3906: 3899: 3895: 3893: 3888: 3884: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3856: 3850: 3836: 3829: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3815: 3812: 3807: 3804: 3799: 3796: 3791: 3788: 3777: 3774: 3769: 3766: 3761: 3758: 3747: 3744: 3741: 3737: 3734: 3729: 3726: 3721: 3718: 3713: 3710: 3705: 3702: 3691: 3688: 3683: 3680: 3675: 3672: 3660: 3654: 3650: 3647: 3644: 3640: 3637: 3632: 3629: 3617: 3614: 3609: 3606: 3601: 3598: 3593: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3579: 3576: 3571: 3568: 3556: 3553: 3548: 3545: 3540: 3537: 3532: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3518: 3515: 3504: 3501: 3496: 3493: 3488: 3485: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3464: 3461: 3456: 3453: 3448: 3445: 3434: 3431: 3426: 3423: 3418: 3415: 3403: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3369: 3350: 3347: 3342: 3340: 3321: 3318: 3302: 3299: 3283: 3280: 3260: 3256: 3255: 3235: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3219: 3214: 3212: 3193: 3190: 3174: 3171: 3155: 3152: 3132: 3128: 3127: 3107: 3104: 3099: 3092: 3088: 3068: 3064: 3058: 3054: 3051: 3049:pozdravio... 3046: 3042: 3040: 3025: 3023:pozdravio... 3022: 3014: 3010: 3009: 2993: 2990: 2985: 2981: 2980: 2964: 2961: 2945: 2942: 2923: 2921: 2896: 2888: 2886: 2878:relativizers 2864: 2861: 2856: 2854: 2839: 2836: 2820: 2817: 2801: 2798: 2782: 2779: 2763: 2760: 2744: 2740: 2739: 2723: 2720: 2714: 2711: 2706: 2704: 2697: 2694: 2678: 2675: 2659: 2656: 2640: 2637: 2621: 2617: 2616: 2600: 2597: 2584: 2571: 2566: 2559: 2555: 2553: 2548: 2544: 2541:yas, yā, yad 2540: 2524: 2520: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2492: 2488: 2486: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2453: 2448: 2441: 2436: 2412: 2410: 2404: 2400: 2398: 2393: 2389: 2387: 2382: 2378: 2376: 2347: 2342: 2334: 2328: 2311: 2298: 2296: 2291: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2263: 2259: 2257: 2249: 2245: 2243: 2237: 2233: 2232: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2213: 2209: 2208: 2187: 2167: 2157: 2147: 2142: 2139: 2129: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2108: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2093: 2083: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2030: 2002:auxquel(le)s 1999: 1994:desquel(le)s 1991: 1986:lesquel(le)s 1983: 1975: 1967: 1959: 1951: 1943: 1941: 1935: 1927: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1906: 1902: 1899: 1891: 1888: 1884: 1873: 1865: 1863: 1858: 1851: 1844:sur laquelle 1843: 1839: 1828: 1824: 1818: 1814: 1807:sur lesquels 1806: 1802: 1791: 1783: 1775: 1773: 1767: 1759: 1755: 1744: 1742: 1736: 1728: 1724: 1713: 1711: 1705: 1701: 1693: 1689: 1674: 1670: 1668: 1662: 1654: 1650: 1644: 1638: 1629: 1621: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1598: 1594: 1585: 1581: 1572: 1568: 1557: 1549: 1547: 1540: 1523: 1517: 1510: 1500: 1493: 1489: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1452: 1447: 1443: 1440: 1410: 1404: 1379: 1377: 1369: 1365: 1341: 1332: 1314: 1306: 1302:antipassives 1291: 1218: 1100: 1082: 1080: 1062: 1050: 1045: 1031: 997: 993: 961: 956: 932: 928: 908: 905:head-initial 904: 898: 879:nominalizing 863: 850: 848:definiteness 839: 835: 831: 827: 811: 796: 788: 776: 766: 757:head-marking 754: 750: 733: 731: 722: 717: 715: 703: 698: 694: 690: 670: 664: 658: 628: 621: 614: 603: 579: 575: 564: 556: 548: 540:Nonreduction 525: 510: 499: 444: 437:modern Greek 365: 361: 355: 349: 342: 335: 329: 315: 301: 299: 292: 290: 285: 276: 270: 261: 259: 253: 249: 243: 241: 234: 230: 227:non-defining 226: 222: 218: 210: 204: 177: 176:of the verb 169: 165: 161: 159: 145: 141: 139: 132: 125: 121: 117: 115: 102: 100: 85:relativizers 83: 79: 73: 67: 58: 54: 50: 43: 27: 25: 9150:Linguistics 8901:(1): 63–99. 8866:Linguistics 7121:subordinate 7050:ipinanganak 6969:Ipinanganak 6926:ipinanganak 6833:ipinanganak 5776:mengejutkan 5768:didengarnya 5730:mengejutkan 5581:zero-copula 4979:he.reads.it 4856:about which 4622:"a wet dog" 4559:hikatte-iru 4430:このおいしい天ぷら 4202:jumlat sifa 4198:jumlat sila 4068:relativizer 4058:relativizer 3865:relativizer 3657:relativizer 3061:participles 2724:the cities: 2601:the cities: 2517:Proto-Greek 2479:eleutheríās 2442:eleutheríās 1731:j'ai parlé. 1665:happened.") 1657:est arrivé. 1283:Obj of Comp 1204:Obj of Comp 773:relativizer 734:correlative 599:passivizing 500:correlative 489:Nominalized 463:Nominalized 306:proposition 260:The mayor, 242:The person 231:restrictive 207:restrictive 111:noun phrase 40:noun phrase 9594:Categories 9383:. Oxford: 8515:References 7915:(我替他畫畫的人。) 7814:我写信的毛笔 6770:ang daliri 6024:ang lalaki 5779:surprising 5741:its-colour 5733:surprising 5577:Indonesian 5572:Indonesian 5534:Tbilisi-in 5503:davuc̣̣er, 5299:Tbilisi-in 5257:davuc̣̣er, 5156:romel=ze-c 5076:Tbilisi-in 5030:romel-sa-c 4965:newspaper- 4841:restaurant 4772:天ぷらを作った人 4685:hot-water- 4598:get_wet-be 4595:nurete-iru 4533:天ぷらを食べた人 4480:姉が作った天ぷら 4319:(a)ṣ-ṣaffi 4303:ra’aytu-hu 4244:(a)ṣ-ṣaffi 3879:), and in 3360:See also: 3073:syncretism 2936:antecedent 2901:accusative 2899:is in the 2893:nominative 2891:is in the 2556:ho, hē, tó 2477:áxioi tês 2469:ἐλευθερίας 2467:ἄξιοι τῆς 2437:ἐλευθερίας 2019:Intonation 1982:, or with 1782:is used), 1768:about whom 1739:I spoke.") 1683:determiner 1490:subjective 1071:Absolutive 1013:nonreduced 1006:nonreduced 992:Head noun 929:head-final 740:and other 593:, such as 571:Vietnamese 552:verb-final 411:passivized 381:indefinite 199:See also: 186:(See also 170:what I see 134:antecedent 78:, such as 9162:0024-3949 9039: in 8958:637166830 8851:143402998 8809:wals.info 8768:144326346 7804:(我寫信的毛筆。) 7646:criticize 7622:yesterday 7515:criticize 7504:yesterday 7372:他们种的水果 7362:(他們種的水果。) 7298:种水果的农人 7288:(種水果的農人。) 6879:Nagtanong 6774:nasugatan 6715:nasugatan 6685:possessor 6001:Nagbigay 5809:uses the 5611:membangun 5545:she.lives 5531:tbilis=ši 5489:c̣̣eril-s 5310:she.lives 5296:tbilis=ši 5213:c̣̣eril-s 5159:which=on- 5087:she.lives 5073:tbilis=ši 5062:davuc̣er, 4976:ḳitxulobs 4973:კითხულობს 4922:romel-i-c 4838:resutoran 4740:tempura-o 4696:wakashita 4498:tempura-o 4375:ra'aituhu 4228:ra’aytuhu 4220:(a)lladhi 4190:allataynī 4188:(nom.) / 4182:allaḏayni 4029:, shavur. 4021:Ha-kise, 3993:Ha-kise, 3959:Ha-kise, 2930:, i.e. a 2874:Frequency 2855:Gradovi, 2705:Gradovi, 2484:kéktēsthe 2463:kéktēsthe 1900:something 1647:happened. 1494:objective 1315:But not: 901:branching 802:Use of a 482:Mongolian 9553:Language 9507:(2002). 9474:Sun 2006 9461:70671780 9379:(eds.). 9353:1 August 9344:Archived 9334:2863536W 9326:37606491 9318:97154457 9280:(1995). 9264:14368553 9254:(1986). 9238:14710495 9217:Contents 9206:2863538W 9198:37959860 9178:(1997). 9128:Contents 9117:2863535W 9109:42422661 9085:(1999). 8976:Archived 8940:(1996). 8791:45487549 8657:(2002). 8635:26 March 8612:14358164 8575:63317519 8538:57574762 8498:See also 7799:brushpen 7219:Mandarin 7177:thuquñap 7133:Hawaiian 7127:Hawaiian 7097:question 7094:indirect 7016:hospital 6796:hospital 6718:injured. 6592:nagbigay 6507:nagbigay 6423:nagbigay 6354:binigyan 6268:ibinigay 6167:nagbigay 6066:nagbigay 5933:Nagbigay 5861:nagbigay 5738:warnanya 5671:dibangun 5542:cxovrobs 5539:ცხოვრობს 5528:თბილისში 5500:დავუწერ, 5307:cxovrobs 5304:ცხოვრობს 5293:თბილისში 5254:დავუწერ, 5153:რომელზეც 5084:cxovrobs 5081:ცხოვრობს 5070:თბილისში 5059:დავუწერ, 5048:c̣eril-s 5027:რომელსაც 4951:c̣avida, 4883:Georgian 4877:Georgian 4862:in which 4816:article- 4754:tsukutta 4743:tempura- 4727:for tea" 4577:光っているビル 4573:building 4501:tempura- 4459:tsukutta 4394:Japanese 4377:and the 4268:al-yawma 4186:allatānī 4178:allaḏānī 4174:allawātī 4170:allaḏīna 4111:Whereas 4079:Akkadian 3973:Ha-kise 3917:Ha-kise 3738:hospital 3735:ospidéal 3722:daughter 3079:and the 2962:poznanik 2721:Gradovi, 2598:Gradovi, 2537:Sanskrit 2535:include 2533:Cognates 2493:of which 2474:κέκτησθε 2460:κέκτησθε 2268:subjects 1990:to form 1966:to form 1936:to which 1852:on which 1586:lesquels 1573:laquelle 1421:Examples 1274:Genitive 1228:Example 1225:Position 1189:Genitive 1110:Position 1087:Malagasy 1075:Ergative 1021:Warlpiri 983:Japanese 955:has the 945:Japanese 812:embedded 687:Romanian 478:Japanese 445:that him 235:defining 70:pronouns 9615:Clauses 9132:Summary 9041:Liddell 9020:at the 8985:14 July 8966:3434472 8814:8 April 8475:saw him 8306:There's 8232:There's 8149:There's 7958:Creoles 7886:picture 7864:her/him 7619:zuótiān 7501:zuótiān 7394:jīntiān 7354:shuǐguǒ 7280:nóngrén 7256:shuǐguǒ 7214:Chinese 7117:ospital 7109:WH-word 7025:ospital 7011:ospital 6862:ospital 6792:ospital 6781:oblique 6662:sa bata 5807:Tagalog 5802:Tagalog 5560:Tbilisi 5492:letter- 5380:vzivar, 5377:ვზივარ, 5325:Tbilisi 5216:letter- 5170:vzivar, 5167:ვზივარ, 5142:sḳam-i, 5102:Tbilisi 5051:letter- 4962:gazet-s 4954:he.went 4948:წავიდა, 4943:park=to 4940:ṗarḳ=ši 4919:რომელიც 4799:boku-ga 4663:purpose 4635:kōcha-o 4613:濡れている犬 4476:tempura 4473:tempura 4448:sister- 4426:tempura 4260:ġā’ibun 4212:al-fatā 4113:Israeli 3661:in situ 3638:anferth 3630:castell 3446:chonaic 3392:to whom 3319:autobus 3191:autobus 3077:subject 2837:veliki. 2698:itself: 2657:veliki, 2543:(where 2487:Worthy 2365:megálai 2362:μεγάλαι 2173:Spanish 2104:welchem 2073:welches 2065:welcher 1829:sur qui 1737:of whom 1706:of whom 1431:English 1264:Oblique 1234:Subject 1173:Oblique 1125:Subject 1102:English 1091:Chukchi 987:Chinese 979:Turkish 953:Chinese 941:Turkish 921:Spanish 888:Turkish 824:Russian 795:(using 793:Chinese 787:(using 746:Bambara 675:Persian 595:Tagalog 493:Turkish 471:Tibetan 456:Chinese 430:Persian 400:Russian 366:gapping 345:"that". 336:gapping 151:subject 72:called 63:subject 9605:Syntax 9534: 9515: 9459: 9408: 9332: 9324: 9316: 9306: 9290:] 9262: 9236: 9204: 9196: 9186: 9160: 9115: 9107: 9097: 9066:601586 9064: 8964: 8956: 8920: 8849: 8789: 8766: 8756: 8665: 8610: 8600: 8573: 8563: 8536: 8483:there? 8390:Gullah 8384:Gullah 8118:(past) 8040:(past) 7973:creole 7951:chī de 7921: 7918: 7910:person 7810: 7807: 7775:letter 7725: 7722: 7670:person 7643:pīping 7594: 7591: 7539:person 7512:pīping 7476: 7473: 7368: 7365: 7294: 7291: 7283:farmer 7199:poncho 7196:punchu 7180:dance- 7171:Aymara 6885:.asked 6787:(7) a. 6747: 6739:finger 6736:daliri 6674:lalaki 6660:lalaki 6632:lalaki 6575:lalaki 6529:lalaki 6503:(5) a. 6491:lalaki 6481:lalaki 6375:lalaki 6289:lalaki 6244:(3) a. 6217: 6188:lalaki 6142: 6098: 6087:lalaki 6041: 6034:(2) a. 6006:lalaki 5957:lalaki 5916:lalaki 5875: 5842:lalaki 5837:(1) a. 5827:lalaki 5784:sekali 5722:paling 5679: 5598:person 5486:წერილს 5465:woman- 5419:Nino-m 5408:chair- 5405:sḳam-i 5362:mas=ze 5285:woman- 5210:წერილს 5145:chair- 5139:სკამი, 5130:(that. 5113:Nino-m 5045:წერილს 5033:which- 5019:woman- 5016:kal-i, 5004:(that. 4959:გაზეთს 4937:პარკში 4925:which- 4908:ḳac-i, 4896:(that. 4813:kiji-o 4768:person 4710:kettle 4699:boiled 4562:lit-be 4529:person 4512:tabeta 4445:ane-ga 4418:oishii 4383:shuftō 4166:allatī 4162:allaḏī 4130:Arabic 4109:‘asher 4107:) and 4093:‘asher 4090:Hebrew 4086:‘athar 4082:‘ashru 4075:‘asher 4065:Hebrew 3847:Hebrew 3816:to him 3792:I gave 3730:in the 3703:bhfuil 3633:castle 3625:+ owns 3569:blewog 3516:welais 3457: 3364:, and 3300:udario 3261:which: 3172:udario 3133:which: 3081:object 3026:greet: 2913:number 2909:gender 2840:large: 2780:vidio, 2745:which: 2660:large: 2622:which: 2567:is-tud 2560:sa, sā 2491:(lit. 2401:cities 2390:póleis 2379:πόλεις 2373:eisin. 2370:εἰσίν. 2357:eîdon, 2354:εἶδον, 2335:póleis 2329:πόλεις 2246:cities 2220:cities 2198:number 2194:gender 2123:nichts 2069:welche 2049:dessen 2033:German 2023:German 2010:German 1978:auquel 1970:duquel 1962:lequel 1928:à quoi 1907:about 1892:à quoi 1868:lequel 1786:lequel 1632:lequel 1624:lequel 1560:lequel 1543:French 1537:French 1497:"who". 1411:subcat 1294:voices 1095:Basque 1002:Navajo 994:within 972:Arabic 968:French 925:Arabic 917:French 820:German 727:Navajo 706:Yoruba 515:Navajo 426:Hebrew 422:Arabic 396:German 377:Arabic 300:Here, 273:commas 267:sense. 254:person 182:a zero 174:object 142:person 46:, the 32:clause 9347:(PDF) 9292:(PDF) 9286:[ 9089:[ 9045:Scott 8979:(PDF) 8946:(PDF) 8847:S2CID 8735:(PDF) 8720:(PDF) 8702:(PDF) 8687:(PDF) 8592:[ 8555:[ 8451:Ain't 8370:still 8322:other 8288:still 8248:other 8213:still 8165:other 8078:never 7992:never 7796:máobǐ 7764:write 7711:zhèlǐ 7580:zhèlǐ 7454:house 7432:money 7397:today 7391:(用)今天 7357:fruit 7330:zhòng 7319:tāmen 7259:fruit 7245:zhòng 7111:like 7071:Juan? 7056:.bore 7045:where 6975:.bore 6947:Juan. 6932:.bore 6921:where 6839:.bore 6828:where 6700:child 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