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because of a secondary sear or wedge that is pressed under the rear arm of the sear—that is between the lockplate and the sear—when the forward part of it engages into the recess in the wheel. When the trigger is pulled, the secondary lever is withdrawn from its position and the strong pull of the mainspring pushes the unsupported main sear back into the lock and the wheel is free to rotate. The mechanism may seem overconstructed, but it prevents the trigger mechanism from working against the very powerful mainspring as it is the case with all vertical acting sears in flint and percussion locks or even modern firearms that still have cocks (revolvers).
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causing the pan cover to slide forward towards the muzzle of the piece, and the pyrites to fall (under tension of the dog spring) on to the now rotating wheel. That is the second purpose of a sliding pan cover: were the pyrites to engage a stationary wheel, it would almost certainly jam the mechanism: but the built-in delay allows the pyrites to slip off the sliding pan-cover on to an already rotating wheel. A more modern development has been the use of a ball bearing between the wheel and the sear. This design allows a smoother and lighter trigger pull, requiring less force to operate.
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that is of vital importance: the "hole" in the side of the wheel into which the sear engages, is not a parallel-sided shaft. If it were, then under the tremendous tension of the mainspring, it would require a huge force on the trigger to disengage the sear. Nor is the tip of the sear arm cylindrical, which would have a similar effect. Rather, the "hole" is a depression in the wheel (like a small crater), and the sear has a rounded end: the wheel is locked by reason of lateral force on the shaft of the wheel rather than vertical force on the sear.
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363:", slips it onto the square section of the wheel shaft, and turns it until a click is heard (about one-half to three-quarters of a revolution), and the wheel is felt to lock in place, whereupon the spanner is withdrawn. What occurs is that when the wheel is turned, the mainspring is tensioned via the chain, which is wound partially around the shaft. The click is the sound of one end of the sear engaging in the blind hole on the inside of the wheel, thus immobilising it.
297:. The wheel is grooved on its outside circumference with three or more V-shaped grooves with transverse cuts at intervals to provide a friction surface for the iron pyrite. The wheel is fixed to a shaft, one end of which projects outside the lockplate. The outside projection is of square section to permit a spanner (wrench) to be engaged for subsequent tensioning of the lock. The other end of the shaft fits through a hole in the lockplate, and on this end is forged a
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eccentric on the wheel shaft. Also not visible are the sear spring (hidden behind the sear arm itself) and the secondary sear (the end can just be seen to the right of the end of the main sear arm). The "nose" of the main sear going through a hole in the lock plate where it engages with the wheel on the other side.
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was the inventor. Drawings made by
Leonardo of a wheellock mechanism date (depending on the authority) from either the mid-1490s or the first decade of the 16th century. However, a drawing from a book of German inventions (dated 1505) and a 1507 reference to the purchase of a wheellock in Austria may
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As soon as the wheel is released by the sear, the longer arm of the mainspring pulls the chain engaged in it. The other end of the chain being fixed to the cam on the wheel shaft, the latter rotates at high speed, whilst the rotating cam pushes forward the arm to which the pan cover is attached, thus
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On pulling the trigger of a wheellock firearm, the sear effects a slight rotation as described above. The end of the sear arm (that has hitherto locked the wheel and prevented it from turning) is disengaged, leaving the wheel free to turn under the tension of the mainspring. There is a subtlety here
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could be next to impossible to light in rain, but the wheellock allowed sparks to be generated in any weather, and the priming pan was fitted with a cover that was not opened until the instant the gun was fired. That made it feasible for the first time to conceal a firearm under clothing. The high
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The interior of a wheellock mechanism from a "puffer" or pistol made in
Augsburg in about 1580. The mechanism is shown at rest, with the long arm of the mainspring resting on the bottom of the wheel bracket. Invisible behind the wheel bracket is the chain linking the end of the mainspring with the
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pivoting in its centre between two upstanding brackets riveted or brazed to the inside of the lockplate. The other arm of the sear passes through a hole in the lockplate, and engages in a blind hole on the inner side of the wheel, thus effectively locking it and preventing any rotation but only
329:") in the side of the breech, that gives on to the pan. The priming pan of all wheellocks is provided with a sliding cover that has two purposes, the first of which is to contain the priming powder and afford it some protection from the elements (the second is examined below, under '
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to fire. It was the next major development in firearms technology after the matchlock and the first self-igniting firearm. Its name is from its rotating steel wheel to provide ignition. Developed in Europe around 1500, it was used alongside the
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of the
Netherlands, in 1584, the small size, ease of concealment and user-friendly loading aspect of the wheellock, compared to larger and more cumbersome hand-held weapons, meant that it was used for the killing of public figures, such as
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The wheellock took around a minute to load, prepare and fire. Many contemporary illustrations of a wheellock pistol in action show the gun held slightly rotated (about 45 degree angle from the horizontal) rather than vertically as with a
309:) is fixed to the cam, while the other end of the chain is held in a groove at the end of the longer branch of a large heavy V-spring, which is generally retained by a screw and a headed bracket through upstands inside the lockplate.
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Wheellock pistols were in common use during the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) on both sides for cavalry and officers. Around 1650 the flintlock began to replace the wheellock as it was cheaper and easier to use than the wheellock.
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production cost and complexity of the mechanism, however, hindered the wheellock's widespread adoption. A highly skilled gunsmith was required to build the mechanism, and the variety of parts and complex design made it liable to
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The pan is then primed with powder, and the pan cover pulled shut. Finally the dog is pulled back so that the pyrite in its jaws is resting on the top of the pan cover, under some pressure from the spring at the toe of its arm.
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First, the dog is rotated forward to the "safe" position, and the priming pan is pushed open (if it is not already so). After loading a powder charge and ball through the muzzle in the usual way, the operator takes his
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The fast rotation of the wheel against the pyrites produces white-hot sparks that ignite the powder in the pan, which is transferred to the main charge in the breech of the barrel via the vent, and the gun discharges.
548:, by the late 17th century. The wheellock mechanism however gave faster ignition than the flintlock, because the sparks were produced directly in the pan rather than having to fall a certain distance from the
269:, is clamped and held by vise-like jaws at the swinging end of the arm. The dog has two possible positions to which it can be pivoted by hand: a "safe" position, in which the dog is pushed towards the
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ready if the gun might be needed and demanded the operator's full attention and two hands to operate. On the other hand, wheellock mechanisms were complex to make, making them relatively costly.
439:, a 14th century Chinese military manual. When stepped on, a pin is dislodged, causing a weight to fall, which spun a drum attached to two steel wheels. The wheels struck sparks against a
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The exterior of a wheellock mechanism from a "puffer" or pistol made in
Augsburg in about 1580. The photo has been reversed in order to facilitate comparison with the interior view below.
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jaws on a spring-loaded arm (or 'dog'), which rests on the pan cover. When the trigger is pulled, the pan cover is opened, and the wheel is rotated, with the pyrite pressed into contact.
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A wheellock firearm had the advantage that it could be instantly readied and fired even with one hand, in contrast to common matchlock firearms, which required a burning cord of
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333:'). The pan cover may be slid open and closed by hand, but it is also attached to an arm inside the lock plate, which is acted upon by the eccentric on the shaft of the wheel.
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Among the advantages of the wheellock was a better resistance to rain or damp conditions than the matchlock and the absence of a telltale glow, or smell from the burning
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of the firearm, and an "operating" position, where the dog is pulled towards the operator so that the pyrite in its jaws can engage either the top of the
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cover (see below), or (in the absence of the pan cover) the edge of a steel wheel bearing longitudinal grooves around its circumference.
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603:
Foley, Vernard; Steven Rowley; David F. Cassidy; F. Charles Logan (July 1983). "Leonardo, the Wheel Lock, and the
Milling Process".
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756:, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on wheellocks
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is not suitable as a sparking material in the wheellock because it is too hard and would quickly wear away the wheel grooves.
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in a pan, which flashes through a small touchhole to ignite the main charge in the firearm's barrel. The pyrite is clamped in
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The
Origins of the Wheel Lock: A German Hypothesis: An Alternative to the Italian Hypothesis (Art, Arms and Armour 1)
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Wheel-lock firearms were never mass-produced for military purposes, but the best preserved armoury collection at the
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The invention of the wheellock in Europe can be placed at about 1500. There is a vocal group of scholars who believe
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is a spring-loaded arm pivoted on the outside of the lock plate. A sparking material, usually a small piece of iron
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and
William himself. Jardine also argues that a stray wheellock pistol shot may have been responsible for the
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transmits the fire to the main charge of gunpowder inside the breech of the barrel, via a small hole (or "
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The wheellock was used along with the matchlock until both were replaced by the simpler and less-costly
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The Awful End of
William the Silent: The First Assassination of a Head of State With A Handgun
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if it was not carefully maintained. Early models also had trouble with unreliable
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Miniature
Wheellock pistol, possibly by Michel Mann, Nuremberg, late 16th century
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16th
Century German Wheellock Pistol with Extensive Scrimshaw Inlays, Dated 1596
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The wheellock works by spinning a spring-loaded steel wheel against a piece of
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Further Notes on the Origins of the Wheel Lock (Arms and Armour Annual 1)
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A close modern analogy of the wheellock mechanism is the operation of a
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As in all muzzle-loading firearms (prior to the introduction of the
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is a friction-wheel mechanism which creates a spark that causes a
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As Lisa Jardine relates in her account of the assassination of
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indicate the inventor was an unknown German mechanic instead.
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This article is about firearm mechanisms. For other uses, see
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Detail of the mechanism, with the wheel visible under the dog
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Firearms from the collections of the Prince of Liechtenstein
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laws banning the wheellock were proclaimed by the Emperor
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The upper segment of the grooved wheel, made of hardened
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696:Landeszeughaus Graz, Austria: Wheellock Collection
429:Though not a firearm, a wheellock mechanism for a
234:Disassembled wheellock pistol of the 16th century
1073:Meylin M1719 Pennsylvania-Kentucky rifled musket
462:, initially in Austria and later throughout the
1108:Xun Lei Chong spear five barrel revolver musket
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516:wheellock pistol from the late 17th century
156:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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710:Arms and Armour of the English Civil Wars
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192:to generate intense sparks, which ignite
176:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1195:Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages
1132:Artillery of France in the Middle Ages
965:San Yan Chong three barrel hand cannon
653:Marco, Morin; Held, Robert (1979–80).
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1200:Gunpowder weapons in the Song dynasty
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638:Blair, Claude; Held, Robert (1973).
425:Wheellock of Leonardo da Vinci, 1500
154:adding citations to reliable sources
1035:Girardoni M1780 repeating air rifle
524:, itself a hazard in proximity to
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590:Science and Civilization in China
345:engages one arm of a "z"-shaped
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1560:Category:Early modern firearms
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1039:Hartingk M1670 repeating rifle
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1005:Belton M1777 repeating musket
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454:In 1517 and 1518, the first
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910:Huo Qiang lance hand cannon
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673:. London: HarperCollins.
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930:Meriam kecil hand cannon
895:Heilongjiang hand cannon
855:Bedil tumbak hand cannon
694:Brooker, Robert (2007).
588:Needham, Joseph (1986),
1565:Category:Early firearms
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969:Shou Chong hand cannon
827:History of the firearm
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817:History of gunpowder
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1312:Dardanelles bombard
1283:Wuwei Bronze Cannon
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1451:Thunder crash bomb
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1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
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1188:
1186:
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1066:
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1063:Kabyle musket
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1053:Jezail musket
1051:
1049:
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1038:
1036:
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928:
926:
923:
921:
920:Java arquebus
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
900:Howdah pistol
898:
896:
893:
891:
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886:
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871:
868:
866:
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385:
377:
370:
368:
364:
362:
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328:
324:
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312:
310:
308:
307:bicycle chain
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135:This section
133:
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124:
123:
117:
115:
106:
95:
84:
73:
68:
64:
60:
56:
48:
44:
39:
33:
19:
1513:
1494:Muzzleloader
1469:Breechloader
1447:rocket arrow
1419:Meng Huo You
1370:rocket arrow
1360:incendiaries
1332:Grose Bochse
1278:Wankou Chong
709:
704:
695:
689:
670:
664:
654:
648:
639:
633:
608:
604:
598:
589:
543:
519:
492:
488:
468:
460:Maximilian I
453:
445:
434:
428:
403:
399:
395:
391:
365:
357:
340:
316:
288:
260:
258:
209:
202:
187:
172:
163:
148:Please help
136:
112: 1610s
101: 1560s
90: 1540s
79: 1410s
62:
58:
54:
52:
42:
1532:Huolongjing
1524:Literatures
1327:Faule Mette
1322:Faule Grete
1317:Dulle Griet
1180:Ekor lotong
1142:Baton a feu
1043:Jäger rifle
935:Muff pistol
890:Hand mortar
885:Hand cannon
860:Blunderbuss
535:malfunction
456:gun control
436:Huolongjing
407:hand cannon
295:priming pan
103:), and the
1580:Categories
1435:Pen Huo Qi
1397:Greek fire
1388:Fire arrow
1273:Xanadu Gun
1260:Swivel gun
1250:Pot de fer
1190:Fauconneau
880:Fire lance
737:Wheel Lock
718:0948092122
680:0007192576
573:References
530:slow match
522:slow match
482:of French
212:slow match
166:March 2015
63:wheel lock
59:wheel-lock
18:Wheel lock
1542:Wubei Zhi
1514:Wheellock
1499:Snaphance
1484:Matchlock
1479:Flintlock
1445:Singijeon
1268:Veuglaire
1264:Tarasnice
1240:Organ gun
1205:Hongyipao
1170:Chongtong
1160:Carronade
1119:artillery
1083:Musketoon
950:Pepperbox
748:About.com
546:flintlock
526:gunpowder
486:in 1572.
484:Huguenots
431:land mine
411:flintlock
371:Operation
331:Operation
303:eccentric
285:The wheel
255:The "dog"
219:Mechanism
194:gunpowder
137:does not
105:flintlock
94:snaphance
72:matchlock
55:wheellock
49:, c. 1580
1504:Snaplock
1337:Mons Meg
1185:Falconet
1175:Culverin
1137:Basilisk
1103:Wall gun
945:Petronel
845:Arquebus
837:Firearms
812:Timeline
740:Archived
562:Miquelet
556:See also
505:Features
83:snaplock
47:Augsburg
32:Wheelock
1474:Doglock
1430:Naphtha
1407:Huo Che
1368:Bo-hiya
1356:rockets
1304:Basilic
1299:Bombard
1220:Lantaka
1165:Cetbang
997:muskets
625:3104759
550:frizzen
539:springs
514:Spanish
417:History
361:spanner
343:trigger
321:), the
313:The pan
205:lighter
158:removed
143:sources
92:), the
81:), the
67:firearm
1413:Hwacha
1354:Early
1255:Prangi
1230:Mortar
1155:Cannon
1117:Early
1078:Musket
1058:Jingal
993:Rifles
955:Pistol
870:Dragon
716:
677:
623:
271:muzzle
267:pyrite
190:pyrite
118:Design
43:puffer
746:from
621:JSTOR
441:flint
301:, or
291:steel
279:Flint
61:, or
1358:and
1225:Lela
1127:Abus
995:and
799:and
714:ISBN
675:ISBN
528:. A
499:Graz
347:sear
341:The
327:vent
259:The
198:vise
141:any
139:cite
613:doi
497:in
323:pan
299:cam
275:pan
262:dog
152:by
114:).
1582::
619:.
609:24
607:.
580:^
552:.
109:c.
98:c.
87:c.
76:c.
57:,
53:A
45:,
789:e
782:t
775:v
683:.
659:.
627:.
615::
359:"
179:)
173:(
168:)
164:(
160:.
146:.
107:(
96:(
85:(
74:(
34:.
20:)
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