74:
2003. This classification system went into effect in 2007, and defined ten different disability types that were eligible to participate on the
Paralympic level. It required that classification be sport specific, and served two roles. The first was that it determined eligibility to participate in the sport and that it created specific groups of sportspeople who were eligible to participate and in which class. The IPC left it up to International Federations to develop their own classification systems within this framework, with the specification that their classification systems use an evidence based approach developed through research.
153:
extension of the dorsal musculature. The second test is for lateral balance of the upper limbs. The third test measures trunk extension of the lumbar muscles. The fourth test measures lateral balance while holding a weapon. The fifth test measures the trunk movement in a position between that recorded in tests one and three, and tests two and four. The sixth test measures the trunk extension involving the lumbar and dorsal muscles while leaning forward at a 45-degree angle. In addition, a bench test is required to be performed.
138:
149:
cerebral. A 1 is for no functional movement of the muscle or where there is no motor coordination. A 2 is for normal muscle movement range not exceeding 25% or where the movement can only take place with great difficult and, even then, very slowly. A 3 is where normal muscle movement range does not exceed 50%. A 4 is when normal muscle movement range does not exceed 75% and or there is slight in-coordination of muscle movement. A 5 is for normal muscle movement.
165:
56:
Class 3 is for paraplegics from D10 to L2, scoring between 5 and 9 points on Type 1 and Type 2 function tests. For class 4, fencers tend to have a lesion below L4. They tend to score at least 5 points on Type 3 and Type 4 of the function test. For international IWF sanctioned competitions, classes
148:
One of the standard means of assessing functional classification is the bench test. Using the
Adapted Research Council (MRC) measurements, muscle strength is tested using the bench press for a variety of spinal cord related injuries with a muscle being assessed on a scale of 1 to 5 for people with
73:
By the early 1990s, wheelchair fencing classification had moved away from medical based system to a functional classification system. Because of issues in objectively identifying functionality that plagued the post
Barcelona Games, the IPC unveiled plans to develop a new classification system in
69:
During the 1980s, there was a move away from a medical classification system to a functional one, with ISMWSF being one of the organizations driving this change on the wheelchair sport side. Some wheelchair sports saw the introduction of sport specific classification systems during this period,
152:
Wheelchair fencing classification has 6 test for functionality during classification, along with a bench test. Each test gives 0 to 3 points. A 0 is for no function. A 1 is for minimum movement. A 2 is for fair movement but weak execution. A 3 is for normal execution. The first test is an
128:
had a zero classification at the Games policy. This policy was put into place in 2014, with the goal of avoiding last minute changes in classes that would negatively impact athlete training preparations. All competitors needed to be internationally classified with their classification status
32:
In wheelchair fencing, the purpose of classification is to insure that fencers are classified based on equitable functional mobility so that their training, skill level, talent and experience determine the outcome of a match, not their disability type. This insures fairness in the sport.
70:
including wheelchair fencing, with the IWF Classification system being implemented for the 1988 Summer
Paralympics in Seoul. It had first been used at the European Championships in Glasgow 1987, and was small changes were made to this system before its use at the 1988 Games.
45:(IWAS). In 1983, the rules for this sport and approval for classification was done by the Federation Internationale Escrime. IWAS continues to serve as the international classification body for the sport, with classification handled by a wheelchair fencing subcommittee.
81:, is working on improving classification to be more of an evidence-based system as opposed to a performance-based system so as not to punish elite athletes whose performance makes them appear in a higher class alongside competitors who train less.
60:
Lower leg amputation competitors are allowed to participate in wheelchair sport following classification rules for them based on functional mobility. As of 2012, people with physical disability are eligible to compete in this sport.
23:
which is governed by the IWAS. People with physical disabilities are eligible to compete included people with physical disabilities. Classification for national competitions is done through the local national
Paralympic committee.
731:
53:
There are four classes in wheelchair fencing, with the classes having names of 1, 2, 3 and 4. These classes are often combined with the combined classes of
Category A and Category B.
42:
109:, wheelchair users were eligible to participate, with classification being run through ISMWSF, with classification being done based on functional spinal disability type.
110:
117:, 6 assessments were conducted at the Games. This resulted in 0 class changes. 1 classification was PPS protested by a national Paralympic committee and was denied.
697:
679:
309:
291:
189:
724:
326:
Vernon Lin; Christopher Bono; Diana
Cardenas; Frederick Frost; Laurie Lindblom; Margaret Hammond; Inder Parkash; Stevens Stiens; Robert Woolsey (19 March 2010).
619:
952:
557:
834:
717:
546:. Petersham, N.S.W.: Walla Walla Press in conjunction with the Australian Centre for Olympic Studies University of Technology, Sydney. p. 152.
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In most countries, classification for national competitions is done through the local national
Paralympic committee.
542:
Cashman, Richard I; Darcy, Simon; University of
Technology, Sydney. Australian Centre for Olympic Studies (2008).
650:
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confirmed prior to the Games, with exceptions to this policy being dealt with on a case-by-case basis.
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20:
510:
504:
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A standard bench press form used to for functional classification for wheelchair sportspeople.
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saw the introduction of A and B classes, much like the ones used today. At the
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605:
249:
588:
Wheelchair sport : a complete guide for athletes, coaches, and teachers
528:
489:
264:"IWAS Wheelchair Fencing - Int'l Wheelchair & Amputee Sports Federation"
102:
240:
Cerebral Palsy-International Sports and
Recreation Association (1983).
244:(Third ed.). Wolfheze, the Netherlands: CP-ISRA. pp. 9–11.
89:
Only wheelchair classified athletes were eligible to compete at the
136:
77:
Going forward, disability sport's major classification body, the
713:
366:. Bonn, Germany: International Paralympic Committee. p. 18
57:
are combined. 3 and 4 are combined, competing as Category A.
698:"IWF RULES FOR COMPETITION, BOOK 4 – CLASSIFICATION RULES"
680:"IWF RULES FOR COMPETITION, BOOK 4 – CLASSIFICATION RULES"
412:
Vanlandewijck, Yves C.; Thompson, Walter R. (2016-06-01).
310:"IWF RULES FOR COMPETITION, BOOK 4 – CLASSIFICATION RULES"
292:"IWF RULES FOR COMPETITION, BOOK 4 – CLASSIFICATION RULES"
190:"IWF RULES FOR COMPETITION, BOOK 4 – CLASSIFICATION RULES"
544:
Benchmark games : the Sydney 2000 Paralympic Games
43:
International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation
459:
457:
935:
894:
853:
747:
590:. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics. p. 16.
442:. Bonn, Germany: International Paralympic Committee
111:Wheelchair fencing at the 1996 Summer Paralympics
390:Int'l Wheelchair & Amputee Sports Federation
329:Spinal Cord Medicine: Principles & Practice
41:In 2009, the classification was handled by the
725:
361:"Layman's Guide to Paralympic Classification"
93:in Rome in this sport. This continued at the
8:
415:Training and Coaching the Paralympic Athlete
732:
718:
710:
509:. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. p.
503:DePauw, Karen P; Gavron, Susan J (1995).
470:. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. p.
464:DePauw, Karen P; Gavron, Susan J (1995).
332:. Demos Medical Publishing. p. 810.
673:
671:
285:
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177:
645:
643:
407:
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242:Classification and sport rules manual
7:
212:. Taylor & Francis. p. 39.
183:
181:
565:International Paralympic Committee
126:International Paralympic Committee
79:International Paralympic Committee
14:
19:is the classification system for
17:Wheelchair fencing classification
163:
741:Disability sport classification
558:"Rio 2016 Classification Guide"
586:Goosey-Tolfrey, Vicky (2010).
209:The Paralympic Games Explained
206:Ian Brittain (4 August 2009).
1:
655:International Disabled Bowls
1005:
984:Parasports classifications
418:. John Wiley & Sons.
440:"Classification History"
953:Intellectual disability
122:2016 Summer Paralympics
115:2000 Summer Paralympics
107:1992 Summer Paralympics
99:1968 Summer Paralympics
95:1964 Summer Paralympics
91:1960 Summer Paralympics
85:At the Paralympic Games
49:Classes and eligibility
696:IWAS (20 March 2011).
678:IWAS (20 March 2011).
620:"CLASSIFICATION GUIDE"
308:IWAS (20 March 2011).
290:IWAS (20 March 2011).
188:IWAS (20 March 2011).
142:
881:Wheelchair basketball
140:
506:Disability and sport
467:Disability and sport
989:Wheelchair fencing
927:Wheelchair curling
907:Para-nordic skiing
902:Para-alpine skiing
840:Wheelchair fencing
651:"Bench Press Form"
627:Swimming Australia
143:
133:Getting classified
21:wheelchair fencing
971:
970:
912:Para-snowboarding
866:Football 7-a-side
861:Football 5-a-side
845:Wheelchair tennis
748:Individual Sports
339:978-1-933864-19-8
219:978-0-415-47658-4
996:
963:Wheelchair sport
936:Disability types
886:Wheelchair rugby
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770:Disability golf
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820:Powerlifting
795:Para-cycling
780:Para-archery
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658:. Retrieved
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569:. Retrieved
567:. March 2016
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124:in Rio, the
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943:Amputations
854:Team Sports
825:Racquetball
978:Categories
958:Les Autres
520:0873228480
481:0873228480
395:2016-07-29
273:2016-07-29
157:References
37:Governance
790:Paracanoe
606:489446056
370:19 August
345:21 August
250:220878468
225:21 August
105:. At the
871:Goalball
660:July 29,
632:June 24,
571:July 22,
529:31710003
490:31710003
120:For the
103:Tel Aviv
830:Sailing
446:30 July
65:History
28:Purpose
760:Boccia
604:
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517:
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765:Bowls
701:(PDF)
683:(PDF)
623:(PDF)
561:(PDF)
364:(PDF)
313:(PDF)
295:(PDF)
193:(PDF)
775:Judo
662:2016
634:2016
602:OCLC
592:ISBN
573:2016
525:OCLC
515:ISBN
486:OCLC
476:ISBN
448:2012
420:ISBN
372:2012
347:2012
334:ISBN
246:OCLC
227:2012
214:ISBN
511:128
101:in
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180:^
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