438:. It is a resident breeder building nests on trees located on agricultural fields or wetlands, on natural cliffs, and on cell phone towers. They use a variety of freshwater wetlands including seasonal and perennial reservoirs and marshes, crop lands, irrigation canals and rivers, but are mostly seen in agricultural areas and in wetlands outside protected areas across south Asia and Myanmar. They are attracted to fires in grasslands and crop fields where they capture insects trying to escape the fire. They use ponds and marshes inside forests in Asia, especially in south-east Asia where they use grassy and marshy areas in clearings in several forest types. In India, they are an uncommon species in coastal habitats. They use coastal areas in Asia with birds in Sulawesi observed to be eating sea snakes. In an agricultural landscape in north India, woolly-necked storks preferred fallow fields during the summer and monsoon seasons, and natural freshwater wetlands during the winter. Here, irrigation canals were preferentially used during winters when water levels were low, and birds avoided crop fields in all seasons. Assisted by construction of new irrigation canals, this species is spreading to arid areas like the Thar Desert in Rajasthan, India. Across south Asia, Asian woolly-necked storks largely use agricultural landscapes with more numbers seen using unprotected wetlands relative to the amount of wetlands on the landscape, and a majority of individuals use agricultural crops. In Haryana, north India, they nest on trees planted along crop fields and irrigation canals as part of traditional multifunctional agroforestry and generally avoid trees close to human settlements.
679:
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the summer, and actively avoided (used much less relative to available) flooded rice paddies. Analogous to this change of preferred habitat seasonally, Asian woolly-necked storks in lowland Nepal spent less time foraging (suggesting higher efficiency of finding food) during the winter relative to monsoon when rice paddies was the dominant crop. These two observations suggest that Asian woolly-necked storks preferred drier crops as foraging habitats, and its foraging efficiency improved in less wet crops. Additionally, storks in Nepal did not alter behaviors from foraging to the energy expending alert behaviors when they were close to farmers, though time spent being alert reduced considerably while foraging in wetland habitats. This suggests that the storks do not view farmers are a significant threat. Activity budgets of woolly-necked storks in lowland Nepal were identical to that recorded for similar storks in protected and managed reserves suggesting that south Asian croplands provide considerable benefits as suitable foraging areas with minimal disturbances by farmers to large water birds such as Asian woolly-necked storks.
379:
dark coloured plumage. Feathers on the fore-neck are iridescent with a coppery-purple tinge. These feathers are elongated and can be erected during displays. The tail is deeply forked and is white, usually covered by the black long under tail coverts. It has long red legs and a heavy, blackish bill, though some specimens have largely dark-red bills with only the basal one-third being black. Sexes are alike. Juvenile birds are duller versions of the adult with a feathered forehead that is sometimes streaked black-and-white. The
African birds are described as having the edges of the black cap diffused or with a jagged border compared to a sharp and clean border in the Asian birds. Sexes are identical, though males are thought to be larger. When the wings are opened either during displays or for flight, a narrow band of very bright unfeathered skin is visible along the underside of the forearm. This band has been variously described as being "neon, orange-red", "like a red-gold jewel", and "almost glowing" when seen at close range.
599:
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down listed to "Near-threatened" in 2019 after concrete evidence emerged from south Asia and
Myanmar that the erstwhile population estimate was a severe underestimate, and that most woolly-necked storks used agricultural areas and unprotected wetlands, with abundances being lower inside forested reserves. Agricultural landscapes in north India support considerable numbers of breeding pairs that have relatively large brood sizes and behaviors similar to storks in protected managed reserves suggesting that this species is not an obligate wetland bird and that it is not reliant on undisturbed protected wetlands and forest reserves. An earlier "guesstimate" of the south and south-east Asian population of woolly-necked storks of 25,000 has been revised upwards to an estimated > 2,00,000 storks in south Asia alone.
450:
404:
42:
538:. Asian woolly-necked storks reused over 44% of nest sites for multiple years. Brood size of 42 successful nests in Haryana was relatively high with over three chicks successfully fledging from nests, and a small number of nests each year fledging four and five chicks each with six chicks fledging from one nest. Detailed observations of breeding habits in north India suggest that the woolly-necked stork is not an obligate wetland species unlike other stork species that locate their nests close to wetlands.
94:
563:
sizes of this species has changed along the River Mekong. Modeled distributions of woolly-necked storks strongly overlapped forested reserves in south-east Asia suggesting low ability to survive outside forests in stark contrast to the situation in south Asia and
Myanmar. The majority of the protected reserve forests and wetlands in south-east Asia are under threat suggesting that woolly-necked storks face an uncertain future in this region.
659:
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of the flocks occur in the summer when few wetlands are remaining, whereas in areas with more water, flocks occur largely in winter after chicks have fledged from nests. However, on agricultural landscapes, artificial irrigation introduces considerable complexity in providing water throughout the year, and flocks occur throughout the year. They often associate with wintering stork species including the Black and White Storks.
69:
650:
641:
632:
623:
391:
498:, with five and six eggs being less common. Birds use both forest trees and scattered trees in agricultural areas to build nests. In India, some nests have been being observed in or near urban areas on cell phone towers, but such nesting on artificial human-made structures is not a regular occurrence. Riverside cliffs are occasionally used for nesting.
458:
sustained long-distance flight. Like all storks, it flies with its neck outstretched. It has also been observed to 'roll, tumble and dive at steep angles' in the air with the wind through its quills making a loud noise. Adult birds have also been observed diving from nests before flying away abruptly in a 'bat-like flight'.
562:
Counts carried out along the Mekong river in
Cambodia (first survey in 2006 and 2007, followed by another in 2018) showed some variations in numbers of Woolly-necked Storks counted. These variations may have been due to differences in count methods and season making it difficult to know if population
465:
Asian woolly-necked storks using south Asian agricultural landscapes showcased changing seasonal behaviors consistent with altering landscape conditions. Storks changed their most preferred habitats (relative to availability of each habitat) from natural wetlands in the winter to dry fallow fields in
457:
Several calls by adult birds have been described including bisyllabic whistles given along with displays at the nest, and a fierce hissing sound when a bird was attacked by a trained falcon. The woolly-necked stork is a broad winged soaring bird, which relies on moving between thermals of hot air for
501:
In
Haryana, north India, nesting woolly-necked storks used trees close to irrigation canals and far from human habitation for nesting, and were not affected by the presence of natural wetlands and relatively larger patches of trees on the landscape. Very few nests each year were placed on artificial
461:
This species is largely seen as single birds, in pairs, or in small family groups of 4–5. While flocks are uncommon, they occur in all parts of the distribution range of the species and can be seen in all seasons. Flocking is affected by different factors in different areas. In more arid areas, most
386:
English common names for this species include the white-necked stork, white-headed stork, bishop stork and parson-bird. More recently, the
African and Asian populations are considered to be two different species, the African woolly-necked stork and the Asian woolly-necked stork. This is based purely
378:
The woolly-necked stork is a medium-sized stork at 75–92 cm tall. The iris is deep crimson or wine-red. The stork is glistening black overall with a black "skull cap", a downy white neck which gives it its name. The lower belly and under-tail coverts are white, standing out from the rest of the
558:
The species was elevated from "Near-threatened" to "Vulnerable" in 2014 based on anecdotal reports of deforestation in south-east Asia potentially leading to catastrophic population declines with the assumption that the species required protected wetlands inside forested reserves. It was, however,
382:
Small nestlings are pale grey with buffy down on the neck, and a black crown. At fledging age, the immature bird is identical to the adult except for a feathered forehead, much lesser iridescence on feathers, and much longer and fluffier feathers on the neck. Newly fledged young have a prominent
678:
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over other large nests made by other bird species in the area. It seems likely that Asian woolly-necked storks support the well-being of many other species, including large raptors such as dusky eagle-owls, via commensal and other inter-species relationships associated with their nests.
1802:
Ghimire, Prashant; Pandey, Nabin; Belbase, Bibek; Ghimire, Rojina; Khanal, Chiranjeevi; Bist, Bhuwan Singh; Bhusal, Krishna Prasad (2020). "If you go, I'll stay: nest use interaction between Asian
Woollyneck Ciconia episcopus and Black Kite Milvus migrans in Nepal".
1708:
Ghimire, Prashant; Pandey, Nabin; Timilsina, Yajna P.; Bist, Bhuwan S.; Sundar, K. S. Gopi (2021). "Woolly-necked Stork (Ciconia episcopus) Activity Budget in
Lowland Nepal's Farmlands: The Influence of Wetlands, Seasonal Crops, and Human Proximity".
598:
369:
and other sources of taxonomic lists use geographical separation as the sole basis for elevating the three subspecies into two species, and this assumption requires to be tested using more definitive methods such as genetics.
574:
925:
Table des planches enluminéez d'histoire naturelle de M. D'Aubenton : avec les denominations de M.M. de Buffon, Brisson, Edwards, Linnaeus et Latham, precedé d'une notice des principaux ouvrages zoologiques
1872:
Mittermeier, J. C.; Sandvig, E. M.; Jocque, M. (2019). "Surveys in 2018 along the Mekong river, northern Kratie province, Cambodia, indicate a decade of declines in populations of threatened bird species".
1298:
Choudhary, D.N.; Ghosh, T.K.; Mandal, J.N.; Rohitashwa, Rahul; Mandal, Subhatt Kumar (2013). "Observations on the breeding of the Woolly-necked Stork
Ciconia episcopus in Bhagalpur, Bihar, India".
1370:
Sundar, K. S. Gopi (2006). "Flock Size, Density and
Habitat Selection of Four Large Waterbirds Species in an Agricultural Landscape in Uttar Pradesh, India: Implications for Management".
1750:
Greeshma, P.; Nair, Riju, P.; Jayson, E.A.; Manoj, K.; Arya, V.; Shonith, E.G. (2018). "Breeding of Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus in Bharathapuzha river basin, Kerala, India".
241:. It breeds singly, or in small loose colonies. It is distributed in a wide variety of habitats including marshes in forests, agricultural areas, and freshwater wetlands across Asia.
441:
Individuals of this species have been sighted at altitudes of 3,790 m above sea level in China (Napahai wetland), and 3,540 m above sea level in Nepal (Annapurna Conservation Area).
1420:"Recent records of wintering White Ciconia ciconia and Black C. nigra storks and flocking behaviour of White-necked Storks C. episcopus in Maharashtra and Karnataka states, India"
777:
449:
1769:
2459:
2604:
1564:"Of irrigation canals and multifunctional agroforestry: Traditional agriculture facilitates Woolly-necked Stork breeding in a north Indian agricultural landscape"
2511:
403:
41:
1649:
Kahl, M. P. (1972). "Comparative ethology of the Ciconiidae. Part 4. The 'typical' storks (genera Ciconia, Sphenorhynchus, Dissoura, and Euxenura)".
2433:
2472:
2624:
885:
863:
250:
474:
The Asian woolly-necked stork walks slowly and steadily on the ground seeking its prey, which like that of most of its relatives, consists of
1279:
1152:
1087:
Elliott, A.; Garcia, E.J.F.; Boesman, P.; Kirwan, G.M. (2019). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.).
1014:
273:
to accompany Buffon's text. Neither the plate caption nor Buffon's description included a scientific name but in 1783 the Dutch naturalist
349:
1731:
Vyas, R.; Tomar, R. S. (2006). "Rare clutch size and nesting site of Woolynecked Stork (Ciconia episcopus) in Chambal River Valley".
1006:
1923:
1911:
1898:
1320:
Vaghela, U; Sawant, D.; Bhagwat, V. (2015). "Woolly-necked Storks Ciconia episcopus nesting on mobile-towers in Pune, Maharashtra".
800:
2619:
2563:
1960:
658:
2420:
1513:"Density, flock size and habitat preference of Woolly-necked Storks Ciconia episcopus in agricultural landscapes of south Asia"
1030:
del Hoyo, J.; Collar, N.; Garcia, E.F.J. (2019). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.).
1630:
Ghale, T. R.; Karmacharya, Dikpal K. (2018). "A new altitudinal record for Asian Woollyneck Ciconia episcopus in South Asia".
1824:"Does the stork bring home the owl? Dusky Eagle-Owls Bubo coromandus breeding on Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus nests"
1453:"Comparing abundance and habitat use of Woolly-necked Storks Ciconia episcopus inside and outside protected areas in Myanmar"
2477:
1000:
2498:
1451:
Win, Myo Sander; Yi, Ah Mar; Myint, Theingi Soe; Khine, Kaythy; Po, Hele Swe; Non, Kyaik Swe; Sundar, K. S. Gopi (2020).
2614:
889:
262:
1342:
Rahmani, A. R.; Singh, B. (1996). "Whitenecked or Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus (Boddaert) nesting on cliffs".
2116:
358:
2555:
945:
Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés
1611:
Burnham, James W.; Wood, Eric M. (2012). "Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus at Napahai wetland, Yunnan, China".
969:
897:
2516:
1512:
93:
940:
831:"Known and potential distributions of the African Ciconia microscelis and Asian C. episcopus Woollyneck Storks"
830:
298:
1452:
1383:
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on geographical isolation, but there is no morphological or phylogenetic evidence yet to support this split.
2350:
545:
in lowland Nepal. Asian woolly-necked stork nests in Haryana were preferentially reused by dusky eagle-owls
2371:
2298:
2336:
1784:
2537:
1763:
685:
188:
1932:
735:
514:
sp. In Haryana's agricultural landscape, small numbers of woolly-necked stork nests were also found on
2568:
2363:
1953:
1835:
1575:
1182:
893:
337:
270:
2201:
2016:
58:
2191:
1851:
1666:
1593:
1527:
1467:
1395:
1387:
845:
792:
88:
2542:
1272:
BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1. Non-passerines
2464:
2524:
2490:
2394:
1907:
1894:
1275:
1198:
1148:
1010:
581:
1823:
1485:
Singh, H. (2015). "Asian Woollyneck Ciconia episcopus breeding in western Rajasthan, India".
2609:
2529:
2259:
2182:
2126:
2096:
2071:
1843:
1658:
1583:
1379:
1190:
730:
541:
Two nests of woolly-necked storks were reused after stork chicks had fledged by black kites
383:
white mark in the center of the forehead that can be used to distinguish young of the year.
258:
2550:
2376:
1418:
Pande, S.; Sant, N.; Bhate, R.; Ponkshe, A.; Pandit, P.; Pawashe, A.; Joglekar, C. (2007).
2249:
1946:
919:
320:
274:
205:
73:
712:
1839:
1579:
1186:
2146:
2061:
2052:
1986:
1662:
2598:
2485:
2269:
2136:
2026:
1981:
1855:
1597:
1399:
721:
585:
278:
78:
1670:
649:
640:
631:
622:
2581:
2399:
390:
2386:
1194:
17:
2425:
1063:
365:), with the remaining two subspecies becoming the Asian woolly-necked stork. The
2503:
2446:
2330:
2240:
2166:
2156:
2006:
1822:
Sundar, K S Gopi; Ahlawat, Rakesh; Dalal, Devender Singh; Kittur, Swati (2022).
1588:
1563:
952:
948:
923:
901:
867:
494:
Typically, a large stick nest is built on a tree, and clutch size is two to six
333:
1785:"Breeding of Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus at Dhaniyavi, near Vadodara"
1173:
Scott, J. A. (1975). "Observations on the Breeding of the Woollynecked Stork".
2576:
2036:
1419:
238:
1531:
1471:
1202:
973:
849:
796:
261:
of India. The bird was also illustrated in a hand-coloured plate engraved by
609:
589:
475:
435:
412:
105:
2321:
1064:"Storks, frigatebirds, boobies, darters, cormorants – IOC World Bird List"
2315:
1997:
665:
495:
341:
323:, 1783) – India to Indochina, the Philippines and Malay Peninsula, north
125:
2438:
2358:
2087:
1391:
613:
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structures such as electricity pylons, and the majority were placed on
479:
416:
324:
293:
165:
1847:
353:, the IOC, Clements, and the IUCN have reclassified the African race,
2345:
2224:
874:(in French). Vol. 14. Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. p. 91.
669:
483:
115:
2451:
2412:
2292:
2407:
1969:
1032:
689:
605:
448:
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389:
289:
234:
155:
145:
50:
1089:
427:
230:
135:
2296:
1942:
1143:
Hancock, James A.; Kushlan, James A.; Kahl, M. Philip (1992).
249:
The woolly-necked stork was described by the French polymath
829:
Gula, Jonah; Sundar, K.S. Gopi; Dean, W. Richard J. (2020).
1711:
Waterbirds: The International Journal of Waterbird Biology
1372:
Waterbirds: The International Journal of Waterbird Biology
1938:
1384:
10.1675/1524-4695(2006)29[365:fsdahs]2.0.co;2
908:. Vol. 10. Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. Plate 906.
305:
is the Latin word for a "stork"; the specific epithet
974:"Storks, frigatebirds, boobies, cormorants, darters"
947:(in French and Latin). Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche.
426:
It is a widespread tropical species which breeds in
2305:
2238:
2215:
2180:
2085:
2050:
1995:
1257:
Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan, vol. I
1088:
1031:
736:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22727255A175530482.en
1147:. London, U.K.: Academic Press. pp. 81–86.
1686:The birds of west and equatorial Africa. Vol. 1
288:. The woolly-necked stork is now placed in the
1259:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 98.
1954:
1344:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
929:(in French). Utrecht. p. 54, Number 906.
8:
1768:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1002:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
269:which was produced under the supervision of
2293:
1961:
1947:
1939:
1562:Kittur, Swati; Sundar, K. S. Gopi (2021).
1145:Storks, Ibises and Spoonbills of the World
67:
40:
31:
1587:
1511:Kittur, Swati; Sundar, K.S. Gopi (2020).
1237:Meyer, A. B.; Wiglesworth, L. W. (1898).
1223:. Ceylon: Tisaria, Deliwala. p. 234.
778:"Woolly-necked Stork - a species ignored"
734:
297:that was erected by the French zoologist
1099:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive
1042:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive
906:Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle
267:Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle
1688:. London: Oliver and Boyd. p. 171.
703:
570:
1867:
1865:
1761:
1703:
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1506:
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1500:
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1444:
1442:
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1337:
1335:
1138:
1136:
251:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
2605:IUCN Red List near threatened species
1933:Woolly-necked Stork videos and photos
1726:
1724:
1413:
1411:
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1365:
1363:
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1132:
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1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1005:. London: Christopher Helm. pp.
980:. International Ornithologists' Union
964:
962:
824:
822:
820:
771:
769:
767:
765:
763:
761:
759:
757:
755:
753:
7:
1270:del Hoyo, J.; Collar, N. J. (2014).
2285:Twenty extant species in six genera
1241:. Berlin: Friedlander. p. 809.
722:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
257:from a specimen collected from the
1906:by Grimmett, Inskipp and Inskipp,
1663:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1972.tb00852.x
350:Handbook of the Birds of the World
25:
902:"Heron, de la cĂ´te de Coromandel"
1221:A history of the birds of Ceylon
886:Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de
864:Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de
677:
657:
648:
639:
630:
621:
604:Taking off from the fields near
597:
573:
92:
1651:Zeitschrift fĂĽr Tierpsychologie
1568:Global Ecology and Conservation
1255:Ali, S.; Ripley, S. D. (1968).
972:; Donsker, David, eds. (2019).
711:BirdLife International (2020).
336:, 1904) – south Sumatra, Java,
312:Two subspecies are recognised:
229:) is a species of large wading
1893:by Barlow, Wacher and Disley,
872:Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux
255:Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux
1:
2625:Taxa named by Pieter Boddaert
1195:10.1080/00306525.1975.9639519
567:Different views & aspects
357:, as a separate species, the
49:Mangaon, Raigad, Maharashtra
1239:The birds of Celebes, vol. 2
453:Flying in Maharashtra, India
2117:African woolly-necked stork
1733:Newsletter for Birdwatchers
1589:10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01793
978:World Bird List Version 9.2
898:Daubenton, Louis-Jean-Marie
359:African woolly-necked stork
2641:
1935:- Internet Bird Collection
999:Jobling, James A. (2010).
890:Martinet, François-Nicolas
776:Sundar, K.S. Gopi (2020).
347:The online edition of the
35:Asian woolly-necked stork
2283:
2107:Asian woolly-necked stork
1976:
1684:Bannerman, D. A. (1953).
941:Brisson, Mathurin Jacques
729:: e.T22727255A175530482.
263:François-Nicolas Martinet
217:Asian woolly-necked stork
194:
187:
89:Scientific classification
87:
65:
56:
48:
39:
34:
1929:- BirdLife International
399:Distribution and habitat
301:in 1760. The genus name
299:Mathurin Jacques Brisson
284:in his catalogue of the
2620:Birds described in 1783
394:Woolly-necked stork-GOA
309:is Latin for "bishop".
1068:www.worldbirdnames.org
454:
423:
395:
2538:Paleobiology Database
1033:"African Woollyneck (
894:Daubenton, Edme-Louis
686:Chitwan National Park
452:
406:
393:
1924:Woolly-necked Stork
1783:Tere, Anika (2021).
528:Mitragyna parviflora
338:Lesser Sunda Islands
271:Edme-Louis Daubenton
2615:Birds of Indomalaya
2202:Saddle-billed stork
2017:Yellow-billed stork
1891:Birds of The Gambia
1840:2022Biotr..54..561S
1580:2021GEcoC..3001793K
1187:1975Ostri..46..201S
1090:"Asian Woollyneck (
1035:Ciconia microscelis
407:In the fields near
286:Planches Enluminées
59:Conservation status
2192:Black-necked stork
520:Azadirachta indica
455:
424:
396:
18:White-necked stork
2592:
2591:
2582:Ciconia-episcopus
2525:Open Tree of Life
2351:ciconia-episcopus
2337:Ciconia episcopus
2307:Ciconia episcopus
2299:Taxon identifiers
2290:
2289:
1926:Ciconia episcopus
1848:10.1111/btp.13086
1281:978-84-96553-94-1
1274:. Lynx Edicions.
1154:978-0-12-322730-0
1092:Ciconia episcopus
1016:978-1-4081-2501-4
868:"Le héron violet"
715:Ciconia episcopus
582:black-headed ibis
355:C. e. microscelis
226:Ciconia episcopus
213:
212:
198:Ciconia episcopus
180:C. episcopus
82:
16:(Redirected from
2632:
2585:
2584:
2572:
2571:
2559:
2558:
2546:
2545:
2533:
2532:
2520:
2519:
2507:
2506:
2504:NHMSYS0000533031
2494:
2493:
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2480:
2468:
2467:
2455:
2454:
2442:
2441:
2429:
2428:
2416:
2415:
2403:
2402:
2390:
2389:
2380:
2379:
2367:
2366:
2364:1782CCF69296E23F
2354:
2353:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2294:
2260:Greater adjutant
2183:Ephippiorhynchus
2072:African openbill
1963:
1956:
1949:
1940:
1883:
1882:
1869:
1860:
1859:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1789:Flamingo Gujarat
1780:
1774:
1773:
1767:
1759:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1728:
1719:
1718:
1705:
1690:
1689:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1591:
1559:
1536:
1535:
1520:SIS Conservation
1517:
1508:
1495:
1494:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1460:SIS Conservation
1457:
1448:
1435:
1434:
1424:
1415:
1404:
1403:
1367:
1352:
1351:
1339:
1330:
1329:
1317:
1308:
1307:
1295:
1286:
1285:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1252:
1243:
1242:
1234:
1225:
1224:
1216:
1207:
1206:
1170:
1159:
1158:
1140:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1096:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1039:
1027:
1021:
1020:
996:
990:
989:
987:
985:
966:
957:
956:
937:
931:
930:
920:Boddaert, Pieter
916:
910:
909:
882:
876:
875:
860:
854:
853:
838:SIS Conservation
835:
826:
815:
814:
812:
811:
805:
799:. Archived from
785:SIS Conservation
782:
773:
748:
747:
745:
743:
738:
708:
681:
661:
652:
643:
634:
625:
601:
577:
532:Syzhygium cumini
524:Mangifera indica
504:Dalbergia sissoo
259:Coromandel Coast
221:Asian woollyneck
200:
97:
96:
76:
71:
70:
44:
32:
21:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2580:
2575:
2567:
2562:
2554:
2549:
2541:
2536:
2528:
2523:
2515:
2510:
2502:
2497:
2489:
2484:
2476:
2471:
2463:
2458:
2450:
2445:
2437:
2432:
2424:
2419:
2411:
2406:
2398:
2393:
2385:
2383:
2375:
2370:
2362:
2357:
2349:
2344:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2301:
2291:
2286:
2279:
2250:Lesser adjutant
2234:
2211:
2206:E. senegalensis
2176:
2081:
2076:A. lamelligerus
2046:
2031:M. leucocephala
1991:
1987:List of species
1972:
1967:
1920:
1887:
1886:
1871:
1870:
1863:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1760:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1730:
1729:
1722:
1707:
1706:
1693:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1561:
1560:
1539:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1498:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1438:
1422:
1417:
1416:
1407:
1369:
1368:
1355:
1341:
1340:
1333:
1319:
1318:
1311:
1297:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1254:
1253:
1246:
1236:
1235:
1228:
1218:
1217:
1210:
1172:
1171:
1162:
1155:
1142:
1141:
1114:
1104:
1102:
1101:. Lynx Edicions
1086:
1085:
1081:
1072:
1070:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1047:
1045:
1044:. Lynx Edicions
1029:
1028:
1024:
1017:
998:
997:
993:
983:
981:
968:
967:
960:
939:
938:
934:
918:
917:
913:
884:
883:
879:
862:
861:
857:
833:
828:
827:
818:
809:
807:
803:
780:
775:
774:
751:
741:
739:
710:
709:
705:
700:
693:
682:
673:
664:At Koal lands,
662:
653:
644:
635:
626:
617:
602:
593:
578:
569:
556:
547:Bubo coromandus
516:Acacia nilotica
508:Ficus religiosa
492:
472:
447:
401:
376:
317:C. e. episcopus
282:Ardea episcopus
275:Pieter Boddaert
253:in 1780 in his
247:
209:
202:
196:
183:
91:
83:
74:Near Threatened
72:
68:
61:
28:
27:Species of bird
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2638:
2636:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2597:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2573:
2560:
2547:
2534:
2521:
2508:
2495:
2482:
2469:
2456:
2443:
2430:
2417:
2404:
2391:
2381:
2368:
2355:
2342:
2327:
2311:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2267:
2257:
2246:
2244:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2221:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2199:
2188:
2186:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2164:
2154:
2147:Oriental stork
2144:
2134:
2124:
2121:C. microscelis
2114:
2104:
2093:
2091:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2069:
2062:Asian openbill
2058:
2056:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2034:
2024:
2014:
2003:
2001:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1930:
1919:
1918:External links
1916:
1915:
1914:
1904:Birds of India
1901:
1885:
1884:
1861:
1834:(3): 561–565.
1814:
1794:
1775:
1742:
1720:
1691:
1676:
1657:(3): 225–252.
1641:
1622:
1603:
1537:
1496:
1477:
1436:
1405:
1378:(3): 365–374.
1353:
1331:
1309:
1287:
1280:
1262:
1244:
1226:
1208:
1181:(3): 201–207.
1160:
1153:
1112:
1079:
1055:
1022:
1015:
991:
958:
953:Vol. 5, p. 361
932:
911:
877:
855:
816:
749:
702:
701:
699:
696:
695:
694:
683:
676:
674:
663:
656:
654:
647:
645:
638:
636:
629:
627:
620:
618:
603:
596:
594:
579:
572:
568:
565:
555:
552:
543:Milvus migrans
536:Tectona gradis
491:
488:
471:
468:
446:
443:
400:
397:
375:
372:
363:C. microscelis
345:
344:
330:C. e. neglecta
327:
246:
243:
211:
210:
203:
192:
191:
185:
184:
177:
175:
171:
170:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
85:
84:
66:
63:
62:
57:
54:
53:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2637:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2282:
2275:
2274:L. crumenifer
2271:
2270:Marabou stork
2268:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2137:Maguari stork
2135:
2132:
2128:
2127:Storm's stork
2125:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2097:Abdim's stork
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2027:Painted stork
2025:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1982:Ciconiiformes
1979:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1952:
1950:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1912:0-691-04910-6
1909:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1899:1-873403-32-1
1896:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1880:
1876:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1798:
1795:
1791:. XIX-1: 1–4.
1790:
1786:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1765:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1717:(4): 415–424.
1716:
1712:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1680:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:(2): 293–294.
1349:
1345:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1328:(6): 154–155.
1327:
1323:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1277:
1273:
1266:
1263:
1258:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1219:Legge, W. V.
1215:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1083:
1080:
1069:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1026:
1023:
1018:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1003:
995:
992:
979:
975:
971:
965:
963:
959:
954:
950:
949:Vol. 1, p. 48
946:
942:
936:
933:
928:
927:
921:
915:
912:
907:
903:
900:(1765–1783).
899:
895:
891:
887:
881:
878:
873:
869:
865:
859:
856:
851:
847:
843:
839:
832:
825:
823:
821:
817:
806:on 2021-04-12
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
779:
772:
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
750:
737:
732:
728:
724:
723:
718:
716:
707:
704:
697:
691:
687:
680:
675:
671:
667:
660:
655:
651:
646:
642:
637:
633:
628:
624:
619:
615:
611:
607:
600:
595:
591:
587:
586:Pocharam lake
583:
576:
571:
566:
564:
560:
553:
551:
548:
544:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
499:
497:
489:
487:
485:
481:
477:
469:
467:
463:
459:
451:
444:
442:
439:
437:
433:
429:
422:
418:
414:
410:
405:
398:
392:
388:
384:
380:
373:
371:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
351:
343:
339:
335:
331:
328:
326:
322:
318:
315:
314:
313:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
295:
291:
287:
283:
280:
279:binomial name
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
244:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
227:
222:
218:
207:
201:
199:
193:
190:
189:Binomial name
186:
182:
181:
176:
173:
172:
169:
168:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
146:Ciconiiformes
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
95:
90:
86:
80:
75:
64:
60:
55:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2306:
2273:
2263:
2254:L. javanicus
2253:
2239:
2228:
2216:
2205:
2196:E. asiaticus
2195:
2181:
2170:
2160:
2150:
2140:
2130:
2120:
2111:C. episcopus
2110:
2106:
2100:
2086:
2075:
2065:
2051:
2041:M. americana
2040:
2030:
2020:
2010:
1996:
1925:
1903:
1890:
1878:
1874:
1831:
1827:
1817:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1788:
1778:
1764:cite journal
1755:
1752:Indian Birds
1751:
1745:
1736:
1732:
1714:
1710:
1685:
1679:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1571:
1567:
1523:
1519:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1463:
1459:
1430:
1427:Indian Birds
1426:
1375:
1371:
1347:
1343:
1325:
1322:Indian Birds
1321:
1303:
1300:Indian Birds
1299:
1271:
1265:
1256:
1238:
1220:
1178:
1174:
1144:
1103:. Retrieved
1098:
1091:
1082:
1071:. Retrieved
1067:
1058:
1046:. Retrieved
1041:
1034:
1025:
1001:
994:
982:. Retrieved
977:
944:
935:
924:
914:
905:
880:
871:
858:
841:
837:
808:. Retrieved
801:the original
788:
784:
740:. Retrieved
726:
720:
714:
706:
612:District of
561:
557:
554:Conservation
546:
542:
540:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
500:
493:
473:
464:
460:
456:
440:
425:
415:District of
385:
381:
377:
366:
362:
354:
348:
346:
329:
316:
311:
306:
302:
292:
285:
281:
266:
254:
248:
225:
224:
220:
216:
214:
197:
195:
179:
178:
166:
29:
2447:iNaturalist
2331:Wikispecies
2241:Leptoptilos
2229:J. mycteria
2167:Black stork
2157:White stork
2151:C. boyciana
2066:A. oscitans
2007:Milky stork
1875:BirdingASIA
1805:BirdingASIA
1758:(3): 86–87.
1632:BirdingASIA
1487:BirdingASIA
1433:(1): 28–32.
1306:(4): 93–94.
970:Gill, Frank
742:19 November
374:Description
277:coined the
2599:Categories
2577:Xeno-canto
2161:C. ciconia
2141:C. maguari
2101:C. abdimii
2037:Wood stork
2011:M. cinerea
1828:Biotropica
1811:: 103–105.
1619:: 158–159.
1574:: e01793.
1493:: 130–131.
1466:: 96–103.
1073:2023-02-03
810:2021-04-12
698:References
684:Flying in
512:Eucalyptus
476:amphibians
239:Ciconiidae
156:Ciconiidae
2264:L. dubius
2131:C. stormi
2053:Anastomus
1856:247823196
1598:239153561
1532:2710-1142
1526:: 71–79.
1472:2710-1142
1400:198154724
1203:0030-6525
926:enluminés
850:2710-1142
797:2710-1142
791:: 33–41.
610:Faridabad
590:Telangana
445:Behaviour
436:Indonesia
413:Faridabad
307:episcopus
174:Species:
112:Kingdom:
106:Eukaryota
2491:22727255
2465:10976849
2377:22727255
2372:BirdLife
2316:Wikidata
2171:C. nigra
1998:Mycteria
1881:: 80–89.
1739:(6): 95.
1671:82008004
1638:: 96–97.
1613:Forktail
943:(1760).
922:(1783).
866:(1780).
666:Thrissur
490:Breeding
480:reptiles
367:Handbook
342:Sulawesi
321:Boddaert
245:Taxonomy
206:Boddaert
152:Family:
126:Chordata
122:Phylum:
116:Animalia
102:Domain:
79:IUCN 3.1
2610:Ciconia
2439:2481918
2413:wonsto1
2387:wonsto1
2359:Avibase
2088:Ciconia
2021:M. ibis
1980:Order:
1836:Bibcode
1576:Bibcode
1392:4132592
1183:Bibcode
1175:Ostrich
1105:16 July
1048:16 July
1009:, 147.
984:16 July
672:, India
616:, India
614:Haryana
592:, India
484:insects
430:, from
417:Haryana
325:Sumatra
303:Ciconia
294:Ciconia
265:in the
237:family
233:in the
208:, 1783)
167:Ciconia
162:Genus:
142:Order:
132:Class:
77: (
2569:212704
2543:399931
2530:324160
2478:174908
2421:EURING
2346:ARKive
2322:Q44327
2225:Jabiru
2217:Jabiru
1970:Storks
1910:
1897:
1854:
1669:
1596:
1530:
1470:
1398:
1390:
1278:
1201:
1151:
1013:
848:
795:
670:Kerala
334:Finsch
2564:WoRMS
2517:52776
2460:IRMNG
2408:eBird
2400:5Z64R
2384:BOW:
1852:S2CID
1667:S2CID
1594:S2CID
1528:eISSN
1516:(PDF)
1468:eISSN
1456:(PDF)
1423:(PDF)
1396:S2CID
1388:JSTOR
846:eISSN
834:(PDF)
804:(PDF)
793:eISSN
781:(PDF)
690:Nepal
606:Hodal
580:With
432:India
421:India
409:Hodal
290:genus
235:stork
51:India
2556:4313
2512:NCBI
2486:IUCN
2473:ITIS
2452:4738
2434:GBIF
2426:1330
1908:ISBN
1895:ISBN
1770:link
1276:ISBN
1199:ISSN
1149:ISBN
1107:2019
1050:2019
1011:ISBN
986:2019
744:2021
727:2020
534:and
510:and
496:eggs
482:and
470:Diet
428:Asia
231:bird
215:The
136:Aves
2551:TSA
2499:NBN
2395:CoL
1879:832
1844:doi
1659:doi
1584:doi
1380:doi
1191:doi
1007:107
731:doi
608:in
584:at
434:to
411:in
219:or
2601::
2579::
2566::
2553::
2540::
2527::
2514::
2501::
2488::
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