274:
286:
304:
109:
not lessen the rent. As more landlords and farmers switched to raising cattle, labourers, and small tenant farmers were forced off the land. The
Whiteboys developed as a secret oath-bound society among the peasantry. Whiteboy disturbances had occurred prior to 1761 but were largely restricted to isolated areas and local grievances, so the response of local authorities had been limited, either through passive sympathy or, more likely, because of the exposed nature of their position in the largely Roman Catholic countryside.
145:. As their numbers increased, the scope of Whiteboy activities began to widen, and proclamations were clandestinely posted under such names as "Captain Moonlight", stipulating demands such as that rent not be paid, that land with expired leases not be rented until it had lain fallow for three years, and that no one pay or collect
251:, citizens formed an association of about 2,000 strong which offered rewards of £300 for the capture of the chief Whiteboy and £50 for the first five sub-chiefs arrested and often accompanied the military on their rampages. The leading Catholics in Cork also offered similar rewards of £200 and £40 respectively.
137:. A great deal of organisation and planning seems to have been put into the outbreak, including the holding of regular assemblages. Initial activities were limited to specific grievances and the tactics used non-violent, such as the levelling of ditches that closed off common grazing land, although cattle
108:
Between 1735 and 1760 there was an increase of land used for grazing and beef cattle, in part because pasture land was exempt from tithes. The landlords, having let their lands far above their value, on condition of allowing the tenants the use of certain commons, now enclosed the commons, but did
258:
was soon expressing concern that the repression was going too far: "so many People are directly or indirectly concerned in these illegal
Practices and so many have been seized on Information or Suspicion, that in several Places, the Majority of the Inhabitants have been struck with the utmost
175:
and her children would make a procession through part of her domain and demanding that the townspeople illuminate their houses and provide their horses, ready-saddled, for their use. More militant activities often followed such processions, with unlit houses in
112:
Their operations were chiefly in the counties of
Waterford, Cork, Limerick, and Tipperary. This combination was not political: it was not directed against the government, but against local landlords. Members of different religious affiliations took part.
489:
are featured prominently throughout the novel, with many of them being major characters within the narrative. One of the novel's main protagonists is
Malachi Duggan, a Whiteboy who attempts to reverse the domination of the Protestant Ascendancy through
72:
that members wore in their nighttime raids. Because they levelled fences at night, they were usually called "Levellers" by the authorities, and by themselves "Queen Sive
Oultagh's children" ("Sive" or "Sieve Oultagh" being anglicised from the Irish
235:
and collected funds for the defence of parishioners charged with rioting. An unknown number of "insurgents" were reported killed in the "pacification exercise" and Fr. Sheehy was unsuccessfully indicted for
100:. Because of this generalization, the historical record of the Whiteboys as a specific organisation is unclear. Three major outbreaks of Whiteboyism occurred: in 1761–1764, 1770–1776, and 1784–1786.
273:
259:
Consternation, and have fled to the
Mountains, insomuch that at this Season, from the almost general Flight of the labouring Hands, a Famine is, not without Reason, apprehended." Similarly, the
517:, the Whiteboys attack on Mr. Bolster's estate is featured. Brandon Bolster is named as an ancestor to the fictional 21st-century teenager Sean Molloy who is reliving his memories.
267:"is almost waste, and the Houses of many locked up, or inhabited by Women and old Men only; such has been the Terror the Approach of the Light Dragoons has thrown them into."
285:
80:, or Ghostly Sally), "fairies", or followers of "Johanna Meskill" or "Sheila Meskill" (symbolic figures supposed to lead the movement). They sought to address
336:
163:
March 1762 saw a further escalation of
Whiteboy activities, with marches in military array preceded by the music of bagpipes or the sounding of horns. At
323:
In 1822 a group of about fifty attacked the house of a Mr. Bolster near
Athlacca, where they damaged the house, broke the windows, and took his musket.
1069:
255:
160:
and orchards, they also searched houses for guns, and demanded money in order to purchase guns and defray the expenses of
Whiteboys standing trial.
197:
291:
499:
149:
demanded by the
Anglican Church. Threatening letters were also sent to debt collectors, landlords, and occupants of land gained from
949:
1079:
303:
1074:
1059:
1064:
428:
1004:
1009:
196:
The events of March 1761, however, prompted a more determined response, and a considerable military force under the
1018:
503:
31:
177:
478:
208:
181:
804:
537:
317:
667:
965:
54:
332:
157:
88:-collection, excessive priests' dues, evictions, and other oppressive acts. As a result, they targeted
240:
several times before eventually being found guilty of a charge of accessory to murder, and hanged in
171:
tune "The lad with the white cockade". These processions were often preceded by notices saying that
141:
was often practised as the demand for beef had prompted large landowners to initiate the process of
987:
Thuente, Mary Helen. "Violence in Pre-Famine Ireland: The Testimony of Irish Folklore and Fiction"
624:
339:(from 1801) to empower the authorities to combat Whiteboyism were commonly called "Whiteboy Acts".
65:
749:
863:
836:
831:
809:
781:
754:
726:
699:
694:
672:
635:
548:
945:
653:
Statement of offences punishable under Whiteboy Acts, and appointment of resident magistrates
590:
514:
491:
433:
264:
224:
134:
126:
605:
1044:
1031:
526:
228:
220:
971:
858:
776:
721:
542:
97:
42:
1053:
999:
919:
Christianson, Gale E. "Secret Societies and Agrarian Violence in Ireland, 1790-1840"
215:, against whom Information on Oath was given". Other raids took 17 Whiteboys west of
58:
532:
506:
lands in Ireland in 1798, Duggan joins him in the ultimately successful rebellion.
138:
914:
Peasants and power: the Whiteboy movements and their control in pre-Famine Ireland
223:
and by mid-April at least 150 suspected Whiteboys had been arrested. Clogheen in
495:
458:
248:
130:
69:
61:
50:
981:"Levellers in their White Uniforms;" Whiteboyism in southern Ireland, 1760–1790
651:
168:
558:
553:
212:
164:
142:
89:
81:
529:(Irish-Canadian family entangled in a feud with North American Whiteboys)
237:
150:
122:
992:
934:
17:
924:
625:
Feeley, Pat. "Whiteboys and Ribbonmen", City of Limerick Public Library
486:
241:
227:
bore the initial brunt of this assault as the local parish priest, Fr.
201:
185:
279:
An illustration of Jedediah Limberlip firing on a fleeing Father Duane
207:
On 2 April 1761, a force of 50 militiamen and 40 soldiers set out for
232:
172:
75:
247:
In the cities, suspected Whiteboy sympathizers were arrested and in
216:
146:
85:
167:
they fired guns and marched by the military barracks playing the
998:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
983:. University of Essex, MA Thesis Social History. p. 151.
27:
Secret Irish agrarian organisation in 18th-century Ireland
263:
reported at the same time that the south-east part of
96:
became a general term for rural violence connected to
898:
Assassin's Creed: Last Descendants – Tomb of the Khan
668:"Statute Law Revision (Ireland) Act, 1879, Section 2"
511:
Assassin's Creed: Last Descendants – Tomb of the Khan
656:. Sessional papers. Vol. HC 107. 12 April 1887.
581:(New York, Oxford University Press, p.9, Chapter 1.)
929:Donnelly, James S. "The Whiteboy movement, 1761-5"
606:Joyce, P.W., "Irish Secret Societies (1760–1762)",
211:, "where they took (mostly in their beds) eleven
125:in November 1761 and quickly spread to counties
1045:Broadside: "Forty Whiteboys Sentenced to Death"
638:Memoirs of the Different Rebellions in Ireland
180:attacked, prisoners released in an attack on
8:
960:History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century
337:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
153:, demanding that they give up their farms.
750:"Tumultuous Risings (Extension) Act, 1777"
777:"Pre-Union Irish Statutes Affected: 1777"
722:"Pre-Union Irish Statutes Affected: 1775"
859:"British Public Statutes Affected: 1831"
832:"Tumultuous Risings (Ireland) Act, 1831"
620:
618:
616:
341:
1013:. London and New York: Frederick Warne.
944:. Oxford University Press. p. 13.
570:
450:
397:Tumultuous Risings (Extension) Act 1777
269:
1027:
1016:
184:jail and similar shows of strength in
429:Tumultuous Risings (Ireland) Act 1831
121:The first major outbreak occurred in
7:
805:"Criminal Law Act, 1997, Schedule 3"
591:Cusack, Margaret Anne. "Whiteboys",
320:, agrarian agitation swept Munster.
68:. Their name derives from the white
958:Lecky, William Edward Hartpole.
942:Making Sense of the Molly Maguires
579:Making Sense of the Molly Maguires
25:
593:An Illustrated History of Ireland
231:, had earlier spoken out against
92:and tithe collectors. Over time,
1070:Irish agrarian protest societies
979:Richardson, W. Augustus (1979).
335:(to 1800) and Parliament of the
302:
284:
272:
972:vol 2, 1760-1789 online pp 1-51
509:In the 2016 young adult novel,
400:17 & 18 Geo. 3. c. 36 (Ir.)
385:15 & 16 Geo. 3. c. 21 (Ir.)
695:"Tumultuous Risings Act, 1775"
461:, the common name is given in
1:
545:(Irish-American rural unrest)
156:As well as the digging up of
640:, vol. 1, R. Marchbank, 1802
608:A Concise History of Ireland
370:5 & 6 Geo. 3. c. 8 (Ir.)
457:Where there is no official
382:Tumultuous Risings Act 1775
192:Reaction of the authorities
1096:
504:Jean Joseph Amable Humbert
500:French expeditionary force
485:, a group of Whiteboys in
32:White Boy (disambiguation)
29:
117:First outbreak, 1761–1763
1010:The Nuttall Encyclopædia
931:Irish Historical Studies
316:In the aftermath of the
209:Tallow, County Waterford
204:to crush the Whiteboys.
1080:18th century in Ireland
989:Irish University Review
966:vol 1 1700-1760, online
916:(Harvester Press, 1983)
538:Hearts of Oak (Ireland)
351:Regnal year and chapter
318:Irish Rebellion of 1798
1075:Irish secret societies
1060:18th-century conflicts
940:Kenney, Kevin (1998).
886:The Year of the French
483:The Year of the French
416:27 Geo. 3. c. 15 (Ir.)
357:Status in Rep. Ireland
49:) were a secret Irish
46:
1065:Rebellions in Ireland
333:Parliament of Ireland
921:Agricultural History
577:Kenny, Keven (1998)
198:Marquess of Drogheda
55:18th-century Ireland
30:For other uses, see
636:Musgrave, Richard.
344:
331:Acts passed by the
296:Bloodhound Soldiers
66:subsistence farming
896:Kirby, Matthew J.
884:Flanagan, Thomas.
864:Irish Statute Book
837:Irish Statute Book
810:Irish Statute Book
782:Irish Statute Book
755:Irish Statute Book
727:Irish Statute Book
700:Irish Statute Book
673:Irish Statute Book
473:In popular culture
342:
47:na Buachaillí Bána
1026:Missing or empty
1019:cite encyclopedia
991:(1985): 129–147.
923:(1972): 369–384.
912:Beames, Michael.
785:. 13 October 2016
730:. 13 October 2016
447:
446:
434:1 & 2 Will. 4
403:Extends 1775 act.
366:Whiteboy Act 1765
16:(Redirected from
1087:
1035:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1014:
984:
955:
900:
894:
888:
882:
876:
875:
873:
871:
855:
849:
848:
846:
844:
828:
822:
821:
819:
817:
801:
795:
794:
792:
790:
773:
767:
766:
764:
762:
746:
740:
739:
737:
735:
718:
712:
711:
709:
707:
691:
685:
684:
682:
680:
664:
658:
657:
648:
642:
633:
627:
622:
611:
603:
597:
588:
582:
575:
515:Matthew J. Kirby
492:guerilla warfare
466:
455:
345:
310:Peep-of-Day Boys
306:
288:
276:
225:County Tipperary
98:secret societies
53:organisation in
21:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1050:
1049:
1041:
1025:
1015:
1003:
978:
952:
939:
933:(1978): 20–54.
909:
907:Further reading
904:
903:
895:
891:
883:
879:
869:
867:
857:
856:
852:
842:
840:
830:
829:
825:
815:
813:
803:
802:
798:
788:
786:
775:
774:
770:
760:
758:
748:
747:
743:
733:
731:
720:
719:
715:
705:
703:
693:
692:
688:
678:
676:
666:
665:
661:
650:
649:
645:
634:
630:
623:
614:
604:
600:
589:
585:
576:
572:
567:
549:Peep O'Day Boys
527:Black Donnellys
523:
479:Thomas Flanagan
475:
470:
469:
456:
452:
441:Partly in force
406:Partly in force
390:Partly in force
329:
312:
307:
298:
292:Lord Carhampton
289:
280:
277:
244:in March 1766.
229:Nicholas Sheehy
221:County Limerick
194:
123:County Limerick
119:
106:
57:which defended
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1093:
1091:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1040:
1039:External links
1037:
1007:, ed. (1907).
996:
995:
985:
976:
975:
974:
969:
962:(6 vol. 1892)
956:
950:
937:
927:
917:
908:
905:
902:
901:
889:
877:
850:
823:
796:
768:
741:
713:
686:
659:
643:
628:
612:
598:
583:
569:
568:
566:
563:
562:
561:
556:
551:
546:
543:Molly Maguires
540:
535:
530:
522:
519:
474:
471:
468:
467:
449:
448:
445:
444:
442:
439:
437:
431:
425:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
410:
409:
407:
404:
401:
398:
394:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
379:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
362:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
343:Whiteboy Acts
328:
325:
314:
313:
308:
301:
299:
290:
283:
281:
278:
271:
261:Dublin Journal
193:
190:
118:
115:
105:
102:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1092:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1020:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1001:
1000:public domain
994:
990:
986:
982:
977:
973:
970:
967:
964:
963:
961:
957:
953:
951:0-19-511631-3
947:
943:
938:
936:
932:
928:
926:
922:
918:
915:
911:
910:
906:
899:
893:
890:
887:
881:
878:
866:
865:
860:
854:
851:
839:
838:
833:
827:
824:
812:
811:
806:
800:
797:
784:
783:
778:
772:
769:
757:
756:
751:
745:
742:
729:
728:
723:
717:
714:
702:
701:
696:
690:
687:
675:
674:
669:
663:
660:
655:
654:
647:
644:
641:
639:
632:
629:
626:
621:
619:
617:
613:
610:
609:
602:
599:
596:
594:
587:
584:
580:
574:
571:
564:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
528:
525:
524:
520:
518:
516:
512:
507:
505:
502:commanded by
501:
497:
493:
488:
484:
481:'s 1979 work
480:
472:
464:
460:
454:
451:
443:
440:
438:
435:
432:
430:
427:
426:
423:
421:Repealed 1997
420:
418:
415:
413:Riot Act 1787
412:
411:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
395:
392:
389:
387:
384:
381:
380:
377:
375:Repealed 1879
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
363:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
346:
340:
338:
334:
327:Whiteboy Acts
326:
324:
321:
319:
311:
305:
300:
297:
293:
287:
282:
275:
270:
268:
266:
262:
257:
252:
250:
245:
243:
239:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
205:
203:
199:
191:
189:
187:
183:
179:
174:
170:
166:
161:
159:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
116:
114:
110:
103:
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
77:
71:
67:
63:
60:
59:tenant-farmer
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
1028:|title=
1008:
997:
988:
980:
959:
941:
930:
920:
913:
897:
892:
885:
880:
868:. Retrieved
862:
853:
841:. Retrieved
835:
826:
814:. Retrieved
808:
799:
787:. Retrieved
780:
771:
759:. Retrieved
753:
744:
732:. Retrieved
725:
716:
704:. Retrieved
698:
689:
677:. Retrieved
671:
662:
652:
646:
637:
631:
607:
601:
592:
586:
578:
573:
533:Captain Rock
510:
508:
482:
476:
462:
453:
365:
330:
322:
315:
309:
295:
260:
256:Lord Halifax
253:
246:
206:
200:was sent to
195:
162:
155:
139:hamstringing
120:
111:
107:
93:
74:
38:
36:
1005:Wood, James
968:; pp 219–26
870:15 November
843:15 November
816:15 November
789:15 November
761:15 November
734:15 November
706:15 November
679:15 November
496:County Mayo
459:short title
348:Short title
94:Whiteboyism
62:land-rights
1054:Categories
565:References
173:Queen Sive
104:Background
82:rack-rents
559:Rightboys
554:Ribbonism
498:. When a
265:Tipperary
254:However,
213:Levellers
165:Cappoquin
158:ley lands
143:enclosure
135:Waterford
127:Tipperary
90:landlords
78:Amhaltach
39:Whiteboys
993:in JSTOR
935:in JSTOR
925:in JSTOR
521:See also
238:sedition
169:Jacobite
151:eviction
51:agrarian
18:Whiteboy
1002::
487:Killala
463:italics
436:. c. 44
242:Clonmel
202:Munster
186:Youghal
178:Lismore
948:
595:, 1868
233:tithes
182:Tallow
147:tithes
133:, and
76:Sadhbh
70:smocks
360:Refs
354:Notes
219:, in
217:Bruff
86:tithe
43:Irish
1032:help
946:ISBN
872:2016
845:2016
818:2016
791:2016
763:2016
736:2016
708:2016
681:2016
249:Cork
131:Cork
64:for
37:The
513:by
494:in
477:In
294:'s
1056::
1023::
1021:}}
1017:{{
861:.
834:.
807:.
779:.
752:.
724:.
697:.
670:.
615:^
188:.
129:,
84:,
45::
1034:)
1030:(
954:.
874:.
847:.
820:.
793:.
765:.
738:.
710:.
683:.
465:.
41:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.