2039:
and", which is ill-formed. In a logically constructed languageâsays Carnapâa distinction between the various kinds of predicate is specified, and pseudo-statements as "Caesar is a prime number" are ill-formed. Now, and this is the main point of Carnap's argument, metaphysical statements in which meaningless words do not occur, are indeed meaningless because they are formed in a way which is admissible in natural languages, but not in logically constructed languages. Carnap attempts to indicate the most frequent sources of errors from which metaphysical pseudo-statements can arise. One source of mistakes is the ambiguity of the verb "to be", which is sometimes used as a
31:
2015:", because there is something that cannot be grasped by means of the experience, something for which no empirical criterion can be specified. It is the lacking of any empirical criterionâsays Carnapâthat deprives of meaning the word 'principle' when it occurs in metaphysics. Therefore, metaphysical pseudo-statements such as "water is the principle of the world" or "the spirit is the principle of the world" are void of meaning because a meaningless word occurs in them.
2022:"; every word has a definite meaning, but the sequence has no meaning. The problem is that "prime number" is a predicate of numbers, not a predicate of human beings. In the example the nonsense is evident; however, in natural language the rules of grammar do not prohibit the formation of analogous meaningless word sequences that are not so easily detectable. In the grammar of natural languages, every sequence of the kind "
4636:
5710:
1856:, i.e., a set of rules governing the formation of sentences from the words of the vocabulary. Pseudo-statements, i.e., sequences of words that at first sight resemble statements but in reality have no meaning, are formed in two ways: either meaningless words occur in them, or they are formed in an invalid syntactical way. According to Carnap, pseudo-statements of both kinds occur in metaphysics.
5720:
1686:
Many historians of the Vienna Circle see in the latter sentence an implicit reference to a contrast between the so-called 'left wing' of the Vienna Circle, mainly represented by
Neurath and Carnap, and Moritz Schlick. The aim of the left wing was to facilitate the penetration of the scientific world-conception in "the forms of personal and public life, in
4624:
1763:. "The endeavour is to link and harmonise the achievements of individual investigators in their various fields of science". From this aim follows the search for clarity, neatness, and for a symbolic language that eliminates the problems arising from the ambiguity of natural language. The Vienna Circle published a collection, called
1574:
single philosophy. First, there existed a plurality of philosophical positions within the Circle, and second, members often changed their views fundamentally in the course of time and in reaction to discussions in the Circle. It thus seems more convenient to speak of "the philosophies (in the plural)
833:
Apart from the central figures of the
Schlick Circle the question of membership in the Vienna Circle is in many cases unsettled. The partition into "members" and "those sympathetic to the Vienna Circle" produced in the manifesto from 1929 is representative only of a specific moment in the development
2038:
is a predicate, is acceptable. In fact, in the grammar there is no distinction between predicate which can be affirmed of human beings and predicate which can be affirmed of numbers. So "Caesar is a general" and "Caesar is a prime number" are both well-formed, in contrast for example with "Caesar is
2179:
According to Carnap, although metaphysics has no theoretical content, it does have content: metaphysical pseudo-statements express the attitude of a person towards life, and this is the role of metaphysics. He compares it to an art like lyrical poetry; the metaphysician works with the medium of the
1685:
is not only a struggle between different kinds of philosophies, but it is alsoâand perhaps primarilyâa struggle between different political, social, and economical attitudes. Of course, as the manifesto itself acknowledged, "not every adherent of the scientific world-conception will be a fighter".
2103:
Another source of mistakes is type confusions, in which a predicate of a kind is used as a predicate of another kind. For example, the pseudo-statements "we know the
Nothing" is analogous to "we know the rain", but while the latter is well-formed, the former is ill-formed, at least in a logically
1809:
was in origin the idea of Otto
Neurath. It was meant as a manifestation of the unity of science movement Original plans for the Encyclopedia were ambitious. In addition to the two introductory volumes, there was to be a section on the methodology of the sciences, one on the existing state of the
837:
In the following list (in alphabetical order), the "inner circle" is defined using the criterion of regular attendance. The "periphery" comprises occasional visitors, foreign visitors and leading intellectual figures who stood in regular contact with the Circle (such as
Wittgenstein and Popper).
2196:
as a subunit of the
Faculty of Philosophy and Education. Since 2016 the former society continues its activities in close cooperation with the IVC under the changed name Vienna Circle Society (VCS). In 2015 the institute co-organized an exhibition on the Vienna Circle in the main building of the
1694:, and the shaping of economic and social life". In contrast, Schlick was primarily interested in the theoretical study of science and philosophy. Perhaps the sentence "Some, glad of solitude, will lead a withdrawn existence on the icy slopes of logic" is an ironic reference to Schlick.
1613:
statements belong to this second kind and therefore they are meaningless. Hence many philosophical problems are rejected as pseudo-problems which arise from logical mistakes, while others are re-interpreted as empirical statements and thus become the subject of scientific inquiries.
550:
suggested to their teacher a sort of regular "evening circle". From winter term 1924 on regular meetings were held at the
Institute of Mathematics in Vienna's Boltzmanngasse 5 on personal invitation by Schlick. These discussions can be seen as the beginning of the Vienna Circle.
2043:("I am hungry"), and sometimes to designate existence ("I am"). The latter statement incorrectly suggests a predicative form, and thus it suggests that existence is a predicate. Only modern logic, with the introduction of an explicit sign to designate existence (the sign
1604:
Logical analysis shows that there are two different kinds of statements; one kind includes statements reducible to simpler statements about the empirically given; the other kind includes statements which cannot be reduced to statements about
382:
philosophy of science as having great importance for general intellectual life An attempt was made by a group of young men to retain the most essential points of Mach's positivism, especially his stand against the misuse of
1950:
According to Carnap, many words of metaphysics do not fulfill these requirements and thus they are meaningless. As an example, Carnap considers the word 'principle'. This word has a definite meaning, if the sentence
1680:
are allied to traditional social forms, while the group of people who "faces modern times, rejects these views and takes its stand on the ground of empirical sciences". Thus the struggle between metaphysics and
609:) was founded, with Schlick as its chairman. The aim of the society was the spreading of a "scientific world conception" through public lectures that were in large part held by members of the Vienna Circle.
1016:. The definite diffusion of logical positivism in the United States was due to Carl Hempel, Hans Reichenbach, Rudolf Carnap, Philipp Frank, and Herbert Feigl, who emigrated and taught in the United States.
2180:
theoretical; he confuses art with science, attitude towards life with knowledge, and thus produces an unsatisfactory and inadequate work. "Metaphysicians are musicians without musical ability".
1103:
648:
821:, promoted mainly by Neurath, Carnap, and Morris, is symptomatic of the internationalization of logical empiricism, organizing numerous international conferences and the publication of the
1601:
and distinguishes the Vienna Circle empiricism from earlier versions. The task of philosophy lies in the clarificationâthrough the method of logical analysisâof problems and assertions.
2018:
However, there are pseudo-statements in which occur only meaningful words; these pseudo-statements are formed in a counter-syntactical way. An example is the word sequence "Caesar is a
1810:
unification of sciences, and possibly a section on the application of the sciences. It was planned that the work in its entirety would comprise about twenty-six volumes (260 monographs)
2174:
1999:
is empirically verifiable. Butâsays Carnapâmetaphysicians are not satisfied with this interpretation of the meaning of 'principle'. They assert that no empirical relation between
2134:
2100:, never as a predicate, has shown that existence is not a predicate, and thus has revealed the logical error from which pseudo-statements such as "cogito, ergo sum" has arisen.
834:
of the Circle. Depending on the criteria used (regular attendance, philosophical affinities etc.) there are different possible distributions in "inner circle" and "periphery".
2098:
2062:
678:
While primarily known for its views on the natural sciences and metaphysics, the public phase of the Vienna Circle was explicitly political. Neurath and Hahn were both
3754:
1759:, that is the construction of a "constitutive system" in which every legitimate statement is reduced to the concepts of lower level which refer directly to the given
3797:
2441:
For a chronology of the emigration of the Vienna Circle see Hans-Joachim Dahms, "The
Emigration of the Vienna Circle", in: Friedrich Stadler, Peter Weibel (ed.),
4672:
1840:
The attitude of Vienna Circle towards metaphysics is well expressed by Carnap in the article 'Ăberwindung der
Metaphysik durch Logische Analyse der Sprache' in
1789:
1365:
1069:
729:
387:
in science. To this group belonged the mathematician H. Hahn, the political economist Otto
Neurath, and the author of this book , at the time an instructor in
2463:
Cp. Stadler 2001, 573. This list follows the presentation in Stadler 2001, 571ff., including further bio-bibliographical information on all the persons listed.
2428:
in Vienna, a successor to the Vienna Circle, under the leadership of Viktor Kraft, a former member of the Vienna Circle. Among the members of this circle was
1797:
was published; it contains two volumes for a total of twenty monographs published from 1938 to 1969. As remembered by Rudolf Carnap and Charles Morris in the
1649:
a priori is rejected by the Vienna Circle. Mathematics, which at a first sight seems an example of necessarily valid synthetic knowledge derived from pure
1590:
and positivist: there is knowledge only from experience. Second, the scientific world-conception is marked by the application of a certain method, namely
6163:
4416:
1676:
However, the persistence of metaphysics is connected not only with logical mistakes but also with "social and economical struggles". Metaphysics and
3853:
2221:
690:
to their political and anti-metaphysical views, indicating a blur between what are now considered two separate schools of contemporary philosophy â
559:
The group that met from 1924 on was quite diverse and included not only recognized scientists such as Schlick, Hahn, Kraft, Philipp Frank, Neurath,
3764:
3009:
Logic, Language, and the Structure of Scientific Theories: Proceedings of the Carnap-Reichenbach Centennial, University of Konstanz, 21â24 May 1991
6717:
6484:
6260:
4082:
2192:
was established as a society in Vienna. It is dedicated to studying the work and influence of the Vienna Circle. In 2011 it was integrated in the
1828:
1661:, thus very different from Kantian synthetic statements. The only two kinds of statements accepted by the Vienna Circle are synthetic statements
3149:
5723:
4879:
4253:
2950:
2787:
2385:
589:
was read out loud and discussed. From 1927 on personal meetings were arranged between Wittgenstein and Schlick, Waismann, Carnap and Feigl.
234:) through which members of the Vienna Circle sought to popularize their ideas in the context of programmes for popular education in Vienna.
5756:
1879:, it is necessary to give an answer to the following questions (that areâaccording to Carnapâequivalent formulation of the same question):
1115:
1060:
was also important for the reception and critique of their work, even though he never participated in the meetings of the Vienna Circle.
612:
In 1929 the Vienna Circle made its first public appearance under this name â invented by Neurath â with the publication of its manifesto
4075:
3790:
542:
Immediately after Schlick's arrival in Vienna, he organized discussions with the mathematicians around Hahn. In 1924 Schlick's students
4920:
3825:
3573:
4839:
1633:('hardness'), relations ('friendship'), and processes ('sleep'); therefore it misleads one into a thing-like conception of functional
1641:
can either lead to knowledge out of its own resources without using any empirical material, or at least arrive at new contents by an
1107:
6444:
6428:
6284:
4665:
4436:
4431:
4384:
4065:
3544:
3421:
2905:
2759:
515:
was appointed to the chair of philosophy of the inductive sciences at the University of Vienna in 1922 â the chair formerly held by
2715:, vol. 2, 1932 (English translation "The Elimination of Metaphysics Through Logical Analysis of Language" in Sarkar, Sahotra, ed.,
1844:, vol. 2, 1932 (English translation 'The Elimination of Metaphysics Through Logical Analysis of Language' in Sarkar, Sahotra, ed.,
1586:
This states the scientific world-conception of the Vienna Circle, which is characterized "essentially by two features. First it is
408:
3093:, ed. Paolo Parrini, Wesley C. Salmon, Merrilee H. Salmon, Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press, 2003, pp. 76â93.
6712:
6436:
5824:
4446:
6702:
6692:
6300:
5650:
4616:
3783:
3684:
2859:
498:
6508:
5844:
5344:
4824:
682:
and believed the rejection of magic was a necessary component for liberation of the working classes. The manifesto linked
1161:, which was published between 1930 and 1940 (from 1939 the editors were Otto Neurath, Rudolf Carnap and Charles Morris).
6292:
6178:
5890:
5713:
5225:
5147:
4864:
4658:
4306:
4299:
3623:
2924:
161:. Main topics were foundational debates in the natural and social sciences, logic and mathematics; the modernization of
2835:
1008:
in the United States occurred throughout the 1920s and 1930s. In 1929 and in 1932, Schlick was a visiting professor at
786:
Some members of the circle such as Kraft, Waismann, Zilsel, Menger and Gomperz continued to meet occasionally. But the
6687:
6492:
6324:
6141:
4158:
4133:
4118:
3618:
3524:
3434:
368:
350:
1920:(Carnap, "The Elimination of Metaphysics Through Logical Analysis of Language" in Sarkar, Sahotra 1996, p. 12)
6452:
6348:
6332:
6316:
6116:
4925:
4819:
3142:
2515:, "Vienna Circle", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2014 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <
2267:
Cp. Frank 1949, Stadler 2001, Uebel 2000. The expression goes back to Rudolf Haller, "Der erste Wiener Kreis", in:
1052:
316:
2747:
Reprint of the first edition. With translations into English, French, Spanish and Italian. Vienna: Springer, 2012.
6532:
6084:
6069:
5527:
5304:
4717:
4331:
4311:
4219:
4215:
4138:
3830:
3759:
3560:
3552:
3449:
3294:
1669:
864:
292:
282:
6697:
6621:
6468:
6185:
6079:
6074:
5749:
5097:
4336:
3976:
3961:
3950:
3927:
3721:
3633:
3529:
3494:
3254:
1099:
1012:, while Feigl, who immigrated to the United States in 1930, became lecturer (1931) and professor (1933) at the
223:
2413:
For documents concerning the murder of Moritz Schlick and the trial against Nelböck see Stadler 2001, 869â909.
1783:
of seven monographs from 1933 to 1939, the collection was dismissed, because of the problems arising from the
1043:
helped many German and Austrian philosophers emigrate to the United States, including Rudolf Carnap, in 1936.
363:
at Göttingen and Vienna with Ludwig Boltzmann, David Hilbert and Felix Klein. From 1912, he held the chair of
2139:
6595:
6308:
6111:
6089:
5834:
5379:
4574:
4321:
4316:
4289:
4224:
4178:
4173:
4108:
4001:
3701:
3534:
3410:
3344:
3166:
2206:
2189:
1702:
1480:
1020:
969:
933:
91:
2871:
Rationality and Science: A Memorial Volume for Moritz Schlick in Celebration of the Centennial of his Birth
249:
most members of the Vienna Circle were forced to emigrate. The murder of Schlick in 1936 by former student
6682:
6019:
5985:
4963:
4935:
4910:
4712:
4529:
4519:
3937:
3863:
3820:
3648:
3568:
2911:
2680:
1884:
806:
760:
1934 marks an important break: Hahn died after surgery, Neurath fled to Holland because of the victory of
695:
450:
2111:
1772:
1490:
6707:
6516:
6136:
6121:
6025:
5606:
5562:
5061:
4874:
4722:
4379:
4374:
4326:
4294:
4284:
4243:
4023:
3900:
3806:
3749:
3726:
3706:
3588:
3459:
3399:
3135:
1646:
1597:
Logical analysis is the method of clarification of philosophical problems; it makes an extensive use of
1442:
937:
810:
787:
504:
430:
270:
242:
95:
1617:
One source of the logical mistakes that are at the origins of metaphysics is the ambiguity of natural
1074:
The Vienna Circle was very active in advertising their new philosophical ideas. Several congresses on
1070:
International Encyclopedia of Unified Science § International Congresses for the Unity of Science
711:, edited by Carnap and Reichenbach. In addition, the Vienna Circle published a number of book series:
567:, but also younger students and doctoral candidates. In addition, the group invited foreign visitors.
30:
6524:
6195:
6158:
6059:
6054:
5990:
5849:
4784:
4359:
4354:
4229:
4113:
4018:
3991:
3873:
3658:
3643:
3274:
3119:
2920:
Exact Thinking in Demented Times: The Vienna Circle and the Epic Quest for the Foundations of Science
2193:
2067:
2040:
1658:
1630:
154:
83:
35:
2516:
6663:
6500:
5948:
5931:
5885:
5875:
5742:
5428:
5359:
5137:
4968:
4950:
4914:
4834:
4789:
4779:
4681:
4421:
4103:
3996:
3971:
3956:
3885:
3736:
3731:
3711:
3613:
3598:
3593:
3394:
2211:
1738:
1626:
1142:
1009:
993:
965:
691:
687:
493:
388:
364:
146:
99:
6585:
1122:. Another very interesting congress was the one held in Copenhagen (1936), which was dedicated to
6575:
6376:
6252:
6126:
6047:
6011:
5819:
5601:
5319:
5276:
5245:
5235:
5195:
5053:
5033:
4894:
4854:
4849:
4774:
4569:
4524:
4411:
4234:
4055:
3890:
3880:
3389:
3179:
2993:
Richardson, Alan W. "The Scientific World Conception. Logical Positivism", in: T. Baldwin (Hg.),
1663:
1412:
1164:
The following is the list of works published in the two collections edited by the Vienna Circle.
1013:
1005:
945:
908:
798:
765:
640:
543:
110:
55:
5686:
2046:
1257:
900:
624:) The pamphlet is dedicated to Schlick, and its preface was signed by Hahn, Neurath and Carnap.
391:
in Vienna. We tried to supplement Mach's ideas by those of the French philosophy of science of
6550:
6391:
6366:
6242:
5438:
5415:
5405:
5339:
5220:
5155:
4889:
4794:
4628:
4499:
4401:
4258:
4048:
4013:
3907:
3846:
3638:
3219:
3062:
2946:
2936:
The Vienna Circle: The Origin of Neo-positivism, a Chapter in the History of Recent Philosophy
2901:
2876:
2783:
2775:
2755:
2476:, 26, 1929, in which Nagel discussed Reichenbach's interpretation of the theory of relativity;
2381:
1776:
1722:
1654:
1463:
1178:
1111:
1047:
1040:
989:
981:
957:
921:
888:
868:
754:
734:
560:
489:
392:
342:
312:
250:
130:
2498:
A. E. Blumberg and H. Feigl, "Logical Positivism: A New Movement in European Philosophy" in:
783:
for political and personal reasons in 1936 set an end to the meetings of the Schlick Circle.
6555:
6476:
6460:
6386:
6340:
5905:
5814:
5491:
5468:
5458:
5281:
5230:
5127:
4983:
4599:
4554:
4534:
4070:
4060:
4043:
3716:
3668:
3603:
3489:
3354:
3329:
3289:
3204:
3067:
The Vienna Circle. Studies in the Origins, Development, and Influence of Logical Empiricism.
2983:
2966:
2955:
1848:, New York : Garland Pub., 1996, pp. 10â31). A languageâsays Carnapâconsists of a
1779:(from 1938), whose aim was to present a unified vision of science. After the publication in
1750:
1734:
1718:
1378:
977:
941:
814:
668:
564:
446:
300:
170:
142:
2962:. Trans. by Joachim Schulte and Brian McGuinness. New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1979.
1149:
was published in this collection. Seven works were published in another collection, called
488:
Vienna Circle began with Hahn returning to Vienna in 1921. Together with the mathematician
6570:
6565:
6146:
6101:
5936:
5910:
5854:
5642:
5622:
5596:
5570:
5463:
5453:
5433:
5165:
5132:
5023:
5008:
4859:
4844:
4764:
4743:
4589:
4549:
4471:
4426:
4263:
4168:
4153:
4128:
3942:
3922:
3608:
3474:
3469:
3364:
3319:
3199:
2816:
2429:
1793:, an ambitious project never completed devoted to unified science. Only the first section
1756:
1730:
1698:
1547:
1123:
973:
844:
469:
426:
150:
126:
71:
67:
47:
2320:
Trans. by Joachim Schulte and Brian McGuinness. New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1979.
780:
745:
From the beginning of the 1930s first signs of disintegration appeared for political and
2362:
Wittgenstein's Poker: The Story of a Ten-Minute Argument Between Two Great Philosophers,
6232:
6173:
6006:
5941:
5926:
5829:
5670:
5552:
5423:
5354:
5349:
5314:
5215:
5112:
5081:
5066:
5028:
5018:
4973:
4748:
4640:
4509:
4369:
4008:
3917:
3384:
3379:
3369:
3279:
3244:
3234:
3209:
3184:
3174:
3052:
3014:
2745:
Wissenschaftliche Weltauffassung. Der Wiener Kreis. Hrsg. vom Verein Ernst Mach (1929).
1622:
1598:
1537:
929:
904:
876:
512:
434:
422:
404:
105:
The philosophical position of the Vienna Circle was called logical empiricism (German:
87:
1832:, was published in this Encyclopedia in 1962, as the number two in the second volume.
1157:). In 1930 Rudolf Carnap and Hans Reichenbach undertook the editorship of the journal
374:
Their meetings were held in Viennese coffeehouses from 1907 onward. Frank remembered:
295:, the oldest of the three (1879â1934), was a mathematician. He received his degree in
6676:
6406:
6381:
6190:
6131:
6042:
5970:
5895:
5691:
5660:
5655:
5547:
5542:
5522:
5512:
5478:
5448:
5443:
5374:
5369:
5299:
5268:
5175:
5122:
5013:
4978:
4940:
4869:
4769:
4738:
4559:
4494:
4466:
4394:
4123:
4038:
3499:
3439:
3339:
3314:
3309:
3269:
3239:
2849:
1706:
1500:
1395:
1358:
Unified Science: The Vienna Circle Monograph Series Originally Edited by Otto Neurath
1334:
1083:
1079:
1050:
who acquainted the British academia with the work of the Vienna Circle with his book
985:
925:
872:
860:
856:
852:
848:
802:
761:
750:
644:
636:
571:
547:
458:
442:
356:
304:
278:
238:
203:
138:
122:
114:
2978:
How the Cold War Transformed Philosophy of Science : To the Icy Slopes of Logic
1863:
has a meaning if two conditions are satisfied. First, the mode of the occurrence of
165:
by modern logic; the search for an empiricist criterion of meaning; the critique of
157:. It was unified by the aim of making philosophy scientific with the help of modern
6266:
6064:
5995:
5955:
5783:
5580:
5496:
5364:
5309:
5258:
5205:
5200:
5160:
5107:
5076:
5071:
5043:
5003:
4930:
4814:
4707:
4635:
4604:
4584:
4539:
4514:
4504:
4476:
4406:
4364:
4238:
4192:
4163:
4143:
3583:
3514:
3359:
3229:
3214:
3158:
3079:
2931:
2915:
2886:
2711:
Carnap, Rudolf. "Ăberwindung der Metaphysik durch Logische Analyse der Sprache" in
2512:
2424:
2019:
1784:
1726:
1714:
1691:
1527:
1446:
1422:
1133:
Between 1928 and 1937, the Vienna Circle published ten books in a collection named
1086:(1930), Prague (1934) and then the first congress on scientific philosophy held in
1075:
912:
892:
880:
791:
396:
334:
320:
286:
274:
246:
176:
The Vienna Circle appeared in public with the publication of various book series â
134:
2898:
Neopositivismus. Eine historische EinfĂŒhrung in die Philosophie des Wiener Kreises
1291:
961:
794:
in 1938 meant the definite end of the activities of the Vienna Circle in Austria.
3109:
3057:
Erkenntnis Orientated: A Centennial Volume for Rudolf Carnap and Hans Reichenbach
2658:
2377:
The Myth of Disenchantment: Magic, Modernity, and the Birth of the Human Sciences
2375:
2318:
Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle: Conversations Recorded by Friedrich Waismann.
6590:
6580:
6560:
5980:
5960:
5870:
5793:
5665:
5632:
5627:
5575:
5537:
5532:
5517:
5486:
5400:
5210:
5180:
5170:
5117:
5102:
5038:
4702:
4594:
4579:
4564:
4544:
4461:
4389:
4206:
4196:
4183:
4148:
4098:
4028:
3981:
3868:
3858:
3663:
3519:
3509:
3454:
3429:
3374:
3349:
3334:
3304:
3284:
3259:
3189:
3074:
The Vienna Circle and Logical Empiricism. Re-evaluation and Future Perspectives.
3040:
Decline and Obsolescence of Logical Empiricism: Carnap vs. Quine and the Critics
2960:
Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle: Conversations Recorded by Friedrich Waismann
2780:
Der Wiener Kreis â AktualitĂ€t in Wissenschaft, Literatur, Architektur und Kunst.
1823:
1787:. In 1938 a new series of publications started in the United States. It was the
1610:
1510:
1338:
1057:
1036:
953:
884:
773:
473:
384:
338:
308:
296:
207:
166:
79:
59:
6401:
6396:
6371:
6151:
5975:
5839:
5788:
5765:
5384:
5253:
5190:
5185:
4884:
4481:
4210:
4201:
4188:
3932:
3895:
3673:
3653:
3504:
3479:
3444:
3299:
3264:
3249:
3224:
3194:
1849:
1760:
1710:
1606:
1587:
1432:
1374:
1119:
1091:
949:
707:
660:
516:
379:
215:
194:
162:
118:
2489:, 27, 1930, in which Hook presented a favorable report on logical positivism;
1943:
has jointed legs". Conversely, these sentences are derivable from "the thing
353:(Viennese Commercial Academy). Neurath married Olga, Hahn's sister, in 1911.
6642:
6628:
6616:
6600:
6168:
6106:
5965:
5798:
4958:
4829:
4248:
3841:
3628:
1924:
1687:
1642:
1127:
1095:
896:
683:
679:
664:
520:
324:
219:
63:
17:
1867:
in its elementary sentence form (i.e., the simplest sentence form in which
1106:(1930) was very important, for Kurt Gödel announced that he had proven the
3033:
Logical Empiricism and the Special Sciences: Reichenbach, Feigl, and Nagel
1947:
is an arthropod". Thus the meaning of the word 'arthropod' is determined.
1801:
to the 1969 edition of the International Encyclopedia of Unified Science:
555:
The non-public phase of the Vienna Circle â The Schlick Circle (1924â1928)
5880:
4268:
3986:
3484:
3084:
Vernunftkritik und Wissenschaft: Otto Neurath und der erste Wiener Kreis.
2216:
1677:
1618:
3775:
2626:
Carnap, 'The Elimination of Metaphysics', in Sarkar, Sahotra 1996, p. 30
2528:
On the historical background of the manifesto see Stadler 2001, 334â339.
1931:
is an arthropod" is an elementary sentence form that is derivable from "
3966:
3464:
1682:
1634:
701:
In 1930 the Vienna Circle and the Berlin Society took over the journal
672:
438:
360:
346:
261:
The history and development of the Vienna Circle shows various stages:
153:. The Vienna Circle was pluralistic and committed to the ideals of the
4650:
6626:
6096:
4033:
3578:
2796:
2485:
S. Hook, "Personal Impression of Contemporary German Philosophy" in:
1853:
1780:
1650:
1032:
1028:
1024:
746:
652:
465:
328:
199:
3114:
3104:
2269:
Fragen zu Wittgenstein und AufsĂ€tze zur Ăsterreichischen Philosophie
1771:), edited by Rudolf Carnap, Philipp Frank, Hans Hahn, Otto Neurath,
3069:
New York: Springer, 2001. â 2nd Edition: Dordrecht: Springer, 2015.
3019:
The Emergence of Logical Empiricism: From 1900 to the Vienna Circle
2738:
The Emergence of Logical Empiricism: from 1900 to the Vienna Circle
2636:
705:
and made it the main journal of logical empiricism under the title
635:) in autumn 1929, organized by the Vienna Circle together with the
421:
A number of further authors were discussed in the meetings such as
349:
in Vienna and Berlin. From 1907 to 1914 he taught in Vienna at the
6635:
3678:
3324:
1741:
as "leading representatives of the scientific world-conception".
1591:
1087:
656:
454:
400:
378:
After 1910 there began in Vienna a movement which regarded Mach's
211:
158:
75:
29:
2517:
http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2014/entries/vienna-circle/
2104:
constructed language, because "Nothing" is incorrectly used as a
1023:, who traveled in 1932 and 1933 as a Sheldon Traveling Fellow to
3912:
3089:
Uebel, Thomas, "On the Austrian Roots of Logical Empiricism" in
2105:
269:
The pre-history of the Vienna Circle began with meetings on the
6212:
5738:
4654:
3779:
3131:
3127:
2726:, vol. 1, Chicago : The University of Chicago Press, 1969.
2176:, and thus "Nothing" never occurs as a noun or as a predicate.
1078:
and philosophy of science were organized, with the help of the
1363:
Monographs, arranged in chronological order, published in the
5734:
3091:
Logical Empiricism â Historical and contemporary Perspectives
2971:
Logical Empiricism â Historical and Contemporary Perspectives
2258:
Wittgenstein's Vienna, New Edition, Elephant Paperback, 1996.
3026:
Logical Empiricism at its Peak: Schlick, Carnap, and Neurath
2740:, New York : Garland Publishing, 1996, pp. 321â340
2717:
Logical empiricism at its peak: Schlick, Carnap, and Neurath
2249:
Cp. the phases in Stadler 2001. See 579â580 for an overview.
1846:
Logical empiricism at its peak: Schlick, Carnap, and Neurath
1578:
However, some central topics and debates can be identified.
741:
Disintegration, emigration, internationalization (1934â1938)
639:. This conference was the first international appearance of
464:
Presumably the meetings stopped in 1912, when Frank went to
2828:
Carnap and the Vienna Circle: Empiricism and Logical Syntax
797:
With the emigration went along the internationalization of
2316:
For the recording of these meetings see Brian McGuinness,
809:
where they had an immense influence on the development of
468:, to hold the chair of theoretical physics left vacant by
2752:
Wiener Kreis. Texte zur wissenschaftlichen Weltauffassung
2734:
The Scientific Conception of the World. The Vienna Circle
2538:
The Scientific Conception of the World. The Vienna Circle
1082:. There were some preparatory congresses: Prague (1929),
753:
left Austria in 1930. Carnap was appointed to a chair at
618:
The Scientific Conception of the World. The Vienna Circle
2722:
Neurath, Otto and Carnap, Rudolf and Morris, Charles W.
2380:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 246â7.
1818:, vol. 1, The University of Chicago Press, 1969, p. vii.
2943:
The Vienna Circle. Texts and Pictures of an Exhibition.
2928:, vol. LXIV, no. 20 (21 December 2017), pp. 74â76.
2900:. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt, 1993,
1350:
Ernst Mach und die empiristische Wissenschaftauffassung
198:â and the organization of international conferences in
38:, Boltzmanngasse 5. Meeting place of the Vienna Circle.
2681:"The Vienna Circle â Exact Thinking in Demented Times"
1891:
deducible from, and what sentences are deducible from
1667:(i.e., scientific statements) and analytic statements
1552:
Methodology of mathematical economics and econometrics
1515:
Fundamentals of concept formation in empirical science
399:, and also to connect them with the investigations in
299:
in 1902. Afterwards he studied under the direction of
2719:, New York : Garland Pub., 1996, pp. 10â31)
2142:
2114:
2070:
2049:
1902:
supposed to be true, and under what conditions false?
1871:
is capable of occurring) must be fixed. Secondly, if
1000:
Reception in the United States and the United Kingdom
629:
Tagung fĂŒr Erkenntnislehre der exakten Wissenschaften
3047:
The Legacy of the Vienna Circle: Modern Reappraisals
2136:, such as "there is nothing which is outside"âi.e.,
633:
Conference on the Epistemology of the Exact Sciences
523:. Schlick had already published two important works
6609:
6543:
6420:
6359:
6276:
6223:
6035:
6004:
5919:
5863:
5807:
5776:
5679:
5641:
5615:
5589:
5561:
5505:
5477:
5414:
5393:
5332:
5290:
5267:
5244:
5146:
5090:
5052:
4996:
4949:
4903:
4807:
4757:
4731:
4695:
4688:
4454:
4445:
4347:
4277:
4091:
3813:
3694:
3543:
3420:
3165:
3011:, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1994.
2973:, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2003.
2893:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997.
801:. Many former members of the Vienna Circle and the
779:The murder of Moritz Schlick by the former student
622:
Viewing the World Scientifically: The Vienna Circle
2941:Limbeck, Christoph and Stadler, Friedrich (eds.).
2866:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
2730:Wissenschaftliche Weltauffassung. Der Wiener Kreis
2168:
2128:
2092:
2056:
1637:". Another source of mistakes is "the notion that
614:Wissenschaftliche Weltauffassung. Der Wiener Kreis
2845:(in German). Stuttgart: Reclam. pp. 227â244.
1729:as people "sympathetic to the Vienna Circle" and
359:, the youngest of the group (1884â1966), studied
1959:" is supposed to be equivalent to the sentence "
1923:An example offered by Carnap concerns the word '
1755:The final goal pursued by the Vienna Circle was
1621:. "Ordinary language for instance uses the same
1273:Die Grundlagen einer wissenschaftliche Wertlehre
90:. The Vienna Circle had a profound influence on
2184:Institute Vienna Circle / Vienna Circle Society
1803:
1168:Schriften zur wissenschaftlichen Weltauffassung
1135:Schriften zur wissenschaftlichen Weltauffassung
727:, edited by Neurath, 1933â1939), and later the
713:Schriften zur wissenschaftlichen Weltauffassung
376:
178:Schriften zur wissenschaftlichen Weltauffassung
6261:Fourth Great Debate in international relations
1279:, Dordrecht; Boston: D. Reidel Pub. Co., 1981)
1277:Foundations for a Scientific Analysis of Value
1268:, Dordrecht; Boston: D. Reidel Pub. Co., 1973)
27:1924â1936 group of philosophers and scientists
5750:
4666:
3791:
3143:
3002:The Cambridge Companion to Logical Empiricism
3000:Richardson, Alan W. and Uebel, Thomas (ed.).
2980:. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
2750:Stöltzner, Michael and Uebel, Thomas (eds.).
2743:Stadler, Friedrich and Uebel, Thomas (eds.):
2540:in Sarkar, Sahotra, 1996, p. 331âhereinafter
2108:. In a formal language, "Nothing" only means
1790:International Encyclopedia of Unified Science
1673:(i.e., logical and mathematical statements).
1451:The development of rationalism and empiricism
1366:International Encyclopedia of Unified Science
1328:Was bedeutet rationale Wirtschaftsbetrachtung
1172:Monographs on the Scientific World-Conception
1139:Monographs on the Scientific World-Conception
823:International Encyclopedia of Unified Science
819:International Encyclopedia of Unified Science
730:International Encyclopedia of Unified Science
717:Monographs on the Scientific World-Conception
182:Monographs on the Scientific World-Conception
8:
6640:
6250:
6240:
6230:
5946:
5900:
829:Overview of the members of the Vienna Circle
253:put an end to the Vienna Circle in Austria.
34:Entrance to the Mathematical Seminar at the
3059:, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991.
2881:La nuova filosofia della natura in Germania
2064:), which occurs only in statements such as
1975:". The latter sentence is perfectly clear:
1290:), edited by Carnap, Frank, Hahn, Neurath,
772:was dissolved for political reasons by the
570:In 1926 Schlick and Hahn arranged to bring
169:and the unification of the sciences in the
82:who met regularly from 1924 to 1936 at the
6220:
6209:
5773:
5757:
5743:
5735:
5264:
5049:
4946:
4692:
4673:
4659:
4651:
4451:
3798:
3784:
3776:
3150:
3136:
3128:
3007:Salmon, Wesley and Wolters, Gereon (ed.),
2150:
2146:
2122:
2118:
2074:
2053:
1294:(after Hahn's death), Morris (from 1938):
1183:Wahrscheinlichkeit, Statistik und Wahrheit
643:and the first of a number of conferences:
6164:Relationship between religion and science
4417:Relationship between religion and science
2141:
2113:
2069:
2048:
1991:, and the invariable association between
1852:, i.e., a set of meaningful words, and a
1343:Zur EnzyklopÀdie der Einheitswissenschaft
1262:Prolegomena zu einer kritischen Grammatik
525:Raum und Zeit in die gegenwÀrtigen Physik
226:. Its public profile was provided by the
3076:Dordrecht â Boston London, Kluwer, 2003.
2222:List of Austrian intellectual traditions
719:, ed. by Schlick und Frank, 1928â1937),
6485:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
3122:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2338:For an overview of the lectures of the
2233:
2169:{\displaystyle \lnot \;\exists \;xO(x)}
2007:can completely explain the meaning of "
1829:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
1542:The structure of scientific revolutions
1427:Principles of the theory of probability
582:was intensely discussed in the Circle.
5840:Machian positivism (empirio-criticism)
2472:E. Nagel, "Nature and Convention" in:
1657:character, that is its statements are
1505:The conceptual framework of psychology
757:in 1931 and left for Chicago in 1935.
593:The public phase â Schlick Circle and
529:Space and Time in contemporary Physics
3021:. New York: Garland Publishing, 1996.
2821:The Metaphysics of Logical Positivism
2577:
2575:
2573:
2422:Only after the war in 1949 arose the
1609:and thus they are devoid of meaning.
1570:The Vienna Circle cannot be assigned
1495:The development of logical empiricism
1019:Another link to the United States is
265:The "First Vienna Circle" (1907â1912)
7:
2990:. University Press of America, 1985.
2843:Der Wiener Kreis â AusgewĂ€hlte Texte
2724:Foundations of the Unity of Sciences
2342:1929â1932 see Stadler 2001, 342â344.
2240:Cp. Stöltzner/Uebel 2006, LII-LXXIX.
1816:Foundations of the Unity of Sciences
1795:Foundations of the Unity of Sciences
1468:The technique of theory construction
1407:Foundations of logic and mathematics
1307:Einheitswissenschaft und Psychologie
1189:, New York: Macmillan company, 1939)
817:movement for the construction of an
2995:The Cambridge History of Philosophy
2129:{\displaystyle \lnot \;\exists \;x}
1532:Science and the structure of ethics
1321:Das Ende der mechanistischen Physik
1300:Logik, Mathematik und Naturerkennen
1223:The Law of Causality and its Limits
627:The manifesto was presented at the
6117:Nomotheticâidiographic distinction
3115:Vienna Circle Foundation Amsterdam
2988:The Heritage of Logical Positivism
2938:. New York: Greenwood Press, 1953.
2147:
2143:
2119:
2115:
2071:
2050:
1557:Herbert Feigl and Charles Morris,
1390:Foundations of the theory of signs
1225:, Dordrecth; Boston: Kluwer, 1997)
1219:Das Kausalgesetz und seine Grenzen
1187:Probability, Statistics, and Truth
1090:(1935), followed by congresses in
25:
6445:The Logic of Scientific Discovery
6429:Materialism and Empirio-criticism
6285:The Course in Positive Philosophy
4437:Sociology of scientific knowledge
4432:Sociology of scientific ignorance
4385:History and philosophy of science
2914:. "Positive Thinking" (review of
2854:Modern Science and its Philosophy
2823:. New York: Longmans Green, 1954.
2806:. Glencoe, Ill: Free Press, 1959.
1875:occurs in an elementary sentence
1381:, Rudolf Carnap, Charles Morris,
1314:Die Aufgabe der Wissenschaftlogik
1266:Prolegomena to a Critical Grammar
1252:The Logic of Scientific Discovery
574:to the University of Vienna as a
5718:
5709:
5708:
4634:
4622:
2864:Reconsidering Logical Positivism
2443:The Cultural Exodus from Austria
1927:'. The sentence form "the thing
1400:Procedures of empirical sciences
1383:Encyclopedia and unified science
1207:, New York: Prentice-Hall, 1939)
1174:), edited by Schlick and Frank:
1141:), edited by Schlick and Frank.
6437:History and Class Consciousness
3120:Thomas Uebel, "Vienna Circle",
3049:. New York: Garland Pub., 1996.
3042:. New York: Garland Pub., 1996.
3035:. New York: Garland Pub., 1996.
3028:. New York: Garland Pub., 1996.
2841:. In Damböck, Christian (ed.).
2374:Josephson-Storm, Jason (2017).
2093:{\displaystyle \exists \;xP(x)}
733:(edited by Neurath, Carnap and
502:and on Whitehead and Russell's
480:The formative years (1918â1924)
6718:1924 establishments in Austria
6301:Critical History of Philosophy
4921:Analyticâsynthetic distinction
3826:Analyticâsynthetic distinction
3574:Analyticâsynthetic distinction
2163:
2157:
2087:
2081:
1645:from given states of affair".
1458:Foundations of social sciences
1356:These works are translated in
1254:, New York: Basic Books, 1959)
1241:The Logical Syntax of Language
587:Tractatus logico-philosophicus
580:Logical Structure of the World
499:Tractatus logico-philosophicus
1:
6509:Knowledge and Human Interests
5845:Rankean historical positivism
2891:Origins of Logical Empiricism
2454:Stöltzner and Uebel 2006, XX.
2404:was published in this series.
2402:Logic of Scientific Discovery
2190:Institute Vienna Circle (IVC)
1417:Linguistic aspects of science
1243:, New York: Humanities, 1937)
1046:In the United Kingdom it was
578:(private lecturer). Carnap's
323:in mathematics. He taught at
6627:
6293:A General View of Positivism
3086:Wien-New York 2000. (German)
2969:; Salmon, Merrilee H. (ed.)
2945:MĂŒnster-Berlin-London 2015.
2925:The New York Review of Books
2830:. Atlanta, GA: Rodopi, 1994.
2732:, 1929. English translation
2360:Edmunds, D. and Eidenow, J.
257:History of the Vienna Circle
6493:Conjectures and Refutations
6325:The Logic of Modern Physics
6142:Deductive-nomological model
4159:Hypothetico-deductive model
4134:Deductive-nomological model
4119:Constructivist epistemology
3619:Internalism and externalism
2997:, 1870â1945, 2003, 391â400.
2834:Damböck, Christian (2013).
2813:. Roma Bari: Laterza, 1986.
1939:has a segmented body" and "
1683:scientific world-conception
1237:Logische Syntax der Sprache
1064:Congresses and publications
537:General Theory of Knowledge
416:Uebel, Thomas, 2003, p. 70.
369:German University in Prague
351:Neue Wiener Handelsakademie
6734:
6453:The Poverty of Historicism
6349:The Universe in a Nutshell
6333:Language, Truth, and Logic
6317:The Analysis of Sensations
4820:Causal theory of reference
3072:Stadler, Friedrich (ed.).
2889:. and Richardson, Alan W.
2794:Language, Truth and Logic.
2280:Cp. Stadler 2001, 143â161.
2057:{\displaystyle \exists \;}
1987:is invariably followed by
1748:
1373:Otto Neurath, Niels Bohr,
1067:
1053:Language, Truth, and Logic
533:Allgemeine Erkenntnislehre
511:With the support of Hahn,
472:. Hahn left Vienna during
319:. In 1905 he received the
277:from 1908 on, promoted by
6661:
6533:The Rhetoric of Economics
6219:
6214:Positivist-related debate
6208:
5772:
5704:
4613:
4220:Semantic view of theories
4139:Epistemological anarchism
4076:dependent and independent
3745:
3450:Evolutionary epistemology
2922:, Basic Books, 449 pp.),
2778:and Weibel, Peter (ed.):
2754:. Meiner, Hamburg, 2006,
2736:in Sarkar, Sahotra, ed.,
2637:"Institute Vienna Circle"
2500:The Journal of Philosophy
2487:The Journal of Philosophy
2474:The Journal of Philosophy
1898:Under what conditions is
1775:(after Hahn's death) and
1629:('apple') as well as for
492:he organized seminars on
6469:Two Dogmas of Empiricism
6186:Structural functionalism
6112:Naturalism in literature
4880:Scientific structuralism
3962:Intertheoretic reduction
3951:Ignoramus et ignorabimus
3928:Functional contextualism
3722:Philosophy of perception
3525:Representational realism
3495:Naturalized epistemology
2811:Il neopositivismo logico
2799:, Victor Gollancz, 1936.
1100:Cambridge, Massachusetts
224:Cambridge, Massachusetts
6713:Epistemology of science
6596:Willard Van Orman Quine
6309:Idealism and Positivism
5901:Critique of metaphysics
5835:Sociological positivism
4447:Philosophers of science
4225:Scientific essentialism
4174:Model-dependent realism
4109:Constructive empiricism
4002:Evidence-based practice
3702:Outline of epistemology
3535:Transcendental idealism
3105:Institute Vienna Circle
2873:. Wien: Springer, 1982.
2782:Wien: LIT Verlag 2019.
2762:. (Anthology in German)
2661:. Vienna Circle Society
2659:"Vienna Circle Society"
2207:Formalism (mathematics)
1912:What is the meaning of
1836:Critique of metaphysics
1625:, the substantive, for
1575:of the Vienna Circle".
1481:Erwin Finlay-Freundlich
1021:Willard Van Orman Quine
970:Willard Van Orman Quine
703:Annalen der Philosophie
117:. It was influenced by
92:20th-century philosophy
6641:
6610:Concepts in contention
6251:
6241:
6231:
6122:Objectivity in science
6020:Non-Euclidean geometry
5986:Methodological dualism
5947:
4936:Reflective equilibrium
4530:Alfred North Whitehead
4520:Charles Sanders Peirce
3649:Problem of other minds
2683:. University of Vienna
2639:. University of Vienna
2400:In 1934 Karl Popper's
2329:Stadler 2001, 219â290.
2307:Stadler 2001, 199â218.
2289:Stadler 2001, 195â218.
2197:University of Vienna.
2170:
2130:
2094:
2058:
1821:
1559:Bibliography and index
1522:Foundations of biology
1475:Foundations of physics
1230:Zur Biologie der Ethik
1094:(1936), Paris (1937),
807:English-speaking world
696:continental philosophy
476:and returned in 1921.
419:
51:
39:
6703:Philosophy of science
6693:Austrian philosophers
6517:The Poverty of Theory
6137:Philosophy of science
6026:Uncertainty principle
5607:Nicholas Wolterstorff
5062:David Malet Armstrong
4629:Philosophy portal
4380:Hard and soft science
4375:Faith and rationality
4244:Scientific skepticism
4024:Scientific Revolution
3807:Philosophy of science
3727:Philosophy of science
3707:Faith and rationality
3589:Descriptive knowledge
3460:Feminist epistemology
3400:Nicholas Wolterstorff
3110:Vienna Circle Society
2171:
2131:
2095:
2059:
1659:analytical statements
1653:alone, has instead a
1443:Giorgio de Santillana
1246:Karl Raimund Popper,
1212:Empirische Soziologie
1035:. Moreover, American
938:Else Frenkel-Brunswik
811:philosophy of science
788:annexation of Austria
505:Principia Mathematica
271:philosophy of science
243:annexation of Austria
96:philosophy of science
58:was a group of elite
33:
6525:The Scientific Image
6196:Structuration theory
6159:Qualitative research
6060:Criticism of science
6055:Critical rationalism
5991:Problem of induction
4355:Criticism of science
4230:Scientific formalism
4114:Constructive realism
4019:Scientific pluralism
3992:Problem of induction
3659:Procedural knowledge
3644:Problem of induction
2802:Ayer, Alfred Jules.
2792:Ayer, Alfred Jules.
2768:Secondary literature
2194:University of Vienna
2140:
2112:
2068:
2047:
2011:is the principle of
1963:exists by virtue of
1955:is the principle of
1826:'s well known work,
1765:Einheitswissenschaft
1697:The manifesto lists
1582:The Manifesto (1929)
1284:Einheitswissenschaft
1151:Einheitswissenschaft
768:following which the
721:Einheitswissenschaft
585:Also Wittgenstein's
337:(1882â1945) studied
186:Einheitswissenschaft
107:logischer Empirismus
84:University of Vienna
36:University of Vienna
6501:One-Dimensional Man
5949:Geisteswissenschaft
5932:Confirmation holism
5429:Patricia Churchland
5360:Christine Korsgaard
5246:Logical positivists
5138:Ludwig Wittgenstein
4915:paradox of analysis
4682:Analytic philosophy
4422:Rhetoric of science
4360:Descriptive science
4104:Confirmation holism
3997:Scientific evidence
3957:Inductive reasoning
3886:Demarcation problem
3737:Virtue epistemology
3732:Social epistemology
3712:Formal epistemology
3599:Epistemic injustice
3594:Exploratory thought
3395:Ludwig Wittgenstein
2809:Barone, Francesco.
2212:Logical behaviorism
1739:Ludwig Wittgenstein
1647:Synthetic knowledge
1437:Theory of valuation
1348:Richard von Mises,
1248:Logik der Forschung
1194:Abriss der Logistik
1147:Logik der Forschung
1143:Karl Raimund Popper
1104:Königsberg congress
994:Ludwig Wittgenstein
966:Karl Raimund Popper
692:analytic philosophy
688:Friedrich Nietzsche
494:Ludwig Wittgenstein
403:of such authors as
389:theoretical physics
365:theoretical physics
147:Ludwig Wittgenstein
100:analytic philosophy
6688:Logical positivism
6576:Hans-Georg Gadamer
6377:Alexander Bogdanov
6253:Positivismusstreit
6048:Post-behavioralism
6012:history of science
5864:Principal concepts
5820:Logical positivism
5602:William Lane Craig
5320:Friedrich Waismann
5277:Carl Gustav Hempel
5236:Timothy Williamson
5196:Alasdair MacIntyre
5054:Australian realism
5034:Russ Shafer-Landau
4895:Analytical Thomism
4850:Logical positivism
4641:Science portal
4570:Carl Gustav Hempel
4525:Wilhelm Windelband
4412:Questionable cause
4235:Scientific realism
4056:Underdetermination
3891:Empirical evidence
3881:Creative synthesis
3390:Timothy Williamson
3180:Augustine of Hippo
3063:Stadler, Friedrich
3004:. Cambridge, 2007.
2877:Geymonat, Ludovico
2856:. Cambridge, 1949.
2804:Logical Positivism
2776:Stadler, Friedrich
2774:Arnswald, Ulrich,
2705:Primary literature
2340:Ernst Mach Society
2298:Stadler 2001, 199.
2166:
2126:
2090:
2054:
1713:, Heinrich Loewy,
1566:Topics and debates
1561:, 1969, vol.2 n.10
1507:, 1952, vol.1 n.10
1413:Leonard Bloomfield
1205:Problems of Ethics
1014:University of Iowa
1006:logical positivism
946:Carl Gustav Hempel
909:Friedrich Waismann
799:logical empiricism
770:Ernst Mach Society
766:Austrian Civil War
641:logical empiricism
607:Ernst Mach Society
544:Friedrich Waismann
237:During the era of
228:Ernst Mach Society
192:) and the journal
111:logical positivism
56:logical empiricism
40:
6670:
6669:
6657:
6656:
6653:
6652:
6551:Theodor W. Adorno
6367:Richard Avenarius
6243:Werturteilsstreit
6204:
6203:
6152:Sense-data theory
5850:Polish positivism
5825:Positivist school
5732:
5731:
5700:
5699:
5416:Pittsburgh School
5406:Peter van Inwagen
5340:Roderick Chisholm
5328:
5327:
5221:Richard Swinburne
5156:G. E. M. Anscombe
4992:
4991:
4890:Analytic theology
4865:Ordinary language
4803:
4802:
4648:
4647:
4490:
4489:
4402:Normative science
4259:Uniformitarianism
4014:Scientific method
3908:Explanatory power
3773:
3772:
3639:Privileged access
3275:SĂžren Kierkegaard
3045:Sarkar, Sahotra.
3038:Sarkar, Sahotra.
3031:Sarkar, Sahotra.
3024:Sarkar, Sahotra.
2984:Rescher, Nicholas
2967:Salmon, Wesley C.
2956:McGuinness, Brian
2951:978-3-643-90649-6
2869:Gadol, Eugene T.
2860:Friedman, Michael
2788:978-3-643-50937-6
2387:978-0-226-40336-6
2271:, Amsterdam 1986.
1777:Charles W. Morris
1723:Kurt Reidemeister
1554:, 1968, vol.2 n.6
1544:, 1962, vol.2 n.2
1534:, 1961, vol.2 n.3
1524:, 1955, vol.1 n.9
1517:, 1952, vol.2 n.7
1497:, 1951, vol.2 n.9
1487:, 1951, vol.1 n.8
1477:, 1946, vol.1 n.7
1470:, 1949, vol.2 n.5
1464:Joseph H. Woodger
1460:, 1944, vol.2 n.1
1453:, 1941, vol.2 n.8
1439:, 1939, vol.2 n.4
1429:, 1939, vol.1 n.6
1419:, 1939, vol.1 n.4
1409:, 1939, vol.1 n.3
1402:, 1938, vol.1 n.5
1392:, 1938, vol.1 n.2
1385:, 1938, vol.1 n.1
1179:Richard von Mises
1112:first-order logic
1048:Alfred Jules Ayer
1041:Charles W. Morris
990:Olga Taussky-Todd
982:Kurt Reidemeister
958:Charles W. Morris
922:Alfred Jules Ayer
889:Richard von Mises
869:Olga Hahn-Neurath
805:emigrated to the
755:Prague University
735:Charles W. Morris
603:Verein Ernst Mach
595:Verein Ernst Mach
561:Olga Hahn-Neurath
490:Kurt Reidemeister
484:The formation of
343:political economy
313:Hermann Minkowski
232:Verein Ernst Mach
16:(Redirected from
6725:
6646:
6632:
6556:Gaston Bachelard
6477:Truth and Method
6461:World Hypotheses
6341:The Two Cultures
6256:
6246:
6236:
6221:
6210:
5952:
5906:Unity of science
5815:Legal positivism
5774:
5759:
5752:
5745:
5736:
5722:
5721:
5712:
5711:
5651:Nancy Cartwright
5492:Nicholas Rescher
5469:Bas van Fraassen
5459:Nicholas Rescher
5282:Hans Reichenbach
5265:
5231:Bernard Williams
5128:Bertrand Russell
5050:
4984:Rigid designator
4947:
4693:
4689:Related articles
4675:
4668:
4661:
4652:
4639:
4638:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4600:Bas van Fraassen
4555:Hans Reichenbach
4535:Bertrand Russell
4452:
4278:Philosophy of...
4061:Unity of science
3854:Commensurability
3800:
3793:
3786:
3777:
3717:Metaepistemology
3695:Related articles
3669:Regress argument
3604:Epistemic virtue
3355:Bertrand Russell
3330:Duncan Pritchard
3290:Hilary Kornblith
3205:Laurence BonJour
3152:
3145:
3138:
3129:
2976:Reisch, George.
2965:Parrini, Paolo;
2896:Haller, Rudolf.
2846:
2840:
2817:Bergmann, Gustav
2693:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2535:
2529:
2526:
2520:
2509:
2503:
2496:
2490:
2483:
2477:
2470:
2464:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2446:
2439:
2433:
2420:
2414:
2411:
2405:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2371:
2365:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2343:
2336:
2330:
2327:
2321:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2281:
2278:
2272:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2250:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2055:
1935:is an animal", "
1819:
1773:JĂžrgen JĂžrgensen
1751:Unity of science
1735:Bertrand Russell
1719:Hans Reichenbach
1709:, Hasso HĂ€rlen,
1592:logical analysis
1491:JĂžrgen JĂžrgensen
1388:Charles Morris,
1379:Bertrand Russell
1360:, Kluwer, 1987.
1345:. VortrÀge, 1938
1201:Fragen der Ethik
1199:Moritz Schlick,
1039:and philosopher
978:Hans Reichenbach
942:Heinrich Gomperz
815:unity of science
669:Cambridge, Mass.
565:Heinrich Gomperz
417:
327:(1905â1906) and
301:Ludwig Boltzmann
206:(today known as
171:unity of science
143:Bertrand Russell
21:
6733:
6732:
6728:
6727:
6726:
6724:
6723:
6722:
6698:Science studies
6673:
6672:
6671:
6666:
6649:
6605:
6571:Paul Feyerabend
6566:Wilhelm Dilthey
6539:
6416:
6355:
6272:
6215:
6200:
6147:Ramsey sentence
6102:Instrumentalism
6031:
6009:
6007:paradigm shifts
6000:
5937:Critical theory
5915:
5911:Verificationism
5859:
5855:Russian Machism
5803:
5768:
5763:
5733:
5728:
5719:
5696:
5687:Jan Ćukasiewicz
5675:
5643:Stanford School
5637:
5623:Paul Feyerabend
5611:
5597:Alvin Plantinga
5585:
5571:James F. Conant
5557:
5501:
5473:
5464:Wilfrid Sellars
5454:Alexander Pruss
5434:Paul Churchland
5410:
5389:
5345:Donald Davidson
5324:
5286:
5263:
5240:
5166:Michael Dummett
5142:
5133:Frank P. Ramsey
5086:
5048:
5024:Jaakko Hintikka
5009:Keith Donnellan
4988:
4945:
4899:
4860:Neurophilosophy
4845:Logical atomism
4799:
4753:
4727:
4684:
4679:
4649:
4644:
4633:
4623:
4621:
4609:
4590:Paul Feyerabend
4550:Michael Polanyi
4486:
4472:Galileo Galilei
4441:
4427:Science studies
4343:
4273:
4264:Verificationism
4169:Instrumentalism
4154:Foundationalism
4129:Conventionalism
4087:
3923:Feminist method
3809:
3804:
3774:
3769:
3741:
3690:
3609:Gettier problem
3539:
3470:Foundationalism
3416:
3365:Wilfrid Sellars
3320:Alvin Plantinga
3200:George Berkeley
3167:Epistemologists
3161:
3156:
3101:
3096:
3053:Spohn, Wolfgang
3015:Sarkar, Sahotra
2887:Giere, Ronald N
2883:. Torino, 1934.
2838:
2833:
2826:Cirera, Ramon.
2770:
2765:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2696:
2686:
2684:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2664:
2662:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2642:
2640:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2613:
2609:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2580:
2571:
2563:
2559:
2551:
2547:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2510:
2506:
2497:
2493:
2484:
2480:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2440:
2436:
2430:Paul Feyerabend
2421:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2364:2001, page 151.
2359:
2355:
2351:Frank 1949, 38.
2350:
2346:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2203:
2186:
2138:
2137:
2110:
2109:
2066:
2065:
2045:
2044:
1838:
1820:
1814:
1769:Unified Science
1757:unified science
1753:
1747:
1745:Unified science
1731:Albert Einstein
1699:Walter Dubislav
1584:
1568:
1548:Gerhard Tintner
1473:Philipp Frank,
1405:Rudolf Carnap,
1319:Philipp Frank,
1312:Rudolf Carnap,
1288:Unified Science
1258:Josef SchÀchter
1235:Rudolf Carnap,
1217:Philipp Frank,
1192:Rudolf Carnap,
1155:Unified Science
1124:quantum physics
1072:
1066:
1002:
974:Frank P. Ramsey
901:Josef SchÀchter
845:Gustav Bergmann
831:
743:
725:Unified Science
599:
557:
482:
470:Albert Einstein
418:
415:
411:, Hilbert, etc.
267:
259:
190:Unified Science
151:Albert Einstein
127:conventionalism
72:social sciences
66:drawn from the
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6731:
6729:
6721:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6675:
6674:
6668:
6667:
6662:
6659:
6658:
6655:
6654:
6651:
6650:
6648:
6647:
6638:
6633:
6624:
6619:
6613:
6611:
6607:
6606:
6604:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6547:
6545:
6541:
6540:
6538:
6537:
6529:
6521:
6513:
6505:
6497:
6489:
6481:
6473:
6465:
6457:
6449:
6441:
6433:
6424:
6422:
6418:
6417:
6415:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6392:Ămile Durkheim
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6363:
6361:
6357:
6356:
6354:
6353:
6345:
6337:
6329:
6321:
6313:
6305:
6297:
6289:
6280:
6278:
6274:
6273:
6271:
6270:
6264:
6258:
6248:
6238:
6233:Methodenstreit
6227:
6225:
6217:
6216:
6213:
6206:
6205:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6182:
6181:
6174:Social science
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6155:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6134:
6129:
6127:Operationalism
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6093:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6051:
6050:
6039:
6037:
6036:Related topics
6033:
6032:
6030:
6029:
6023:
6016:
6014:
6002:
6001:
5999:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5944:
5942:Falsifiability
5939:
5934:
5929:
5927:Antipositivism
5923:
5921:
5917:
5916:
5914:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5867:
5865:
5861:
5860:
5858:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5830:Postpositivism
5827:
5822:
5817:
5811:
5809:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5780:
5778:
5770:
5769:
5764:
5762:
5761:
5754:
5747:
5739:
5730:
5729:
5727:
5726:
5716:
5705:
5702:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5694:
5689:
5683:
5681:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5673:
5671:Patrick Suppes
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5647:
5645:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5619:
5617:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5593:
5591:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5567:
5565:
5559:
5558:
5556:
5555:
5553:Michael Walzer
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5509:
5507:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5483:
5481:
5475:
5474:
5472:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5439:Adolf GrĂŒnbaum
5436:
5431:
5426:
5424:Robert Brandom
5420:
5418:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5408:
5403:
5397:
5395:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5387:
5382:
5380:W. V. O. Quine
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5355:Nelson Goodman
5352:
5350:Daniel Dennett
5347:
5342:
5336:
5334:
5330:
5329:
5326:
5325:
5323:
5322:
5317:
5315:Moritz Schlick
5312:
5307:
5302:
5296:
5294:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5284:
5279:
5273:
5271:
5262:
5261:
5256:
5250:
5248:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5226:Charles Taylor
5223:
5218:
5216:P. F. Strawson
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5152:
5150:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5113:Norman Malcolm
5110:
5105:
5100:
5094:
5092:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5084:
5082:J. J. C. Smart
5079:
5074:
5069:
5067:David Chalmers
5064:
5058:
5056:
5047:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5029:Giuseppe Peano
5026:
5021:
5019:Edmund Gettier
5016:
5011:
5006:
5000:
4998:
4994:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4974:Possible world
4971:
4966:
4961:
4955:
4953:
4944:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4926:Counterfactual
4923:
4918:
4907:
4905:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4785:Paraconsistent
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4761:
4759:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4735:
4733:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4699:
4697:
4696:Areas of focus
4690:
4686:
4685:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4670:
4663:
4655:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4631:
4619:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4575:W. V. O. Quine
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4510:Rudolf Steiner
4507:
4502:
4500:Henri Poincaré
4497:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4458:
4456:
4449:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4370:Exact sciences
4367:
4362:
4357:
4351:
4349:
4348:Related topics
4345:
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4340:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4307:Social science
4304:
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4300:Space and time
4292:
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4009:Scientific law
4006:
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3918:Falsifiability
3915:
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3893:
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3847:Mill's Methods
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3442:
3437:
3435:Constructivism
3432:
3426:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3385:Baruch Spinoza
3382:
3380:P. F. Strawson
3377:
3372:
3370:Susanna Siegel
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3345:W. V. O. Quine
3342:
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3327:
3322:
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3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3245:Nelson Goodman
3242:
3237:
3235:Edmund Gettier
3232:
3227:
3222:
3220:René Descartes
3217:
3212:
3210:Gilles Deleuze
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
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3185:William Alston
3182:
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3175:Thomas Aquinas
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3100:
3099:External links
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1979:arises out of
1971:arises out of
1918:
1917:
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1746:
1743:
1690:, upbringing,
1623:part of speech
1599:symbolic logic
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1563:
1562:
1555:
1545:
1538:Thomas S. Kuhn
1535:
1525:
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1471:
1461:
1456:Otto Neurath,
1454:
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1393:
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1354:
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1346:
1341:, J. Woodger,
1333:Otto Neurath,
1331:
1326:Otto Neurath,
1324:
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1310:
1305:Otto Neurath,
1303:
1281:
1280:
1271:Victor Kraft,
1269:
1255:
1244:
1233:
1226:
1215:
1210:Otto Neurath,
1208:
1197:
1190:
1116:incompleteness
1102:. (1939). The
1065:
1062:
1004:The spread of
1001:
998:
905:Moritz Schlick
877:Felix Kaufmann
830:
827:
742:
739:
737:, 1938â1970).
620:also known as
598:
591:
556:
553:
531:) in 1917 and
519:and partly by
513:Moritz Schlick
481:
478:
413:
393:Henri Poincaré
303:in Vienna and
266:
263:
258:
255:
251:Johann Nelböck
241:and after the
131:Henri Poincaré
88:Moritz Schlick
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6683:Vienna Circle
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6586:György Lukåcs
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6412:Vienna Circle
6410:
6408:
6407:Berlin Circle
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6387:Eugen DĂŒhring
6385:
6383:
6382:Auguste Comte
6380:
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6277:Contributions
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6191:Structuralism
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6133:
6132:Phenomenalism
6130:
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6044:
6043:Behavioralism
6041:
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6034:
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6021:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6013:
6008:
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5982:
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5971:Human science
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5897:
5896:Pseudoscience
5894:
5892:
5891:Justification
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5887:
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5707:
5706:
5703:
5693:
5692:Alfred Tarski
5690:
5688:
5685:
5684:
5682:
5678:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5661:Peter Galison
5659:
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5549:
5548:Nathan Salmon
5546:
5544:
5543:Richard Rorty
5541:
5539:
5536:
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5531:
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5526:
5524:
5521:
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5513:Alonzo Church
5511:
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5449:Ruth Millikan
5447:
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5444:John McDowell
5442:
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5392:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
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5375:Hilary Putnam
5373:
5371:
5370:Robert Nozick
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5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5300:Rudolf Carnap
5298:
5297:
5295:
5293:
5292:Vienna Circle
5289:
5283:
5280:
5278:
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5274:
5272:
5270:
5269:Berlin Circle
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5176:Philippa Foot
5174:
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5151:
5149:
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5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5123:Graham Priest
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5103:Charlie Broad
5101:
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5027:
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5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5014:Gottlob Frege
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4995:
4985:
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4948:
4942:
4941:Supervenience
4939:
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4912:
4909:
4908:
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4878:
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4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4840:Functionalism
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4825:Descriptivism
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4790:Philosophical
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4780:Non-classical
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
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4760:
4756:
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4578:
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4573:
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4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4560:Rudolf Carnap
4558:
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4498:
4496:
4495:Auguste Comte
4493:
4492:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4467:Francis Bacon
4465:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4453:
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4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4396:
4395:Pseudoscience
4393:
4392:
4391:
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4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
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4254:Structuralism
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4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
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4223:
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4217:
4216:Received view
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4150:
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4135:
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4130:
4127:
4125:
4124:Contextualism
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
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4100:
4097:
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3990:
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3909:
3906:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3801:
3796:
3794:
3789:
3787:
3782:
3781:
3778:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3744:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3624:Justification
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3500:Phenomenalism
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3490:NaĂŻve realism
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3440:Contextualism
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3406:
3405:Vienna Circle
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3340:Hilary Putnam
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3315:Robert Nozick
3313:
3311:
3310:John McDowell
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3270:Immanuel Kant
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3240:Alvin Goldman
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3148:
3146:
3141:
3139:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3080:Uebel, Thomas
3078:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2932:Kraft, Victor
2930:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2906:3-534-06677-4
2903:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2837:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2761:
2760:3-7873-1811-9
2757:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2682:
2676:
2673:
2660:
2654:
2651:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2466:
2460:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2419:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2394:
2389:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2310:
2304:
2301:
2295:
2292:
2286:
2283:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2246:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2160:
2154:
2151:
2123:
2107:
2101:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1707:Kurt Grelling
1704:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1600:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:Felix Mainx,
1519:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1501:Egon Brunswik
1499:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1396:Victor Lenzen
1394:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1361:
1359:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1098:, UK (1938),
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1080:Berlin Circle
1077:
1071:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
999:
997:
995:
991:
987:
986:Alfred Tarski
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
926:Egon Brunswik
923:
920:
916:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
857:Philipp Frank
854:
853:Herbert Feigl
850:
849:Rudolf Carnap
846:
843:
842:Inner Circle:
839:
835:
828:
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
803:Berlin Circle
800:
795:
793:
789:
784:
782:
777:
775:
771:
767:
763:
762:Austrofascism
758:
756:
752:
751:Herbert Feigl
748:
740:
738:
736:
732:
731:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
709:
704:
699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
676:
674:
670:
667:, UK (1938),
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
637:Berlin Circle
634:
630:
625:
623:
619:
615:
610:
608:
604:
596:
592:
590:
588:
583:
581:
577:
573:
572:Rudolf Carnap
568:
566:
562:
554:
552:
549:
548:Herbert Feigl
545:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
509:
507:
506:
501:
500:
495:
491:
487:
479:
477:
475:
471:
467:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
381:
375:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
357:Philipp Frank
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
331:(from 1909).
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
305:David Hilbert
302:
298:
294:
290:
288:
284:
280:
279:Philipp Frank
276:
272:
264:
262:
256:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
239:Austrofascism
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
196:
191:
187:
183:
179:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
155:Enlightenment
152:
148:
144:
140:
139:Gottlob Frege
136:
132:
128:
124:
123:David Hilbert
120:
116:
115:neopositivism
112:
108:
103:
101:
97:
94:, especially
93:
89:
86:, chaired by
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
44:Vienna Circle
37:
32:
19:
6708:Epistemology
6531:
6523:
6515:
6507:
6499:
6491:
6483:
6475:
6467:
6459:
6451:
6443:
6435:
6427:
6411:
6347:
6339:
6331:
6323:
6315:
6307:
6299:
6291:
6283:
6267:Science wars
6065:Epistemology
5996:Reflectivism
5956:Hermeneutics
5808:Declinations
5784:Antihumanism
5777:Perspectives
5581:Cora Diamond
5497:Morton White
5365:Thomas Nagel
5310:Otto Neurath
5291:
5259:Ernest Nagel
5206:Gilbert Ryle
5201:Derek Parfit
5161:J. L. Austin
5108:Casimir Lewy
5077:Peter Singer
5072:J. L. Mackie
5044:Barry Stroud
5004:Noam Chomsky
4997:Philosophers
4931:Natural kind
4815:Anti-realism
4775:Mathematical
4749:Performative
4708:Epistemology
4605:Larry Laudan
4585:Imre Lakatos
4540:Otto Neurath
4515:Karl Pearson
4505:Pierre Duhem
4477:Isaac Newton
4407:Protoscience
4365:Epistemology
4239:Anti-realism
4237: /
4218: /
4209: /
4195: /
4193:Reductionism
4191: /
4164:Inductionism
4144:Evolutionism
3949:
3836:a posteriori
3835:
3831:
3683:
3584:Common sense
3562:A posteriori
3561:
3553:
3515:Reductionism
3409:
3404:
3360:Gilbert Ryle
3230:Fred Dretske
3215:Keith DeRose
3159:Epistemology
3121:
3090:
3083:
3073:
3066:
3056:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2977:
2970:
2959:
2942:
2935:
2923:
2919:
2916:Karl Sigmund
2897:
2890:
2880:
2870:
2863:
2853:
2842:
2827:
2820:
2810:
2803:
2793:
2779:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2716:
2712:
2700:Bibliography
2685:. Retrieved
2675:
2663:. Retrieved
2653:
2641:. Retrieved
2631:
2622:
2614:
2610:
2602:
2598:
2589:
2581:
2564:
2560:
2552:
2548:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2524:
2513:Thomas Uebel
2507:
2499:
2494:
2486:
2481:
2473:
2468:
2459:
2450:
2442:
2437:
2425:Kraft Circle
2423:
2418:
2409:
2401:
2396:
2376:
2369:
2361:
2356:
2347:
2339:
2334:
2325:
2317:
2312:
2303:
2294:
2285:
2276:
2268:
2263:
2254:
2245:
2236:
2188:In 1991 the
2187:
2178:
2102:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2020:prime number
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1888:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1858:
1845:
1841:
1839:
1827:
1822:
1815:
1807:Encyclopedia
1806:
1804:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1785:World War II
1768:
1764:
1754:
1727:Edgar Zilsel
1715:F. P. Ramsey
1696:
1692:architecture
1675:
1668:
1664:a posteriori
1662:
1655:tautological
1638:
1616:
1611:Metaphysical
1603:
1596:
1585:
1577:
1571:
1569:
1558:
1551:
1541:
1531:
1528:Abraham Edel
1521:
1514:
1504:
1494:
1484:
1474:
1467:
1457:
1450:
1447:Edgar Zilsel
1436:
1426:
1423:Ernest Nagel
1416:
1406:
1399:
1389:
1382:
1364:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1349:
1342:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1261:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1182:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1132:
1108:completeness
1076:epistemology
1073:
1051:
1045:
1018:
1003:
918:
917:
913:Edgar Zilsel
893:Otto Neurath
881:Victor Kraft
841:
840:
836:
832:
822:
818:
796:
792:Nazi Germany
785:
781:Hans Nelböck
778:
769:
759:
744:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
706:
702:
700:
677:
671:(1939), and
632:
628:
626:
621:
617:
613:
611:
606:
602:
601:In 1928 the
600:
594:
586:
584:
579:
576:Privatdozent
575:
569:
558:
541:
536:
532:
528:
524:
510:
503:
497:
485:
483:
463:
420:
397:Pierre Duhem
377:
373:
355:
335:Otto Neurath
333:
321:Habilitation
291:
287:Otto Neurath
275:epistemology
268:
260:
247:Nazi Germany
236:
231:
227:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
175:
135:Pierre Duhem
106:
104:
60:philosophers
52:Wiener Kreis
43:
41:
18:Wiener Kreis
6622:Objectivity
6591:Karl Popper
6581:Thomas Kuhn
6561:Mario Bunge
6312:(1879â1884)
6247:(1909â1959)
5981:Metaphysics
5961:Historicism
5876:Demarcation
5871:Consilience
5794:Rationalism
5680:Lwow-Warsaw
5666:Ian Hacking
5633:Karl Popper
5628:Thomas Kuhn
5576:Alice Crary
5538:Saul Kripke
5533:Jaegwon Kim
5528:David Lewis
5518:Jerry Fodor
5487:Susan Haack
5401:Robert Audi
5211:John Searle
5181:Peter Geach
5171:Antony Flew
5118:G. E. Moore
5039:Ernest Sosa
4969:Possibility
4718:Mathematics
4703:Metaphysics
4595:Ian Hacking
4580:Thomas Kuhn
4565:Karl Popper
4545:C. D. Broad
4462:Roger Bacon
4390:Non-science
4332:Linguistics
4312:Archaeology
4207:Rationalism
4197:Determinism
4184:Physicalism
4149:Fallibilism
4099:Coherentism
4029:Testability
3982:Observation
3977:Objectivity
3938:alternative
3869:Correlation
3859:Consilience
3664:Proposition
3634:Objectivity
3520:Reliabilism
3510:Rationalism
3455:Fallibilism
3430:Coherentism
3375:Ernest Sosa
3350:Thomas Reid
3335:James Pryor
3305:G. E. Moore
3295:David Lewis
3285:Saul Kripke
3280:Peter Klein
3260:Susan Haack
3190:Robert Audi
2502:, 28, 1931.
1824:Thomas Kuhn
1703:Josef Frank
1511:Carl Hempel
1339:G. Mannoury
1337:, C. Hull,
1335:E. Brunswik
1298:Hans Hahn,
1228:Otto Kant,
1058:Karl Popper
1037:semiotician
954:Hans Kelsen
934:Josef Frank
930:Karl BĂŒhler
885:Karl Menger
774:Schuschnigg
597:(1928â1934)
539:) in 1918.
474:World War I
385:metaphysics
339:mathematics
309:Felix Klein
297:mathematics
208:Kaliningrad
167:metaphysics
80:mathematics
6677:Categories
6402:Ernst Mach
6397:Ernst Laas
6372:A. J. Ayer
6360:Proponents
6179:Philosophy
5976:Humanities
5920:Antitheses
5789:Empiricism
5766:Positivism
5656:John Dupré
5523:Kurt Gödel
5479:Pragmatism
5394:Notre Dame
5385:John Rawls
5254:A. J. Ayer
5191:R. M. Hare
5186:Paul Grice
5098:Arif Ahmed
4885:Sense data
4870:Pragmatism
4744:Linguistic
4482:David Hume
4455:Precursors
4337:Psychology
4317:Economicsâ
4211:Empiricism
4202:Pragmatism
4189:Positivism
4179:Naturalism
4049:scientific
3933:Hypothesis
3896:Experiment
3765:Discussion
3755:Task Force
3674:Simplicity
3654:Perception
3530:Skepticism
3505:Positivism
3480:Infinitism
3445:Empiricism
3300:John Locke
3265:David Hume
3255:Anil Gupta
3250:Paul Grice
3225:John Dewey
3195:A. J. Ayer
2908:. (German)
2836:"Nachwort"
2713:Erkenntnis
2605:p. 339â340
1850:vocabulary
1842:Erkenntnis
1761:experience
1749:See also:
1711:Eino Kaila
1607:experience
1588:empiricist
1433:John Dewey
1375:John Dewey
1159:Erkenntnis
1120:arithmetic
1118:of formal
1092:Copenhagen
1084:Königsberg
1068:See also:
962:Arne Naess
950:Eino Kaila
919:Periphery:
873:BĂ©la Juhos
861:Kurt Gödel
708:Erkenntnis
680:socialists
661:Copenhague
645:Königsberg
517:Ernst Mach
380:positivist
222:, UK, and
216:Copenhagen
204:Königsberg
195:Erkenntnis
163:empiricism
119:Ernst Mach
64:scientists
6643:Verstehen
6629:Phronesis
6617:Knowledge
6601:Max Weber
6421:Criticism
6169:Sociology
6107:Modernism
6085:pluralism
6070:anarchism
5966:Historism
5886:Induction
5799:Scientism
5506:Princeton
5305:Hans Hahn
5091:Cambridge
4964:Necessity
4959:Actualism
4830:Emotivism
4795:Predicate
4765:Classical
4322:Geography
4290:Chemistry
4249:Scientism
4044:ladenness
3864:Construct
3842:Causality
3629:Knowledge
3614:Induction
3564:knowledge
3556:knowledge
2912:Holt, Jim
2593:VC p. 339
2148:∃
2144:¬
2120:∃
2116:¬
2072:∃
2051:∃
2030:", where
1925:arthropod
1909:verified?
1885:sentences
1688:education
1643:inference
1631:qualities
1485:Cosmology
1292:JĂžrgensen
1128:causality
1096:Cambridge
897:Rose Rand
865:Hans Hahn
749:reasons:
684:Karl Marx
665:Cambridge
521:Boltzmann
451:Whitehead
431:Helmholtz
325:Innsbruck
317:Göttingen
293:Hans Hahn
283:Hans Hahn
230:(German:
220:Cambridge
125:, French
6664:Category
6080:nihilism
6075:idealism
6005:Related
5881:Evidence
5714:Category
5590:Reformed
5563:Quietism
4951:Modality
4911:Analysis
4904:Concepts
4875:Quietism
4835:Feminism
4808:Theories
4713:Language
4617:Category
4269:Vitalism
4092:Theories
4066:Variable
3987:Paradigm
3874:function
3832:A priori
3821:Analysis
3814:Concepts
3750:Category
3569:Analysis
3554:A priori
3545:Concepts
3485:Innatism
3422:Theories
2687:19 March
2665:19 March
2643:19 March
2217:Logicism
2201:See also
1813:â
1678:theology
1670:a priori
1639:thinking
1635:concepts
1619:language
1275:, 1937 (
1264:, 1935 (
1250:, 1934 (
1239:, 1934 (
1221:, 1932 (
1203:, 1930 (
1185:, 1928 (
1145:'s book
1114:and the
1056:(1936).
1010:Stanford
776:regime.
675:(1941).
663:(1936),
659:(1935),
655:(1934),
423:Brentano
414:â
409:Schröder
405:Couturat
6544:Critics
6269:(1990s)
6263:(1980s)
6257:(1960s)
6237:(1890s)
6090:realism
6022:(1830s)
6010:in the
5616:Science
5333:Harvard
4979:Realism
4855:Marxism
4770:Deviant
4739:Aretaic
4723:Science
4327:History
4295:Physics
4285:Biology
4083:more...
4071:control
3967:Inquiry
3685:more...
3465:Fideism
3411:more...
3055:(ed.),
2986:(ed.).
1905:How is
1859:A word
1799:Preface
764:in the
673:Chicago
447:Russell
439:Husserl
427:Meinong
367:in the
361:physics
347:history
68:natural
6536:(1986)
6528:(1980)
6520:(1978)
6512:(1968)
6504:(1964)
6496:(1963)
6488:(1962)
6480:(1960)
6472:(1951)
6464:(1942)
6456:(1936)
6448:(1934)
6440:(1923)
6432:(1909)
6352:(2001)
6344:(1959)
6336:(1936)
6328:(1927)
6320:(1886)
6304:(1869)
6296:(1848)
6288:(1830)
6224:Method
6097:Holism
6028:(1927)
5148:Oxford
4039:choice
4034:Theory
3972:Nature
3901:design
3579:Belief
3475:Holism
2949:
2904:
2797:London
2786:
2758:
2617:p. 328
2584:p. 339
2567:p. 330
2555:p. 329
2384:
2041:copula
1967:" or "
1854:syntax
1781:Europe
1737:, and
1725:, and
1651:reason
1627:things
1352:, 1939
1330:, 1935
1323:, 1935
1316:, 1934
1309:, 1933
1302:, 1933
1232:, 1932
1214:, 1931
1196:, 1929
1033:Warsaw
1031:, and
1029:Prague
1025:Vienna
813:. The
747:racist
653:Prague
563:, and
466:Prague
345:, and
329:Vienna
200:Prague
48:German
6636:Truth
5724:Index
4758:Logic
4732:Turns
3760:Stubs
3679:Truth
3325:Plato
2839:(PDF)
2519:>.
2228:Notes
1983:when
1883:What
1088:Paris
657:Paris
459:Frege
455:Lenin
443:Freud
435:Hertz
401:logic
212:Paris
159:logic
76:logic
54:) of
3943:null
3913:Fact
3834:and
2947:ISBN
2902:ISBN
2784:ISBN
2756:ISBN
2689:2020
2667:2020
2645:2020
2511:Cp.
2382:ISBN
2106:noun
2003:and
1995:and
1805:The
1445:and
1126:and
694:and
686:and
649:1930
546:and
457:and
395:and
311:and
285:and
273:and
149:and
133:and
98:and
78:and
70:and
62:and
42:The
2026:is
1887:is
1594:."
1572:one
1110:of
790:to
651:),
496:'s
486:the
315:in
245:by
210:);
184:),
137:),
113:or
109:),
6679::
3082:.
3065:.
3017:.
2958:.
2934:.
2918:,
2879:.
2862:,
2852::
2819:.
2615:VC
2603:VC
2582:VC
2572:^
2565:VC
2553:VC
2542:VC
1733:,
1721:,
1717:,
1705:,
1701:,
1550:,
1540:,
1530:,
1513:,
1503:,
1493:,
1483:,
1466:,
1449:,
1435:,
1425:,
1415:,
1398:,
1377:,
1369::
1260:,
1181:,
1130:.
1027:,
996:.
992:,
988:,
984:,
980:,
976:,
972:,
968:,
964:,
960:,
956:,
952:,
948:,
944:,
940:,
936:,
932:,
928:,
924:,
915:.
911:,
907:,
903:,
899:,
895:,
891:,
887:,
883:,
879:,
875:,
871:,
867:,
863:,
859:,
855:,
851:,
847:,
825:.
698:.
508:.
461:.
453:,
449:,
445:,
441:,
437:,
433:,
429:,
425:,
407:,
371:.
341:,
307:,
289:.
281:,
218:;
214:;
202:;
173:.
145:,
141:,
121:,
102:.
74:,
50::
5758:e
5751:t
5744:v
4917:)
4913:(
4674:e
4667:t
4660:v
3799:e
3792:t
3785:v
3151:e
3144:t
3137:v
2691:.
2669:.
2647:.
2432:.
2390:.
2164:)
2161:x
2158:(
2155:O
2152:x
2124:x
2088:)
2085:x
2082:(
2079:P
2076:x
2036:y
2032:x
2028:y
2024:x
2013:y
2009:x
2005:y
2001:x
1997:y
1993:x
1989:y
1985:x
1981:x
1977:y
1973:x
1969:y
1965:x
1961:y
1957:y
1953:x
1951:"
1945:x
1941:x
1937:x
1933:x
1929:x
1916:?
1914:S
1907:S
1900:S
1895:?
1893:S
1889:S
1877:S
1873:W
1869:W
1865:W
1861:W
1767:(
1286:(
1170:(
1153:(
1137:(
723:(
715:(
647:(
631:(
616:(
605:(
535:(
527:(
188:(
180:(
129:(
46:(
20:)
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