55:
3565:
This rule is generally employed in the pronunciation guide of our articles, even for local terms such as place names. However, be aware that not all editors may have followed this consistently, so for example if a pronunciation of an
English town ending in ‑ford reads /‑fəd/, it doesn't mean that the
3381:
regardless of the variety of
English and everyone should interpret that transcription according to their own dialect. Thus, a person from South East England will read it as something like , a Scot as , whereas someone from New Zealand will interpret that transcription as . Because we are transcribing
72:
It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of
English in Knowledge articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without
230:). If this is the case, you will pronounce those symbols the same for other words as well. Whether this is true for all words, or just when the sounds occur in the same context, depends on the merger. The footnotes explain some of these cases.
3450:
Note that place names are not generally exempted from being transcribed in this abstracted system, so rules such as the above must be applied in order to recover the local pronunciation. Examples include place names in much of
England ending
152:). The following tables list the IPA symbols used for English words and pronunciations. Please note that several of these symbols are used in ways that are specific to Knowledge, and differ from those used by dictionaries.
5116:
is analyzed by some scholars as having secondary stress. For simplicity, we follow
British rather than American English conventions, only marking secondary stress when it occurs before, not after, the primary
2948:
On the other hand, there are some distinctions which you might make but which this key does not encode, as they are seldom reflected in the dictionaries used as sources for
Knowledge articles:
6577:
5034:-less vowel is used only in British or Southern Hemisphere accents, and therefore a transcription that includes it must always be prefaced with a label indicating the variety of English. If
3444:
2125:
227:
7032:
6720:
5656:. Vol. 1: An Introduction (pp. i–xx, 1–278), Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press.
4509:, including many younger speakers. In England, the merger may not be fully consistent and may only apply to more common words. In conservative RP and Northern England English
4940:⟩ may be pronounced as two syllables, or , or as one, or . When pronounced as one syllable in a non-rhotic accent, it may be indistinguishable from, and identified as, the
4907:⟩ may be pronounced as two syllables, or , or as one, or . When pronounced as one syllable in a non-rhotic accent, it may be indistinguishable from, and identified as, the
3508:
If your browser does not display IPA symbols, you probably need to install a font that includes the IPA (for good, free IPA fonts, see the download links in the articles for
2867:
5501:
6646:
7528:
4574:
is not used in the dialects of the northern half of
England, some bordering parts of Wales, and some broad eastern Ireland accents. These words would take the
5623:
Stuart-Smith, Jane (2004). "Scottish
English: phonology". In Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.).
4764:
are kept distinct in
American accents because of the difference in morphological structure, but may be homophonous in Australian.) In these accents, weak
2080:⟩ does not mean that the vowels transcribed with it are always longer than those without it. When unstressed, followed by a voiceless consonant, or in a
4141:
with one of the short vowels), and less than a fifth of speakers of
American English make a full three-way distinction like in RP and similar accents.
5070:
in those dictionaries is merely a notational convention and does not correspond to any vowel in any accent of English, so a transcription containing
7052:
7037:
7087:
7022:
6834:
6613:
4478:
such as Scottish English, Canadian English and many varieties of General American. In North America, the two vowels most often fall together with
3524:
3459:. This is best practice for editors. However, readers should be aware that not all editors may have followed this consistently, so for example if
62:
42:
7438:
6818:
7266:
6897:
3843:
7508:
7344:
5696:
5613:
5539:
5113:
5109:
1555:
7102:
7077:
6912:
6587:
5096:
3540:
3488:
3131:
7042:
7027:
7113:
6884:
7495:
7463:
6927:
6902:
6639:
5766:
5669:
5150:
7420:
7409:
7282:
7202:
7067:
7001:
6970:
6783:
6739:
6582:
5639:
4559:
3535:
3480:
3394:
as pronounced by someone from New Zealand overlaps with how people with England and Scotland typically pronounce the first vowel in
6808:
4111:
7148:
6572:
5713:
5680:
5676:
5672:
4089:
is often pronounced like a diphthong before nasal consonants and, in some particular regional dialects, other environments. See
3530:
3495:
6708:
7082:
7057:
6788:
5775:
4404:⟩, particularly in British literature, based on its modern realization in Received Pronunciation. It is also transcribed with ⟨
3545:
144:
93:
66:
4693:. When followed by a weak vowel, the syllable may be lost altogether, with the consonant moving to the next syllable, so that
7433:
7133:
7128:
7072:
7062:
7047:
5605:
3415:
3479:
If you feel it is necessary to add a pronunciation respelling using another convention, then please use the conventions of
3010:, distinguished in Scottish English, Irish English and by a minority of American speakers. Both of them are transcribed as
6632:
5852:
4555:
3975:
7458:
6980:
6917:
6797:
6793:
6014:
162:
If you are adding a pronunciation using this key, such pronunciations should generally be formatted using the template
7118:
6803:
2576:
separate from the rest, but in the General American accent all three vowels are the same and may not be distinct from
2265:
7468:
7277:
6922:
5925:
5588:
3498:, which lists the conventions of eight English dictionaries published in Britain, Australia, and the United States.
3187:
2301:
Speakers of some rhotic dialects, for instance in Ireland and Scotland, may not distinguish between the vowels of
7443:
7097:
7011:
6446:
6391:
6261:
6042:
5984:
5592:
5154:
4061:
3876:
3487:
To compare the following IPA symbols with non-IPA American dictionary conventions that may be more familiar, see
3992:
3859:⟩ may be counterintuitive to English speakers, but the spelling is found even in some common English words like
195:
The words given as examples for two different symbols may sound the same to you. For example, you may pronounce
6948:
6939:
6766:
6703:
6696:
6381:
6139:
6037:
5905:
5830:
5825:
5815:
5499:
Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007). "New Zealand English".
172:. The template provides tooltips for each symbol in the pronunciation. See the template page for instructions.
4513:
is much more commonly preserved than in modern RP and Southern England English. In Australia and New Zealand,
4441:
4340:⟩ represent strong vowels in some words and weak vowels in others. It will not always be clear which they are.
2290:, pronouncing the two words as rhymes. If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between the symbols
3164:, distinguished in most parts of Canada and many parts of the United States. Both of them are transcribed as
3149:, distinguished in many parts of Scotland, plus many parts of North America. Both of them are transcribed as
7399:
7329:
7293:
7288:
7254:
7237:
6944:
6501:
6386:
6084:
6069:
4643:
3179:
distinguished in most parts of Canada and some parts of the United States. Both of them are transcribed as
7389:
7374:
6990:
6776:
6715:
6301:
6276:
6211:
5999:
5940:
5847:
5820:
5759:
5127:
5088:
5084:
5059:
5055:
5027:
5015:
5008:
5001:
4982:
4974:
4970:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4937:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4904:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4803:
by Merriam-Webster, but no other dictionary uniformly follows this practice. Hence the difference between
4800:
4796:
4792:
4769:
4765:
4737:
4733:
4725:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4697:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4639:
4635:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4575:
4571:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4495:
4491:
4479:
4464:
4460:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4361:
4337:
4333:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4215:
with one. Most pronounce them the same. For the former group of words, make use of syllable breaks, as in
4158:
4154:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4091:
4086:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4024:
4020:
4007:
4003:
3979:
3962:
3958:
3937:
3933:
3925:
3921:
3888:
3872:
3856:
3828:
3824:
3811:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3620:
3616:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3427:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3378:
3367:
3351:
3318:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3243:
3239:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3194:
3180:
3165:
3150:
3135:
3105:
3090:
3075:
3060:
3054:
3038:
3034:
3026:
3011:
2996:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2911:
2904:
2900:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2874:
2863:
2859:
2852:
2841:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2788:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2710:
2700:
2696:
2688:
2677:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2598:
2588:
2577:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2534:
2523:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2454:
2446:
2438:
2426:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2366:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2340:
2330:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2276:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2218:
2214:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2139:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2077:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2022:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1969:
1918:
1902:
1884:
1876:
1865:
1847:
1803:
1780:
1759:
1722:
1708:
1693:
1673:
1649:
1627:
1601:
1577:
1540:
1509:
1480:
1469:
1449:
1428:
1412:
1396:
1381:
1365:
1324:
1301:
1285:
1263:
1238:
1218:
1193:
1171:
1155:
1139:
1114:
1099:
1079:
1064:
1044:
1028:
1003:
987:
958:
940:
915:
860:
841:
823:
804:
785:
769:
751:
733:
718:
691:
668:
652:
634:
611:
589:
565:
550:
528:
506:
491:
469:
443:
424:
409:
390:
372:
354:
331:
312:
297:
274:
256:
89:
4499:
4468:
3832:
196:
7473:
7349:
7138:
6829:
6608:
6531:
5130:⟩ may be used when it is wished to make explicit where a division between syllables is (or may be) made.
2174:
pronunciations. Therefore, not all of the distinctions shown here are relevant to a particular dialect.
2167:
78:
38:
4689:
in those contexts in parentheses, superscript, or italics to indicate this possibility, or simply omit
4579:
3491:, which lists the pronunciation guides of fourteen English dictionaries published in the United States.
3373:
The difference between the phonetic realization of English sounds (mostly vowels) in various dialects.
2201:, whereas speakers of other dialects (e.g. some Northern England English) should treat it the same as
7364:
6959:
6859:
6331:
6256:
6059:
5977:
5930:
5857:
5720:
3468:
2085:
1942:
7448:
7249:
6934:
6907:
6675:
6516:
6341:
6291:
6216:
6201:
5935:
5867:
4185:. Since this occurs in a predictable fashion, it is not distinguished in this transcription system.
3807:
following a coronal is still pronounced in yod-dropping accents, place a syllable break before it:
2159:
2084:
word, a vowel in the former group is frequently shorter than the latter in other environments (see
189:
185:
184:, which is a more complete list. For a table listing all spellings of the sounds on this page, see
74:
7453:
7425:
7180:
7014:
6874:
6849:
6669:
6496:
6376:
6306:
6271:
6231:
6114:
6099:
6094:
6047:
5989:
5920:
5887:
5792:
5577:
5518:
5266:
5207:
4372:
in non-rhotic accents such as Received Pronunciation, and some dictionaries transcribe them with
3643:⟩, but they are not distinguished in this transcription system. In those varieties, the sequence
3363:
3127:
3025:, distinguished in Cockney and by some Estuary English speakers. Both of them are transcribed as
2143:
1737:
103:
3494:
To compare the following IPA symbols with other IPA conventions that may be more familiar, see
33:
This page is about the pronunciation of words in English. For sounds not found in English, see
7227:
7187:
7175:
6975:
6869:
6771:
6511:
6481:
6396:
6371:
6356:
6246:
6221:
6196:
6146:
6074:
6064:
6029:
6024:
5994:
5947:
5915:
5842:
5837:
5797:
5752:
5693:
5636:
5610:
5536:
5004:
are only found in French loanwords and often replaced by another vowel and a nasal consonant:
4867:
in unstressed prevocalic or morpheme-final positions. It is realized with a quality closer to
4729:
4072:
to transcribe this vowel. This more closely reflects the actual vowel quality in contemporary
3702:
3623:
between a vowel and a weak or word-initial vowel may be pronounced with a voiced tap , making
3387:
2801:
are not distinguished. If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between the symbols
2770:
are not distinguished. If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between the symbols
2745:
are not distinguished. If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between the symbols
2720:
are not distinguished. If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between the symbols
2121:
223:
4728:⟩ represents a strong vowel in some contexts and a weak vowel in others. In accents with the
3842:, such as RP and most varieties of General American. For more information on this sound, see
7359:
7324:
7143:
6541:
6521:
6491:
6486:
6476:
6451:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6366:
6361:
6351:
6346:
6326:
6311:
6281:
6251:
6236:
6206:
6191:
6166:
6134:
6119:
6009:
5962:
5900:
5892:
5872:
5802:
5657:
5628:
5569:
5510:
4602:
is pronounced as a lengthened schwa, . In General American, it is phonetically identical to
4429:
4421:
4289:
4182:
2988:
2163:
2147:
2135:
1825:
166:
4451:). Since most modern dictionaries do not differentiate between them, neither does this key.
2930:
is not pronounced; for most people from the United States, including some New Yorkers, the
7483:
7273:
7222:
7216:
7170:
6889:
6854:
6755:
6727:
6551:
6546:
6466:
6401:
6336:
6321:
6296:
6286:
6176:
6171:
6161:
6151:
6079:
6019:
6004:
5957:
5882:
5877:
5862:
5810:
5787:
3748:
2992:
2400:
In Northern Ireland and Scotland this merger occurs in all environments, which means that
2049:. Not all of the sets are used here. In particular, we excluded words in the lexical sets
1947:
7306:
3089:
found in some English, Welsh, and Newfoundland dialects. Both of them are transcribed as
3074:
found in some English, Welsh, and Newfoundland dialects. Both of them are transcribed as
2731:
In Northern England English and some varieties of Irish and Welsh English, the vowels of
7478:
7339:
7261:
7232:
7197:
6864:
6839:
6732:
6655:
6556:
6536:
6526:
6506:
6461:
6456:
6426:
6266:
6226:
6186:
6156:
6124:
6109:
6089:
6054:
5967:
5952:
5744:
5550:
3929:
3908:
3463:
is encountered for such a place name, it should not be interpreted as a claim that the
3287:
3249:
2845:
2365:
In Northern Ireland, Scotland and many North American dialects the distinction between
2155:
2695:-like quality. If you are from New Zealand, ignore the difference between the symbols
7522:
7384:
7319:
7314:
7244:
7123:
6985:
6844:
6691:
6471:
6316:
6241:
6104:
5717:
5649:
5580:
5521:
4872:
4425:
3892:
2414:
also have the same vowel. If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between
2191:
2171:
2151:
2105:
4227:
is not always clear; choose the former if the second element may be omitted (as in
3104:
found in Cockney and many Estuary English speakers. Both of them are transcribed as
7369:
7334:
7207:
7165:
7155:
6181:
6129:
5735:
5730:
3682:
3517:
3281:
2940:
2756:
In some varieties of Scottish English and in Northern Irish English, the vowels of
2515:
In many North American dialects there is also no distinction between the vowels in
2081:
3204:. Phonemic vowel length, which exists in some dialects and involves pairs such as
2197:(Australian English, General American, modern RP) should read it as an unstressed
5530:
5176:
7303:
5600:
5596:
4685:
is often omitted, resulting in a syllable with no vowel. Some dictionaries show
4525:
before vowels within the same word, save for some compounds) or the monophthong
2461:. No such merger is possible in the case of the sequence which we transcribe as
2046:
6821:
5632:
2903:, etc., within the same syllable; if you speak such a dialect, then ignore the
2594:
In rhotic North American English there is no distinction between the vowels in
2205:. In Scotland, this vowel can be considered the same as the short allophone of
23:
7379:
7192:
5573:
5514:
5270:
4043:. In some parts of the Southern and Northeastern US, it is always merged with
3861:
3513:
3443:
For more extensive information on dialect variations, you may wish to see the
3383:
2131:
5665:
5661:
7354:
7212:
7160:
4517:
does not exist as a separate phoneme and is replaced either by the sequence
4162:
3648:
3112:
240:
180:
If there is an IPA symbol you are looking for that you do not see here, see
5112:
in English. A particular unstressed syllable with phonetic prominence or a
4815:
in another source is most likely one in notation, not in pronunciation, so
4219:, to differentiate from the latter. Before vowels, the distinction between
2706:
In contemporary New Zealand English and some other dialects, the vowels of
2385:
does not exist. If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between
7105:
6744:
2812:
Depending on the dialect, vowels can be subject to various mergers before
2231:
Many speakers of American, Canadian, Scottish and Irish English pronounce
7394:
6603:
3612:
3231:
2662:. If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between the symbols
181:
85:
34:
17:
142:
Throughout Knowledge, the pronunciation of words is indicated using the
6624:
4546:, which is found only in unstressed syllables, and distinguish it from
3509:
2877:
occurs only before a vowel; if you speak such a dialect, simply ignore
155:
If the IPA symbols are not displayed properly by your browser, see the
5097:
pronunciation keys of some dictionaries published in the United States
4878:, such as Australian English, General American, and modern RP, and to
3426:, depending on the accent. This is also why we use the simple symbol ⟨
3284:
or in loanwords where it occurs phonemically in the original language.
5739:
2627:
often joins this neutralization; if you have it in your speech, read
5030:
is only found in loanwords and represents a situation where such an
3907:, is pronounced as , , or a similar sound in many dialects through
2881:
in the pronunciation guides where you would not pronounce it, as in
2648:
Some speakers from Northern England do not distinguish the vowel of
222:. This often happens because of dialect variation (see our articles
5095:
the syllable that has the stress, in contrast to stress marking in
4558:, is used, the typical modern pronunciation is rather close to the
2245:
the same. You may simply ignore the difference between the symbols
3867:
3390:(actual sounds), it is irrelevant that, for example, the vowel in
2692:
885:
41:. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Knowledge articles, see
4125:
and therefore don't distinguish between the corresponding sounds
3525:
Knowledge:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters
3354:
in dialects with the foot–strut split (that is, ) vs. the one in
2960:, distinguished in South Africa. Both of them are transcribed as
2253:, just as you ignore the distinction between the written vowels
43:
Knowledge:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters
3523:
For a guide to adding IPA characters to Knowledge articles, see
3440:
Other words may have different vowels depending on the speaker.
2057:, which may be given two transcriptions, the former either with
6628:
5748:
2465:
as there is an implied morpheme boundary after the length mark.
2264:
Most speakers of North American English (with the exception of
4550:
by marking the syllable as stressed. Also note that although ⟨
49:
4137:. Some speakers merge only two of the sounds (most typically
2922:. For most people from England and for some New Yorkers, the
2548:. If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between
2500:. If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between
5126:
Syllable divisions are not usually marked, but the IPA dot ⟨
7412:
3924:
is pronounced as an approximant . Although the IPA symbol ⟨
2468:
In North American dialects that do not distinguish between
5383:
5371:
2126:
International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects
228:
International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects
6758:
5726:
4161:
may have a slightly different quality when it precedes a
4090:
3053:
3052:, distinguished in some parts of the United States (see
2781:
In Welsh English and some other dialects, the vowels of
2217:
within the same word, another possible pronunciation is
7501:
4985:
in some words, particularly of Yiddish origin, such as
4799:
in unstressed, prevocalic positions are transcribed as
4538:
Some, particularly North American, dictionaries notate
2182:⟩ does not represent a phoneme but a variation between
190:
English orthography § Spelling-to-sound correspondences
186:
English orthography § Sound-to-spelling correspondences
125:
118:
111:
5714:
Getting JAWS 6.1 to recognize "exotic" Unicode symbols
2096:
but represent a situation in which some speakers have
3455:, which although locally pronounced are transcribed
188:. For help converting spelling to pronunciation, see
3366:
of the following consonant). All are transcribed as
7408:
7302:
7096:
7010:
6962:
6958:
6883:
6817:
6754:
6596:
6565:
5627:. Vol. 1: Phonology. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 47–67.
4732:such as most Australian and American accents, weak
4562:
in some dialects, including Received Pronunciation.
2995:but lost elsewhere. All of them are transcribed as
2190:in unstressed positions. Speakers of dialects with
5225:
5223:
5221:
4432:accents, make a distinction between the vowels in
4149:
4147:
3647:in the same environment may also be realized as a
2868:English-language vowel changes before historic /l/
2866:in non-rhotic dialects of South East England. See
5562:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
5502:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
4106:
4104:
4102:
2134:, abstractions of speech sounds that accommodate
4255:⟩, especially in North American literature, so ⟨
3659:. This is also not distinguished in this system.
2354:on the other. If you speak such a dialect, read
5442:
5440:
5241:
5193:
5074:cannot be converted to one that uses this key.
4328:
4326:
4324:
4322:
84:For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
6680:
6640:
5760:
5549:Flemming, Edward; Johnson, Stephanie (2007).
4997:
4995:
4408:⟩, particularly in North American literature.
4380:in rhotic accents, they are transcribed with
4195:
4193:
4191:
3982:is not pronounced unless followed by a vowel.
3422:vowel that can be identified as the vowel in
3406:overlaps with the New Zealand realization of
8:
5482:
5446:
5323:
5183:. Harvard University Linguistics Department.
4348:
4346:
4269:
4267:
4265:
3783:are also affected and frequently merge with
3410:between vowels. In other words, the symbol ⟨
2848:may trigger even more mergers, so that e.g.
7500:
5042:is used in GA too, even if spelled without
4661:
4659:
4316:as distinct diaphonemes for such occasions.
2938:is not pronounced and may be ignored. (See
2268:) do not distinguish between the vowels in
94:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
37:. For a basic introduction to the IPA, see
6647:
6633:
6625:
5767:
5753:
5745:
5532:Irish English, volume 1 – Northern Ireland
4960:⟩, etc., to cover all these possibilities.
4927:⟩, etc., to cover all these possibilities.
4819:in such cases may be better replaced with
4788:
4786:
4780:may be disyllabic (see the previous note).
3607:
3605:
3516:; for a monospaced font, see the complete
4700:may alternatively be pronounced as , and
4610:⟩ instead of the conventional notations ⟨
4376:, but since they are not pronounced with
2480:there is also no distinction between the
2092:likewise do not mean shorter versions of
139:Knowledge key to pronunciation of English
5609:(18th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
5606:Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary
5335:
5177:"How do you pronounce Mary/merry/marry?"
4886:⟩ likewise represents variation between
4416:
4414:
4027:, except for a handful of words such as
3566:/r/ would be absent in a rhotic dialect.
3481:Knowledge's pronunciation respelling key
881:
236:
6588:Other English pronunciation respellings
5142:
3558:
3186:Allophonic vowel length (including the
69:transcriptions of English on Knowledge.
4851:
4849:
4047:. In Canada, it is always merged with
3844:voiceless labialized velar approximant
3414:⟩ does not stand specifically for the
3398:, or that the Scottish realization of
2673:In New Zealand English, the vowels of
5555:: reduced vowels in American English"
5470:
5458:
5431:
5419:
5407:
5395:
5359:
5347:
5311:
5299:
5287:
5253:
5229:
4207:("more coy") with two syllables, and
4110:Many North American accents have the
3940:⟩ in broad transcriptions of English.
3677:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3317:The difference between allophones of
3228:do not represent phonemes; see above.
3096:The difference between the vowels of
3081:The difference between the vowels of
3066:The difference between the vowels of
3041:(depending on the word) when it does.
2975:The difference between the vowels of
7:
7529:International Phonetic Alphabet help
5108:Scholars disagree on how to analyze
5066:seen in some American dictionaries.
4827:accordingly, to minimize confusion:
4626:by marking the syllable as stressed.
4251:is also sometimes transcribed with ⟨
3875:⟩ instead, although it represents a
3541:Pronunciation respelling for English
3489:Pronunciation respelling for English
2611:. If you speak such a dialect, read
4948:). This transcription system uses ⟨
4915:). This transcription system uses ⟨
4894:in unstressed prevocalic positions.
4707:as . When not followed by a vowel,
4606:. Some dictionaries therefore use ⟨
4288:only when a stress follows it. The
3949:A number of English words, such as
3059:). Both of them are transcribed as
3029:when the spelling does not contain
6583:Knowledge pronunciation respelling
5738:– web-based IPA synthesizer using
5729:– web-based IPA synthesizer using
5625:A Handbook of Varieties of English
5175:Vaux, Bert; Golder, Scott (2003).
4060:Some British sources, such as the
3350:), both of which may be closer to
3134:. Both of them are transcribed as
31:
4247:⟩ in many dictionaries. However,
3536:Help:Pronunciation respelling key
3126:, distinguished in many parts of
5690:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
5151:"British English Pronunciations"
4736:is not distinguished from schwa
3957:, may be pronounced with either
3767:, so that the first syllable in
3733:) in the same syllable, so that
3579:merger, you probably only merge
3531:Help:IPA/Conventions for English
3496:Help:IPA/Conventions for English
3375:Let's pick some grapes for Betty
2142:(RP) and to a large extent also
88:. For the distinction between ,
53:
5776:International Phonetic Alphabet
4859:⟩ represents variation between
4388:, in this transcription system.
3631:. Some dictionaries transcribe
3546:Category:Pages with English IPA
3220:is also not marked explicitly.
145:International Phonetic Alphabet
7503:Ask for help on your talk page
6614:Manual of Style: Pronunciation
5535:. Edinburgh University Press.
4772:, so that the second vowel in
4217:/ˈhaɪ.ər/,/ˈflaʊ.ər/,/ˈkɔɪ.ər/
4019:In most of the United States,
3920:In most varieties of English,
3831:in the many dialects with the
3655:sound similar or identical to
3627:sound similar or identical to
3591:. You would still distinguish
3445:IPA chart for English dialects
3416:open-mid front unrounded vowel
3343:(and, in non-rhotic dialects,
2086:Clipping (phonetics) § English
1:
5242:Flemming & Johnson (2007)
5206:Wells, John (25 March 2011).
5194:Flemming & Johnson (2007)
3936:⟩ is widely used instead of ⟨
3855:The IPA value of the letter ⟨
3575:For example, if you have the
2964:in stressed syllables and as
156:
3635:subject to this process as ⟨
3379:/lɛtsˈpɪksəmˈɡreɪpsfərˈbɛti/
7149:References and page numbers
6573:IPA conventions for English
5529:Corrigan, Karen P. (2010).
4981:. It is also replaced with
4622:, it is distinguished from
4598:In Received Pronunciation,
4400:is often transcribed with ⟨
7545:
6928:"The rules are principles"
6913:Simplified Manual of Style
5716:– for help on getting the
5633:10.1515/9783110175325.1.47
5271:"The Elephant in the Room"
5212:John Wells's phonetic blog
4638:is not distinguished from
4554:⟩, the IPA symbol for the
4494:is not distinguished from
4463:is not distinguished from
4153:In much of North America,
4006:is not distinguished from
4002:such as General American,
3827:is not distinguished from
3771:is pronounced the same as
3740:is pronounced the same as
3467:would be absent even in a
3430:⟩ for the second sound in
3188:Scottish vowel length rule
2907:in transcriptions such as
2844:may not be distinguished.
2119:
101:
32:
7492:
7134:Referencing for beginners
6662:
5783:
5574:10.1017/S0025100306002817
5515:10.1017/S0025100306002830
5155:Oxford English Dictionary
4977:in most words, including
4756:homophonous. (Pairs like
4665:In a number of contexts,
4653:such as General American.
4062:Oxford English Dictionary
3877:close front rounded vowel
3871:. Some dictionaries use ⟨
1996:
1989:
1974:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1824:
1764:
1757:
1736:
1554:
1485:
1478:
1299:
894:
891:
884:
239:
7267:Simple vandalism cleanup
6903:Avoiding common mistakes
6898:Advice for young editors
5666:10.1017/CBO9780511611766
5662:10.1017/CBO9780511611759
5062:is also not the same as
4973:can also be replaced by
4542:with the same symbol as
4199:Some speakers pronounce
4181:, a phenomenon known as
3701:is not pronounced after
2972:in unstressed syllables.
7002:VisualEditor user guide
6784:Policies and guidelines
5688:Wells, John C. (2008).
5083:The IPA stress marks, ⟨
4807:in Merriam-Webster and
4560:near-open central vowel
4360:may be pronounced with
3115:distinctions, such as:
2899:es) cannot occur after
2492:and the aforementioned
2445:may instead merge with
2377:and the aforementioned
6976:Introductions by topic
6971:Why create an account?
5314:, pp. 473–6, 493, 499.
5181:Harvard Dialect Survey
5114:full (unreduced) vowel
4715:in non-rhotic accents.
4428:and some conservative
4420:Some accents, such as
4284:may be separated from
4074:Received Pronunciation
3512:and the more complete
3377:should be transcribed
3256:and, in some accents,
2862:may be homophonous as
2425:In North America, the
2261:when pronouncing them.
2140:Received Pronunciation
7429:(Encyclopedia proper)
6809:Who writes Knowledge?
6789:What Knowledge is not
4642:in dialects with the
4498:in dialects with the
4467:in dialects with the
4243:is transcribed with ⟨
4039:, which instead have
3991:In dialects with the
2987:, maintained in some
2870:for more information.
2560:. Some speakers keep
2120:Further information:
39:Help:IPA/Introduction
7129:Citations/references
7088:Titles (of articles)
7033:Biographies (living)
6656:Knowledge help pages
6609:For English speakers
5853:Australian languages
5692:(3rd ed.). Longman.
4440:(i.e. they lack the
3475:Other transcriptions
2322:on the one hand and
2130:This key represents
6918:Simplified rule-set
6679:for an interactive
6597:Introductory guides
5723:to read IPA symbols
5483:Stuart-Smith (2004)
5447:Stuart-Smith (2004)
5398:, pp. 351–3, 363–4.
5384:Bauer et al. (2007)
5372:Bauer et al. (2007)
5324:Stuart-Smith (2004)
5267:Windsor Lewis, Jack
4578:vowel: there is no
4556:open-mid back vowel
3775:. In some dialects
3747:. In dialects with
3619:and sometimes also
3329:() vs. the ones in
2891:In other dialects,
2266:Eastern New England
1738:Syllabic consonants
7294:WP search protocol
7289:User contributions
7255:Email confirmation
6981:Graphics tutorials
6945:Your first article
6923:"Ignore all rules"
5654:Accents of English
4969:In most dialects,
4292:template supports
4085:In North America,
3976:non-rhotic accents
3895:, as in the words
3759:mostly merge with
3703:coronal consonants
3611:In varieties with
3418:in our system but
3276:. In this system,
2873:In many dialects,
2065:, the latter with
7516:
7515:
7430:
7103:information pages
6622:
6621:
5736:Phoneme Synthesis
5698:978-1-4058-8118-0
5615:978-0-521-15255-6
5541:978-0-7486-3429-3
5473:, pp. 304, 312–3.
5461:, pp. 304, 310–1.
5269:(10 April 2009).
5208:"strong and weak"
5110:degrees of stress
4730:weak vowel merger
4259:⟩ is chosen here.
4165:consonant, as in
3928:⟩ represents the
3681:In dialects with
3298:, which we write
3290:in words such as
3280:is used only for
3260:, which we write
3252:in words such as
3238:, which we write
3234:in words such as
2122:English phonology
2116:Dialect variation
2076:The length mark ⟨
2045:are the standard
2033:
2032:
2029:
2028:
1930:(non-rhotic only)
1826:Marginal segments
895:...followed by R
878:
877:
224:English phonology
137:
136:
63:pronunciation key
22:(Redirected from
7536:
7510:
7506:
7464:Manual of Style
7428:
7414:
7308:
7283:simple archiving
7139:Citation Style 1
7119:Article deletion
7114:Appealing blocks
7107:
7016:
6994:
6986:Picture tutorial
6964:
6891:
6823:
6819:Help for readers
6760:
6746:
6734:
6722:
6710:
6698:
6682:
6649:
6642:
6635:
6626:
6578:English dialects
6262:Mauritian Creole
6015:Franco-Provençal
5985:Emilian-Romagnol
5769:
5762:
5755:
5746:
5702:
5684:
5645:
5619:
5584:
5559:
5545:
5525:
5486:
5480:
5474:
5468:
5462:
5456:
5450:
5444:
5435:
5429:
5423:
5417:
5411:
5405:
5399:
5393:
5387:
5381:
5375:
5369:
5363:
5357:
5351:
5345:
5339:
5333:
5327:
5321:
5315:
5309:
5303:
5297:
5291:
5285:
5279:
5278:
5263:
5257:
5251:
5245:
5239:
5233:
5227:
5216:
5215:
5203:
5197:
5191:
5185:
5184:
5172:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5147:
5131:
5129:
5124:
5118:
5106:
5100:
5090:
5086:
5081:
5075:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5045:
5041:
5029:
5025:
5019:
5017:
5010:
5003:
4999:
4990:
4984:
4976:
4972:
4967:
4961:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4934:
4928:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4901:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4871:in accents with
4870:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4853:
4844:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4781:
4776:may be lost and
4771:
4767:
4739:
4735:
4727:
4722:
4716:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4699:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4663:
4654:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4627:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4596:
4590:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4563:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4536:
4530:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4483:
4481:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4452:
4424:, many forms of
4422:Scottish English
4418:
4409:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4363:
4350:
4341:
4339:
4335:
4330:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4232:
4226:
4222:
4221:/aɪər,aʊər,ɔɪər/
4218:
4197:
4186:
4183:Canadian raising
4160:
4156:
4151:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4108:
4097:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4077:
4071:
4067:
4058:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4026:
4022:
4017:
4011:
4009:
4005:
3989:
3983:
3981:
3972:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3947:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3927:
3923:
3918:
3912:
3890:
3886:
3880:
3879:in official IPA.
3874:
3858:
3853:
3847:
3830:
3826:
3821:
3815:
3813:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3679:
3660:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3622:
3618:
3609:
3600:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3573:
3567:
3563:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3429:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3380:
3369:
3353:
3320:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3245:
3241:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3196:
3182:
3167:
3152:
3137:
3132:Southern England
3107:
3092:
3077:
3062:
3056:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3013:
2998:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2913:
2906:
2902:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2876:
2865:
2861:
2854:
2843:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2790:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2762:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2737:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2702:
2698:
2690:
2679:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2600:
2590:
2579:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2536:
2525:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2456:
2448:
2440:
2428:
2422:in all contexts.
2421:
2417:
2413:
2406:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2368:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2342:
2332:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2278:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2220:
2216:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2136:General American
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2079:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2044:
2025:
2024:
2016:
2014:
2009:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1972:
1971:
1931:
1921:
1920:
1905:
1904:
1887:
1886:
1878:
1868:
1867:
1850:
1849:
1820:
1806:
1805:
1797:
1783:
1782:
1776:
1762:
1761:
1725:
1724:
1711:
1710:
1696:
1695:
1684:
1676:
1675:
1652:
1651:
1630:
1629:
1612:
1604:
1603:
1588:
1580:
1579:
1543:
1542:
1521:
1512:
1511:
1492:
1483:
1482:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1466:
1452:
1451:
1440:
1431:
1430:
1415:
1414:
1408:
1399:
1398:
1384:
1383:
1377:
1368:
1367:
1354:
1336:
1327:
1326:
1313:
1304:
1303:
1297:
1288:
1287:
1274:
1266:
1265:
1250:
1241:
1240:
1221:
1220:
1205:
1196:
1195:
1182:
1174:
1173:
1167:
1158:
1157:
1142:
1141:
1126:
1117:
1116:
1102:
1101:
1091:
1082:
1081:
1067:
1066:
1056:
1047:
1046:
1031:
1030:
1015:
1006:
1005:
990:
989:
970:
961:
960:
952:
943:
942:
927:
918:
917:
882:
863:
862:
844:
843:
826:
825:
807:
806:
788:
787:
772:
771:
754:
753:
736:
735:
721:
720:
694:
693:
671:
670:
655:
654:
637:
636:
614:
613:
592:
591:
568:
567:
553:
552:
531:
530:
509:
508:
494:
493:
472:
471:
446:
445:
427:
426:
412:
411:
393:
392:
375:
374:
357:
356:
334:
333:
315:
314:
300:
299:
277:
276:
259:
258:
237:
233:
232:
171:
165:
128:
121:
114:
91:
57:
56:
50:
27:
7544:
7543:
7539:
7538:
7537:
7535:
7534:
7533:
7519:
7518:
7517:
7512:
7488:
7404:
7298:
7092:
7006:
6992:
6960:Getting started
6954:
6879:
6860:Other languages
6813:
6804:Making requests
6798:parental advice
6756:About Knowledge
6750:
6704:Reference desks
6658:
6653:
6623:
6618:
6592:
6561:
6382:Scottish Gaelic
5811:Modern Standard
5779:
5773:
5710:
5705:
5699:
5687:
5648:
5642:
5622:
5616:
5587:
5557:
5548:
5542:
5528:
5498:
5494:
5489:
5481:
5477:
5469:
5465:
5457:
5453:
5445:
5438:
5430:
5426:
5418:
5414:
5410:, pp. 400, 439.
5406:
5402:
5394:
5390:
5382:
5378:
5370:
5366:
5358:
5354:
5350:, pp. 361, 372.
5346:
5342:
5336:Corrigan (2010)
5334:
5330:
5322:
5318:
5310:
5306:
5298:
5294:
5290:, pp. 173, 799.
5286:
5282:
5265:
5264:
5260:
5252:
5248:
5240:
5236:
5228:
5219:
5205:
5204:
5200:
5192:
5188:
5174:
5173:
5169:
5159:
5157:
5149:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5135:
5134:
5125:
5121:
5107:
5103:
5082:
5078:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5043:
5039:
5026:
5022:
5000:
4993:
4968:
4964:
4941:
4935:
4931:
4908:
4902:
4898:
4854:
4847:
4829:/ˌsɪtʃəˈweɪʃən/
4791:
4784:
4723:
4719:
4664:
4657:
4634:
4630:
4597:
4593:
4570:
4566:
4537:
4533:
4490:
4486:
4459:
4455:
4419:
4412:
4396:
4392:
4351:
4344:
4331:
4320:
4272:
4263:
4239:
4235:
4198:
4189:
4173:, from that in
4152:
4145:
4109:
4100:
4084:
4080:
4059:
4055:
4023:is merged with
4018:
4014:
3990:
3986:
3973:
3969:
3948:
3944:
3919:
3915:
3887:
3883:
3854:
3850:
3822:
3818:
3749:yod coalescence
3680:
3663:
3610:
3603:
3574:
3570:
3564:
3560:
3555:
3505:
3477:
3030:
2918:is transcribed
2914:. For example,
2816:, so that e.g.
2799:/ənˈɔːrθədɒksi/
2789:/ʌnˈɔːrθədɒksi/
2128:
2118:
2054:
2050:
2042:
2021:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1975:
1968:
1948:Syllabification
1929:
1917:
1901:
1883:
1864:
1846:
1818:
1802:
1795:
1779:
1774:
1758:
1721:
1707:
1692:
1679:
1672:
1648:
1626:
1607:
1600:
1583:
1576:
1539:
1515:
1508:
1486:
1479:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1448:
1434:
1427:
1411:
1402:
1395:
1380:
1371:
1364:
1348:
1330:
1323:
1307:
1300:
1291:
1284:
1269:
1262:
1244:
1237:
1217:
1199:
1192:
1177:
1170:
1161:
1154:
1138:
1120:
1113:
1098:
1085:
1078:
1063:
1050:
1043:
1027:
1009:
1002:
986:
964:
957:
946:
939:
921:
914:
859:
840:
822:
803:
784:
768:
750:
732:
717:
690:
667:
651:
633:
610:
588:
564:
549:
527:
505:
490:
468:
442:
423:
408:
389:
371:
353:
330:
311:
296:
273:
255:
178:
169:
163:
140:
133:
132:
131:
124:
117:
110:
106:
97:
82:
54:
46:
29:
28:
24:Knowledge:IPAEN
21:
20:
12:
11:
5:
7542:
7540:
7532:
7531:
7521:
7520:
7514:
7513:
7499:
7496:Missing Manual
7493:
7490:
7489:
7487:
7486:
7481:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7439:Editor's index
7436:
7431:
7423:
7417:
7415:
7406:
7405:
7403:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7311:
7309:
7300:
7299:
7297:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7280:
7271:
7270:
7269:
7259:
7258:
7257:
7247:
7242:
7241:
7240:
7238:Renaming pages
7230:
7225:
7220:
7210:
7205:
7203:Image deletion
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7184:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7152:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7110:
7108:
7101:
7094:
7093:
7091:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7053:Disambiguation
7050:
7045:
7040:
7038:Categorization
7035:
7030:
7025:
7019:
7017:
7012:Dos and don'ts
7008:
7007:
7005:
7004:
6999:
6998:
6997:
6988:
6978:
6973:
6967:
6965:
6956:
6955:
6953:
6952:
6949:article wizard
6942:
6940:Tip of the day
6937:
6932:
6931:
6930:
6925:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6894:
6892:
6886:
6881:
6880:
6878:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6826:
6824:
6815:
6814:
6812:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6780:
6779:
6774:
6767:Administration
6763:
6761:
6752:
6751:
6749:
6748:
6736:
6724:
6712:
6700:
6687:
6686:
6685:
6663:
6660:
6659:
6654:
6652:
6651:
6644:
6637:
6629:
6620:
6619:
6617:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6600:
6598:
6594:
6593:
6591:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6569:
6567:
6563:
6562:
6560:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6387:Serbo-Croatian
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6143:
6142:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6070:Haitian Creole
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6051:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5981:
5980:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5944:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5910:
5909:
5908:
5903:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5834:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5774:
5772:
5771:
5764:
5757:
5749:
5743:
5742:
5733:
5724:
5709:
5708:External links
5706:
5704:
5703:
5697:
5685:
5650:Wells, John C.
5646:
5640:
5620:
5614:
5585:
5546:
5540:
5526:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5487:
5475:
5463:
5451:
5436:
5424:
5412:
5400:
5388:
5376:
5364:
5352:
5340:
5328:
5316:
5304:
5292:
5280:
5258:
5246:
5234:
5217:
5198:
5186:
5167:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5119:
5101:
5076:
5020:
5009:/ˌbɒnviːˈvɒnt/
4991:
4962:
4936:The sequence ⟨
4929:
4903:The sequence ⟨
4896:
4845:
4833:/ˌsɪtʃuˈeɪʃən/
4782:
4717:
4705:/ˈɛd.ɪn.bər.ə/
4655:
4628:
4618:⟩ is used for
4591:
4564:
4531:
4484:
4453:
4410:
4390:
4342:
4318:
4261:
4233:
4201:higher, flower
4187:
4143:
4098:
4078:
4053:
4012:
3984:
3967:
3942:
3930:alveolar trill
3913:
3909:L-vocalization
3881:
3848:
3816:
3661:
3601:
3568:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3521:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3492:
3476:
3473:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3371:
3370:in our system.
3315:
3306:, rather than
3288:L-vocalization
3285:
3268:, rather than
3250:Glottalization
3247:
3242:, rather than
3229:
3184:
3171:The vowels of
3169:
3156:The vowels of
3154:
3141:The vowels of
3139:
3118:The vowels of
3109:
3094:
3079:
3064:
3044:The vowels of
3042:
3017:The vowels of
3015:
3002:The vowels of
3000:
2973:
2952:The vowels of
2946:
2945:
2889:
2871:
2846:L-vocalization
2810:
2779:
2754:
2729:
2704:
2691:have the same
2671:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2592:
2513:
2466:
2423:
2363:
2299:
2262:
2229:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2074:
2043:SMALL CAPITALS
2031:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2018:
2017:
2010:
1995:
1988:
1985:/ˌɪntəˈneɪʃən/
1973:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1922:
1914:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1888:
1880:
1879:
1869:
1862:
1851:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1807:
1799:
1798:
1784:
1777:
1763:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1712:
1704:
1703:
1697:
1690:
1677:
1669:
1668:
1653:
1646:
1631:
1623:
1622:
1605:
1598:
1581:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1544:
1536:
1535:
1513:
1506:
1484:
1476:
1475:
1453:
1446:
1432:
1424:
1423:
1416:
1409:
1400:
1392:
1391:
1385:
1378:
1369:
1361:
1360:
1346:
1328:
1320:
1319:
1305:
1298:
1289:
1281:
1280:
1267:
1260:
1242:
1234:
1233:
1222:
1215:
1197:
1189:
1188:
1175:
1168:
1159:
1151:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1118:
1110:
1109:
1103:
1096:
1083:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1061:
1048:
1040:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1007:
999:
998:
991:
984:
962:
954:
953:
944:
937:
919:
911:
910:
907:
904:
901:
897:
896:
893:
889:
888:
879:
876:
875:
864:
856:
855:
845:
837:
836:
827:
819:
818:
808:
800:
799:
789:
781:
780:
773:
765:
764:
755:
747:
746:
737:
729:
728:
722:
714:
713:
695:
687:
686:
672:
664:
663:
656:
648:
647:
638:
630:
629:
615:
607:
606:
593:
585:
584:
569:
561:
560:
554:
546:
545:
532:
524:
523:
510:
502:
501:
495:
487:
486:
473:
465:
464:
447:
439:
438:
428:
420:
419:
413:
405:
404:
394:
386:
385:
376:
368:
367:
358:
350:
349:
335:
327:
326:
316:
308:
307:
301:
293:
292:
278:
270:
269:
260:
252:
251:
248:
244:
243:
177:
174:
138:
135:
134:
130:
129:
122:
115:
107:
102:
100:
98:
83:
71:
58:
30:
15:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7541:
7530:
7527:
7526:
7524:
7511:
7505:
7504:
7498:
7497:
7491:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7421:Abbreviations
7419:
7418:
7416:
7411:
7407:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7365:Music symbols
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7312:
7310:
7305:
7301:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7275:
7272:
7268:
7265:
7264:
7263:
7260:
7256:
7253:
7252:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7239:
7236:
7235:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7218:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7182:
7181:edit conflict
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7168:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7131:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7111:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7095:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7023:Accessibility
7021:
7020:
7018:
7013:
7009:
7003:
7000:
6996:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6983:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6968:
6966:
6961:
6957:
6950:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6920:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6895:
6893:
6888:
6882:
6876:
6875:Viewing media
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6850:Mobile access
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6827:
6825:
6820:
6816:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6799:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6769:
6768:
6765:
6764:
6762:
6757:
6753:
6747:
6742:
6741:
6737:
6735:
6730:
6729:
6725:
6723:
6718:
6717:
6713:
6711:
6706:
6705:
6701:
6699:
6694:
6693:
6689:
6688:
6684:
6678:
6677:
6672:
6671:
6665:
6664:
6661:
6657:
6650:
6645:
6643:
6638:
6636:
6631:
6630:
6627:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6601:
6599:
6595:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6570:
6568:
6564:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6302:Northern Thai
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6212:Luxembourgish
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6141:
6138:
6137:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6035:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5979:
5976:
5975:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5911:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5898:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5785:
5782:
5777:
5770:
5765:
5763:
5758:
5756:
5751:
5750:
5747:
5741:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5728:
5725:
5722:
5719:
5718:screen reader
5715:
5712:
5711:
5707:
5700:
5695:
5691:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5641:3-11-017532-0
5638:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5621:
5617:
5612:
5608:
5607:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5589:Jones, Daniel
5586:
5582:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5556:
5554:
5547:
5543:
5538:
5534:
5533:
5527:
5523:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5509:(1): 97–102.
5508:
5504:
5503:
5497:
5496:
5491:
5484:
5479:
5476:
5472:
5467:
5464:
5460:
5455:
5452:
5448:
5443:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5428:
5425:
5421:
5416:
5413:
5409:
5404:
5401:
5397:
5392:
5389:
5385:
5380:
5377:
5373:
5368:
5365:
5361:
5356:
5353:
5349:
5344:
5341:
5337:
5332:
5329:
5325:
5320:
5317:
5313:
5308:
5305:
5301:
5296:
5293:
5289:
5284:
5281:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5262:
5259:
5255:
5250:
5247:
5243:
5238:
5235:
5231:
5226:
5224:
5222:
5218:
5213:
5209:
5202:
5199:
5195:
5190:
5187:
5182:
5178:
5171:
5168:
5156:
5152:
5146:
5143:
5137:
5123:
5120:
5115:
5111:
5105:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5080:
5077:
5053:
5052:hors d'oeuvre
5049:
5037:
5033:
5024:
5021:
5014:
5007:
4998:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4980:
4966:
4963:
4933:
4930:
4900:
4897:
4877:
4875:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4789:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4731:
4721:
4718:
4703:
4696:
4662:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4650:
4646:
4632:
4629:
4595:
4592:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4568:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4535:
4532:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4488:
4485:
4477:
4475:
4471:
4457:
4454:
4450:
4448:
4444:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4426:Irish English
4423:
4417:
4415:
4411:
4394:
4391:
4367:
4359:
4355:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4319:
4291:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4237:
4234:
4230:
4225:/aɪr,aʊr,ɔɪr/
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4082:
4079:
4075:
4068:⟩ instead of
4063:
4057:
4054:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4016:
4013:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3988:
3985:
3977:
3971:
3968:
3956:
3952:
3946:
3943:
3931:
3917:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3893:syllable coda
3885:
3882:
3878:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3863:
3852:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3820:
3817:
3810:
3774:
3770:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3704:
3684:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3651:tap , making
3650:
3630:
3626:
3614:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3578:
3572:
3569:
3562:
3559:
3552:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3497:
3493:
3490:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3454:
3448:
3446:
3441:
3433:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3376:
3372:
3365:
3361:
3359:
3349:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3335:
3333:
3328:
3326:
3316:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3200:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2994:
2993:Irish English
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2917:
2910:
2898:
2890:
2884:
2872:
2869:
2858:
2851:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2811:
2797:
2795:
2787:
2785:
2780:
2766:
2759:
2755:
2741:
2734:
2730:
2716:
2709:
2705:
2694:
2687:
2685:
2676:
2672:
2658:
2651:
2647:
2626:
2607:
2606:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2585:
2575:
2573:
2567:
2565:
2544:
2542:
2533:
2531:
2522:
2520:
2514:
2491:
2489:
2467:
2460:
2452:
2444:
2436:
2434:
2424:
2410:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2376:
2374:
2364:
2360:/iːr,uːr,eɪr/
2356:/ɪər,ʊər,ɛər/
2350:
2348:
2341:/ˈkjuːreɪtɪŋ/
2339:
2337:
2329:
2327:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2300:
2286:
2284:
2275:
2273:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2241:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2212:
2196:
2194:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:Welsh English
2169:
2168:South African
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2123:
2115:
2110:
2108:
2087:
2083:
2075:
2048:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2020:
2019:
2013:/ˈtæks.peɪər/
1982:
1978:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1881:
1874:
1870:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1800:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1778:
1772:
1768:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1514:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1477:
1465:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1444:
1438:
1433:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1329:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1306:
1295:
1290:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1243:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1198:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1119:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1095:
1089:
1084:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1060:
1054:
1049:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1008:
1001:
1000:
996:
992:
985:
982:
978:
974:
968:
963:
956:
955:
950:
945:
938:
935:
931:
925:
920:
913:
912:
908:
905:
902:
899:
898:
892:Strong vowels
890:
887:
883:
880:
873:
869:
865:
858:
857:
853:
849:
846:
839:
838:
835:
831:
828:
821:
820:
816:
812:
809:
802:
801:
797:
793:
790:
783:
782:
778:
774:
767:
766:
763:
759:
756:
749:
748:
745:
741:
738:
731:
730:
726:
723:
716:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
696:
689:
688:
684:
680:
676:
673:
666:
665:
661:
657:
650:
649:
646:
642:
639:
632:
631:
627:
623:
619:
616:
609:
608:
605:
601:
597:
594:
587:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
563:
562:
558:
555:
548:
547:
544:
540:
536:
533:
526:
525:
522:
518:
514:
511:
504:
503:
499:
496:
489:
488:
485:
481:
477:
474:
467:
466:
463:
459:
455:
451:
448:
441:
440:
436:
432:
429:
422:
421:
417:
414:
407:
406:
402:
398:
395:
388:
387:
384:
380:
377:
370:
369:
366:
362:
359:
352:
351:
347:
343:
339:
336:
329:
328:
324:
320:
317:
310:
309:
305:
302:
295:
294:
290:
286:
282:
279:
272:
271:
268:
264:
261:
254:
253:
249:
246:
245:
242:
238:
235:
234:
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
203:
199:
193:
191:
187:
183:
175:
173:
168:
160:
158:
153:
151:
147:
146:
127:
123:
120:
116:
113:
109:
108:
105:
99:
95:
87:
80:
76:
73:establishing
70:
68:
64:
59:
52:
51:
48:
44:
40:
36:
25:
19:
7507:
7502:
7494:
7400:Visual files
7390:Transclusion
7325:Calculations
7188:Find sources
7098:How-to pages
6887:to Knowledge
6885:Contributing
6743:
6738:
6731:
6726:
6719:
6716:Noticeboards
6714:
6707:
6702:
6695:
6690:
6674:
6668:
6666:
6532:West Frisian
6000:Extremaduran
5972:
5731:Amazon Polly
5689:
5681:0-52128541-0
5677:0-52128540-2
5673:0-52129719-2
5653:
5624:
5604:
5601:Esling, John
5597:Setter, Jane
5593:Roach, Peter
5568:(1): 83–96.
5565:
5561:
5553:Rosa's roses
5552:
5531:
5506:
5500:
5492:Bibliography
5478:
5471:Wells (1982)
5466:
5459:Wells (1982)
5454:
5434:, pp. 612–3.
5432:Wells (1982)
5427:
5422:, pp. 380–1.
5420:Wells (1982)
5415:
5408:Wells (1982)
5403:
5396:Wells (1982)
5391:
5379:
5367:
5362:, pp. 605–7.
5360:Wells (1982)
5355:
5348:Wells (1982)
5343:
5331:
5319:
5312:Wells (1982)
5307:
5300:Jones (2011)
5295:
5288:Wells (2008)
5283:
5274:
5261:
5254:Wells (1982)
5249:
5237:
5230:Wells (1982)
5211:
5201:
5189:
5180:
5170:
5158:. Retrieved
5145:
5122:
5104:
5092:
5079:
5051:
5047:
5035:
5031:
5023:
5012:
5005:
4986:
4978:
4965:
4932:
4899:
4882:in others. ⟨
4873:
4777:
4773:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4720:
4711:merges with
4701:
4698:/ˈdʌb.əl.ɪŋ/
4694:
4648:
4644:
4631:
4594:
4584:
4580:
4567:
4534:
4504:
4500:
4487:
4473:
4469:
4456:
4446:
4442:
4437:
4433:
4393:
4365:
4357:
4353:
4236:
4228:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4081:
4056:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4015:
3997:
3993:
3987:
3970:
3954:
3950:
3945:
3916:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3884:
3866:
3860:
3851:
3837:
3833:
3823:The phoneme
3819:
3808:
3772:
3768:
3741:
3734:
3683:yod dropping
3656:
3652:
3628:
3624:
3596:
3592:
3576:
3571:
3561:
3518:Everson Mono
3478:
3452:
3449:
3442:
3439:
3431:
3423:
3419:
3395:
3391:
3386:rather than
3374:
3357:
3355:
3346:
3344:
3339:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3324:
3322:
3295:
3291:
3282:paralanguage
3257:
3253:
3235:
3198:
3191:
3176:
3172:
3161:
3157:
3146:
3142:
3123:
3119:
3101:
3097:
3086:
3082:
3071:
3067:
3049:
3045:
3022:
3018:
3007:
3003:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2957:
2953:
2947:
2941:yod-dropping
2939:
2920:/njuːˈjɔːrk/
2915:
2908:
2896:
2882:
2856:
2849:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2793:
2792:
2783:
2782:
2764:
2757:
2739:
2732:
2714:
2707:
2683:
2681:
2674:
2656:
2649:
2624:
2604:
2602:
2595:
2583:
2581:
2571:
2569:
2563:
2561:
2540:
2538:
2529:
2527:
2518:
2516:
2487:
2485:
2458:
2450:
2442:
2432:
2430:
2408:
2401:
2372:
2370:
2346:
2344:
2335:
2334:
2331:/ˈfriːrʌnɪŋ/
2325:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2282:
2280:
2271:
2269:
2258:
2254:
2239:
2232:
2223:
2222:
2210:
2192:
2129:
2106:
2082:polysyllabic
2047:lexical sets
2035:
2034:
1980:
1976:
1925:
1909:
1895:
1891:
1872:
1858:
1854:
1814:
1810:
1791:
1787:
1770:
1766:
1729:
1715:
1700:
1686:
1681:
1664:
1663:active, foll
1660:
1656:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1547:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1463:
1456:
1442:
1436:
1419:
1404:
1388:
1373:
1356:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1315:
1309:
1293:
1276:
1271:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1229:
1225:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1184:
1179:
1163:
1146:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1106:
1093:
1087:
1071:
1058:
1052:
1035:
1021:
1017:
1011:
994:
980:
976:
972:
966:
948:
933:
929:
923:
871:
867:
851:
847:
833:
829:
814:
810:
795:
791:
776:
761:
757:
743:
739:
724:
709:
705:
701:
697:
682:
678:
674:
659:
644:
640:
625:
621:
617:
603:
599:
595:
580:
576:
572:
556:
542:
538:
534:
520:
516:
512:
497:
483:
479:
475:
461:
457:
453:
449:
434:
430:
415:
400:
396:
382:
378:
364:
360:
345:
341:
337:
322:
318:
303:
288:
284:
280:
266:
262:
219:
215:
211:
207:
201:
197:
194:
179:
161:
154:
149:
143:
141:
92:and ⟨⟩, see
61:This is the
60:
47:
7434:Departments
7410:Directories
7360:Magic words
7345:Hidden text
7315:Wiki markup
7144:Cite errors
7048:Discussions
7028:Biographies
6993:(live chat)
6740:Directories
6566:Comparisons
6332:Piedmontese
6257:Marshallese
6060:Greenlandic
5978:Old English
5858:Azerbaijani
5374:, pp. 98–9.
5338:, pp. 33–5.
5275:PhonetiBlog
5244:, pp. 94–5.
5196:, pp. 91–2.
5160:4 September
5016:/ɒnˈsɒmbəl/
4768:merge with
4384:, not with
4354:idea, real,
4352:Words like
4209:hire, flour
3577:marry–merry
3384:diaphonemes
3364:syllabicity
2796:n orthodoxy
2160:New Zealand
2154:(including
2132:diaphonemes
2100:and others
1556:Weak vowels
1530:bane, forew
433:es, hallelu
157:links below
7459:Guidelines
7330:Characters
7274:Talk pages
7223:Logging in
7217:link color
7171:Minor edit
7124:Categories
7078:References
6935:Style-tips
6855:Navigation
6794:Disclaimer
6777:Principles
6728:Cheatsheet
6667:Visit the
6517:Vietnamese
6342:Portuguese
6292:Neapolitan
6217:Macedonian
6202:Lithuanian
6110:Indonesian
5868:Belarusian
5727:IPA Reader
5138:References
5006:bon vivant
4841:/ˈfɒloʊər/
4837:/ˈfɒləwər/
4770:/əl,ən,əm/
4766:/ɪl,ɪn,ɪm/
4748:rhyme and
3862:hallelujah
3812:/ˈmɛn.juː/
3514:Charis SIL
3270:/ˈdʒɛʔlæɡ/
3262:/ˈdʒɛtlæɡ/
3113:allophonic
2786:northodoxy
2589:/ˈdeɪruːm/
2352:/ˈdeɪruːm/
2144:Australian
2138:, British
1912:de siècle
1641:zarre, Lat
1341:dacious, c
241:Consonants
7385:Templates
7340:Elevation
7320:Barcharts
7278:archiving
7262:Reverting
7250:Passwords
7233:Page name
7208:Infoboxes
7198:Footnotes
7043:Consensus
6908:Etiquette
6865:Searching
6840:Copyright
6681:Q & A
6676:Help desk
6497:Ukrainian
6377:Sardinian
6307:Norwegian
6277:Mirandese
6272:Mongolian
6232:Malayalam
6115:Inuktitut
6100:Icelandic
6095:Hungarian
6048:Colognian
6043:Alemannic
5990:Esperanto
5921:Cantonese
5888:Bulgarian
5793:Afrikaans
5581:145535175
5522:145584883
5256:, p. 601.
5232:, p. 240.
4740:, making
4702:Edinburgh
4614:⟩. When ⟨
4382:/iːə,uːə/
4163:voiceless
3978:like RP,
3649:nasalized
3471:dialect.
3274:/ˈdɔːʔər/
3266:/ˈdɔːtər/
3190:), as in
3147:spied her
3128:Australia
2718:/ˈskwɛər/
2689:/ˈfoʊkəs/
2653:/ˈskwɛər/
2320:/ˈskwɛər/
2277:/'fɑːðər/
2213:. Before
2041:Words in
2006:/ˈhaɪ.ər/
1963:Examples
1957:Examples
1841:Examples
1819:(, , or )
1796:(, , or )
1775:(, , or )
1753:Examples
1571:Examples
1497:ntidy, tr
1210:storic, s
909:Examples
250:Examples
104:Shortcuts
79:talk page
75:consensus
7523:Category
7469:Policies
7454:Glossary
7426:Contents
7370:Sections
7245:Redirect
6995:tutorial
6870:Students
6845:Glossary
6670:Teahouse
6512:Venetian
6482:Tigrinya
6397:Sicilian
6372:Sanskrit
6357:Romanian
6222:Malagasy
6197:Ligurian
6147:Japanese
6075:Hawaiian
6065:Gujarati
6038:Standard
6030:Georgian
6025:Galician
5995:Estonian
5948:Corsican
5916:Mandarin
5912:Chinese
5901:Standard
5897:Catalan
5848:Asturian
5843:Assamese
5838:Armenian
5831:Tunisian
5826:Lebanese
5816:Egyptian
5798:Albanian
5652:(1982).
5603:(eds.).
5591:(2011).
5485:, p. 57.
5449:, p. 56.
5386:, p. 98.
5326:, p. 58.
5091:⟩, come
5046:, as in
5013:ensemble
4987:Chanukah
4952:⟩, not ⟨
4919:⟩, not ⟨
4695:doubling
4430:American
4179:loud/how
4175:ride/pie
4033:tomorrow
3791:. Where
3613:flapping
3503:See also
3300:/ˈbɒtəl/
3258:daughter
3244:/ˈbɛdər/
3240:/ˈbɛtər/
3232:Flapping
3202:/ˈnaɪvz/
2989:Scottish
2916:New York
2860:/ˈkɔːld/
2853:/ˈkɔːrd/
2743:/ˈstrʌt/
2660:/ˈnɜːrs/
2609:/ˈlɛtər/
2599:/ˈnɜːrs/
2535:/ˈmɛəri/
2437:and the
2313:/ˈkjʊər/
2288:/'bɒðər/
2209:, as in
2164:Scottish
2148:Canadian
2015:taxpayer
1999:/ˈhaɪər/
1835:Examples
1747:Examples
1699:Californ
1565:Examples
1470:/ˈkjʊər/
1251:, pedigr
1131:stige, l
975:ckade, c
903:Examples
870:ure, bei
363:ind, lea
321:iant, ba
204:the same
182:Help:IPA
112:H:IPA-EN
86:Help:IPA
35:Help:IPA
18:Help:IPA
7335:Columns
7228:Merging
7213:Linking
7176:toolbar
7166:Editing
7156:Convert
6772:Purpose
6673:or the
6604:Symbols
6542:Yiddish
6522:Walloon
6492:Turkmen
6487:Turkish
6477:Tibetan
6447:Tai Lue
6442:Tagalog
6437:Sylheti
6432:Swedish
6422:Swahili
6417:Spanish
6412:Sorbian
6407:Slovene
6367:Russian
6362:Romansh
6352:Quechua
6347:Punjabi
6327:Persian
6312:Occitan
6282:Nahuatl
6252:Marathi
6237:Maltese
6207:Lombard
6192:Latvian
6167:Kurdish
6140:Central
6135:Italian
6120:Inupiaq
6034:German
6010:Finnish
5973:English
5926:Hokkien
5906:Insular
5893:Burmese
5873:Bengali
5807:Arabic
5803:Amharic
5117:stress.
5087:⟩ and ⟨
5002:/ɒ̃,æ̃/
4944:vowel (
4911:vowel (
4876:tensing
4778:cabinet
4386:/ɪə,ʊə/
4374:/ɪə,ʊə/
4358:theatre
4336:⟩ and ⟨
4290:IPAc-en
4094:raising
4064:, use ⟨
3891:in the
3769:Tuesday
3587:before
3510:Gentium
3457:/-fərd/
3312:/ˈæwps/
3308:/ˈbɒtʊ/
3304:/ˈælps/
3195:/ˈnaɪf/
3057:raising
3050:Manning
3046:manning
2928:/jɔːrk/
2901:/t,d,n/
2886:/kɑːrt/
2864:/ˈkɔːd/
2842:/ˈpuːl/
2828:/ˈfiːl/
2768:/ˈpɑːm/
2761:/ˈtræp/
2711:/ˈnɪər/
2568:and/or
2546:/ˈmæri/
2524:/ˈmɛri/
2412:/ˈɡuːs/
2306:/ˈnɪər/
2243:/ˈkɔːt/
2195:tensing
2109:tensing
2098:/iː,uː/
2094:/iː,uː/
1877:/ˈʌʔoʊ/
1861:anukah
1813:, bloss
1617:d, hist
1501:stee, s
1020:ttoo, s
850:eus, re
794:ie, lea
760:igh, pa
742:ina, ca
643:igh, ma
541:ide, ca
519:ile, ca
340:y, brea
167:IPAc-en
126:H:IPAEN
77:on the
7444:Essays
7380:Tables
7375:Sounds
7304:Coding
7083:Tables
7058:Images
6683:forum.
6552:Zhuang
6547:Yoruba
6467:Telugu
6402:Slovak
6337:Polish
6322:Pashto
6297:Nepali
6287:Navajo
6177:Lakota
6172:Kyrgyz
6162:Korean
6152:Kazakh
6080:Hebrew
6020:French
6005:Fijian
5958:Danish
5883:Breton
5878:Berber
5863:Basque
5821:Hejazi
5788:Adyghe
5740:eSpeak
5093:before
5054:, use
5048:Goethe
5018:, etc.
4762:Rosa's
4754:Lennon
4742:rabbit
4651:merger
4612:ɜː, ɜr
4608:əː, ər
4519:/uːər/
4507:merger
4476:merger
4474:caught
4449:merger
4447:hoarse
4438:hoarse
4314:/ʊəˌr/
4312:, and
4310:/ɪəˌr/
4306:/ɛəˌr/
4302:/ʊəˈr/
4298:/ɪəˈr/
4294:/ɛəˈr/
4133:, and
4123:merger
4029:borrow
4000:merger
3998:bother
3994:father
3955:garage
3905:bottle
3840:merger
3805:/jʊər/
3773:choose
3738:/djuː/
3729:, and
3699:/jʊər/
3657:winner
3653:winter
3639:⟩ or ⟨
3629:ladder
3625:latter
3469:rhotic
3461:/-fəd/
3453:-ford
3432:grapes
3402:after
3388:phones
3292:bottle
3254:jetlag
3236:better
3199:knives
3177:pouter
3173:powder
3162:writer
3143:spider
3102:wholly
2936:/njuː/
2912:/njuː/
2857:called
2835:/ˈpʊl/
2821:/ˈfɪl/
2736:/ˈfʊt/
2715:square
2678:/ˈkɪt/
2650:square
2619:. The
2580:as in
2457:as in
2449:as in
2405:/ˈfʊt/
2369:as in
2328:unning
2317:square
2240:caught
2236:/ˈkɒt/
2221:as in
2156:Ulster
2008:higher
1943:Stress
1790:, fast
1769:, doub
1718:ition
1659:, retr
1613:, forw
886:Vowels
832:oo, ha
813:ine, s
537:igh, s
452:ind, s
399:igh, a
381:uy, ba
283:ye, ca
265:uy, ca
202:caught
119:H:IPAE
81:first.
7484:Tools
7474:Tasks
7355:Lists
7193:Files
7073:Lists
7068:Links
7063:Leads
6835:Books
6537:Xhosa
6527:Welsh
6507:Uzbek
6462:Tatar
6457:Tamil
6452:Tajik
6427:Swazi
6267:Mayan
6247:Māori
6227:Malay
6187:Latin
6157:Khmer
6125:Irish
6090:Hmong
6085:Hindi
6055:Greek
5968:Dutch
5953:Czech
5941:Xiang
5578:S2CID
5558:(PDF)
5519:S2CID
5056:/ɜːr/
5040:NURSE
5038:-ful
4946:/ʊər/
4913:/ɪər/
4874:happy
4774:Latin
4758:roses
4750:Lenin
4746:abbot
4681:, or
4649:furry
4645:hurry
4640:/ɜːr/
4620:/ɜːr/
4600:/ɜːr/
4587:split
4585:strut
4527:/ɔːr/
4523:/uːr/
4515:/ʊər/
4511:/ʊər/
4505:force
4496:/ɔːr/
4492:/ʊər/
4443:horse
4434:horse
4368:with
4366:cruel
4280:, or
4229:diary
4205:coyer
4171:mouth
4167:price
4139:/ɛər/
4127:/ɛər/
4121:merry
4117:marry
4049:/ɔːr/
4045:/ɑːr/
4041:/ɑːr/
4037:sorry
4025:/ɔːr/
3951:genre
3903:, or
3868:fjord
3838:whine
3803:, or
3797:/juː/
3745:/duː/
3697:, or
3691:/juː/
3553:Notes
3424:let's
3392:let's
3362:(the
3338:Russi
3218:/ɜːr/
3210:/ɛər/
3192:knife
3158:rider
3039:/ʊər/
3035:/ɔːr/
3019:pause
3012:/ɔːr/
3008:force
3004:north
2997:/ɜːr/
2740:strut
2726:/ɛər/
2722:/ɪər/
2693:schwa
2668:/ɜːr/
2664:/ɛər/
2657:nurse
2629:/ɜːr/
2625:hurry
2613:/ɜːr/
2596:nurse
2578:/eɪr/
2554:/ɛər/
2510:/iːr/
2506:/ɪər/
2498:/iːr/
2494:/ɪər/
2478:/uːr/
2474:/ʊər/
2463:/uːr/
2459:nurse
2455:/ɜːr/
2451:north
2447:/ɔːr/
2439:/ʊər/
2409:goose
2395:/uːr/
2391:/ʊər/
2383:/uːr/
2379:/ʊər/
2338:ating
2193:happy
2152:Irish
2107:Happy
2104:(see
2102:/ɪ,ʊ/
2090:/i,u/
2055:CLOTH
2036:Notes
1983:tion
1928:bius
1809:rhyth
1689:ocre
1685:, med
1597:zaar
1589:, abb
1279:ious
1228:or, S
1135:ngth
983:ther
936:ther
704:y, ca
700:ie, s
681:, emo
677:y, ca
624:y, ve
620:ye, t
602:y, ca
598:ie, s
579:k, si
482:y, ga
478:ie, p
344:e, fa
220:merry
216:marry
214:, or
16:<
7479:Tips
7449:FAQs
7350:HTML
7161:Diff
6991:IRC
6692:FAQs
6557:Zulu
6502:Urdu
6472:Thai
6392:Shan
6317:Odia
6242:Manx
6130:Isan
6105:Igbo
5963:Dari
5778:keys
5721:JAWS
5694:ISBN
5670:ISBN
5637:ISBN
5611:ISBN
5537:ISBN
5162:2023
5060:/ɜː/
5050:and
5028:/ɜː/
4979:loch
4956:⟩, ⟨
4942:CURE
4923:⟩, ⟨
4909:NEAR
4890:and
4888:/uː/
4869:/iː/
4863:and
4861:/iː/
4821:/oʊ/
4817:/əw/
4809:/oʊ/
4805:/əw/
4801:/əw/
4795:and
4793:/oʊ/
4760:and
4752:and
4744:and
4709:/ər/
4683:/əm/
4679:/ən/
4675:/əl/
4671:/ər/
4636:/ʌr/
4624:/ər/
4604:/ər/
4581:foot
4501:cure
4480:/ɑː/
4461:/ɔː/
4436:and
4398:/oʊ/
4370:/ʊə/
4364:and
4362:/ɪə/
4356:and
4282:/ʊə/
4278:/ɪə/
4274:/ɛə/
4249:/eɪ/
4223:and
4213:coir
4211:and
4203:and
4159:/aʊ/
4155:/aɪ/
4135:/ɛr/
4131:/ær/
4113:Mary
4035:and
4021:/ɒr/
4008:/ɑː/
3963:/dʒ/
3953:and
3901:cold
3865:and
3834:wine
3825:/hw/
3809:menu
3801:/ju/
3787:and
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