2574:"A 1961 Copyright Office study found that fewer than 15% of all registered copyrights were renewed. For books, the figure was even lower: 7%. Barbara Ringer, "Study No. 31: Renewal of Copyright" (1960) "Study No. 31: Renewal of Copyright" (1960), reprinted in Library of Congress Copyright Office. Copyright law revision: Studies prepared for the Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Eighty-sixth Congress, first session. (Washington: U. S. Govt. Print. Off, 1961), p. 220. A good guide to investigating the copyright and renewal status of published work is Samuel Demas and Jennie L. Brogdon, "Determining Copyright Status for Preservation and Access: Defining Reasonable Effort," Library Resources and Technical Services 41:4 (October, 1997): 323-334."
2550:
indicates "at least some creativity." She recommended using polls in accordance with fair use principles, reminding that "Merely republishing them without any commentary or transformation is not fair use." She also recommends that the use of even uncopyrightable lists be considered with regards to licensing agreements that may "bind the user/reader from republishing the list/survey results without permission", noting that "Absent a license agreement, you may still run afoul of state unfair competition and/or misappropriation laws if you take a substantial portion of the list or survey results."
2276:. If there is a valid license, the user must stay within the scope of the license (which may include limitations on amount of use, geographic or business territory, time period, nature of use, etc.). Fair use, by contrast, is a limited right to use copyrighted works without permission, highly dependent on the specific circumstances of the work and the use in question. It is a doctrine incorporated as a clause in United States copyright code, arising out of a concern that strict application of copyright law would limit criticism, commentary, scholarship, and other important
1181:; many of the non-free rationale templates already include a field for this information. This can aid in the cases of disputed media files, or evaluating the non-free or free nature of the image. Lacking a source is not grounds for media removal, but if the nature of the media file is disputed, the lack of a source may prevent the file from being retained. Non-free media must be from a published source; the unpublished non-free media is forbidden. Identification of the source will aid in validating the previous publication of the material.
1080:) of a non-free logo or other design, US law is not clear as to whether the vectorisation of the logo has its own copyright which exists in addition to any copyright on the actual logo. To avoid this uncertainty, editors who upload vector images of non-free logos should use a vector image that was produced by the copyright holder of the logo and should not use a vector image from a site such as
2197:
educational context without including examples from the media itself. In other cases such as cover art/product packaging, a non-free work is needed to discuss a related subject. This policy allows such material to be used if it meets U.S. legal tests for fair use, but we impose additional limitations. Just because something is "fair use" on a
Knowledge (XXG) article in the U.S.
48:
503:
134:
1002:. The standard upload tool for Knowledge (XXG) will ask you enough questions during the process to fill in both the license and rationale for you, thus simplifying the process. If they are added manually, with or without the help of a template, it is recommended to put the rationale and license under separate sections "Rationale" and "Licensing" respectively.
164:
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cover conveys. The same rationale does not usually apply when the work is described in other articles, such as articles about the author or musician; in such articles, the NFCC criteria typically require that the cover art itself be significantly discussed within the article. For historical information, see
1352:
2513:
NFCI#1 relates to the use of cover art within articles whose main subject is the work associated with the cover. Within such articles, the cover art implicitly satisfies the "contextual significance" NFCC criterion (NFCC#8) by virtue of the marketing, branding, and identification information that the
2338:
for a list of copyright tags for these works. Restricted licenses to these works offer some legal rights, but
Knowledge (XXG) ignores them because they are not free enough for its purposes. Instead, works covered by inadequate licenses are treated the same on Knowledge (XXG) as works with no licenses
2184:
Knowledge (XXG) distributes content throughout the world with no restrictions on how people use it. Legally, we could use any copyrighted material for ourselves that is either licensed to us by the owner, or that fits the definition of "fair use" under US copyright law. However, we favor content that
1422:
Non-free video clips may be used, but besides meeting all other criteria, there must be some significant justification for using a video clip over a single image. A single image is always considered a more minimal use under NFCC#3 than a video clip if it is an equivalent replacement, so the rationale
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mean it is fair use in another context. A downstream user's commercial use of content in a commercial setting may be illegal even if our noncommercial use is legal. Use in another country with different fair use and fair dealing laws may be illegal as well. That would fail our mission. We therefore
2192:
To honor its mission, Knowledge (XXG) accepts incoming copyright licenses only if they meet
Knowledge (XXG)'s definition of "free" use. This is a higher standard than we would need just for our own use. But our ability to use a work does not guarantee that others may use it. We reject licenses that
1385:
If a small area of a large image needs high resolution to see details that are discussed in the article text, it may be better to crop the section to show the critical portion at a higher resolution, than to try to reduce the full image. If cropping is performed, editors should indicate the original
1242:
For example, an article about an ensemble may warrant the inclusion of a non-free image identifying the ensemble. This is preferable to including separate non-free images for each member of the ensemble, even if the article has been split with each member having their own sub-section of the article.
1097:
Very often, such as for most non-free content emanating from the news and entertainment industries, meeting this criterion is not in question. In rare cases however, non-free content may have been originally leaked and never subsequently published with the copyright holder's permission—such content
1552:
Music clips may be used to identify a musical style, group, or iconic piece of music when accompanied by appropriate sourced commentary and attributed to the copyright holder. Samples should generally not be longer than 30 seconds or 10% of the length of the original song, whichever is shorter (see
1051:
If the answer to either is yes, the non-free content probably does not meet this criterion. Note that the replacement image does not need to exist; it is sufficient that it could be created – for example, in most cases, a photograph of a living person can be taken and released under a free licence.
2354:
Non-free material is used only if, in addition to other restrictions, we firmly believe that the use would be deemed fair use if we were taken to court. The
Wikimedia Foundation reserves the right to remove unfree copyrighted content at any time. Note that citation sources and external links raise
2302:
Uploading an image, audio or video file, or text quotation into
Knowledge (XXG), and adding that file to a project page, both raise copyright concerns. Editors who do either must make sure their contributions are legal. If there is any doubt as to legality, ask others for help, try to find a free
1381:
An original, high resolution image (that can be reasonably scaled down to maintain overall artistic and critical details) may lose some text detail. In such cases, that text should be duplicated on the image description page. Care should be given to the recreation of copyrighted text: for example,
1167:
To identify a subject of discussion, depiction of a prominent aspect of the subject generally suffices, thus only a single item of non-free content meets the criterion. For example, to allow identification of music albums, books, etc., only an image of the front cover art of the object is normally
2549:
The
Wikimedia Foundation's associate counsel advised in March 2011 that while the courts have not firmly established precedence on the matter, polls are likely to be protectable as well because the parameters of the survey are chosen by those who conduct the polls and the selection of respondents
1929:
A magazine or book cover, to illustrate the article on the person whose photograph is on the cover. However, if the cover itself is the subject of sourced discussion in the article, it may be appropriate if placed inline next to the commentary. Similarly, a photo of a copyrighted statue (assuming
1463:
criteria above but does not fall under one of the designated categories below may or may not be allowable, depending on what the material is and how it is used. These examples are not meant to be exhaustive, and depending on the situation there are exceptions. When in doubt as to whether non-free
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or Brands of the World where the vectorisation of a logo may have been done without authorization from the logo's copyright holder. If an editor bases a vectorisation they did by themself from a free image, they should indicate the source image so that freeness can be confirmed, and release their
1063:
will also carry the copyright of the photographer in addition to the copyright of the artist that created the work. We would use a photograph where the photographer has licensed their photograph under a free license, retaining the copyright of the derivative work, instead of a photograph that has
2030:
If another non-free image of an element of an article is used elsewhere within
Knowledge (XXG), referring to its other use is preferred over repeating its use on the list and/or including a new, separate, non-free image. If duplicating the use of a non-free image, please be aware that a separate
2005:
In articles and sections of articles that consist of several small sections of information for a series of elements common to a topic, such as a list of characters in a fictional work, non-free images should be used judiciously to present the key visual aspects of the topic. It is inadvisable to
1377:
template to the image rationale page to indicate that your image resolution purposely exceeds the 0.1 megapixels guideline, though this still requires you to include a valid rationale that explains this reasoning; large images using this template without a rationale to explain the large size may
477:
policy currently serves as the exemption doctrine policy of the
English Knowledge (XXG), while this document serves to provide guidance associated with this policy. Non-free content can be used on Knowledge (XXG) in certain cases (for example, in some situations where acquiring a freely licensed
2539:
applies to the use of the logo on the infobox or lede for the stand-alone article about the entity, and should reflect its most current logo. The use of historical logos for an entity is not allowed, unless the historical logo itself is described in the context of critical commentary about that
2010:
Images that show multiple elements of the list at the same time, such as a cast shot or montage for a television show, are strongly preferred over individual images. Such an image should be provided by the copyright holder or scanned/captured directly from the copyrighted work, instead of being
2342:
If a work is not free, Knowledge (XXG) requires that it comply with
Knowledge (XXG)'s non-free use policy. As explained above, this policy is more restrictive than US law requires. Logically, material that satisfies the policy should also satisfy legal requirements as well. However, to be more
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At the extreme high end of the range, non-free images where one dimension exceeds 1,000 pixels, or where the pixel count approaches 1 megapixel, will very likely require a close review to verify that the image needs that level of resolution. Editors should ensure that the image rationale fully
469:
allowing the use of non-free content. Their use should be minimal and confined (with limited exceptions) to illustrating historically significant events, to include identifying protected works such as logos, or to complement (within narrow limits) articles about copyrighted contemporary works.
2196:
Similarly, Knowledge (XXG) imposes higher fair-use standards on itself than U.S. copyright law. There are some works, such as important photographs, significant modern artworks, that we cannot realistically expect to be released under a free content license, but that are hard to discuss in an
2264:
Copyright law only governs creative expressions that are "fixed in a tangible medium of expression," not the ideas or information behind the works. It is legal to reformulate ideas based on written texts, or create images or recordings inspired by others, as long as there is no copying (see
1864:
Pictures of people still alive, groups still active, and buildings still standing; provided that taking a new free picture as a replacement (which is almost always considered possible) would serve the same encyclopedic purpose as the non-free image. This includes non-free promotional images.
2098:
User-created montages containing non-free images should be avoided for similar reasons. Within the scope of NFCC#3a, such montages are considered as multiple non-free images based on each non-free image that contributes towards the montage. If a montage is determined to be appropriate, each
1875:
In considering the ability to take a free photograph, it is expected that the photographer respect all local property and privacy laws and restrictions. For example, we would not accept a free photograph of a structure on inaccessible private property that is not visible from public
1892:
An image whose subject happens to be a war, to illustrate an article on the war. Use may be appropriate if the image itself is a proper subject for commentary in the article: for example, an iconic image that has received attention in its own right, if the image is discussed in the
1276:
There is no firm guideline on allowable resolutions for non-free content; images should be rescaled as small as possible to still be useful as identified by their rationale, and no larger. This metric is very qualitative, and thus difficult to enforce. Some legal proceedings have
2261:, i.e., has no copyright. Some such as photos and scans of 2-dimensional objects and other "slavish reproductions", short text phrases, typographic logos, and product designs, do not have a sufficient degree of creativity apart from their functional aspects to have a copyright.
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limit use exclusively to
Knowledge (XXG) or for non-commercial purposes. Commercial use is a complex issue that goes well beyond a company's for-profit status, another reason to be careful. In fact, we reject any licenses with significant limitations. That is not free enough.
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and above), if there is little difference in appearance between actor and role. However, if there is a significant difference due to age or makeup and costuming, then, when needed, it may be appropriate to include a non-free image to demonstrate the role of the actor in that
1519:
following the quote or the sentence where it is used is required. Copyrighted text that is used verbatim must be attributed with quotation marks or other standard notation, such as block quotes. Any alterations must be clearly marked, i.e., for added text, an ellipsis
1288:(0.1Â megapixels), obtained by multiplying the horizontal and vertical pixel dimensions of an image. This allows, for example, images with a 4:3 aspect ratio to be shown at 320 Ă— 240 pixels (common for screenshots from TV, films, and video games), while allowing common
654:. An entire work is not used if a portion will suffice. Low-resolution, rather than high-resolution/fidelity/bit rate is used (especially where the original could be used for deliberate copyright infringement). This rule also applies to the copy in the File: namespace.
2042:
Barring the above, images that are used only to visually identify elements in the article should be used as sparingly as possible. Consider restricting such uses to major characters and elements or those that cannot be described easily in text, as agreed to by editor
470:
Non-free content should not be used when a freely licensed file that serves the same purpose can reasonably be expected to be uploaded, as is the case for almost all portraits of living people. Non-free content should be replaced by free content should such emerge.
1967:
An image of a newspaper article or other publication that contains long legible sections of copyrighted text. If the text is important as a source or quotation, it should be worked into the Knowledge (XXG) article in textual form, with a citation to the newspaper
1888:
A map, scanned or traced from an atlas, to illustrate the region depicted. Use may be appropriate if the map itself is a proper subject for commentary in the article: for example, a controversial map of a disputed territory, if the controversy is discussed in the
237:
1234:
A single item of non-free content that conveys multiple points of significant understanding within a topic is preferred to multiple non-free items which each convey fewer such points. This is independent of whether the topic is covered by a single article, or is
1432:
When non-free video clips are used, they should treated similarly to non-free audio clips: limited to less than 10% of the length of the original work or 30 seconds, whichever is shorter, encoded in a lossy format and resized to meet all other NFCC#3 factors.
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The source information should be sufficiently complete to allow any editor to validate that material. While completeness is not required, editors are encouraged to provide as much source information as they can. Some ways to source media files include:
733:
Identification of the source of the original copyrighted material, supplemented, where possible, with information about the artist, publisher and copyright holder, and year of copyright; this is to help determine the material's potential market value.
1869:
For some retired or disbanded groups, or retired individuals whose notability rests in large part on their earlier visual appearance, a new picture may not serve the same purpose as an image taken during their career, in which case the use would be
449:, or which is made available subject to restrictions such as "non-commercial use only" or "for use on Knowledge (XXG) only". (Many images that are generally available free of charge may thus still be "non-free" for Knowledge (XXG)'s purposes.) The
2383:
This policy is specific to the English-language Knowledge (XXG). Other Wikimedia projects, including Wikipedias in other languages, may have different policies on non-free content. A list of some of the projects and their policies on fair use
2304:
789:
A file with a valid non-free-use rationale for some (but not all) articles it is used in will not be deleted. Instead, the file should be removed from the articles for which it lacks a non-free-use rationale, or a suitable rationale
1104:
If, in this regard, an item of non-free content is questioned or is likely to be questioned, then details of an instance of prior publication with permission must be determined and recorded at the non-free media's description page.
1298:
2026:
An image that provides a representative visual reference for other elements in the article, such as what an alien race may look like on a science-fiction television show, is preferred over providing a picture of each element
993:
If the image is used in two separate articles, two separate rationales are needed, unique for both articles. If the image is used more than once in the same article, a separate and specific rationale is still needed for each
2022:
Images which are discussed in detail in the context of the article body, such as a discussion of the art style, or a contentious element of the work, are preferable to those that simply provide visual identification of the
1587:
Some non-free images may be used on Knowledge (XXG), providing they meet both the legal criteria for fair use, and Knowledge (XXG)'s own guidelines for non-free content. Non-free images that reasonably could be replaced by
1596:; failure to meet those overrides any acceptable allowance here. The following list is not exhaustive but contains the most common cases where non-free images may be used and is subject to the restrictions listed below at
1005:
Failure to include a licensing template, or a rationale that clearly identifies each article the media file is used in, will lead to the media file being deleted within 7 days after being tagged with warning messages.
2209:
them and let them make their own decision. To that end we require a copyright tag describing the nature of a copyrighted work, sourcing material saying exactly where any non-free content comes from, and a detailed
1937:
An image with an unknown or unverifiable origin. This does not apply to historical images, where sometimes only secondary sources are known, as the ultimate source of some historical images may never be known with
620:, or a similar method. Other non-free content—including all copyrighted images, audio and video clips, and other media files that lack a free content license—may be used on the English Knowledge (XXG) only where
2087:
format is usually unacceptable, but should be considered on a case-by-case basis. Exceptions should be very well-justified and alternate forms of presentation (including with fewer images) strongly considered.
1278:
464:
of the Wikimedia Foundation expects all content hosted on Wikimedia projects to be free content; however, there are exceptions. The policy allows projects (with the exception of Wikimedia Commons) to adopt an
1785:
All copyrighted text poses legal problems when making spoken word audio files from Knowledge (XXG) articles, and should be avoided in such files, because the resulting audio file cannot be licensed under the
1176:
While there is no specific requirement in the non-free content policy to identify the source from which a non-free file was obtained, editors are strongly encouraged to make note of the source on the media's
1962:
A logo of a perennial event (or of its sponsoring company), used to illustrate an article about a specific instance of that event. If each instance has its own logo, such specific logos remain acceptable.
754:
The name of each article (a link to each article is also recommended) in which fair use is claimed for the item, and a separate, specific non-free use rationale for each use of the item, as explained at
1821:
The use of non-free media (whether images, audio or video clips) in galleries, discographies, and navigational and user-interface elements generally fails the test for significance (criterion #8).
2464:
2434:
928:
The copyright license template identifies the type of copyright that the original work is under license. This is necessary to demonstrate that the image complies with United States fair use laws.
842:
Note that it is the duty of users seeking to include or retain content to provide a valid rationale; those seeking to remove or delete it are not required to show that one cannot be created—see
1971:
A publicity image of a commercial product released by its manufacturer, if the product has already been sold or displayed to the public in such a way that free photographs of it could be taken.
2185:
everyone can use, not just Knowledge (XXG). We want them to be free to use, redistribute, or modify the content, for any purpose, without significant legal restrictions, particularly those of
1464:
content may be included, please make a judgement based on the spirit of the policy, not necessarily the exact wording. If you want help in assessing whether a use is acceptable, please ask at
1423:
for the video must describe why a single image is not sufficient, such as capturing a specific type of motion discussed in depth by sources. One such acceptable use is the video clip used on
1400:
1231:
For example, an excerpt of a significant artistic work is usually included only in the article about the work, which is then referenced in the articles about its performer and its publisher.
2242:
of copyrighted works without legal justification. Unless a thorough search is conducted to determine that a copyright has expired or not been renewed, it should be regarded as copyrighted.
2134:
978:, and are encouraged to improve upon rationales if they can do so. You are not required to use the template forms, but whatever form you chose needs to clearly address all ten criteria in
2006:
provide a non-free image for each entry in such an article or section. The following considerations should be made to reduce the number of new non-free images associated with such lists:
1896:
An image to illustrate an article passage about the image, if the image has its own article (in which case the image may be described and a link provided to the article about the image)
1524:) for removed text, and emphasis noted after the quotation as "(emphasis added)" or "(emphasis in the original)". Extensive quotation of copyrighted text is prohibited. Please see both
1499:
The following cases are a non-exhaustive list of established examples of acceptable use of non-free media on Knowledge (XXG). Note that the use of such media must still comply with the
2452:
2177:
or in the public domain, and to disseminate it effectively and globally." These concerns are embodied in the above requirements that all non-free content must meet, and our policy of
1487:
2318:
If a work has no copyright or is licensed to Knowledge (XXG) under an acceptable "free" license, it is a free work and may be used on Knowledge (XXG) without copyright concerns. See
1382:
while duplication is appropriate for credits from a movie poster that contains factual data, such duplication would not be appropriate for an original poem embedded within an image.
1040:
equivalent, with an acceptable quality sufficient to serve the encyclopedic purpose, is available or could be created. As a quick test, before adding non-free content, ask yourself:
242:
2217:
A further goal of minimizing licensed and fair-use material is to encourage creation of original new content, rather than relying on borrowed content that comes with restrictions.
941:
The rationale to use the non-free content is necessary to show that the non-free content criteria have been met. The rationale should clearly address and satisfy all ten points of
698:
Non-free content is used only if its presence would significantly increase readers' understanding of the article topic, and its omission would be detrimental to that understanding.
2494:
425:
encyclopedia, with free content defined as content that does not bear copyright restrictions on the right to redistribute, study, modify and improve, or otherwise use works for
380:
1560:
Spoken word clips of historical events, such as speeches by public figures, may be used when accompanied by appropriate sourced commentary and attributed to the speaker/author.
2489:
1976:
The logo of an entity used for identification of one of its child entities, when the child entity lacks its own branding. The specific child entity's logo remains acceptable.
1156:
In all cases, meeting the criterion depends on the significance of the understanding afforded by the non-free content, which can be determined according to the principles of
1686:
Iconic and historical images which are not subject of commentary themselves but significantly aid in illustrating historical events may be used if they meet all aspects of
747:
600:
There is no automatic entitlement to use non-free content in an article or elsewhere on Knowledge (XXG). Articles and other Knowledge (XXG) pages may, in accordance with
1228:
Articles are structured and worded to minimize the total number of items of non-free content that are included within the encyclopedia, where it is reasonable to do so.
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713:
689:
344:
406:
2335:
2312:
2211:
1347:{\displaystyle {\text{new width}}=\left\lfloor {\sqrt {\tfrac {{\text{target pixel count}}\times {\text{original width}}}{\text{original height}}}}\right\rfloor }
482:, and in accordance with Knowledge (XXG)'s own non-free content criteria as set out below. The use of non-free content on Knowledge (XXG) is therefore subject to
2405:– "How-To" guide for acquiring free images (5 steps). More useful for novice editors still gaining experience with copyright licenses and uploading free images.
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for further details.) Articles on individual elements from such lists can discuss their inclusion in these lists. Complete lists based on factual data, such as
2523:
2519:
885:
756:
662:
Non-free content must be a work which has been published or publicly displayed outside Knowledge (XXG) by (or with permission from) the copyright holder, or a
2181:. Being generous to the world sometimes means being hard on ourselves. Please understand that these rules are not arbitrary; they are central to our mission.
2034:
For media that involves live actors, do not supply an image of the actor in their role if an appropriate free image of the actor exists on their page (as per
1811:
An excessive number of short audio clips in a single article. A small number may be appropriate if each is accompanied by commentary in the accompanying text.
2440:
2173:, which supports Knowledge (XXG) servers and software, is "to empower and engage people around the world to collect and develop educational content under a
308:
303:
2238:. Some creative works published in the United States between 1929 and 1963 are still copyrighted. It is illegal (among other things) to reproduce or make
2515:
2272:
If material does have a copyright, it may only be copied or distributed under a license (permission) from the copyright holder, or under the doctrine of
298:
2141:
pages for non-free video files will automatically include the video file, and as such, pages in the TimedText namespace are presumed to be exempted from
1957:
photograph of the game's layout while it is being played. Exceptions are made for parts of a board or card games that have received critical commentary.
318:
2205:
We do not want downstream re-users to rely solely on our assurances. They are liable for their own actions, no matter what we tell them. We therefore
1101:
Usually, an accompanying copyright notice is considered sufficient evidence that a publication in the media has been made with appropriate permission.
2586:
first published between 1929 and 1963, the percentage of renewed copyrights is far lower, because most published material was never registered at all.
971:
2469:
932:
2343:
certain of avoiding legal liability, and to understand the meaning of Knowledge (XXG) policy, editors should consider the legal rules as well. See
228:
2702:
2129:
Certain non-article pages are exempt from the non-free content policy. These uses are necessary for creating or managing the encyclopedia, such as
2103:). A montage created by the copyright holder of the images used to create the montage is considered a single non-free item and not separate items.
1204:
Identifying the URL of the image itself or web page hosting the image, and the image's copyright owner (not necessarily the same as the website's).
1198:
Identifying the movie, television show, or other video source, its copyright owner, and the approximate timestamp where the shot or clip was taken.
55:
1944:
A commercial photograph reproduced in high enough resolution to potentially undermine the ability of the copyright holder to profit from the work.
905:
A redirect pointing to the page where the non-free content is intended to be used is acceptable as the article name in the non-free use rationale.
267:
2446:
604:, use brief verbatim textual excerpts from copyrighted media, properly attributed or cited to its original source or author (as described by the
2165:
Material that is not free is permitted only if it meets the restrictions of this policy. This has been explicitly declared since May 2005. The
1544:; failure to meet those overrides any acceptable allowance here. Advice for preparing non-free audio files for Knowledge (XXG) can be found at
2429:
2303:
equivalent, or use your own words to make the same point. Also, consider asking the copyright holder to release the work under an appropriate
2142:
1465:
1410:
Note that these guidelines apply to the resolution as stored on the image file page; the reuse of these images in mainspace should follow the
889:
528:
370:
180:
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Pictures of deceased persons, in articles about that person, provided that ever obtaining a free close substitute is not reasonably likely.
2011:
created from multiple non-free images by the user directly (as the "extent" of use is determined by the number and resolution of non-free
1710:) and is not itself the subject of critical commentary, it is assumed automatically to fail the "respect for commercial opportunity" test.
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served as the exemption doctrine policy and is referenced by the Resolution. Since then, the content has been moved around, specifically
509:
399:
360:
140:
2559:
2287:
Anything published 1929 or later in other countries and still copyrighted there, is typically also copyrighted in the United States. See
631:
Non-free content is used only where no free equivalent is available, or could be created, that would serve the same encyclopedic purpose.
793:
A file on which non-free use is claimed that is not used in any article (NFCC 7) may be deleted after being tagged for seven days under
2604:
2408:
2084:
1178:
999:
918:
801:
2402:
1477:
71:
2474:
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2170:
1934:
in the country where the statue was when the photo was taken) can only be used to discuss the statue itself, not the subject of it.
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849:
450:
365:
339:
223:
1389:
If you believe an image is oversized, either re-upload a new version at the same file location, or tag the image file page with a
1515:
of copyrighted text may be used to illustrate a point, establish context, or attribute a point of view or idea. In all cases, an
637:
Non-free content is not used in a manner that is likely to replace the original market role of the original copyrighted material.
563:
To minimize legal exposure by limiting the amount of non-free content, using more narrowly defined criteria than apply under the
2299:
Never use materials that infringe the copyrights of others. This could create legal liabilities and seriously hurt the project.
2288:
1732:) and is not itself the subject of critical commentary it is assumed automatically to fail "respect for commercial opportunity".
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949:
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1750:
1137:
Two of the most common circumstances in which an item of non-free content can meet the contextual significance criterion are:
392:
334:
313:
1794:
963:
2707:
2368:
277:
1789:
A complete or partial recreation of "Top 100" or similar lists where the list has been selected in a creative manner. (See
1741:
The following is a non-exhaustive list of examples where non-free content may not be used outside of the noted exceptions.
1683:
Iconic or historical images that are themselves the subject of sourced commentary in the article are generally appropriate.
2680:
2484:
679:
513:
442:
63:
538:
1469:
2231:
1371:
1284:
At the low pixel count end of the range, most common pictorial needs can be met with an image containing no more than
843:
568:
487:
737:
709:
705:
2133:
and categories that are used to review questionable non-free content uses. Categories that are exempt are listed in
1659:
For critical commentary and discussion of the work in question (i.e., films, television programs, and music videos).
917:
The implementation of the non-free content criteria is done by having two specific elements on the non-free media's
2364:
1548:. The following list is non-inclusive but contains the most common cases where non-free audio samples may be used.
1429:, which is necessary to show a strobing effect discussed at depth that is impossible to capture with still images.
1085:
contribution (the labour of converting to vectors) under a free license to help with the aforementioned ambiguity.
186:
It is used for a purpose that cannot be fulfilled by free material (text or images, existing or to be created); and
2414:
1754:
1554:
1545:
1480:; these are places where those who understand copyright law and Knowledge (XXG) policy are likely to be watching.
1236:
293:
272:
30:
2348:
1814:
A long audio excerpt, to illustrate a stylistic feature of a contemporary band; see above for acceptable limits.
2651:
1393:
1077:
1055:
Another consideration for "no free equivalent" are "freer" versions of non-free media, typically which include
959:
1359:
1047:"Could the subject be adequately conveyed by properly sourced text without using the non-free content at all?"
573:
To facilitate the judicious use of non-free content to support the development of a high-quality encyclopedia
2202:
limit the media content we offer, to make sure what we do offer has the widest possible legal distribution.
2145:. Fair use rationales are not required for such pages. Article images may appear in article preview popups.
1798:
1425:
967:
147:
2479:
2424:
218:
204:
2600:
1292:
to be shown at 250 Ă— 400 pixels. To scale an image down to a specific number of pixels, use this formula:
648:
Multiple items of non-free content are not used if one item can convey equivalent significant information.
1411:
1168:
used; for identification of specific coins and currency, images of the front and back are normally used.
517:
2686:
2214:
for every use of copyrighted content in every article, justifying why use in that article is permitted.
421:
2112:
2055:
1988:
1832:
1761:
1570:
1529:
1442:
1252:
1120:
1019:
771:
583:
80:
67:
24:
2575:
1060:
478:
image for a particular subject is not possible), but only within the United States legal doctrine of
2166:
2080:
1817:
A short video excerpt from a contemporary film, without sourced commentary in the accompanying text.
1161:
825:
Non-free media which fail NFCC 1 (no free equivalent) may be deleted after being tagged as such for
744:
A copyright tag that indicates which Knowledge (XXG) policy provision is claimed to permit the use.
1931:
454:
1414:, such as deferring to default thumbnail size to allow the end-user control of the image display.
193:
indicating why its usage would be considered fair use within Knowledge (XXG) policy and U.S. law.
1634:
1525:
979:
852:
is the central venue to discuss whether a particular image meets the non-free content criteria,
721:
2277:
2130:
861:
857:
818:
Media from a commercial source which are not the subject of sourced commentary may be deleted
678:
Non-free content meets Knowledge (XXG)'s media-specific policy. For example, images must meet
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1593:
1541:
1500:
975:
942:
856:. For example, a discussion might be held about whether it is appropriate to use an image in
605:
474:
190:
20:
2563:
2250:
2239:
1902:
1801:) may be reproduced in their entirety as long as proper citations and sourcing are included.
1725:
1703:
1601:
2327:
2178:
2159:
2035:
1675:
For critical commentary, including images illustrative of a particular technique or school.
1157:
34:
19:"WP:FU", "WP:FUI", "WP:NOTFREE", and "WP:FUP" redirect here. For WikiProject Fair use, see
2385:
1073:
1056:
663:
1516:
812:
805:
794:
1044:"Can this non-free content be replaced by a free version that has the same effect?" and
832:
Other media with invalid fair-use claims may be deleted after being tagged as such for
615:
1210:
Identifying the album, artist, track number, and approximate time stamp of the sample.
2696:
2319:
2258:
2235:
672:
Non-free content meets general Knowledge (XXG) content standards and is encyclopedic.
974:, but editors are cautioned that these are generally tenuous in terms of supporting
2331:
2281:
2174:
1923:
1906:
1729:
1707:
1605:
1589:
1037:
557:
2095:
code should be used to disable the display of the content while still listing it.
759:. The rationale is presented in clear, plain language and is relevant to each use.
560:
for unlimited distribution, modification and application by all users in all media
1797:, are appropriate to include. Lists that have acceptable free licensing (as with
2246:
1915:
1592:
images are not suitable for Knowledge (XXG). All non-free images must meet each
1404:
153:. Sections of this page that are not marked as such are not considered policies.
2595:
To find out how to search for copyright registrations and renewals, see, e.g.,
1947:
Board or card game artwork and photos where the game itself is shown more than
1909:), unless the photo itself is the subject of sourced commentary in the article.
1749:"WP:TOP100" redirects here. For categories for members of published lists, see
2266:
1949:
1941:
A chart or graph. These can almost always be recreated from the original data.
2657:
2596:
998:
Both the license and the rationale need to be included on the non-free media
811:
A file in use in an article that does not meet F5 or F6 may be deleted under
2608:
2363:
Possibly inappropriate uses of non-free content can be either tagged with {{
2323:
2186:
2138:
1512:
1289:
446:
2675:
1600:, notably #8, which forbids the use of press agency or photo agency (e.g.,
1367:
explains the need for such a level of detail. You also may wish to add the
2344:
2273:
2234:, creative works published in the United States prior to 1929 are in the
564:
479:
176:
139:
This page contains one or more sections that are English Knowledge (XXG)
2669:
608:), and specifically indicated as direct quotations via quotation marks,
2648:, another useful tool for determining the original author of the image.
2249:
in the United States before 1929, work published before 1978 without a
1885:
A rose, cropped from a record album, to illustrate an article on roses.
2031:
non-free use rationale must be supplied for the image for the new use.
1192:
Identifying the published work, page numbers, and the copyright owner.
2449:– essay regarding the removal of images from user and template spaces
2099:
contributing non-free item should have its source described (such as
880:
At the time of the Resolution's issuance on March 23, 2007, the page
2330:
for discussion of works that are not covered by copyright. Also see
2307:(CC BY-SA) or a CC BY-SA-compatible license (dual-licensing under a
724:, not inlined, from talk pages when they are a topic of discussion.)
539:
Wikimedia Foundation Licensing policy resolution of March 23, 2007
1608:) images when the image itself is not the subject of commentary.
958:
Several other boilerplate rationale templates exist, such as for
2663:
2624:
2495:
Meta:Wikilegal/Primer on U.S. Fair Use/Copyright Law for Website
2465:
Knowledge (XXG):Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions
2455:– Knowledge (XXG) Signpost article surveying non-free use policy
2435:
Knowledge (XXG):Deletion of all fair use images of living people
2308:
716:. (To prevent an image category from displaying thumbnails, add
2658:
Coverage of U.S. copyright term durations and the public domain
2443:– how to ask a rights holder for free use of existing materials
2355:
other copyright concerns that are addressed in other policies.
1702:. However, if the image is from a press or photo agency (e.g.,
2687:
Code of Best Practices in Fair Use for Online Video background
2453:
Knowledge (XXG):Knowledge (XXG) Signpost/2008-09-22/Dispatches
1724:
Note that if the image is from a press or photo agency (e.g.,
1488:
Knowledge (XXG):Knowledge (XXG) Signpost/2008-09-22/Dispatches
1148:
where only by including such non-free content, can the reader
531:; this is the part of the current page that is official policy
497:
158:
128:
42:
2689:
by the American University Center for Media and Social Impact
2683:
by the American University Center for Media and Social Impact
2645:
2135:
Category:Knowledge (XXG) non-free content criteria exemptions
1490:, a guide to evaluating the acceptability of non-free images.
2642:, a useful tool to discover other online copies of an image.
2305:
Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License
1653:
Posters, programs, billboards, ads. For critical commentary.
931:
You can find a list of these copyright license templates at
556:
To support Knowledge (XXG)'s mission to produce perpetually
2411:– essay explaining the rationale behind the fair use policy
1064:
non-free licenses for both the photograph and work of art.
730:
The image or media description page contains the following:
2639:
2284:
exists in some other countries, where standards may vary.
1914:
A Barry Bonds baseball card, to illustrate the article on
1882:
An album cover as part of a discography, as per the above.
437:. Any content not satisfying these criteria is said to be
179:
in United States copyright law and also complies with the
2578:
Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States
2091:
In categories that include non-free content, MediaWiki's
483:
66:
may apply. Substantive edits to this page should reflect
1918:. The use may be appropriate to illustrate a passage on
1615:
Cover art from various items, for visual identification
860:
even if it unquestionably meets the criteria for use in
27:. For why Knowledge (XXG) is not a forum for free speech
23:. For Motto of the day's frequently used idea area, see
2490:
Knowledge (XXG):Plain and simple non-free content guide
2245:
Certain works have no copyright at all. Most material
2120:
2070:
2063:
1996:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1769:
1578:
1528:
for use and formatting issues in using quotations, and
1450:
1267:
1260:
1128:
1081:
1027:
854:
regardless of whether the file should be deleted or not
804:
may be deleted after being tagged for seven days under
779:
591:
116:
109:
102:
95:
88:
1953:; such images can nearly always be replaced by a free
1779:
Unattributed pieces of text from a copyrighted source.
1386:
source of the image and what modifications were made.
1316:
2461:– survey of the development of the present NFC policy
2253:, with an expired copyright term, or produced by the
1301:
748:
Knowledge (XXG):Image copyright tags/Non-free content
512:, a widely accepted standard that all editors should
2459:
Knowledge (XXG):History of non-free content policies
2681:
Code of Best Practices in Fair Use for Online Video
1901:A photo from a press agency or photo agency (e.g.,
1751:
Knowledge (XXG):Overcategorization § Published list
1679:
Images with iconic status or historical importance:
143:. These sections are each individually marked with
2336:Knowledge (XXG):Image copyright tags/Free licenses
2313:Knowledge (XXG):Boilerplate request for permission
2158:"Free" content is defined as that which meets the
1503:and provide rationales and licensing information.
1346:
704:Non-free content is allowed only in articles (not
508:This section documents an English Knowledge (XXG)
172:Non-free content can be used in articles only if:
2597:How to Investigate the Copyright Status of a Work
1152:, that is a subject of discussion in the article.
1036:Non-free content cannot be used in cases where a
1716:Images that are themselves subject of commentary
757:Knowledge (XXG):Non-free use rationale guideline
2497:– prepared by Wikimedia Foundation's Legal team
2441:Knowledge (XXG):Example requests for permission
2351:of relevant cases, on the subject of fair use.
1540:All non-free audio files must meet each of the
892:serves as the exemption doctrine policy, while
54:This page documents an English Knowledge (XXG)
2359:Handling inappropriate use of non-free content
2676:U.S. Copyright Office index of fair use cases
2328:Cornell University's guide to copyright terms
1643:For identification of the stamp or currency,
1059:. For example, a photograph of a copyrighted
400:
8:
2623:Non-US copyrights apply in the US under the
2470:Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Comics/copyright
1755:Knowledge (XXG):Popular pages § Top-100 list
933:Knowledge (XXG):File copyright tags/Non-free
738:Knowledge (XXG):Citing sources § Multimedia
62:Editors should generally follow it, though
2447:Knowledge (XXG):Removal of fair use images
2269:for how much reformulation is necessary).
1403:to be reduced by volunteers or a bot like
516:follow. Changes made to it should reflect
407:
393:
200:
2430:Knowledge (XXG):Media copyright questions
2079:The use of non-free images arranged in a
2048:Non-free image use in galleries or tables
1532:for style guidelines related to quoting.
1466:Knowledge (XXG):Media copyright questions
1327:
1319:
1314:
1302:
1300:
1098:must not be included in Knowledge (XXG).
972:Category:Non-free use rationale templates
529:Knowledge (XXG):Non-free content criteria
1673:Paintings and other works of visual art:
1143:itself the subject of sourced commentary
746:For a list of image copyright tags, see
453:uses the definition of "free" described
2506:
2367:}}, if deletion is uncontroversial per
1474:Knowledge (XXG) talk:Copyright problems
1459:Non-free content that meets all of the
873:
441:. This includes all content (including
352:
326:
285:
254:
210:
203:
2409:Knowledge (XXG):Basic copyright issues
2398:Foundation:Resolution:Licensing policy
1782:Excessively long copyrighted excerpts.
1150:identify an object, style, or behavior
2601:Stanford's Copyright Renewal Database
1753:. For top 100 most viewed pages, see
1478:Knowledge (XXG) talk:Non-free content
955:, may be used for any non-free media.
635:Respect for commercial opportunities.
16:Guideline page about non-free content
7:
2672:by the University of Texas at Austin
2475:Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Fair use
2373:Knowledge (XXG):Files for discussion
2149:Explanation of policy and guidelines
1667:Knowledge (XXG):Software screenshots
991:use of the image on Knowledge (XXG).
666:created by a Knowledge (XXG) editor.
345:Contributor copyright investigations
319:Guidance for text copyright problems
2480:Knowledge (XXG):Quotations#Fair use
2289:Knowledge (XXG):Non-U.S. copyrights
2160:"Definition of Free Cultural Works"
1983:Non-free image use in list articles
1663:Screenshots from software products:
1399:template, which will place it in a
987:a non-free rationale is needed for
624:of the following criteria are met.
609:
2703:Knowledge (XXG) content guidelines
2420:Knowledge (XXG):Copyright problems
2386:can be read at Wikimedia Meta-Wiki
1791:Knowledge (XXG):Copyright in lists
1696:respect for commercial opportunity
1468:. It may also be useful to ask at
419:Knowledge (XXG)'s goal is to be a
70:. When in doubt, discuss first on
14:
2369:Knowledge (XXG):Proposed deletion
985:It is important to remember that
2611:The Catalog of Copyright Entries
2485:Knowledge (XXG):Veganism parable
2280:rights. A comparable concept of
680:Knowledge (XXG):Image use policy
545:for the English Knowledge (XXG).
501:
162:
132:
46:
2535:The NFCI#2 allowance for logos
2371:, or reported and discussed at
2349:the Stanford University summary
2311:license is also possible). See
2137:. Due to software limitations,
2101:File:Versions of the Doctor.jpg
1470:Knowledge (XXG) talk:Copyrights
309:Requesting copyright permission
304:Copying text from other sources
229:Reusing Knowledge (XXG) content
33:. For the file use policy, see
2179:deleting non-compliant content
1795:List of highest-grossing films
541:, this document serves as the
268:Copying within Knowledge (XXG)
175:Its usage would be considered
1:
2664:Coverage of U.S. fair use law
2654:by Media Education Foundation
2415:Knowledge (XXG):Copyright FAQ
2347:for further information, and
1688:the non-free content criteria
1665:For critical commentary. See
1597:
1555:Knowledge (XXG):Music samples
1546:Knowledge (XXG):Music samples
1412:Manual of Style for image use
1281:, but are inconclusive here.
299:Donating copyrighted material
2334:regarding free licenses and
1647:the subjects depicted on it.
925:A copyright license template
896:serves as guidance for this.
890:WP:Non-free content criteria
813:speedy deletion criterion F7
806:speedy deletion criterion F6
795:speedy deletion criterion F5
690:used in at least one article
484:purposely stricter standards
2232:United States copyright law
1651:Other promotional material:
1195:Screenshots and video clips
886:discussed the following May
569:United States copyright law
2724:
2425:Knowledge (XXG):Copyrights
2315:for a sample form letter.
2295:Applied to Knowledge (XXG)
2110:
2053:
1986:
1830:
1759:
1748:
1598:unacceptable use of images
1594:non-free content criterion
1568:
1440:
1250:
1118:
1017:
800:A non-free file lacking a
769:
581:
494:Non-free content criteria
294:Frequently asked questions
224:Copyright violation policy
78:
72:this guideline's talk page
18:
1631:Team and corporate logos:
1542:non-free content criteria
1501:Non-free content criteria
702:Restrictions on location.
664:derivative of such a work
601:
543:Exemption Doctrine Policy
475:non-free content criteria
467:exemption doctrine policy
371:Media copyright questions
205:Knowledge (XXG) copyright
181:Non-free content criteria
2708:Knowledge (XXG) policies
2379:Other Wikimedia projects
2212:non-free media rationale
2015:, and not the number of
1633:For identification. See
1623:(not for identification
1378:nonetheless be reduced.
1201:Images from the Internet
696:Contextual significance.
646:Minimal number of items.
486:than those laid down in
170:This page in a nutshell:
2670:Guidance about fair use
2576:, Hirtle, Peter (2007)
2403:Requesting a free photo
2365:subst:proposed deletion
2255:U.S. federal government
1799:AFI 100 Years... series
1700:contextual significance
1363:to compute it for you.
1111:contextual significance
970:. More can be found at
728:Image description page.
2666:by Stanford University
2560:May 19, 2005 statement
1617:only in the context of
1348:
1042:
950:Non-free use rationale
945:. A generic template,
802:non-free use rationale
731:
676:Media-specific policy.
643:
381:Declaration of consent
2660:by Cornell University
1635:Knowledge (XXG):Logos
1627:critical commentary).
1349:
1068:Multiple restrictions
660:Previous publication.
652:Minimal extent of use
273:Public domain content
2171:Wikimedia Foundation
1692:no free alternatives
1641:Stamps and currency:
1619:critical commentary
1426:DennĹŤ Senshi Porygon
1401:maintenance category
1299:
1286:about 100,000 pixels
1237:split across several
1091:previous publication
938:A non-free rationale
850:Files for discussion
706:disambiguation pages
688:Non-free content is
686:One-article minimum.
451:Wikimedia Foundation
366:Copyright assistance
340:Files for discussion
2609:Iinformation about
1932:freedom of panorama
1279:discussed the issue
894:WP:Non-free content
882:WP:Non-free content
708:), and only in the
629:No free equivalent.
610:<blockquote: -->
376:File copyright tags
2652:A Fair(y) Use Tale
2646:searchbyimages.com
1657:Video screenshots:
1437:Guideline examples
1372:non-free no reduce
1344:
1337:
1321:target pixel count
1145:in the article, or
1141:where the item is
1012:no free equivalent
855:
835:
828:
821:
720:to it; images are
606:citation guideline
488:U.S. copyright law
335:Copyright problems
314:Close paraphrasing
2605:Project Gutenberg
2584:total US material
2437:(historical page)
1338:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1322:
1305:
853:
833:
826:
819:
710:article namespace
527:Transcluded from
524:
523:
417:
416:
278:Non-US copyrights
199:
198:
157:
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127:
126:
56:content guideline
2715:
2628:
2621:
2615:
2593:
2587:
2572:
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2557:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2540:historical logo.
2533:
2527:
2511:
2251:copyright notice
2240:derivative works
2123:
2094:
2073:
2066:
1999:
1978:
1977:
1964:
1963:
1911:
1910:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1772:
1737:Unacceptable use
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1317:
1315:
1306:
1303:
1270:
1263:
1247:Image resolution
1179:description page
1131:
1057:derivative works
1030:
1000:description page
954:
948:
919:description page
906:
903:
897:
878:
782:
719:
619:
611:
594:
505:
504:
498:
462:licensing policy
445:) that is fully
409:
402:
395:
263:Non-free content
219:Copyright policy
201:
166:
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159:
152:
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136:
135:
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91:
50:
49:
43:
31:WP:NOTFREESPEECH
2723:
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2151:
2127:
2126:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2092:
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2069:
2062:
2058:
2050:
2003:
2002:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1975:
1974:
1961:
1960:
1920:the card itself
1900:
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1835:
1827:
1808:
1776:
1775:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1747:
1739:
1690:, particularly
1585:
1584:
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1567:
1538:
1521:
1517:inline citation
1509:
1497:
1457:
1456:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1420:
1396:
1394:Non-free reduce
1390:
1374:
1368:
1358:
1334:original height
1318:
1310:
1297:
1296:
1274:
1273:
1266:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1226:
1224:Number of items
1221:
1174:
1135:
1134:
1127:
1123:
1115:
1095:
1070:
1034:
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1026:
1022:
1016:
952:
946:
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910:
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879:
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844:burden of proof
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189:It has a valid
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2524:RfC Dec 2012
2520:RfC Sep 2012
2516:RfC Jan 2011
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2332:free license
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1930:there is no
1924:Billy Ripken
1919:
1907:Getty Images
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1590:free content
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1074:vector image
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361:General help
262:
238:CC BY-SA 4.0
169:
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2564:Jimbo Wales
2278:free speech
1916:Barry Bonds
1870:acceptable.
1848:WP:NFC#UULP
1536:Audio clips
1530:WP:MOSQUOTE
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1261:WP:IMAGERES
820:immediately
766:Enforcement
537:As per the
447:copyrighted
427:any purpose
25:WP:MOTD/FUI
2697:Categories
2640:TinEye.com
2580:footnote 7
2502:References
2267:plagiarism
2226:In general
2154:Background
2107:Exemptions
2071:WP:NFTABLE
2043:consensus.
2027:discussed.
1997:WP:NFLISTS
1955:de minimis
1950:de minimis
1938:certainty.
1922:; see the
1876:locations.
1841:WP:NFC#UUI
1806:Multimedia
1613:Cover art:
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1158:due weight
888:, and now
836:under F7d.
834:seven days
829:under F7c.
822:under F7b.
714:exemptions
431:any medium
255:Guidelines
117:WP:FAIRUSE
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2582:. Of the
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2247:published
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1770:WP:TOP100
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1360:this tool
1304:new width
1290:cover art
1253:Shortcuts
1219:criterion
1129:WP:NFC#CS
1113:criterion
1093:criterion
1014:criterion
976:WP:NFCC#8
868:Footnotes
551:Rationale
518:consensus
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327:Processes
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68:consensus
2392:See also
2345:fair use
2339:at all.
2274:fair use
2199:does not
2113:Shortcut
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1926:article.
1893:article.
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1571:Shortcut
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980:WP:NFCCP
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780:WP:NFCCE
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2036:WP:BLP
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1825:Images
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1565:Images
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1476:, and
1461:policy
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1076:(i.e.
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960:albums
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622:all 10
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510:policy
443:images
286:Advice
211:Policy
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