Knowledge (XXG):Reliable sources

1127:), can be used but care should be exercised, as they are often, in part, primary sources. Some of them will have gone through a process of academic peer reviewing, of varying levels of rigor, but some will not. If possible, use theses that have been cited in the literature; supervised by recognized specialists in the field; or reviewed by independent parties. Dissertations in progress have not been vetted and are not regarded as published and are thus not reliable sources as a rule. Some theses are later published in the form of scholarly monographs or peer reviewed articles, and, if available, these are usually preferable to the original thesis as sources. Masters dissertations and theses are considered reliable only if they can be shown to have had significant scholarly influence. 860:. The term is most commonly associated with text materials, either in traditional printed format or online; however, audio, video, and multimedia materials that have been recorded then broadcast, distributed, or archived by a reputable party may also meet the necessary criteria to be considered reliable sources. Like text, media must be produced by a reliable source and be properly cited. Additionally, an archived copy of the media must exist. It is convenient, but by no means necessary, for the archived copy to be accessible via the Internet. 2816:—are not a reliable source. If the information is supported by the body of the source, then cite it from the body. Headlines are written to grab readers' attention quickly and briefly; they may be overstated or lack context, and sometimes contain exaggerations or sensationalized claims with the intention of attracting readers to an otherwise reliable article. They are often written by copy editors instead of the researchers and journalists who wrote the articles. 735: 1062:

within the relevant field, or largely ignored by the mainstream academic discourse because of lack of citations. Try to cite current scholarly consensus when available, recognizing that this is often absent. Reliable non-academic sources may also be used in articles about scholarly issues, particularly material from high-quality mainstream publications. Deciding which sources are appropriate depends on context. Material should be

2217:(ML, AI) has become a common way to generate and publish material. It may not be known or detectable that ML was used. While ML generation in itself does not necessarily disqualify a source that is properly checked by the person using it, ML has a tendency to create or "hallucinate" imaginary information, "supported" by citations that look as if they are from respectable sources but do not exist. In one case, a lawyer used 747:, published sources with a reputation for fact-checking and accuracy. This means that we publish only the analysis, views, and opinions of reliable authors, and not those of Wikipedians, who have read and interpreted primary source material for themselves. The following examples cover only some of the possible types of reliable sources and source reliability issues, and are not intended to be exhaustive. Proper sourcing 2337:. Although specific facts may be taken from primary sources, secondary sources that present the same material are preferred. Large blocks of material based purely on primary sources should be avoided. All interpretive claims, analyses, or synthetic claims about primary sources must be referenced to a secondary source, rather than original analysis of the primary-source material by Knowledge (XXG) editors. 1025:

source's reputation and reliability for similar facts, whereas widespread doubts about reliability weigh against it. If outside citation is the main indicator of reliability, particular care should be taken to adhere to other guidelines and policies, and to not unduly represent contentious or minority claims. The goal is to reflect established views of a topic as far as we can determine them.

1177:– Care should be taken with journals that exist mainly to promote a particular point of view. A claim of peer review is not an indication that the journal is respected, or that any meaningful peer review occurs. Journals that are not peer reviewed by the wider academic community should not be considered reliable, except to show the views of the groups represented by those journals. 81: 2129: 1100:– Articles should rely on secondary sources whenever possible. For example, a paper reviewing existing research, a review article, monograph, or textbook is often better than a primary research paper. When relying on primary sources, extreme caution is advised. Wikipedians should never interpret the content of primary sources for themselves ( 160: 2693:. Claims sourced to initial news reports should be immediately replaced with better-researched and verified sources as soon as such articles are published, especially if original reports contained inaccuracies. All breaking news stories, without exception, are primary sources, and must be treated with caution: see 2451:

relevant but are only sourced to obscure texts that lack peer review. Parity of sources may mean that certain fringe theories are only reliably and verifiably reported on, or criticized, in alternative venues from those that are typically considered reliable sources for scientific topics on Knowledge (XXG).

3898: 1151:– Isolated studies are usually considered tentative and may change in the light of further academic research. If the isolated study is a primary source, it should generally not be used if there are secondary sources that cover the same content. The reliability of a single study depends on the field. Avoid 977:(where later reports might be more accurate), and primary sources which purport to debunk a long-standing consensus or introduce a new discovery (in which case awaiting studies that attempt to replicate the discovery might be a good idea, or reviews that validate the methods used to make the discovery). 2732:

may be added to the top of articles related to a breaking-news event to alert readers that some information in the article may be inaccurate and to draw attention to the need to add improved sources as they become available. These templates should not be used, however, to mark articles on subjects or

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Questionable sources are those with a poor reputation for checking the facts or with no editorial oversight. Such sources include websites and publications expressing views that are widely acknowledged as extremist, that are promotional in nature, or that rely heavily on rumors and personal opinions.

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When taking information from opinion content, the identity of the author may help determine reliability. The opinions of specialists and recognized experts are more likely to be reliable and to reflect a significant viewpoint. If the statement is not authoritative, attribute the opinion to the author

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contains several suggestions to avoid spreading unreliable and false information. These include: distrust anonymous sources, unconfirmed reports, and reports attributed to other news media; seek multiple independent sources which independently verify; seek verified eyewitness reports; and be wary of

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Inclusion and exclusion of content related to fringe theories and criticism of fringe theories may be done by means of a rough parity of sources. If an article is written about a well-known topic about which many peer-reviewed articles are written, it should not include fringe theories that may seem

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Information provided in passing by an otherwise reliable source or information that is not related to the principal topics of the publication may not be reliable; editors should cite sources focused on the topic at hand where possible. For example, a publisher's web site is likely to be reliable for

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News sources often contain both factual content and opinion content. News reporting from well-established news outlets is generally considered to be reliable for statements of fact (though even the most reputable reporting sometimes contains errors). News reporting from less-established outlets is

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Many submissions to these predatory journals will be by scholars that a) cannot get their theories published in legitimate journals, b) were looking to quickly publish something to boost their academic resumes, or c) were honestly looking for a legitimate peer-review process to validate new ideas,

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Especially in scientific and academic fields, older sources may be inaccurate because new information has been brought to light, new theories proposed, or vocabulary changed. In areas like politics or fashion, laws or trends may make older claims incorrect. Be sure to check that older sources have

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and it does not need to go into all details of a current event in real time. It is better to wait a day or two after an event before adding details to the encyclopedia, than to help spread potentially false rumors. This gives journalists time to collect more information and verify claims, and for

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to generate and file a legal brief that he did not check; the judge upon reviewing the case stated, "six of the submitted cases appear to be bogus judicial decisions with bogus quotes and bogus internal citations", although ChatGPT had assured the author that they were real and could "be found in

1836:. A sponsored supplement also does not necessarily involve a COI; for instance, public health agencies may also sponsor supplements. However, groups that do have a COI may hide behind layers of front organizations with innocuous names, so the ultimate funding sources should always be ascertained. 893:

The reliability of a source depends on context. Each source must be carefully weighed to judge whether it is reliable for the statement being made in the Knowledge (XXG) article and is an appropriate source for that content. In general, the more people engaged in checking facts, analyzing legal

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A statement that all or most scientists or scholars hold a certain view requires reliable sourcing that directly says that all or most scientists or scholars hold that view. Otherwise, individual opinions should be identified as those of particular, named sources. Editors should avoid original

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The accuracy of quoted material is paramount and the accuracy of quotations from living persons is especially sensitive. To ensure accuracy, the text of quoted material is best taken from (and cited to) the original source being quoted. If this is not possible, then the text may be taken from a

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Many Knowledge (XXG) articles rely on scholarly material. When available, academic and peer-reviewed publications, scholarly monographs, and textbooks are usually the most reliable sources. However, some scholarly material may be outdated, in competition with alternative theories, controversial

1141:. Works published in journals not included in appropriate databases, especially in fields well covered by them, might be isolated from mainstream academic discourse, though whether it is appropriate to use will depend on the context. The number of citations may be misleading if an author cites 2877:, these are rarely appropriate outside articles on the source itself. In general articles, commentary on a deprecated source's opinion should be drawn from independent secondary sources. Including a claim or statement by a deprecated source that is not covered by reliable sources risks giving 1024:

How accepted and high-quality reliable sources use a given source provides evidence, positive or negative, for its reliability and reputation. The more widespread and consistent this use is, the stronger the evidence. For example, widespread citation without comment for facts is evidence of a

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Editors must take particular care when writing biographical material about living persons. Contentious material about a living person that is unsourced or poorly sourced should be removed immediately; do not move it to the talk page. This applies to any material related to living persons on

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Source reliability falls on a spectrum: No source is 'always reliable' or 'always unreliable' for everything. However, some sources provide stronger or weaker support for a given statement. Editors must use their judgment to draw the line between usable and inappropriate sources for each

1639:. When dealing with a potentially biased source, editors should consider whether the source meets the normal requirements for reliable sources, such as editorial control, a reputation for fact-checking, and the level of independence from the topic the source is covering. Bias may make 3128: 781:

is where the material comes from. For example, a source could be a book or a webpage. A source can be reliable or unreliable for the material it is meant to support. Some sources, such as unpublished texts and an editor's own personal experience, are prohibited.

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are all examples of self-published media. Self-published expert sources may be considered reliable when produced by an established expert on the subject matter, whose work in the relevant field has previously been published by reliable, independent publications.

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Questionable sources are generally unsuitable for citing contentious claims about third parties, which includes claims against institutions, persons living or dead, as well as more ill-defined entities. The proper uses of a questionable source are very limited.

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Some websites function partly or entirely as aggregators, reprinting items from websites of news agencies, blogs, websites, or even Knowledge (XXG) itself. These may constitute a curated feed or an AI-generated feed. Examples include the main pages of

1117:– Material such as an article, book, monograph, or research paper that has been vetted by the scholarly community is regarded as reliable, where the material has been published in reputable peer-reviewed sources or by well-regarded academic presses. 1556:

prohibit linking to "Individual web pages that primarily exist to sell products or services", inline citations may be allowed to e-commerce pages such as that of a book on a bookseller's page or an album on its streaming-music page, in order to

2319:, such as introductory-level university textbooks, almanacs, and encyclopedias, may be cited. However, although Knowledge (XXG) articles are tertiary sources, Knowledge (XXG) employs no systematic mechanism for fact-checking or accuracy. Thus, 2454:

In an article on a fringe topic, if a notable fringe theory is primarily described by amateurs and self-published texts, verifiable and reliable criticism of the fringe theory need not be published in a peer-reviewed journal. For example, the

2463:, critiques of that material can likewise be gleaned from reliable websites and books that are not peer-reviewed. Of course, for any viewpoint described in an article, only reliable sources should be used; Knowledge (XXG)'s verifiability and 672:

for any material challenged or likely to be challenged, and for all quotations. The verifiability policy is strictly applied to all material in the mainspace—articles, lists, and sections of articles—without exception, and in particular to

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is a paid advertisement that is formatted to look like an article or other piece of typical content for that outlet. The content may be directly controlled by the sponsor, or the advertiser may pay an author to create the content (e.g.,

2230:". Citations have been published to newspaper articles that do not exist, attributed to named reporters. Such spurious material may be generated unintentionally by writers—reporters, scientists, medical researchers, lawyers, ...—using 689:

In the event of a contradiction between this guideline and our policies regarding sourcing and attribution, the policies take priority and editors should seek to resolve the discrepancy. Other policies relevant to sourcing are

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Otherwise reliable news sources—for example, the website of a major news organization—that publish in a blog-style format for some or all of their content may be as reliable as if published in standard news article format

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Reliable sources may be published materials with a reliable publication process, authors who are regarded as authoritative in relation to the subject, or both. These qualifications should be demonstrable to other people.

1632:. However, reliable sources are not required to be neutral, unbiased, or objective. Sometimes non-neutral sources are the best possible sources for supporting information about the different viewpoints held on a subject. 1781:

are often (but far from always) unacceptable sources. They are commonly sponsored by industry groups with a financial interest in the outcome of the research reported. They may lack independent editorial oversight and

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Rochon, PA; Gurwitz, JH; Cheung, CM; Hayes, JA; Chalmers, TC (13 July 1994). "Evaluating the quality of articles published in journal supplements compared with the quality of those published in the parent journal".

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are of very low quality and have only token peer-review, if any. These journals publish whatever is submitted if the author is willing to pay a fee. Some go so far as to mimic the names of established journals

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Some sources may be considered reliable for statements as to their author's opinion, but not for statements asserted as fact. For example, an inline qualifier might say " says....". A prime example of this is

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are not reliable sources. Research that has not been peer-reviewed is akin to a blog, as anybody can post it online. Their use is generally discouraged, unless they meet the criteria for acceptable use of

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Indications that an article was published in a supplement may be fairly subtle; for instance, a letter "S" added to a page number, or "Suppl." in a reference. However, note that merely being published in

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Some sources are blacklisted, and can not be used at all. Blacklisting is generally reserved for sources which are added abusively, such as state-sponsored fake news sites with a history of addition by

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When only self-published by the vendor, i.e. no reliable independent source confirming the ranking as being relevant, the ranking would usually carry insufficient weight to be mentioned in any article.

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and claim to be an expert in a certain field. For that reason, self-published sources are largely not acceptable. Self-published books and newsletters, personal pages on social networking sites,

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cautions consumers to be wary of news reports describing early science and medical breakthroughs, especially those which do not interview independent experts (often solely based on unreliable

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such things as titles and running times. Journalistic and academic sources are preferable, however, and e-commerce links should be replaced with reliable non-commercial sources if available.

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also documents a connection between Schreiber and Terry Morris, a 'pioneer' of this genre who freely admitted to taking 'considerable license with the facts that are given to me.'

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in mainstream newspapers. When using them, it is best to clearly attribute the opinions in the text to the author and make it clear to the readers that they are reading an opinion

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for any material challenged or likely to be challenged, and for all quotations. If you are new to editing and just need a general overview of how sources work, please visit the

3422: 5126: 4350: 2963: 2745: 2407: 1211: 963: 685:) that is unsourced or poorly sourced—whether the material is negative, positive, neutral, or just questionable—must be removed immediately and without waiting for discussion. 333: 5288: 2548:. Stated simply, any statement in Knowledge (XXG) that academic consensus exists on a topic must be sourced rather than being based on the opinion or assessment of editors. 4777: 3244: 3164: 3159: 3149: 2507:

Partisan secondary sources should be viewed with suspicion as they may misquote or quote out of context. In such cases, look for neutral corroboration from another source.

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A number of sources are deprecated on Knowledge (XXG). That means they should not be used, unless there is a specific consensus to do so. Deprecation happens through a

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Common sources of bias include political, financial, religious, philosophical, or other beliefs. Although a source may be biased, it may be reliable in the specific

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and should not be treated differently than the underlying press release. Occasionally, some newspapers still have specialist reporters who are citable by name. (

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that the biomedical information in all types of articles be based on reliable, independent, published sources and accurately reflect current medical knowledge.

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are often difficult to use appropriately. Although they can be both reliable and useful in certain situations, they must be used with caution in order to avoid

4534: 4183: 1814: 241: 1123:– Completed dissertations or theses written as part of the requirements for a doctorate, and which are publicly available (most via interlibrary loan or from 3805: 2767:(exaggerating risks, symptoms, or anecdotes of a disease which leads to unnecessary worry, panic, or spending), and to be skeptical of treatments which are " 2763:), to prefer reports which avoid hyperbolic language and describe both benefits and costs of a new treatment (all treatments have trade-offs), to be wary of 1778: 1715:" behavior, which includes questionable business practices and/or peer-review processes that raise concerns about the reliability of their journal articles. 1133:– One may be able to confirm that discussion of the source has entered mainstream academic discourse by checking what scholarly citations it has received in 5010: 3210: 3118: 2163:, especially in articles about themselves, without the requirement that they be published experts in the field, so long as the following criteria are met: 5138: 3549: 3195: 3056: 2618:, unless written or published by the subject of the biographical material. "Self-published blogs" in this context refers to personal and group blogs; see 208: 5344: 5212: 2775:" as more than 90% of all treatments fail during these stages and, even if efficacious, may be 10 to 15 years or more from reaching the consumer market. 1820: 5116: 4805: 4544: 4286: 2660: 2623: 2619: 2252: 695: 682: 674: 3679: 4825: 4611: 4480: 3254: 2500:

reliable secondary source (ideally one that includes a citation to the original). No matter where you take the quoted text from, it is important to

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as academic articles. Such supplements, and those that do not clearly declare their editorial policy and conflicts of interest, should not be cited.

699: 485: 52: 3582: 2870:), usually when there are large numbers of references to the source giving rise to concerns about the integrity of information in the encyclopedia. 980:

Similarly for breaking news, a contemporary secondary news source can quickly become a historical primary source. Articles of recent current events

629: 5469: 1786:, with no supervision of content by the parent journal. Such articles do not share the reliability of their parent journal, being essentially paid 381: 309: 88: 1276:. However, links to such repositories can be used as open-access links for papers which have been subsequently published in acceptable literature. 5303: 3189: 2736: 3387: 2866:. It is reserved for sources that have a substantial history of fabrication or other serious factual accuracy issues (e.g. promoting unfounded 5474: 5448: 5076: 4908: 3982: 3049: 1494:

in the text of the article and do not represent it as fact. Reviews for books, movies, art, etc. can be opinion, summary, or scholarly pieces.

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Breaking-news reports often contain serious inaccuracies. As an electronic publication, Knowledge (XXG) can and should be up to date, but

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is generally not as reliable as news reporting, and may not be subject to the same rigorous standards of fact-checking and accuracy (see

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not been superseded, especially if it is likely that new discoveries or developments have occurred in the last few years. In particular,

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at the top of the article. Sources that do not clearly distinguish staff-written articles from sponsored content are also questionable.

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potential hoaxes. With mass shootings, remain skeptical of early reports of additional attackers, coordinated plans, and bomb threats.

474: 5217: 2085:) may be reliable when summarizing experts, the ratings and opinions of their users (including the reported rating averages) are not. 4835: 4772: 4276: 3412: 3027: 1629: 1623: 1107: 913:

an author's identity, date of publication, etc., but not necessarily for a critical, artistic, or commercial evaluation of the work (

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When editors talk about sources that are being cited on Knowledge (XXG), they might be referring to any one of these three concepts:

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persons in the news. If they were, hundreds of thousands of articles would have such a template, without any significant advantage (

5111: 5069: 4549: 4509: 4450: 4367: 4295: 4271: 3205: 2973: 2695: 2513: 2334: 2303: 1742: 1103: 691: 362: 291: 226: 4160: 3640: 5354: 3446:"Sham journals scam authors: Con artists are stealing the identities of real journals to cheat scientists out of publishing fees" 3072: 2456: 2070:). For official accounts from celebrities and organizations on social media, see the section about self-published sources below. 1826: 4445: 3113: 2666: 1756: 744: 282: 185: 38: 31: 5308: 3937: 3215: 5222: 5040: 4861: 4539: 4514: 4460: 2843: 2145: 579: 574: 565: 534: 409: 372: 352: 268: 236: 231: 194: 5283: 5270: 2344: 1201: 173: 5260: 5164: 4903: 4679: 4626: 4599: 4529: 4504: 3791: 2743:

For health- and science-related breaking-news, Knowledge (XXG) has specific sourcing standards to prevent inaccuracies: see

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article may include material from reliable websites, movies, television specials, and books that are not peer-reviewed. By

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Some news organizations have used Knowledge (XXG) articles as a source for their work. Editors should therefore beware of

5484: 5025: 4475: 4470: 4440: 4301: 4229: 2992: 2501: 494: 345: 199: 96: 4987: 2942: 2552:, especially those printed in academic review journals that survey the literature, can help clarify academic consensus. 622: 5250: 5237: 5169: 5154: 4793: 4674: 4594: 4377: 4372: 3106: 3022: 2968: 2494: 2445: 1564:

Rankings proposed by vendors (such as bestseller lists at Amazon) usually have at least one of the following problems:

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rumors may be appropriate (i.e. if the rumors themselves are noteworthy, regardless of whether or not they are true).

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Scholarly sources and high-quality non-scholarly sources are generally better than news reports for academic topics

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Signals that a news organization engages in fact-checking and has a reputation for accuracy are the publication of

1340:. Press releases from organizations or journals are often used by newspapers with minimal change; such sources are 1321: 800: 5106: 5092: 4750: 4335: 4266: 3359: 3123: 2978: 2630: 2168: 2140: 2119: 1960: 1872: 1664: 1359: 1328:, which are responsible for accuracy. The agency should be cited in addition to the newspaper that reprinted it. 1056: 1052: 665: 273: 70: 3763: 3002: 1972: 4745: 4465: 4455: 4222: 3313: 3249: 596: 394: 5255: 3539: 2931: 2364: 4616: 3032: 499: 4157:. How a troll used user-generated content to spread misinformation to TV.com, the IMDb, and Knowledge (XXG). 2321:

Knowledge (XXG) articles (and Knowledge (XXG) mirrors) in themselves are not reliable sources for any purpose

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The reporting of rumors has a limited encyclopedic value, although in some instances verifiable information

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about other living people, even if the author is an expert, well-known professional researcher, or writer.

1200:. If you are unsure about the quality of a journal, check that the editorial board is based in a respected 658: 539: 296: 263: 4397: 3784:

Recommendations for the conduct, reporting, editing, and publication of scholarly work in medical journals

3732: 3572: 2354: 1952: 1367: 600: 4920: 4621: 4524: 4435: 4425: 3346: 2894: 2874: 2690: 2312:, i.e., a document or recording that relates to or discusses information originally presented elsewhere. 2309: 2266: 1392: 988: 852: 823: 544: 253: 5324: 5197: 5192: 3257:– obtain community input on whether or not a source meets our reliability standards for a particular use 2722: 1984: 1980: 1474: 1421: 604: 4932: 4927: 4420: 2825: 2784: 2760: 2642: 2561: 2526: 2476: 2389: 2316: 2278: 2101: 2067: 1913: 1847: 1724: 1675: 1584: 1528: 1437: 1407: 1286: 1221: 1079: 1034: 1000: 930: 869: 834: 760: 717: 556: 551: 113: 100: 4243: 1427:

Unless reported by a reliable source, leaks should not normally be used or cited directly in articles.

1208:—be wary of indexes that merely list almost all publications, and do not vet the journals they list. ( 3862:"Food company sponsorship of nutrition research and professional activities: a conflict of interest?" 1955:

is generally unacceptable. Sites with user-generated content include personal websites, personal and

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Knowledge (XXG):Identifying and using primary sources § Examples of news reports as primary sources

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Any analysis or interpretation of the quoted material, however, should rely on a secondary source (

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When editing articles in which the use of primary sources is a concern, in-line templates, such as

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generally considered less reliable for statements of fact. Most newspapers also reprint items from

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It does not involve claims about third parties (such as people, organizations, or other entities).

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depends on context; common sense and editorial judgment are an indispensable part of the process.

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A deprecated source should not be used to support factual claims. While there are exceptions for

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This guideline discusses the reliability of various types of sources. The policy on sourcing is

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Knowledge (XXG):Verifiability § Self-published or questionable sources as sources on themselves

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Knowledge (XXG):Verifiability § Self-published or questionable sources as sources on themselves

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Knowledge (XXG):Verifiability#Self-published or questionable sources as sources on themselves

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and others and discussed on Knowledge (XXG), where incorrect details from articles added as

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Knowledge (XXG):Biographies of living persons § Using the subject as a self-published source

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and position statements from nationally or internationally reputable expert bodies. It is

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news story is reliable for a fact or statement should be examined on a case-by-case basis.

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supplement. Many, if not most, supplements are perfectly legitimate sources, such as the

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issues, and scrutinizing the writing, the more reliable the publication. Sources should

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sources in articles. Reliable publications clearly indicate sponsored articles in the

1519:. Direct links to the original source should be preferred over the aggregator's link. 5463: 4641: 3839: 3720: 3595: 3501: 3383: 2580: 1648: 1644: 1462: 1164: 1142: 4949: 3894: 5278: 2746:

Knowledge (XXG):Identifying reliable sources (medicine) § Respect secondary sources

2678: 2015: 1995: 1964: 796: 4977: 3475: 2063: 1192:). The lack of reliable peer review implies that articles in such journals should 4161:

How to Read a News Story About an Investigation: Eight Tips on Who Is Saying What

4151:"How I used lies about a cartoon to prove history is meaningless on the internet" 3782: 2772: 5440: 4694: 3517: 3408: 3341: 1802: 1783: 1575:

For such reasons, such rankings are usually avoided as Knowledge (XXG) content.

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Knowledge (XXG):Biographies of living persons § Avoid gossip and feedback loops

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These requirements also apply to pages from social networking websites such as

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Knowledge (XXG):No original research § Primary, secondary and tertiary sources

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Knowledge (XXG):No original research § Primary, secondary and tertiary sources

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Self-published or questionable sources may be used as sources of information

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It does not involve claims about events not directly related to the subject.

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Knowledge (XXG):Identifying reliable sources (medicine) § Predatory journals

1156: 4132:

Reading, Writing, and Researching for History: A Guide for College Students

4118:

Reading, Writing, and Researching for History: A Guide for College Students

4070: 3887: 3647:. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 2011. Archived from 3524: 3468: 3846: 1155:

when using single studies in such fields. Studies relating to complex and

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Knowledge (XXG):Verifiability § Verifiability does not guarantee inclusion

4154: 2428:, widely recognised standard textbooks written by experts in a field, or 2196: 2039: 2003: 1313: 1248: 1160: 1124: 5061: 3706:, which is broadly considered a questionable and prohibited source, per 2689:

When editing a current-event article, keep in mind the tendency towards

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policies are not suspended simply because the topic is a fringe theory.

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It may be impossible to provide a stable source for the alleged ranking.

1163:, are less definitive and should be avoided. Secondary sources, such as 4005:"Breaking News Consumer's Handbook: Health News Edition | On the Media" 3880: 2613: 2231: 2227: 2218: 2188: 2055: 1999: 1976: 1886: 1309: 1260: 1256: 3957:"Newspaper Alarmed When ChatGPT References Article It Never Published" 3767: 2544:

research especially with regard to making blanket statements based on

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make clear the actual source of the text, as it appears in the article

3309: 2192: 2047: 2043: 2035: 1768: 1396: 1264: 3926:

of how to identify shill academic articles cited in Knowledge (XXG).

3461: 4032:"Why 90% of clinical drug development fails and how to improve it?" 2911:

Knowledge (XXG):Template messages/Cleanup/Verifiability and sources

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The Knowledge (XXG) article is not based primarily on such sources.

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the information as it is presented in the Knowledge (XXG) article (

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Some news organizations may not publish their editorial policies.

698:. For questions about the reliability of particular sources, see 4030:

Sun, Duxin; Gao, Wei; Hu, Hongxiang; Zhou, Simon (1 July 2022).

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Knowledge (XXG):Biographies of living persons § Reliable sources

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Knowledge (XXG):Biographies of living persons § Reliable sources

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Self-published and questionable sources as sources on themselves

2023: 1988: 1138: 5065: 4179: 2893:. Specific blacklisted sources can be locally whitelisted; see 2594:

There is an important exception to sourcing statements of fact

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in reliable, independent, published sources, such as reputable

602: 37:"WP:IRS" redirects here. For independent reliable sources, see 2676:

investigative authorities to make official announcements. The

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are preferred when available, so as to provide proper context.

605: 154: 75: 3938:"Lawyer cites fake cases generated by ChatGPT in legal brief" 3358:

Please keep in mind that any exceptional claim would require

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to help them to produce reports, or maliciously to generate "

1651:..."; or "The conservative Republican presidential candidate 27:

Content guideline for determining the reliability of a source

3085:, a program for accessing paywalled resources free of charge 2308:

Knowledge (XXG) articles should be based mainly on reliable

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Knowledge (XXG):Verifiability § Newspaper and magazine blogs

4880: 3540:"Many Academics Are Eager to Publish in Worthless Journals" 3388:"Criteria for Determining Predatory Open-Access Publishers" 3107:

Knowledge (XXG):Essay directory § Verifiability and sources

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means, for Knowledge (XXG)'s purposes, any source that was

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Beware of sources that sound reliable but do not have the

44:"WP:Reliability" redirects here. For the WikiProject, see 4085:"How long a new drug takes to go through clinical trials" 1743:

Knowledge (XXG):Conflict of interest § Covert advertising

1517:

reliability should be judged based on the original source

1272:, and will always fail higher sourcing requirements like 99:

may apply. Substantive edits to this page should reflect

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article. Such sources are essentially a single source.

991:, and this needs to be balanced out by careful editing. 51:

For community input on the reliability of a source, see

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Knowledge (XXG):Identifying reliable sources (medicine)

2397: 2293: 2286: 2109: 1942: 1935: 1928: 1921: 1862: 1855: 1732: 1690: 1683: 1624:

Knowledge (XXG):Neutral point of view § Bias in sources

1613: 1606: 1599: 1592: 1543: 1536: 1477:

from notable figures) are reliable primary sources for

1452: 1445: 1294: 1236: 1229: 1204:, and that it is included in the relevant high-quality 1087: 1042: 1015: 1008: 952: 945: 938: 884: 877: 842: 822:"WP:PUBLISHED" redirects here. Not to be confused with 768: 725: 142: 135: 128: 121: 3975:"The Breaking News Consumer's Handbook | On the Media" 3330:

but were denied the feedback by fraudulent publishers.

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Otto Middleton (or why newspapers are dubious sources)

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Knowledge (XXG):Verifiability § Self-published sources

3413:"Scientific Articles Accepted (Personal Checks, Too)" 3339:

A variety of these incidents have been documented by

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Children's, adult new reader, and large print sources

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The exception for statements ABOUTSELF is covered at

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Knowledge (XXG):Neutral point of view § Good research

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Do not disrupt Knowledge (XXG) to illustrate a point

2180:

There is no reasonable doubt as to its authenticity.

1994:

Examples of unacceptable user-generated sources are

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wrote that..."; "According to the Marxist economist

657:). If no reliable sources can be found on a topic, 5439: 5423: 5368: 5317: 5269: 5236: 5183: 5147: 5099: 4957: 4945: 4888: 4878: 4844: 4786: 4726: 4702: 4692: 4649: 4639: 4579: 4569: 4489: 4405: 4395: 4315: 4251: 4241: 2667:

Knowledge (XXG):Notability (events) § Breaking news

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Knowledge (XXG):Fringe theories § Parity of sources

2167:The material is neither unduly self-serving nor an 1628:Knowledge (XXG) articles are required to present a 3504:(4 October 2013). "Who's afraid of peer review?". 2850:Knowledge (XXG):Reliable sources/Perennial sources 1481:, but are rarely reliable for statements of fact ( 60:Knowledge (XXG):Reliable sources/Perennial sources 3008:Inaccuracy § Appendix: Reliability in the context 964:newer sources are generally preferred in medicine 902:Knowledge (XXG):Citing sources § Inline citations 650:that have appeared in those sources are covered ( 4358:Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources 3393:(3rd ed.). Scholarly Open Access. Archived from 2875:discussion of the source's own view on something 1665:Knowledge (XXG):Verifiability § Reliable sources 1420:Multiple sources should not be asserted for any 1053:Knowledge (XXG):Verifiability § Reliable sources 792:The creator of the work (the writer, journalist) 659:Knowledge (XXG) should not have an article on it 71:Knowledge (XXG):Verifiability § Reliable sources 58:For a list of frequently discussed sources, see 3175:NPOV means neutral editing, not neutral content 1951:Content from websites whose content is largely 1346:For topics relating to health or medicine, see 1251:, such as those available on repositories like 681:Contentious material about living persons (or, 679: 87:This page documents an English Knowledge (XXG) 3725:"'Predatory' Open-Access Scholarly Publishers" 3271:Knowledge (XXG) Signpost/2008-06-26/Dispatches 3094:WikiProject Resource Exchange/Resource Request 3089:WikiProject Resource Exchange/Shared Resources 2752:Knowledge (XXG):Reliable sources § Scholarship 2616:as a source for material about a living person 1815:Astronomy & Astrophysics Supplement Series 1479:statements attributed to that editor or author 5077: 4191: 3670:Malone Kircher, Madison (November 15, 2016). 3068:List of academic databases and search engines 2209:Spurious sources produced by machine learning 1779:Symposia and supplements to academic journals 1755:). Advertisements can be cited, but they are 696:Knowledge (XXG):Biographies of living persons 623: 8: 4946: 3141:(phrase doesn't mean what you think it does) 2495:Knowledge (XXG):Manual of Style § Quotations 1991:and other collaboratively created websites. 1709:Journal of 100% Reliable Factual Information 789:The piece of work itself (the article, book) 700:Knowledge (XXG):Reliable sources/Noticeboard 642:Knowledge (XXG) articles should be based on 53:Knowledge (XXG):Reliable sources/Noticeboard 30:"WP:RS" redirects here. For other uses, see 4852:Categories, lists, and navigation templates 3573:"'Sybil Exposed': Memory, lies and therapy" 2134:It has been suggested that this section be 648:all majority and significant minority views 95:Editors should generally follow it, though 5084: 5070: 5062: 4954: 4885: 4738: 4699: 4646: 4576: 4402: 4248: 4198: 4184: 4176: 2737:Knowledge (XXG):No disclaimers in articles 1821:Nuclear Physics B: Proceedings Supplements 1484: 630: 616: 388: 215: 181: 4061: 3145:Frequently misinterpreted sourcing policy 3050:Knowledge (XXG):Advanced source searching 3013:Identifying and using independent sources 2199:. Use of self-sourced material should be 1840:Self-published sources (online and paper) 1705:reputation for fact-checking and accuracy 858:made available to the public in some form 3349:or otherwise have appeared in newspapers 3221:Knowledge (XXG) is not a reliable source 3064:, a list of frequently discussed sources 2380:, may be used to mark areas of concern. 2273:Primary, secondary, and tertiary sources 808:Any of the three can affect reliability. 795:The publisher of the work (for example, 4142:Citogenesis (Where citations come from) 3375: 3302:The Creation Research Society Quarterly 3293: 2964:Identifying reliable sources (medicine) 1659:Questionable and self-published sources 587: 564: 512: 484: 449: 417: 380: 308: 281: 207: 184: 46:Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Reliability 4003:Gladstone, Brooke (25 December 2015). 3682:from the original on November 16, 2016 3245:Current science and technology sources 3165:Identifying and using tertiary sources 3160:Identifying reliable sources (science) 3150:Identifying reliable sources (history) 2897:for other details about blacklisting. 2768: 743:Articles should be based on reliable, 505:Deletion guidelines for administrators 5345:Converting between references formats 3904:from the original on 17 November 2018 3621:from the original on November 5, 2011 3585:from the original on October 16, 2011 3018:Identifying and using primary sources 2546:novel syntheses of disparate material 2323:(except as sources on themselves per 1833:The Times Higher Education Supplement 1108:Knowledge (XXG):Neutral point of view 654:Knowledge (XXG):Neutral point of view 7: 3552:from the original on 8 November 2017 2514:Knowledge (XXG):No original research 1636: 1552:Although the content guidelines for 1104:Knowledge (XXG):No original research 692:Knowledge (XXG):No original research 5360:Guidance on source reviewing at FAC 5299:Referencing without using templates 5294:Referencing with citation templates 5011:List of all policies and guidelines 3955:Tangermann, Victor (6 April 2023). 3672:"Fake Facebook news sites to avoid" 3482:from the original on April 13, 2013 3425:from the original on April 11, 2013 3226:Ye shall know them by their sources 1461:Editorial commentary, analysis and 1347: 987:Sources of any age may be prone to 174:referencing for beginners help page 39:Knowledge (XXG):Independent sources 5470:Knowledge (XXG) content guidelines 5050:Summaries of values and principles 4891: 4729: 4492: 4318: 3571:Miller, Laura (October 16, 2011). 3170:Identifying and using style guides 3155:Identifying reliable sources (law) 3062:Reliable sources/Perennial sources 2844:Knowledge (XXG):Deprecated sources 2673:Knowledge (XXG) is not a newspaper 2587:§ Editorial and opinion commentary 2222:reputable legal databases such as 1707:that this guideline requires. The 974: 917:§ Reliability in specific contexts 103:. When in doubt, discuss first on 25: 3860:Nestle, Marion (2 January 2007). 3743:from the original on 4 March 2016 3444:Butler, Declan (March 28, 2013). 3240:Change detection and notification 3078:List of online newspaper archives 2998:External links/Perennial websites 2683:Breaking News Consumer's Handbook 1806:evidence of being published in a 1643:appropriate, as in "The feminist 5475:Knowledge (XXG) reliable sources 4960: 4705: 4652: 4582: 4535:Please do not bite the newcomers 4408: 4254: 3840:10.1001/jama.1994.03520020034009 3538:Kolata, Gina (30 October 2017). 3073:List of digital library projects 2913:lists many templates, including 2751: 2457:Moon landing conspiracy theories 2360:, or article templates, such as 2242:Reliability in specific contexts 2127: 1827:Supplement to the London Gazette 1432:Editorial and opinion commentary 1393:Knowledge (XXG) is not the place 1335: 683:in some cases, recently deceased 158: 79: 5350:Reference display customization 3985:from the original on 2019-02-28 3797:from the original on 2014-03-05 3211:Vanity and predatory publishing 3192:(provides a ref-vetting method) 3119:Applying reliability guidelines 1175:POV and peer review in journals 906:Knowledge (XXG):Inline citation 4128:How to Read a Secondary Source 3196:Potentially unreliable sources 3057:Free English newspaper sources 2854:Knowledge (XXG):Spam blacklist 2730:current-event-related template 1898:use self-published sources as 1469:) or outside authors (invited 1: 5480:Knowledge (XXG) verifiability 5117:Biographies of living persons 4545:Responding to threats of harm 4287:Biographies of living persons 3806:Conflicts-of-interest section 3645:Scholarly definition document 3615:Scholarly definition document 3139:Don't "teach the controversy" 2465:biographies of living persons 2247:Biographies of living persons 2151:Proposed since December 2023. 1711:might have a reputation for " 1579:Biased or opinionated sources 1523:Vendor and e-commerce sources 675:biographies of living persons 666:Knowledge (XXG):Verifiability 248:Don't disrupt to make a point 4612:Criteria for speedy deletion 4481:Paid-contribution disclosure 4134:, Patrick Rael, 2004. (Also 4120:, Patrick Rael, 2004. (Also 4114:How to Read a Primary Source 3310:blog comments as peer review 3255:Reliable sources/Noticeboard 2864:reliable sources noticeboard 1961:newspaper and magazine blogs 984:with new secondary sources. 982:must be periodically updated 428:Categories, lists, templates 5355:References and page numbers 5289:Introduction to referencing 5093:Knowledge (XXG) referencing 4282:What Knowledge (XXG) is not 4036:Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B 3936:Moran, Lyle (30 May 2023). 3518:10.1126/science.342.6154.60 3306:Journal of Frontier Science 3083:The Knowledge (XXG) Library 2734: 2584: 2511: 1482: 1357: 1345: 1333: 1209: 1167:, textbooks, and scholarly 1101: 914: 899: 651: 644:reliable, published sources 269:Other behavioral guidelines 5501: 5304:Referencing dos and don'ts 4048:10.1016/j.apsb.2022.02.002 3190:Reliable sources checklist 3104: 3043: 2847: 2841: 2823: 2782: 2664: 2658: 2640: 2559: 2524: 2492: 2474: 2443: 2405: 2387: 2301: 2276: 2269:, not just article space. 2250: 2117: 2099: 2092:is not a reliable source. 1911: 1870: 1845: 1740: 1722: 1673: 1662: 1621: 1582: 1526: 1435: 1322:United Press International 1284: 1219: 1077: 1050: 1032: 998: 969:Sometimes sources are too 928: 867: 832: 821: 801:Cambridge University Press 758: 715: 709: 186:Knowledge (XXG) guidelines 111: 105:this guideline's talk page 64: 57: 50: 43: 36: 29: 5449:Parenthetical referencing 5284:Citations quick reference 5251:Punctuation and footnotes 5005: 4741: 4217: 3040:Locating reliable sources 2895:Knowledge (XXG):Blacklist 1759:and should be treated as 824:Knowledge (XXG):Published 274:WMF friendly space policy 168:Knowledge (XXG) requires 69:on reliable sources, see 18:Knowledge (XXG):RSCONTEXT 5203:Citation Style Vancouver 3185:Reliable source examples 1378:Human interest reporting 1196:be treated similarly to 1098:Prefer secondary sources 410:Other editing guidelines 373:Other content guidelines 242:Don't bite the newcomers 166:This page in a nutshell: 5485:Knowledge (XXG) sources 5431:Knowledge (XXG) Library 5100:Policies and guidelines 4988:Licensing and copyright 4208:policies and guidelines 3869:Public Health Nutrition 3281:WikiProject Reliability 3201:Tertiary-source fallacy 3134:Dictionaries as sources 2952:Policies and guidelines 2773:in pre-clinical testing 2608:, websites, webforums, 1987:hosting services, most 1485:§ Statements of opinion 5369:Template documentation 5309:Citing Knowledge (XXG) 3733:The Charleston Advisor 3216:Knowledge (XXG) clones 1906:User-generated content 1883:publish their own book 1270:self-published sources 1198:self-published sources 995:Usage by other sources 755:Definition of a source 740: 687: 32:WP:RS (disambiguation) 4983:Friendly space policy 4773:Broad-concept article 4277:Neutral point of view 3651:on September 10, 2011 3581:. Salon Media Group. 3362:, and this is policy. 3261:Reliable sources quiz 3028:Reliable sources/Cost 2769:awaiting FDA approval 2659:Further information: 2556:Statements of opinion 2493:Further information: 2345:primary source-inline 1630:neutral point of view 1475:letters to the editor 1372:conflicts of interest 1202:accredited university 1051:Further information: 1029:Some types of sources 973:to use, such as with 737: 710:Further information: 358:Don't copy long texts 5139:Scientific citations 5112:No original research 4550:Talk page guidelines 4510:Conflict of interest 4451:Ownership of content 4296:Copyright violations 4272:No original research 4206:Knowledge (XXG) key 3723:(25 February 2015). 3206:Tiers of reliability 3003:How to mine a source 2974:No original research 2416:information include 1877:Anyone can create a 1753:influencer marketing 1670:Questionable sources 1318:Agence France-Presse 1115:Reliable scholarship 292:Talk page guidelines 227:Conflict of interest 65:For Knowledge (XXG) 5256:Shortened footnotes 4446:No personal attacks 4368:Don't create hoaxes 3770:on 11 January 2017. 3617:. Princeton. 2011. 3360:exceptional sources 3114:Articles on sources 2979:Non-English sources 2868:conspiracy theories 2860:request for comment 1900:independent sources 1655:believed that...". 1641:in-text attribution 1370:and disclosures of 646:, making sure that 363:Don't create hoaxes 5271:Help for beginners 5223:Citation templates 5175:Referencing styles 5041:List of guidelines 4862:Template namespace 4540:Courtesy vanishing 4515:Disruptive editing 4461:Dispute resolution 4089:Cancer Research UK 3881:10.1079/PHN2001253 3811:2018-12-30 at the 3700:An example is the 3545:The New York Times 3418:The New York Times 3397:on 5 January 2017. 3386:(1 January 2015). 3316:2019-04-20 at the 2943:unreliable source? 2820:Deprecated sources 2617: 2521:Academic consensus 2430:medical guidelines 2422:systematic reviews 2412:Ideal sources for 2375:refimprove science 2322: 2162: 2075:review aggregators 1973:social media sites 1800:supplement is not 1395:for passing along 1281:News organizations 1185:Predatory journals 1181:Predatory journals 1064:attributed in-text 809: 741: 649: 575:Naming conventions 353:Offensive material 237:Disruptive editing 232:Courtesy vanishing 5457: 5456: 5261:Nesting footnotes 5165:Combining sources 5059: 5058: 5001: 5000: 4941: 4940: 4904:Project namespace 4874: 4873: 4870: 4869: 4811:Dates and numbers 4778:Understandability 4688: 4687: 4635: 4634: 4627:Revision deletion 4600:Proposed deletion 4565: 4564: 4530:Gaming the system 4505:Assume good faith 4391: 4390: 4091:. 21 October 2014 3781:Fees, F. (2016), 3676:New York Magazine 3456:(7442): 421–422. 3411:(April 7, 2013). 3308:(the latter uses 3300:Examples include 3046:Help:Find sources 2986:Information pages 2862:, usually at the 2765:disease mongering 2599: 2461:parity of sources 2335:original research 2320: 2310:secondary sources 2213:In recent years, 2169:exceptional claim 2160: 2157: 2156: 2153: 2088:In particular, a 1959:blogs (excluding 1879:personal web page 1748:Sponsored content 1719:Sponsored content 1408:circular sourcing 1190:Journal hijacking 1137:or lists such as 878:WP:CONTEXTMATTERS 807: 668:, which requires 647: 640: 639: 445: 444: 405:Understandability 304: 303: 259:Gaming the system 222:Assume good faith 180: 179: 153: 152: 89:content guideline 16:(Redirected from 5492: 5416: 5410: 5405: 5399: 5394: 5388: 5383: 5377: 5325:Cite link labels 5238:Inline citations 5228:Reflist template 5198:Citation Style 2 5193:Citation Style 1 5122:Reliable sources 5086: 5079: 5072: 5063: 5036: 5035: 5026:List of policies 5021: 5020: 4978:List of policies 4965: 4964: 4963: 4955: 4951: 4948: 4896: 4895: 4894: 4886: 4882: 4879:Project content 4739: 4734: 4733: 4732: 4710: 4709: 4708: 4700: 4696: 4657: 4656: 4655: 4647: 4643: 4587: 4586: 4585: 4577: 4573: 4497: 4496: 4495: 4476:Child protection 4471:No legal threats 4441:Ignore all rules 4413: 4412: 4411: 4403: 4399: 4346:Reliable sources 4323: 4322: 4321: 4259: 4258: 4257: 4249: 4245: 4230:Ignore all rules 4212: 4200: 4193: 4186: 4177: 4144:, xkcd comic by 4101: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4065: 4042:(7): 3049–3062. 4027: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3991: 3990: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3933: 3927: 3920: 3914: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3903: 3875:(5): 1015–1022. 3866: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3822: 3816: 3804: 3803: 3802: 3796: 3789: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3766:. Archived from 3762:Beall, Jeffrey. 3759: 3753: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3742: 3729: 3717: 3711: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3637: 3631: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3592: 3590: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3392: 3380: 3363: 3356: 3350: 3337: 3331: 3327: 3321: 3298: 3266:Source criticism 2993:Common knowledge 2947: 2941: 2936: 2930: 2925: 2919: 2836: 2802: 2795: 2774: 2739: 2727: 2721: 2717: 2711: 2653: 2590: 2572: 2537: 2516: 2487: 2426:medical journals 2400: 2379: 2373: 2369: 2363: 2359: 2353: 2349: 2343: 2317:tertiary sources 2296: 2289: 2215:machine learning 2161:about themselves 2149: 2131: 2130: 2124: 2112: 2068:self referencing 2008:Famous Birthdays 1945: 1943:WP:USERGENERATED 1938: 1931: 1924: 1865: 1858: 1735: 1693: 1686: 1616: 1609: 1607:WP:BIASEDSOURCES 1602: 1595: 1546: 1539: 1502:News aggregators 1488: 1455: 1448: 1362: 1351: 1348:§ Medical claims 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4317: 4311: 4255: 4253: 4237: 4213: 4204: 4165:Benjamin Wittes 4110: 4105: 4104: 4094: 4092: 4083: 4082: 4078: 4029: 4028: 4024: 4014: 4012: 4002: 4001: 3997: 3988: 3986: 3973: 3972: 3968: 3954: 3953: 3949: 3935: 3934: 3930: 3924:this discussion 3921: 3917: 3907: 3905: 3901: 3864: 3859: 3858: 3854: 3824: 3823: 3819: 3813:Wayback Machine 3800: 3798: 3794: 3787: 3780: 3779: 3775: 3761: 3760: 3756: 3746: 3744: 3740: 3727: 3719: 3718: 3714: 3699: 3695: 3685: 3683: 3669: 3668: 3664: 3654: 3652: 3639: 3638: 3634: 3624: 3622: 3609: 3608: 3604: 3588: 3586: 3570: 3569: 3565: 3555: 3553: 3537: 3536: 3532: 3512:(6154): 60–65. 3500: 3499: 3495: 3485: 3483: 3462:10.1038/495421a 3443: 3442: 3438: 3428: 3426: 3407: 3406: 3402: 3390: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3366: 3357: 3353: 3338: 3334: 3328: 3324: 3318:Wayback Machine 3299: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3235: 3230: 3109: 3103: 3098: 3052: 3042: 3037: 3023:Offline sources 2988: 2983: 2969:Fringe theories 2954: 2945: 2939: 2934: 2932:citation needed 2928: 2923: 2917: 2908: 2903: 2856: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2834:WP:RSDEPRECATED 2832: 2828: 2822: 2806: 2805: 2798: 2791: 2787: 2781: 2725: 2719: 2715: 2709: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2656: 2649: 2645: 2639: 2576: 2575: 2568: 2564: 2558: 2550:Review articles 2541: 2540: 2533: 2529: 2523: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2483: 2479: 2473: 2448: 2442: 2440:Fringe theories 2410: 2404: 2403: 2396: 2392: 2386: 2377: 2371: 2367: 2365:primary sources 2361: 2357: 2351: 2347: 2341: 2331:Primary sources 2306: 2300: 2299: 2292: 2285: 2281: 2275: 2255: 2249: 2244: 2211: 2128: 2122: 2116: 2115: 2108: 2104: 2098: 2079:Rotten Tomatoes 2064:Knowledge (XXG) 1969:Internet forums 1949: 1948: 1941: 1934: 1927: 1920: 1916: 1908: 1891:Internet forums 1889:, and posts on 1875: 1869: 1868: 1861: 1854: 1850: 1842: 1757:non-independent 1745: 1739: 1738: 1731: 1727: 1721: 1697: 1696: 1689: 1684:WP:QUESTIONABLE 1682: 1678: 1672: 1667: 1661: 1653:Barry Goldwater 1626: 1620: 1619: 1612: 1605: 1598: 1591: 1587: 1581: 1550: 1549: 1542: 1535: 1531: 1525: 1504: 1459: 1458: 1451: 1444: 1440: 1434: 1301: 1300: 1293: 1289: 1283: 1243: 1242: 1235: 1228: 1224: 1169:review articles 1131:Citation counts 1094: 1093: 1086: 1082: 1076: 1059: 1049: 1048: 1041: 1037: 1031: 1022: 1021: 1014: 1007: 1003: 997: 959: 958: 951: 944: 937: 933: 927: 891: 890: 883: 876: 872: 866: 864:Context matters 849: 848: 841: 837: 831: 820: 775: 774: 767: 763: 757: 732: 731: 724: 720: 714: 708: 636: 607: 599: 514:Project content 460:Manual of Style 368:Patent nonsense 346: 341:Fringe theories 247: 195:Guidelines list 159: 149: 148: 141: 134: 127: 120: 116: 108: 80: 74: 63: 56: 49: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5498: 5496: 5488: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5462: 5461: 5455: 5454: 5452: 5451: 5445: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5433: 5427: 5425: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5417: 5406: 5395: 5384: 5372: 5370: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5330:Citation tools 5327: 5321: 5319: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5279:Reference-tags 5275: 5273: 5267: 5266: 5264: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5242: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5189: 5187: 5185:Citing sources 5181: 5180: 5178: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5151: 5149: 5148:General advice 5145: 5144: 5142: 5141: 5136: 5134:Citing sources 5131: 5130: 5129: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5103: 5101: 5097: 5096: 5091: 5089: 5088: 5081: 5074: 5066: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5053: 5046: 5045: 5044: 5029: 5006: 5003: 5002: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4995: 4993:Privacy policy 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4969: 4967: 4952: 4943: 4942: 4939: 4938: 4936: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4924: 4923: 4913: 4912: 4911: 4900: 4898: 4883: 4876: 4875: 4872: 4871: 4868: 4867: 4865: 4864: 4859: 4857:Categorization 4854: 4848: 4846: 4845:Classification 4842: 4841: 4839: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4802: 4801: 4790: 4788: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4763:Disambiguation 4760: 4755: 4754: 4753: 4742: 4736: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4720: 4718:Editing policy 4714: 4712: 4697: 4690: 4689: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4665:Administrators 4661: 4659: 4644: 4637: 4636: 4633: 4632: 4630: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4608: 4607: 4597: 4591: 4589: 4574: 4567: 4566: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4559: 4558: 4557: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4501: 4499: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4417: 4415: 4400: 4393: 4392: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4385: 4383:External links 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4354: 4353: 4343: 4341:Citing sources 4338: 4333: 4327: 4325: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4309: 4307:Article titles 4304: 4299: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4263: 4261: 4246: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4235: 4234: 4233: 4218: 4215: 4214: 4205: 4203: 4202: 4195: 4188: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4158: 4148: 4146:Randall Munroe 4139: 4125: 4109: 4108:External links 4106: 4103: 4102: 4076: 4022: 3995: 3966: 3947: 3928: 3915: 3852: 3817: 3773: 3754: 3721:Beall, Jeffrey 3712: 3693: 3662: 3641:"Book reviews" 3632: 3611:"Book reviews" 3602: 3563: 3530: 3502:Bohannon, John 3493: 3436: 3400: 3384:Beall, Jeffrey 3374: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3364: 3351: 3332: 3322: 3292: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3283: 3278: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3187: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3110: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2995: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2959:Citing sources 2955: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2948: 2937: 2926: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2838: 2837: 2829: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2804: 2803: 2800:WP:RSHEADLINES 2796: 2788: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2761:press releases 2691:recentism bias 2655: 2654: 2646: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2602:self-published 2597: 2581:opinion pieces 2574: 2573: 2565: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2539: 2538: 2530: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2489: 2488: 2480: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2402: 2401: 2393: 2388: 2385: 2384:Medical claims 2382: 2298: 2297: 2290: 2282: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2265: 2261: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2210: 2207: 2185: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2155: 2154: 2132: 2114: 2113: 2105: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2032:Know Your Meme 1953:user-generated 1947: 1946: 1939: 1932: 1925: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1904: 1867: 1866: 1859: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1838: 1761:self-published 1737: 1736: 1728: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1695: 1694: 1687: 1679: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1660: 1657: 1618: 1617: 1614:WP:ACCORDINGTO 1610: 1603: 1596: 1588: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1573: 1572: 1569: 1554:external links 1548: 1547: 1540: 1532: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1498: 1495: 1463:opinion pieces 1457: 1456: 1453:WP:RSEDITORIAL 1449: 1441: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1428: 1425: 1418: 1416: 1411: 1404: 1385: 1382:Junk food news 1375: 1364: 1353: 1299: 1298: 1290: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1277: 1241: 1240: 1233: 1225: 1220: 1217: 1206:citation index 1178: 1172: 1146: 1128: 1118: 1112: 1092: 1091: 1088:WP:SCHOLARSHIP 1083: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1047: 1046: 1043:WP:SOURCETYPES 1038: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1020: 1019: 1016:WP:USEBYOTHERS 1012: 1004: 999: 996: 993: 957: 956: 949: 942: 939:WP:AGE MATTERS 934: 929: 926: 923: 897: 889: 888: 881: 873: 868: 865: 862: 847: 846: 838: 833: 819: 815:Definition of 813: 805: 804: 793: 790: 773: 772: 764: 759: 756: 753: 730: 729: 721: 716: 707: 704: 638: 637: 635: 634: 627: 620: 612: 609: 608: 603: 601: 597: 595: 592: 591: 585: 584: 583: 582: 577: 569: 568: 562: 561: 560: 559: 554: 549: 548: 547: 537: 532: 531: 530: 517: 516: 510: 509: 508: 507: 502: 497: 489: 488: 482: 481: 480: 479: 478: 477: 472: 467: 454: 453: 447: 446: 443: 442: 441: 440: 438:Disambiguation 435: 433:Categorization 430: 422: 421: 419:Categorization 415: 414: 413: 412: 407: 402: 397: 385: 384: 378: 377: 376: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 343: 338: 337: 336: 326: 324:External links 321: 319:Citing sources 313: 312: 306: 305: 302: 301: 300: 299: 294: 286: 285: 279: 278: 277: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 244: 239: 234: 229: 224: 212: 211: 205: 204: 203: 202: 197: 189: 188: 178: 177: 163: 151: 150: 147: 146: 143:WP:RELIABILITY 139: 132: 125: 117: 112: 109: 94: 93: 84: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5497: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5438: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5422: 5413: 5407: 5402: 5396: 5391: 5385: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5367: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5340:Cite messages 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5318:Advanced help 5316: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5268: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5235: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5182: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5146: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5128: 5125: 5124: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5107:Verifiability 5105: 5104: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5087: 5082: 5080: 5075: 5073: 5068: 5067: 5064: 5052: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5042: 5037: 5030: 5028: 5027: 5022: 5015: 5014: 5013: 5012: 5008: 5007: 5004: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4956: 4953: 4944: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4922: 4919: 4918: 4917: 4914: 4910: 4907: 4906: 4905: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4887: 4884: 4877: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4843: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4806:Accessibility 4804: 4800: 4797: 4796: 4795: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4785: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4752: 4751:Summary style 4749: 4748: 4747: 4744: 4743: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4725: 4719: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4701: 4698: 4691: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4648: 4645: 4638: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4606: 4603: 4602: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4578: 4575: 4568: 4556: 4553: 4552: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4488: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4404: 4401: 4394: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4352: 4349: 4348: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4336:Autobiography 4334: 4332: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4314: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4297: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4267:Verifiability 4265: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4250: 4247: 4240: 4232: 4231: 4227: 4226: 4225: 4224: 4220: 4219: 4216: 4209: 4201: 4196: 4194: 4189: 4187: 4182: 4181: 4178: 4172: 4171: 4166: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4143: 4140: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4126: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4112: 4111: 4107: 4090: 4086: 4080: 4077: 4072: 4069: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4026: 4023: 4010: 4006: 3999: 3996: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3970: 3967: 3962: 3958: 3951: 3948: 3943: 3939: 3932: 3929: 3925: 3919: 3916: 3900: 3896: 3893: 3889: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3863: 3856: 3853: 3848: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3834:(2): 108–13. 3833: 3829: 3821: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3807: 3793: 3786: 3785: 3777: 3774: 3769: 3765: 3758: 3755: 3739: 3735: 3734: 3726: 3722: 3716: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3704: 3697: 3694: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3666: 3663: 3655:September 22, 3650: 3646: 3642: 3636: 3633: 3625:September 22, 3620: 3616: 3612: 3606: 3603: 3599: 3597: 3596:Debbie Nathan 3584: 3580: 3579: 3574: 3567: 3564: 3551: 3547: 3546: 3541: 3534: 3531: 3526: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3497: 3494: 3481: 3477: 3474: 3470: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3440: 3437: 3424: 3420: 3419: 3414: 3410: 3404: 3401: 3396: 3389: 3385: 3379: 3376: 3369: 3361: 3355: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3343: 3336: 3333: 3326: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3297: 3294: 3287: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3124:Cherrypicking 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3111: 3108: 3100: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3054: 3051: 3047: 3039: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2956: 2951: 2944: 2938: 2933: 2927: 2922: 2916: 2915: 2914: 2912: 2905: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2892: 2886: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2871: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2855: 2851: 2845: 2835: 2831: 2830: 2827: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2811: 2801: 2797: 2794: 2790: 2789: 2786: 2778: 2776: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2753: 2748: 2747: 2741: 2738: 2731: 2728:, or another 2724: 2714: 2706: 2704: 2703: 2698: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2680: 2674: 2668: 2662: 2652: 2651:WP:RSBREAKING 2648: 2647: 2644: 2637:Breaking news 2636: 2634: 2632: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2595: 2592: 2588: 2582: 2571: 2567: 2566: 2563: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2547: 2536: 2532: 2531: 2528: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2496: 2486: 2482: 2481: 2478: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2452: 2447: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2409: 2399: 2395: 2394: 2391: 2383: 2381: 2376: 2366: 2356: 2355:better source 2346: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2326: 2325:WP:SELFSOURCE 2318: 2313: 2311: 2305: 2295: 2291: 2288: 2284: 2283: 2280: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2246: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2216: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2203: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2166: 2165: 2164: 2152: 2147: 2143: 2142: 2137: 2133: 2126: 2125: 2121: 2111: 2110:WP:SELFSOURCE 2107: 2106: 2103: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1965:content farms 1962: 1958: 1954: 1944: 1940: 1937: 1933: 1930: 1926: 1923: 1922:WP:TWITTERREF 1919: 1918: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1874: 1864: 1860: 1857: 1853: 1852: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1834: 1829: 1828: 1823: 1822: 1817: 1816: 1811: 1810: 1805: 1804: 1799: 1798: 1791: 1789: 1788:ads disguised 1785: 1780: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1734: 1730: 1729: 1726: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1701: 1692: 1691:WP:QUESTIONED 1688: 1685: 1681: 1680: 1677: 1669: 1666: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1649:Harry Magdoff 1646: 1645:Betty Friedan 1642: 1638: 1633: 1631: 1625: 1615: 1611: 1608: 1604: 1601: 1597: 1594: 1590: 1589: 1586: 1578: 1576: 1570: 1567: 1566: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1555: 1545: 1541: 1538: 1534: 1533: 1530: 1522: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1501: 1496: 1492: 1491: 1490: 1486: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1454: 1450: 1447: 1443: 1442: 1439: 1431: 1426: 1423: 1419: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1405: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1383: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1354: 1349: 1343: 1337: 1336:§ Scholarship 1331: 1330: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1306:news agencies 1296: 1292: 1291: 1288: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1238: 1234: 1231: 1227: 1226: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1165:meta-analyses 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1122: 1121:Dissertations 1119: 1116: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1089: 1085: 1084: 1081: 1073: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1058: 1054: 1044: 1040: 1039: 1036: 1028: 1026: 1017: 1013: 1010: 1006: 1005: 1002: 994: 992: 990: 985: 983: 978: 976: 975:breaking news 972: 967: 965: 954: 953:WP:OLDSOURCES 950: 947: 943: 940: 936: 935: 932: 924: 922: 918: 910: 907: 903: 895: 886: 882: 879: 875: 874: 871: 863: 861: 859: 855: 854: 844: 840: 839: 836: 829: 825: 818: 814: 812: 802: 798: 794: 791: 788: 787: 786: 783: 780: 770: 766: 765: 762: 754: 752: 750: 746: 736: 727: 723: 722: 719: 713: 705: 703: 701: 697: 693: 686: 684: 678: 676: 671: 667: 662: 660: 655: 645: 633: 628: 626: 621: 619: 614: 613: 611: 610: 594: 593: 590: 586: 581: 578: 576: 573: 572: 571: 570: 567: 563: 558: 555: 553: 550: 546: 543: 542: 541: 538: 536: 533: 529: 526: 525: 524: 523:Project pages 521: 520: 519: 518: 515: 511: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 492: 491: 490: 487: 483: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 462: 461: 458: 457: 456: 455: 452: 448: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 425: 424: 423: 420: 416: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 392: 391: 390: 387: 386: 383: 379: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 344: 342: 339: 335: 332: 331: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 316: 315: 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