1127:), can be used but care should be exercised, as they are often, in part, primary sources. Some of them will have gone through a process of academic peer reviewing, of varying levels of rigor, but some will not. If possible, use theses that have been cited in the literature; supervised by recognized specialists in the field; or reviewed by independent parties. Dissertations in progress have not been vetted and are not regarded as published and are thus not reliable sources as a rule. Some theses are later published in the form of scholarly monographs or peer reviewed articles, and, if available, these are usually preferable to the original thesis as sources. Masters dissertations and theses are considered reliable only if they can be shown to have had significant scholarly influence.
860:. The term is most commonly associated with text materials, either in traditional printed format or online; however, audio, video, and multimedia materials that have been recorded then broadcast, distributed, or archived by a reputable party may also meet the necessary criteria to be considered reliable sources. Like text, media must be produced by a reliable source and be properly cited. Additionally, an archived copy of the media must exist. It is convenient, but by no means necessary, for the archived copy to be accessible via the Internet.
2816:—are not a reliable source. If the information is supported by the body of the source, then cite it from the body. Headlines are written to grab readers' attention quickly and briefly; they may be overstated or lack context, and sometimes contain exaggerations or sensationalized claims with the intention of attracting readers to an otherwise reliable article. They are often written by copy editors instead of the researchers and journalists who wrote the articles.
735:
1062:
within the relevant field, or largely ignored by the mainstream academic discourse because of lack of citations. Try to cite current scholarly consensus when available, recognizing that this is often absent. Reliable non-academic sources may also be used in articles about scholarly issues, particularly material from high-quality mainstream publications. Deciding which sources are appropriate depends on context. Material should be
2217:(ML, AI) has become a common way to generate and publish material. It may not be known or detectable that ML was used. While ML generation in itself does not necessarily disqualify a source that is properly checked by the person using it, ML has a tendency to create or "hallucinate" imaginary information, "supported" by citations that look as if they are from respectable sources but do not exist. In one case, a lawyer used
747:, published sources with a reputation for fact-checking and accuracy. This means that we publish only the analysis, views, and opinions of reliable authors, and not those of Wikipedians, who have read and interpreted primary source material for themselves. The following examples cover only some of the possible types of reliable sources and source reliability issues, and are not intended to be exhaustive. Proper sourcing
2337:. Although specific facts may be taken from primary sources, secondary sources that present the same material are preferred. Large blocks of material based purely on primary sources should be avoided. All interpretive claims, analyses, or synthetic claims about primary sources must be referenced to a secondary source, rather than original analysis of the primary-source material by Knowledge (XXG) editors.
1025:
source's reputation and reliability for similar facts, whereas widespread doubts about reliability weigh against it. If outside citation is the main indicator of reliability, particular care should be taken to adhere to other guidelines and policies, and to not unduly represent contentious or minority claims. The goal is to reflect established views of a topic as far as we can determine them.
1177:– Care should be taken with journals that exist mainly to promote a particular point of view. A claim of peer review is not an indication that the journal is respected, or that any meaningful peer review occurs. Journals that are not peer reviewed by the wider academic community should not be considered reliable, except to show the views of the groups represented by those journals.
81:
2129:
1100:– Articles should rely on secondary sources whenever possible. For example, a paper reviewing existing research, a review article, monograph, or textbook is often better than a primary research paper. When relying on primary sources, extreme caution is advised. Wikipedians should never interpret the content of primary sources for themselves (
160:
2693:. Claims sourced to initial news reports should be immediately replaced with better-researched and verified sources as soon as such articles are published, especially if original reports contained inaccuracies. All breaking news stories, without exception, are primary sources, and must be treated with caution: see
2451:
relevant but are only sourced to obscure texts that lack peer review. Parity of sources may mean that certain fringe theories are only reliably and verifiably reported on, or criticized, in alternative venues from those that are typically considered reliable sources for scientific topics on
Knowledge (XXG).
3898:
1151:– Isolated studies are usually considered tentative and may change in the light of further academic research. If the isolated study is a primary source, it should generally not be used if there are secondary sources that cover the same content. The reliability of a single study depends on the field. Avoid
977:(where later reports might be more accurate), and primary sources which purport to debunk a long-standing consensus or introduce a new discovery (in which case awaiting studies that attempt to replicate the discovery might be a good idea, or reviews that validate the methods used to make the discovery).
2732:
may be added to the top of articles related to a breaking-news event to alert readers that some information in the article may be inaccurate and to draw attention to the need to add improved sources as they become available. These templates should not be used, however, to mark articles on subjects or
1699:
Questionable sources are those with a poor reputation for checking the facts or with no editorial oversight. Such sources include websites and publications expressing views that are widely acknowledged as extremist, that are promotional in nature, or that rely heavily on rumors and personal opinions.
1493:
When taking information from opinion content, the identity of the author may help determine reliability. The opinions of specialists and recognized experts are more likely to be reliable and to reflect a significant viewpoint. If the statement is not authoritative, attribute the opinion to the author
2685:
contains several suggestions to avoid spreading unreliable and false information. These include: distrust anonymous sources, unconfirmed reports, and reports attributed to other news media; seek multiple independent sources which independently verify; seek verified eyewitness reports; and be wary of
2450:
Inclusion and exclusion of content related to fringe theories and criticism of fringe theories may be done by means of a rough parity of sources. If an article is written about a well-known topic about which many peer-reviewed articles are written, it should not include fringe theories that may seem
912:
Information provided in passing by an otherwise reliable source or information that is not related to the principal topics of the publication may not be reliable; editors should cite sources focused on the topic at hand where possible. For example, a publisher's web site is likely to be reliable for
1303:
News sources often contain both factual content and opinion content. News reporting from well-established news outlets is generally considered to be reliable for statements of fact (though even the most reputable reporting sometimes contains errors). News reporting from less-established outlets is
3329:
Many submissions to these predatory journals will be by scholars that a) cannot get their theories published in legitimate journals, b) were looking to quickly publish something to boost their academic resumes, or c) were honestly looking for a legitimate peer-review process to validate new ideas,
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Especially in scientific and academic fields, older sources may be inaccurate because new information has been brought to light, new theories proposed, or vocabulary changed. In areas like politics or fashion, laws or trends may make older claims incorrect. Be sure to check that older sources have
2675:
and it does not need to go into all details of a current event in real time. It is better to wait a day or two after an event before adding details to the encyclopedia, than to help spread potentially false rumors. This gives journalists time to collect more information and verify claims, and for
2221:
to generate and file a legal brief that he did not check; the judge upon reviewing the case stated, "six of the submitted cases appear to be bogus judicial decisions with bogus quotes and bogus internal citations", although ChatGPT had assured the author that they were real and could "be found in
1836:. A sponsored supplement also does not necessarily involve a COI; for instance, public health agencies may also sponsor supplements. However, groups that do have a COI may hide behind layers of front organizations with innocuous names, so the ultimate funding sources should always be ascertained.
893:
The reliability of a source depends on context. Each source must be carefully weighed to judge whether it is reliable for the statement being made in the
Knowledge (XXG) article and is an appropriate source for that content. In general, the more people engaged in checking facts, analyzing legal
2543:
A statement that all or most scientists or scholars hold a certain view requires reliable sourcing that directly says that all or most scientists or scholars hold that view. Otherwise, individual opinions should be identified as those of particular, named sources. Editors should avoid original
2499:
The accuracy of quoted material is paramount and the accuracy of quotations from living persons is especially sensitive. To ensure accuracy, the text of quoted material is best taken from (and cited to) the original source being quoted. If this is not possible, then the text may be taken from a
1061:
Many
Knowledge (XXG) articles rely on scholarly material. When available, academic and peer-reviewed publications, scholarly monographs, and textbooks are usually the most reliable sources. However, some scholarly material may be outdated, in competition with alternative theories, controversial
1141:. Works published in journals not included in appropriate databases, especially in fields well covered by them, might be isolated from mainstream academic discourse, though whether it is appropriate to use will depend on the context. The number of citations may be misleading if an author cites
2877:, these are rarely appropriate outside articles on the source itself. In general articles, commentary on a deprecated source's opinion should be drawn from independent secondary sources. Including a claim or statement by a deprecated source that is not covered by reliable sources risks giving
1024:
How accepted and high-quality reliable sources use a given source provides evidence, positive or negative, for its reliability and reputation. The more widespread and consistent this use is, the stronger the evidence. For example, widespread citation without comment for facts is evidence of a
2257:
Editors must take particular care when writing biographical material about living persons. Contentious material about a living person that is unsourced or poorly sourced should be removed immediately; do not move it to the talk page. This applies to any material related to living persons on
738:
Source reliability falls on a spectrum: No source is 'always reliable' or 'always unreliable' for everything. However, some sources provide stronger or weaker support for a given statement. Editors must use their judgment to draw the line between usable and inappropriate sources for each
1639:. When dealing with a potentially biased source, editors should consider whether the source meets the normal requirements for reliable sources, such as editorial control, a reputation for fact-checking, and the level of independence from the topic the source is covering. Bias may make
3128:
781:
is where the material comes from. For example, a source could be a book or a webpage. A source can be reliable or unreliable for the material it is meant to support. Some sources, such as unpublished texts and an editor's own personal experience, are prohibited.
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1893:
are all examples of self-published media. Self-published expert sources may be considered reliable when produced by an established expert on the subject matter, whose work in the relevant field has previously been published by reliable, independent publications.
1700:
Questionable sources are generally unsuitable for citing contentious claims about third parties, which includes claims against institutions, persons living or dead, as well as more ill-defined entities. The proper uses of a questionable source are very limited.
1506:
Some websites function partly or entirely as aggregators, reprinting items from websites of news agencies, blogs, websites, or even
Knowledge (XXG) itself. These may constitute a curated feed or an AI-generated feed. Examples include the main pages of
1117:– Material such as an article, book, monograph, or research paper that has been vetted by the scholarly community is regarded as reliable, where the material has been published in reputable peer-reviewed sources or by well-regarded academic presses.
1556:
prohibit linking to "Individual web pages that primarily exist to sell products or services", inline citations may be allowed to e-commerce pages such as that of a book on a bookseller's page or an album on its streaming-music page, in order to
2319:, such as introductory-level university textbooks, almanacs, and encyclopedias, may be cited. However, although Knowledge (XXG) articles are tertiary sources, Knowledge (XXG) employs no systematic mechanism for fact-checking or accuracy. Thus,
2454:
In an article on a fringe topic, if a notable fringe theory is primarily described by amateurs and self-published texts, verifiable and reliable criticism of the fringe theory need not be published in a peer-reviewed journal. For example, the
2463:, critiques of that material can likewise be gleaned from reliable websites and books that are not peer-reviewed. Of course, for any viewpoint described in an article, only reliable sources should be used; Knowledge (XXG)'s verifiability and
672:
for any material challenged or likely to be challenged, and for all quotations. The verifiability policy is strictly applied to all material in the mainspace—articles, lists, and sections of articles—without exception, and in particular to
1750:
is a paid advertisement that is formatted to look like an article or other piece of typical content for that outlet. The content may be directly controlled by the sponsor, or the advertiser may pay an author to create the content (e.g.,
2230:". Citations have been published to newspaper articles that do not exist, attributed to named reporters. Such spurious material may be generated unintentionally by writers—reporters, scientists, medical researchers, lawyers, ...—using
689:
In the event of a contradiction between this guideline and our policies regarding sourcing and attribution, the policies take priority and editors should seek to resolve the discrepancy. Other policies relevant to sourcing are
1355:
Otherwise reliable news sources—for example, the website of a major news organization—that publish in a blog-style format for some or all of their content may be as reliable as if published in standard news article format
810:
Reliable sources may be published materials with a reliable publication process, authors who are regarded as authoritative in relation to the subject, or both. These qualifications should be demonstrable to other people.
1632:. However, reliable sources are not required to be neutral, unbiased, or objective. Sometimes non-neutral sources are the best possible sources for supporting information about the different viewpoints held on a subject.
1781:
are often (but far from always) unacceptable sources. They are commonly sponsored by industry groups with a financial interest in the outcome of the research reported. They may lack independent editorial oversight and
3825:
Rochon, PA; Gurwitz, JH; Cheung, CM; Hayes, JA; Chalmers, TC (13 July 1994). "Evaluating the quality of articles published in journal supplements compared with the quality of those published in the parent journal".
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are of very low quality and have only token peer-review, if any. These journals publish whatever is submitted if the author is willing to pay a fee. Some go so far as to mimic the names of established journals
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Some sources may be considered reliable for statements as to their author's opinion, but not for statements asserted as fact. For example, an inline qualifier might say " says....". A prime example of this is
1267:
are not reliable sources. Research that has not been peer-reviewed is akin to a blog, as anybody can post it online. Their use is generally discouraged, unless they meet the criteria for acceptable use of
1793:
Indications that an article was published in a supplement may be fairly subtle; for instance, a letter "S" added to a page number, or "Suppl." in a reference. However, note that merely being published in
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2888:
Some sources are blacklisted, and can not be used at all. Blacklisting is generally reserved for sources which are added abusively, such as state-sponsored fake news sites with a history of addition by
1571:
When only self-published by the vendor, i.e. no reliable independent source confirming the ranking as being relevant, the ranking would usually carry insufficient weight to be mentioned in any article.
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and claim to be an expert in a certain field. For that reason, self-published sources are largely not acceptable. Self-published books and newsletters, personal pages on social networking sites,
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cautions consumers to be wary of news reports describing early science and medical breakthroughs, especially those which do not interview independent experts (often solely based on unreliable
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such things as titles and running times. Journalistic and academic sources are preferable, however, and e-commerce links should be replaced with reliable non-commercial sources if available.
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also documents a connection between
Schreiber and Terry Morris, a 'pioneer' of this genre who freely admitted to taking 'considerable license with the facts that are given to me.'
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in mainstream newspapers. When using them, it is best to clearly attribute the opinions in the text to the author and make it clear to the readers that they are reading an opinion
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172:
for any material challenged or likely to be challenged, and for all quotations. If you are new to editing and just need a general overview of how sources work, please visit the
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685:) that is unsourced or poorly sourced—whether the material is negative, positive, neutral, or just questionable—must be removed immediately and without waiting for discussion.
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2548:. Stated simply, any statement in Knowledge (XXG) that academic consensus exists on a topic must be sourced rather than being based on the opinion or assessment of editors.
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Partisan secondary sources should be viewed with suspicion as they may misquote or quote out of context. In such cases, look for neutral corroboration from another source.
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A number of sources are deprecated on
Knowledge (XXG). That means they should not be used, unless there is a specific consensus to do so. Deprecation happens through a
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Common sources of bias include political, financial, religious, philosophical, or other beliefs. Although a source may be biased, it may be reliable in the specific
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and should not be treated differently than the underlying press release. Occasionally, some newspapers still have specialist reporters who are citable by name. (
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that the biomedical information in all types of articles be based on reliable, independent, published sources and accurately reflect current medical knowledge.
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are often difficult to use appropriately. Although they can be both reliable and useful in certain situations, they must be used with caution in order to avoid
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4183:
1814:
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1123:– Completed dissertations or theses written as part of the requirements for a doctorate, and which are publicly available (most via interlibrary loan or from
3805:
2767:(exaggerating risks, symptoms, or anecdotes of a disease which leads to unnecessary worry, panic, or spending), and to be skeptical of treatments which are "
2763:), to prefer reports which avoid hyperbolic language and describe both benefits and costs of a new treatment (all treatments have trade-offs), to be wary of
1778:
1715:" behavior, which includes questionable business practices and/or peer-review processes that raise concerns about the reliability of their journal articles.
1133:– One may be able to confirm that discussion of the source has entered mainstream academic discourse by checking what scholarly citations it has received in
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3210:
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2163:, especially in articles about themselves, without the requirement that they be published experts in the field, so long as the following criteria are met:
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2618:, unless written or published by the subject of the biographical material. "Self-published blogs" in this context refers to personal and group blogs; see
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2775:" as more than 90% of all treatments fail during these stages and, even if efficacious, may be 10 to 15 years or more from reaching the consumer market.
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reliable secondary source (ideally one that includes a citation to the original). No matter where you take the quoted text from, it is important to
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as academic articles. Such supplements, and those that do not clearly declare their editorial policy and conflicts of interest, should not be cited.
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52:
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2870:), usually when there are large numbers of references to the source giving rise to concerns about the integrity of information in the encyclopedia.
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Similarly for breaking news, a contemporary secondary news source can quickly become a historical primary source. Articles of recent current events
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1786:, with no supervision of content by the parent journal. Such articles do not share the reliability of their parent journal, being essentially paid
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88:
1276:. However, links to such repositories can be used as open-access links for papers which have been subsequently published in acceptable literature.
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2866:. It is reserved for sources that have a substantial history of fabrication or other serious factual accuracy issues (e.g. promoting unfounded
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in the text of the article and do not represent it as fact. Reviews for books, movies, art, etc. can be opinion, summary, or scholarly pieces.
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Breaking-news reports often contain serious inaccuracies. As an electronic publication, Knowledge (XXG) can and should be up to date, but
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is generally not as reliable as news reporting, and may not be subject to the same rigorous standards of fact-checking and accuracy (see
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not been superseded, especially if it is likely that new discoveries or developments have occurred in the last few years. In particular,
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at the top of the article. Sources that do not clearly distinguish staff-written articles from sponsored content are also questionable.
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potential hoaxes. With mass shootings, remain skeptical of early reports of additional attackers, coordinated plans, and bomb threats.
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2085:) may be reliable when summarizing experts, the ratings and opinions of their users (including the reported rating averages) are not.
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an author's identity, date of publication, etc., but not necessarily for a critical, artistic, or commercial evaluation of the work (
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When editors talk about sources that are being cited on
Knowledge (XXG), they might be referring to any one of these three concepts:
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persons in the news. If they were, hundreds of thousands of articles would have such a template, without any significant advantage (
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3446:"Sham journals scam authors: Con artists are stealing the identities of real journals to cheat scientists out of publishing fees"
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2070:). For official accounts from celebrities and organizations on social media, see the section about self-published sources below.
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For health- and science-related breaking-news, Knowledge (XXG) has specific sourcing standards to prevent inaccuracies: see
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article may include material from reliable websites, movies, television specials, and books that are not peer-reviewed. By
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Some news organizations have used
Knowledge (XXG) articles as a source for their work. Editors should therefore beware of
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Rankings proposed by vendors (such as bestseller lists at Amazon) usually have at least one of the following problems:
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rumors may be appropriate (i.e. if the rumors themselves are noteworthy, regardless of whether or not they are true).
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Scholarly sources and high-quality non-scholarly sources are generally better than news reports for academic topics
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Signals that a news organization engages in fact-checking and has a reputation for accuracy are the publication of
1340:. Press releases from organizations or journals are often used by newspapers with minimal change; such sources are
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4157:. How a troll used user-generated content to spread misinformation to TV.com, the IMDb, and Knowledge (XXG).
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Knowledge (XXG) articles (and
Knowledge (XXG) mirrors) in themselves are not reliable sources for any purpose
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The reporting of rumors has a limited encyclopedic value, although in some instances verifiable information
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1200:. If you are unsure about the quality of a journal, check that the editorial board is based in a respected
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Recommendations for the conduct, reporting, editing, and publication of scholarly work in medical journals
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3257:– obtain community input on whether or not a source meets our reliability standards for a particular use
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Unless reported by a reliable source, leaks should not normally be used or cited directly in articles.
1208:—be wary of indexes that merely list almost all publications, and do not vet the journals they list. (
3862:"Food company sponsorship of nutrition research and professional activities: a conflict of interest?"
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is generally unacceptable. Sites with user-generated content include personal websites, personal and
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about living people, even if the author is an expert, well-known professional researcher, or writer.
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Knowledge (XXG):Identifying and using primary sources § Examples of news reports as primary sources
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Any analysis or interpretation of the quoted material, however, should rely on a secondary source (
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When editing articles in which the use of primary sources is a concern, in-line templates, such as
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generally considered less reliable for statements of fact. Most newspapers also reprint items from
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It does not involve claims about third parties (such as people, organizations, or other entities).
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depends on context; common sense and editorial judgment are an indispensable part of the process.
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A deprecated source should not be used to support factual claims. While there are exceptions for
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1152:
664:
This guideline discusses the reliability of various types of sources. The policy on sourcing is
2631:
Knowledge (XXG):Verifiability § Self-published or questionable sources as sources on themselves
2120:
Knowledge (XXG):Verifiability § Self-published or questionable sources as sources on themselves
5406:
5159:
4992:
4169:
4067:
4051:
3884:
3843:
3521:
3465:
3045:
2867:
2764:
2429:
2421:
2417:
2074:
1878:
1747:
1189:
1184:
3610:
2141:
Knowledge (XXG):Verifiability#Self-published or questionable sources as sources on themselves
169:
5395:
5329:
5222:
4175:
4058:
4043:
3876:
3835:
3513:
3457:
3345:
and others and discussed on
Knowledge (XXG), where incorrect details from articles added as
3265:
2712:
2624:
Knowledge (XXG):Biographies of living persons § Using the subject as a self-published source
2214:
2011:
2007:
1325:
598:
2863:
2859:
2464:
1760:
1515:. As with newspaper reprints, the original content creator is responsible for accuracy and
1269:
1197:
1067:
734:
5384:
4972:
4164:
3812:
3577:
3317:
2601:
2432:
and position statements from nationally or internationally reputable expert bodies. It is
2425:
2078:
1882:
1652:
1417:
news story is reliable for a fact or statement should be examined on a case-by-case basis.
1168:
1899:
1812:
supplement. Many, if not most, supplements are perfectly legitimate sources, such as the
1553:
894:
issues, and scrutinizing the writing, the more reliable the publication. Sources should
5240:
4145:
4135:
4127:
4121:
4113:
4062:
4031:
3648:
2549:
2031:
1968:
1890:
1381:
1205:
1134:
588:
1767:
sources in articles. Reliable publications clearly indicate sponsored articles in the
1519:. Direct links to the original source should be preferred over the aggregator's link.
17:
5458:
4641:
3839:
3720:
3595:
3501:
3383:
2580:
1648:
1644:
1462:
1164:
1142:
4949:
3894:
5273:
2746:
Knowledge (XXG):Identifying reliable sources (medicine) § Respect secondary sources
2678:
2015:
1995:
1964:
796:
4977:
3475:
2063:
1192:). The lack of reliable peer review implies that articles in such journals should
4161:
How to Read a News Story About an Investigation: Eight Tips on Who Is Saying What
4151:"How I used lies about a cartoon to prove history is meaningless on the internet"
3782:
2772:
5435:
4694:
3517:
3408:
3341:
1802:
1783:
1575:
For such reasons, such rankings are usually avoided as Knowledge (XXG) content.
1305:
4047:
2661:
Knowledge (XXG):Biographies of living persons § Avoid gossip and feedback loops
2187:
These requirements also apply to pages from social networking websites such as
3702:
2890:
2813:
2696:
Knowledge (XXG):No original research § Primary, secondary and tertiary sources
2413:
2304:
Knowledge (XXG):No original research § Primary, secondary and tertiary sources
2223:
2201:
2082:
2059:
1956:
1772:
1512:
1341:
4054:
3764:"Potential, possible, or probable predatory scholarly open-access publishers"
2159:
Self-published or questionable sources may be used as sources of information
2809:
2235:
2205:; the great majority of any article must be drawn from independent sources.
2177:
It does not involve claims about events not directly related to the subject.
2089:
2051:
2027:
2019:
1466:
1212:
Knowledge (XXG):Identifying reliable sources (medicine) § Predatory journals
1156:
4132:
Reading, Writing, and Researching for History: A Guide for College Students
4118:
Reading, Writing, and Researching for History: A Guide for College Students
4070:
3887:
3647:. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 2011. Archived from
3524:
3468:
3846:
1155:
when using single studies in such fields. Studies relating to complex and
1057:
Knowledge (XXG):Verifiability § Verifiability does not guarantee inclusion
4154:
2428:, widely recognised standard textbooks written by experts in a field, or
2196:
2039:
2003:
1313:
1248:
1160:
1124:
5061:
3706:, which is broadly considered a questionable and prohibited source, per
2689:
When editing a current-event article, keep in mind the tendency towards
2467:
policies are not suspended simply because the topic is a fringe theory.
1568:
It may be impossible to provide a stable source for the alleged ranking.
1163:, are less definitive and should be avoided. Secondary sources, such as
4005:"Breaking News Consumer's Handbook: Health News Edition | On the Media"
3880:
2613:
2231:
2227:
2218:
2188:
2055:
1999:
1976:
1886:
1309:
1260:
1256:
3957:"Newspaper Alarmed When ChatGPT References Article It Never Published"
3767:
2544:
research especially with regard to making blanket statements based on
2502:
make clear the actual source of the text, as it appears in the article
3309:
2192:
2047:
2043:
2035:
1768:
1396:
1264:
3926:
of how to identify shill academic articles cited in Knowledge (XXG).
3461:
4032:"Why 90% of clinical drug development fails and how to improve it?"
2911:
Knowledge (XXG):Template messages/Cleanup/Verifiability and sources
2183:
The Knowledge (XXG) article is not based primarily on such sources.
898:
the information as it is presented in the Knowledge (XXG) article (
1470:
1400:
1252:
733:
1497:
Some news organizations may not publish their editorial policies.
698:. For questions about the reliability of particular sources, see
4030:
Sun, Duxin; Gao, Wei; Hu, Hongxiang; Zhou, Simon (1 July 2022).
2620:
Knowledge (XXG):Biographies of living persons § Reliable sources
2609:
2605:
2253:
Knowledge (XXG):Biographies of living persons § Reliable sources
2096:
Self-published and questionable sources as sources on themselves
2023:
1988:
1138:
5065:
4179:
2893:. Specific blacklisted sources can be locally whitelisted; see
2594:
There is an important exception to sourcing statements of fact
2424:
in reliable, independent, published sources, such as reputable
602:
37:"WP:IRS" redirects here. For independent reliable sources, see
2676:
investigative authorities to make official announcements. The
2123:
1508:
1171:
are preferred when available, so as to provide proper context.
605:
154:
75:
3938:"Lawyer cites fake cases generated by ChatGPT in legal brief"
3358:
Please keep in mind that any exceptional claim would require
2234:
to help them to produce reports, or maliciously to generate "
1651:..."; or "The conservative Republican presidential candidate
27:
Content guideline for determining the reliability of a source
3085:, a program for accessing paywalled resources free of charge
2308:
Knowledge (XXG) articles should be based mainly on reliable
1360:
Knowledge (XXG):Verifiability § Newspaper and magazine blogs
4880:
3540:"Many Academics Are Eager to Publish in Worthless Journals"
3388:"Criteria for Determining Predatory Open-Access Publishers"
3107:
Knowledge (XXG):Essay directory § Verifiability and sources
856:
means, for Knowledge (XXG)'s purposes, any source that was
1703:
Beware of sources that sound reliable but do not have the
44:"WP:Reliability" redirects here. For the WikiProject, see
4085:"How long a new drug takes to go through clinical trials"
1743:
Knowledge (XXG):Conflict of interest § Covert advertising
1517:
reliability should be judged based on the original source
1272:, and will always fail higher sourcing requirements like
99:
may apply. Substantive edits to this page should reflect
1424:
article. Such sources are essentially a single source.
991:, and this needs to be balanced out by careful editing.
51:
For community input on the reliability of a source, see
4141:
2833:
2799:
2792:
2650:
2569:
2534:
2484:
2408:
Knowledge (XXG):Identifying reliable sources (medicine)
2397:
2293:
2286:
2109:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1862:
1855:
1732:
1690:
1683:
1624:
Knowledge (XXG):Neutral point of view § Bias in sources
1613:
1606:
1599:
1592:
1543:
1536:
1477:
from notable figures) are reliable primary sources for
1452:
1445:
1294:
1236:
1229:
1204:, and that it is included in the relevant high-quality
1087:
1042:
1015:
1008:
952:
945:
938:
884:
877:
842:
822:"WP:PUBLISHED" redirects here. Not to be confused with
768:
725:
142:
135:
128:
121:
3975:"The Breaking News Consumer's Handbook | On the Media"
3330:
but were denied the feedback by fraudulent publishers.
3180:
Otto Middleton (or why newspapers are dubious sources)
1873:
Knowledge (XXG):Verifiability § Self-published sources
3413:"Scientific Articles Accepted (Personal Checks, Too)"
3339:
A variety of these incidents have been documented by
3129:
Children's, adult new reader, and large print sources
2629:
The exception for statements ABOUTSELF is covered at
2586:
1465:, whether written by the editors of the publication (
916:
712:
Knowledge (XXG):Neutral point of view § Good research
4520:
Do not disrupt Knowledge (XXG) to illustrate a point
2180:
There is no reasonable doubt as to its authenticity.
1994:
Examples of unacceptable user-generated sources are
1647:
wrote that..."; "According to the Marxist economist
657:). If no reliable sources can be found on a topic,
5434:
5418:
5363:
5312:
5264:
5231:
5183:
5147:
5099:
4957:
4945:
4888:
4878:
4844:
4786:
4726:
4702:
4692:
4649:
4639:
4579:
4569:
4489:
4405:
4395:
4315:
4251:
4241:
2667:
Knowledge (XXG):Notability (events) § Breaking news
2446:
Knowledge (XXG):Fringe theories § Parity of sources
2167:The material is neither unduly self-serving nor an
1628:Knowledge (XXG) articles are required to present a
3504:(4 October 2013). "Who's afraid of peer review?".
2850:Knowledge (XXG):Reliable sources/Perennial sources
1481:, but are rarely reliable for statements of fact (
60:Knowledge (XXG):Reliable sources/Perennial sources
3008:Inaccuracy § Appendix: Reliability in the context
964:newer sources are generally preferred in medicine
902:Knowledge (XXG):Citing sources § Inline citations
650:that have appeared in those sources are covered (
4358:Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources
3393:(3rd ed.). Scholarly Open Access. Archived from
2875:discussion of the source's own view on something
1665:Knowledge (XXG):Verifiability § Reliable sources
1420:Multiple sources should not be asserted for any
1053:Knowledge (XXG):Verifiability § Reliable sources
792:The creator of the work (the writer, journalist)
659:Knowledge (XXG) should not have an article on it
71:Knowledge (XXG):Verifiability § Reliable sources
58:For a list of frequently discussed sources, see
3175:NPOV means neutral editing, not neutral content
1951:Content from websites whose content is largely
1346:For topics relating to health or medicine, see
1251:, such as those available on repositories like
681:Contentious material about living persons (or,
679:
87:This page documents an English Knowledge (XXG)
3725:"'Predatory' Open-Access Scholarly Publishers"
3271:Knowledge (XXG) Signpost/2008-06-26/Dispatches
3094:WikiProject Resource Exchange/Resource Request
3089:WikiProject Resource Exchange/Shared Resources
2752:Knowledge (XXG):Reliable sources § Scholarship
2616:as a source for material about a living person
1815:Astronomy & Astrophysics Supplement Series
1479:statements attributed to that editor or author
5077:
4191:
3670:Malone Kircher, Madison (November 15, 2016).
3068:List of academic databases and search engines
2209:Spurious sources produced by machine learning
1779:Symposia and supplements to academic journals
1755:). Advertisements can be cited, but they are
696:Knowledge (XXG):Biographies of living persons
623:
8:
4946:
3141:(phrase doesn't mean what you think it does)
2495:Knowledge (XXG):Manual of Style § Quotations
1991:and other collaboratively created websites.
1709:Journal of 100% Reliable Factual Information
789:The piece of work itself (the article, book)
700:Knowledge (XXG):Reliable sources/Noticeboard
642:Knowledge (XXG) articles should be based on
53:Knowledge (XXG):Reliable sources/Noticeboard
30:"WP:RS" redirects here. For other uses, see
4852:Categories, lists, and navigation templates
3573:"'Sybil Exposed': Memory, lies and therapy"
2134:It has been suggested that this section be
648:all majority and significant minority views
95:Editors should generally follow it, though
5084:
5070:
5062:
4954:
4885:
4738:
4699:
4646:
4576:
4402:
4248:
4198:
4184:
4176:
2737:Knowledge (XXG):No disclaimers in articles
1821:Nuclear Physics B: Proceedings Supplements
1484:
630:
616:
388:
215:
181:
4061:
3145:Frequently misinterpreted sourcing policy
3050:Knowledge (XXG):Advanced source searching
3013:Identifying and using independent sources
2199:. Use of self-sourced material should be
1840:Self-published sources (online and paper)
1705:reputation for fact-checking and accuracy
858:made available to the public in some form
3349:or otherwise have appeared in newspapers
3221:Knowledge (XXG) is not a reliable source
3064:, a list of frequently discussed sources
2380:, may be used to mark areas of concern.
2273:Primary, secondary, and tertiary sources
808:Any of the three can affect reliability.
795:The publisher of the work (for example,
4142:Citogenesis (Where citations come from)
3375:
3302:The Creation Research Society Quarterly
3293:
2964:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)
1659:Questionable and self-published sources
587:
564:
512:
484:
449:
417:
380:
308:
281:
207:
184:
46:Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Reliability
4003:Gladstone, Brooke (25 December 2015).
3682:from the original on November 16, 2016
3245:Current science and technology sources
3165:Identifying and using tertiary sources
3160:Identifying reliable sources (science)
3150:Identifying reliable sources (history)
2897:for other details about blacklisting.
2768:
743:Articles should be based on reliable,
505:Deletion guidelines for administrators
5340:Converting between references formats
3904:from the original on 17 November 2018
3621:from the original on November 5, 2011
3585:from the original on October 16, 2011
3018:Identifying and using primary sources
2546:novel syntheses of disparate material
2323:(except as sources on themselves per
1833:The Times Higher Education Supplement
1108:Knowledge (XXG):Neutral point of view
654:Knowledge (XXG):Neutral point of view
7:
3552:from the original on 8 November 2017
2514:Knowledge (XXG):No original research
1636:
1552:Although the content guidelines for
1104:Knowledge (XXG):No original research
692:Knowledge (XXG):No original research
5355:Guidance on source reviewing at FAC
5294:Referencing without using templates
5289:Referencing with citation templates
5011:List of all policies and guidelines
3955:Tangermann, Victor (6 April 2023).
3672:"Fake Facebook news sites to avoid"
3482:from the original on April 13, 2013
3425:from the original on April 11, 2013
3226:Ye shall know them by their sources
1461:Editorial commentary, analysis and
1347:
987:Sources of any age may be prone to
174:referencing for beginners help page
39:Knowledge (XXG):Independent sources
5465:Knowledge (XXG) content guidelines
5050:Summaries of values and principles
4891:
4729:
4492:
4318:
3571:Miller, Laura (October 16, 2011).
3170:Identifying and using style guides
3155:Identifying reliable sources (law)
3062:Reliable sources/Perennial sources
2844:Knowledge (XXG):Deprecated sources
2673:Knowledge (XXG) is not a newspaper
2587:§ Editorial and opinion commentary
2222:reputable legal databases such as
1707:that this guideline requires. The
974:
917:§ Reliability in specific contexts
103:. When in doubt, discuss first on
25:
3860:Nestle, Marion (2 January 2007).
3743:from the original on 4 March 2016
3444:Butler, Declan (March 28, 2013).
3240:Change detection and notification
3078:List of online newspaper archives
2998:External links/Perennial websites
2683:Breaking News Consumer's Handbook
1806:evidence of being published in a
1643:appropriate, as in "The feminist
5470:Knowledge (XXG) reliable sources
4960:
4705:
4652:
4582:
4535:Please do not bite the newcomers
4408:
4254:
3840:10.1001/jama.1994.03520020034009
3538:Kolata, Gina (30 October 2017).
3073:List of digital library projects
2913:lists many templates, including
2751:
2457:Moon landing conspiracy theories
2360:, or article templates, such as
2242:Reliability in specific contexts
2127:
1827:Supplement to the London Gazette
1432:Editorial and opinion commentary
1393:Knowledge (XXG) is not the place
1335:
683:in some cases, recently deceased
158:
79:
5345:Reference display customization
3985:from the original on 2019-02-28
3797:from the original on 2014-03-05
3211:Vanity and predatory publishing
3192:(provides a ref-vetting method)
3119:Applying reliability guidelines
1175:POV and peer review in journals
906:Knowledge (XXG):Inline citation
4128:How to Read a Secondary Source
3196:Potentially unreliable sources
3057:Free English newspaper sources
2854:Knowledge (XXG):Spam blacklist
2730:current-event-related template
1898:use self-published sources as
1469:) or outside authors (invited
1:
5475:Knowledge (XXG) verifiability
5117:Biographies of living persons
4545:Responding to threats of harm
4287:Biographies of living persons
3806:Conflicts-of-interest section
3645:Scholarly definition document
3615:Scholarly definition document
3139:Don't "teach the controversy"
2465:biographies of living persons
2247:Biographies of living persons
2151:Proposed since December 2023.
1711:might have a reputation for "
1579:Biased or opinionated sources
1523:Vendor and e-commerce sources
675:biographies of living persons
666:Knowledge (XXG):Verifiability
248:Don't disrupt to make a point
4612:Criteria for speedy deletion
4481:Paid-contribution disclosure
4134:, Patrick Rael, 2004. (Also
4120:, Patrick Rael, 2004. (Also
4114:How to Read a Primary Source
3310:blog comments as peer review
3255:Reliable sources/Noticeboard
2864:reliable sources noticeboard
1961:newspaper and magazine blogs
984:with new secondary sources.
982:must be periodically updated
428:Categories, lists, templates
5350:References and page numbers
5284:Introduction to referencing
5093:Knowledge (XXG) referencing
4282:What Knowledge (XXG) is not
4036:Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B
3936:Moran, Lyle (30 May 2023).
3518:10.1126/science.342.6154.60
3306:Journal of Frontier Science
3083:The Knowledge (XXG) Library
2734:
2584:
2511:
1482:
1357:
1345:
1333:
1209:
1167:, textbooks, and scholarly
1101:
914:
899:
651:
644:reliable, published sources
269:Other behavioral guidelines
5496:
5299:Referencing dos and don'ts
4048:10.1016/j.apsb.2022.02.002
3190:Reliable sources checklist
3104:
3043:
2847:
2841:
2823:
2782:
2664:
2658:
2640:
2559:
2524:
2492:
2474:
2443:
2405:
2387:
2301:
2276:
2269:, not just article space.
2250:
2117:
2099:
2092:is not a reliable source.
1911:
1870:
1845:
1740:
1722:
1673:
1662:
1621:
1582:
1526:
1435:
1322:United Press International
1284:
1219:
1077:
1050:
1032:
998:
969:Sometimes sources are too
928:
867:
832:
821:
801:Cambridge University Press
758:
715:
709:
186:Knowledge (XXG) guidelines
111:
105:this guideline's talk page
64:
57:
50:
43:
36:
29:
5444:Parenthetical referencing
5279:Citations quick reference
5246:Punctuation and footnotes
5005:
4741:
4217:
3040:Locating reliable sources
2895:Knowledge (XXG):Blacklist
1759:and should be treated as
824:Knowledge (XXG):Published
274:WMF friendly space policy
168:Knowledge (XXG) requires
69:on reliable sources, see
5203:Citation Style Vancouver
3185:Reliable source examples
1378:Human interest reporting
1196:be treated similarly to
1098:Prefer secondary sources
410:Other editing guidelines
373:Other content guidelines
242:Don't bite the newcomers
166:This page in a nutshell:
5480:Knowledge (XXG) sources
5426:Knowledge (XXG) Library
5100:Policies and guidelines
4988:Licensing and copyright
4208:policies and guidelines
3869:Public Health Nutrition
3281:WikiProject Reliability
3201:Tertiary-source fallacy
3134:Dictionaries as sources
2952:Policies and guidelines
2773:in pre-clinical testing
2608:, websites, webforums,
1987:hosting services, most
1485:§ Statements of opinion
5364:Template documentation
5304:Citing Knowledge (XXG)
3733:The Charleston Advisor
3216:Knowledge (XXG) clones
1906:User-generated content
1883:publish their own book
1270:self-published sources
1198:self-published sources
995:Usage by other sources
755:Definition of a source
740:
687:
32:WP:RS (disambiguation)
18:Knowledge (XXG):YMINAR
4983:Friendly space policy
4773:Broad-concept article
4277:Neutral point of view
3651:on September 10, 2011
3581:. Salon Media Group.
3362:, and this is policy.
3261:Reliable sources quiz
3028:Reliable sources/Cost
2769:awaiting FDA approval
2659:Further information:
2556:Statements of opinion
2493:Further information:
2345:primary source-inline
1630:neutral point of view
1475:letters to the editor
1372:conflicts of interest
1202:accredited university
1051:Further information:
1029:Some types of sources
973:to use, such as with
737:
710:Further information:
358:Don't copy long texts
5139:Scientific citations
5112:No original research
4550:Talk page guidelines
4510:Conflict of interest
4451:Ownership of content
4296:Copyright violations
4272:No original research
4206:Knowledge (XXG) key
3723:(25 February 2015).
3206:Tiers of reliability
3003:How to mine a source
2974:No original research
2416:information include
1877:Anyone can create a
1753:influencer marketing
1670:Questionable sources
1318:Agence France-Presse
1115:Reliable scholarship
292:Talk page guidelines
227:Conflict of interest
65:For Knowledge (XXG)
5251:Shortened footnotes
4446:No personal attacks
4368:Don't create hoaxes
3770:on 11 January 2017.
3617:. Princeton. 2011.
3360:exceptional sources
3114:Articles on sources
2979:Non-English sources
2868:conspiracy theories
2860:request for comment
1900:third-party sources
1655:believed that...".
1641:in-text attribution
1370:and disclosures of
646:, making sure that
363:Don't create hoaxes
5266:Help for beginners
5218:Citation templates
5175:Referencing styles
5041:List of guidelines
4862:Template namespace
4540:Courtesy vanishing
4515:Disruptive editing
4461:Dispute resolution
4089:Cancer Research UK
3881:10.1079/PHN2001253
3811:2018-12-30 at the
3700:An example is the
3545:The New York Times
3418:The New York Times
3397:on 5 January 2017.
3386:(1 January 2015).
3316:2019-04-20 at the
2943:unreliable source?
2820:Deprecated sources
2617:
2521:Academic consensus
2430:medical guidelines
2422:systematic reviews
2412:Ideal sources for
2375:refimprove science
2322:
2162:
2075:review aggregators
1973:social media sites
1800:supplement is not
1395:for passing along
1281:News organizations
1185:Predatory journals
1181:Predatory journals
1064:attributed in-text
809:
741:
649:
575:Naming conventions
353:Offensive material
237:Disruptive editing
232:Courtesy vanishing
5452:
5451:
5256:Nesting footnotes
5165:Combining sources
5059:
5058:
5001:
5000:
4941:
4940:
4904:Project namespace
4874:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4811:Dates and numbers
4778:Understandability
4688:
4687:
4635:
4634:
4627:Revision deletion
4600:Proposed deletion
4565:
4564:
4530:Gaming the system
4505:Assume good faith
4391:
4390:
4091:. 21 October 2014
3781:Fees, F. (2016),
3676:New York Magazine
3456:(7442): 421–422.
3411:(April 7, 2013).
3308:(the latter uses
3300:Examples include
3046:Help:Find sources
2986:Information pages
2862:, usually at the
2765:disease mongering
2599:
2461:parity of sources
2335:original research
2320:
2310:secondary sources
2213:In recent years,
2169:exceptional claim
2160:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2088:In particular, a
1959:blogs (excluding
1879:personal web page
1748:Sponsored content
1719:Sponsored content
1408:circular sourcing
1190:Journal hijacking
1137:or lists such as
878:WP:CONTEXTMATTERS
807:
668:, which requires
647:
640:
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445:
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405:Understandability
304:
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259:Gaming the system
222:Assume good faith
180:
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89:content guideline
16:(Redirected from
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5411:
5405:
5400:
5394:
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5383:
5378:
5372:
5320:Cite link labels
5233:Inline citations
5223:Reflist template
5198:Citation Style 2
5193:Citation Style 1
5122:Reliable sources
5086:
5079:
5072:
5063:
5036:
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5026:List of policies
5021:
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4978:List of policies
4965:
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4476:Child protection
4471:No legal threats
4441:Ignore all rules
4413:
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4399:
4346:Reliable sources
4323:
4322:
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4259:
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4230:Ignore all rules
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4177:
4144:, xkcd comic by
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4042:(7): 3049–3062.
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3875:(5): 1015–1022.
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3766:. Archived from
3762:Beall, Jeffrey.
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3266:Source criticism
2993:Common knowledge
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2317:tertiary sources
2296:
2289:
2215:machine learning
2161:about themselves
2149:
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2112:
2068:self referencing
2008:Famous Birthdays
1945:
1943:WP:USERGENERATED
1938:
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1735:
1693:
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1607:WP:BIASEDSOURCES
1602:
1595:
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1502:News aggregators
1488:
1455:
1448:
1362:
1351:
1348:§ Medical claims
1339:
1326:Associated Press
1297:
1239:
1232:
1215:
1159:fields, such as
1149:Isolated studies
1135:citation indexes
1110:
1090:
1068:sources disagree
1045:
1018:
1011:
955:
948:
941:
920:
908:
896:directly support
887:
880:
845:
771:
728:
677:, which states:
670:inline citations
656:
632:
625:
618:
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495:Deletion process
389:
348:
347:Non-free content
329:Reliable sources
249:
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170:inline citations
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5227:
5179:
5170:Offline sources
5155:Citation needed
5143:
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4794:Manual of Style
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4378:Patent nonsense
4373:Fringe theories
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4255:
4253:
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4165:Benjamin Wittes
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3924:this discussion
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3512:(6154): 60–65.
3500:
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3462:10.1038/495421a
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3023:Offline sources
2988:
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2969:Fringe theories
2954:
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2932:citation needed
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2440:Fringe theories
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2079:Rotten Tomatoes
2064:Knowledge (XXG)
1969:Internet forums
1949:
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1920:
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1891:Internet forums
1889:, and posts on
1875:
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1757:non-independent
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1684:WP:QUESTIONABLE
1682:
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1653:Barry Goldwater
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1169:review articles
1131:Citation counts
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864:Context matters
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514:Project content
460:Manual of Style
368:Patent nonsense
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341:Fringe theories
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195:Guidelines list
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5325:Citation tools
5322:
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5274:Reference-tags
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5148:General advice
5145:
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5134:Citing sources
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4665:Administrators
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4383:External links
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4341:Citing sources
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4146:Randall Munroe
4139:
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4108:External links
4106:
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4076:
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3966:
3947:
3928:
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3852:
3817:
3773:
3754:
3721:Beall, Jeffrey
3712:
3693:
3662:
3641:"Book reviews"
3632:
3611:"Book reviews"
3602:
3563:
3530:
3502:Bohannon, John
3493:
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3384:Beall, Jeffrey
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2959:Citing sources
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2800:WP:RSHEADLINES
2796:
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2777:
2761:press releases
2691:recentism bias
2655:
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2646:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2602:self-published
2597:
2581:opinion pieces
2574:
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2032:Know Your Meme
1953:user-generated
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1554:external links
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1463:opinion pieces
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1382:Junk food news
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4267:Verifiability
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3834:(2): 108–13.
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3636:
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3625:September 22,
3620:
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3596:Debbie Nathan
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2110:WP:SELFSOURCE
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2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1965:content farms
1962:
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1922:WP:TWITTERREF
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1788:ads disguised
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1691:WP:QUESTIONED
1688:
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1677:
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1649:Harry Magdoff
1646:
1645:Betty Friedan
1642:
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1337:
1336:§ Scholarship
1331:
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1315:
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1307:
1306:news agencies
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1165:meta-analyses
1162:
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1129:
1126:
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1121:Dissertations
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994:
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985:
983:
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976:
975:breaking news
972:
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953:WP:OLDSOURCES
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523:Project pages
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200:Policies list
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40:
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5160:Find sources
5121:
5048:
5039:
5031:
5024:
5016:
5009:
4973:Terms of Use
4958:
4909:WikiProjects
4889:
4826:Lead section
4746:Article size
4727:
4703:
4650:
4640:Enforcement
4580:
4490:
4466:Sockpuppetry
4456:Edit warring
4406:
4345:
4316:
4252:
4228:
4223:Five pillars
4221:
4168:
4131:
4117:
4093:. Retrieved
4088:
4079:
4039:
4035:
4025:
4013:. Retrieved
4009:WNYC Studios
4008:
3998:
3987:. Retrieved
3978:
3969:
3960:
3950:
3941:
3931:
3918:
3906:. Retrieved
3872:
3868:
3855:
3831:
3827:
3820:
3799:, retrieved
3783:
3776:
3768:the original
3757:
3745:. Retrieved
3731:
3715:
3701:
3696:
3686:November 15,
3684:. Retrieved
3675:
3665:
3653:. Retrieved
3649:the original
3644:
3635:
3623:. Retrieved
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5330:Cite errors
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3589:October 17,
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2842:Main page:
2812:—including
2485:WP:RS/QUOTE
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2302:Main page:
2251:Main page:
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3703:Daily Mail
3556:2 November
3370:References
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