3240:
H.; Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S.; Crubézy, Eric; Benecke, Norbert; Olsen, Sandra; Brown, Dorcas; Anthony, David; Massy, Ken; Pitulko, Vladimir; Kasparov, Aleksei; Brem, Gottfried; Hofreiter, Michael; Mukhtarova, Gulmira; Baimukhanov, Nurbol; Lõugas, Lembi; Onar, Vedat; Stockhammer, Philipp W.; Krause, Johannes; Boldgiv, Bazartseren; Undrakhbold, Sainbileg; Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav; Lepetz, Sébastien; Mashkour, Marjan; Ludwig, Arne; Wallner, Barbara; Merz, Victor; Merz, Ilja; Zaibert, Viktor; Willerslev, Eske; Librado, Pablo; Outram, Alan K.; Orlando, Ludovic (6 April 2018).
55:
3076:
Lorente-Galdos, Belen; Polani, Sagi; Steiner, Cynthia; Neuditschko, Markus; Jagannathan, Vidhya; Feh, Claudia; Greenblatt, Charles L.; Ludwig, Arne; Abramson, Natalia I.; Zimmermann, Waltraut; Schafberg, Renate; Tikhonov, Alexei; Sicheritz-Ponten, Thomas; Willerslev, Eske; Marques-Bonet, Tomas; Ryder, Oliver A.; McCue, Molly; Rieder, Stefan; Leeb, Tosso; Slatkin, Montgomery; Orlando, Ludovic (October 2015). "Evolutionary
Genomics and Conservation of the Endangered Przewalski's Horse".
137:
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4253:
112:
920:
1038:
702:
819:) and are genetically indistinguishable from each other. The genetic variation within this clade shows only a limited regional variation, with the notable exception of Przewalski's horse. Przewalski's horse has several unique genetic differences that distinguish it from the other subspecies, including 66 instead of 64
3239:
Gaunitz, Charleen; Fages, Antoine; Hanghøj, Kristian; Albrechtsen, Anders; Khan, Naveed; Schubert, Mikkel; Seguin-Orlando, Andaine; Owens, Ivy J.; Felkel, Sabine; Bignon-Lau, Olivier; de Barros
Damgaard, Peter; Mittnik, Alissa; Mohaseb, Azadeh F.; Davoudi, Hossein; Alquraishi, Saleh; Alfarhan, Ahmed
2256:
Der
Sarkissian, Clio; Vilstrup, Julia T.; Schubert, Mikkel; Seguin-Orlando, Andaine; Eme, David; Weinstock, Jacobo; Alberdi, Maria Teresa; Martin, Fabiana; Lopez, Patricio M.; Prado, Jose L.; Prieto, Alfredo; Douady, Christophe J.; Stafford, Tom W.; Willerslev, Eske; Orlando, Ludovic (March 2015).
3075:
Der
Sarkissian, Clio; Ermini, Luca; Schubert, Mikkel; Yang, Melinda A.; Librado, Pablo; Fumagalli, Matteo; Jónsson, Hákon; Bar-Gal, Gila Kahila; Albrechtsen, Anders; Vieira, Filipe G.; Petersen, Bent; Ginolhac, Aurélien; Seguin-Orlando, Andaine; Magnussen, Kim; Fages, Antoine; Gamba, Cristina;
842:
evidence from across the
Eurasian wild horse range, based on cranial and metacarpal differences, indicates the presence of only two subspecies in postglacial times, the tarpan and Przewalski's horse. A study in 2011 of DNA from bones of pre-domestication horses found that all were either
974:
5500 years ago were
Przewalski's horses. The paper claims specifically that modern Przewalski's horses are the feral descendents of the domesticated Botai horse, although it is also possible both groups could have descended separately from the same ancient wild Przewalski's horses.
2757:
International
Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2003). "Usage of 17 specific names based on wild species which are pre-dated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals (Lepidoptera, Osteichthyes, Mammalia): conserved. Opinion 2027 (Case 3010)".
966:
period were
Przewalski's, a 2003 study indicated that the Przewalski's horse is not an ancestor to modern domesticated horses. A 2015 study determined that the Przewalski and domesticated horse lineages diverged from a common ancestor about 45,000 years ago.
1132:
population of wild horses, but testing did not reveal genetic differences with domesticated horses, which is in line with news reports indicating that they are used as pack and riding animals by the local villagers. These horses only stand
2670:
Pruvost, Melanie; Bellone, Rebecca; Benecke, Norbert; Sandoval-Castellanos, Edson; Cieslak, Michael; Kuznetsova, Tatyana; Morales-Muñiz, Arturo; O'Connor, Terry; Reissmann, Monika; Hofreiter, Michael; Ludwig, Arne (15 November 2011).
887:, which stipulates that the oldest available valid scientific name is used to name the species. Previously, when taxonomists considered domesticated and wild horse two subspecies of the same species, the valid scientific name was
1889:
Usukhjargal, Dorj; Henkens, RenéJ H. G.; Boer, Willem F. de; Vos, Anneleen E. W. de; Ras, Erica; Duyne, Caroline van (28 August 2009). "Wolf
Predation Among Reintroduced Przewalski Horses in Hustai National Park, Mongolia".
2311:
Orlando, Ludovic; Male, Dean; Alberdi, Maria Teresa; Prado, Jose Luis; Prieto, Alfredo; Cooper, Alan; Hänni, Catherine (9 April 2008). "Ancient DNA Clarifies the
Evolutionary History of American Late Pleistocene Equids".
1740:
Orlando, Ludovic; Male, Dean; Alberdi, Maria Teresa; Prado, Jose Luis; Prieto, Alfredo; Cooper, Alan; Hänni, Catherine (1 May 2008). "Ancient DNA Clarifies the Evolutionary History of American Late Pleistocene Equids".
2366:
Cai, Dawei; Zhuowei Tang; Lu Han; Camilla F. Speller; Dongya Y. Yang; Xiaolin Ma; Jian'en Cao; Hong Zhu; Hui Zhou (2009). "Ancient DNA provides new insights into the origin of the Chinese domestic horse".
2115:"Cheek tooth morphology and ancient mitochondrial DNA of late Pleistocene horses from the western interior of North America: Implications for the taxonomy of North American Late Pleistocene Equus"
746:, as well as DNA of recent individuals, suggest the presence of two equine species in Late Pleistocene North America, a caballine species, suggested to be conspecific with the wild horse, and
475:, it had an extremely large range across the Americas, Eurasia, and North Africa, across which it was abundant. There have been several fossil horse taxa from throughout this range, such as
2947:
2172:
Heintzman, P.D.; Zazula, G.D.; MacPhee, R.D.E; Scott, E.; Cahill, J.A.; McHorse, B.K.; Kapp, J.D.; Stiller, M.; Wooller, M.J.; Orlando, L.; Southon, J.; Froese, D.G.; Shapiro, B. (2017).
632:
before the last surviving animals —possibly hybrids by that time — became effectively extinct in the late 19th century. The last specimen died in 1909 whilst in captivity in an estate in
863:
In some sources including MSW 3 (2005), the domesticated and wild horses were considered a single species, with the valid scientific name for such a single horse species being
3198:"Horse domestication as a multi-centered, multi-stage process: Botai and the role of specialized Eneolithic horse pastoralism in the development of human-equine relationships"
904:
2659:. Proceedings of the XIII International Congress of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences, Forli, Italia, 8–14 September 1996. Vol. 1. ABACO Edizioni. pp. 27–36.
871:
for this (enlarged) taxon on account of a mis-interpretation of the then-recent ICZN ruling on the matter, refer Groves & Grubb, 2011. The wild tarpan subspecies is
756:
assigned to various names, and appears to be outside the grouping containing all extant equines. In South America there appear to have been several species of equine,
4048:
2113:
BarrĂłn-Ortiz, Christina I.; Rodrigues, Antonia T.; Theodor, Jessica M.; Kooyman, Brian P.; Yang, Dongya Y.; Speller, Camilla F.; Orlando, Ludovic (17 August 2017).
1053:
are called "feral horses". For instance, when the Spanish reintroduced the horse to the Americas, beginning in the late 15th century, some horses escaped, forming
628:
in MSW 3; originally considered synonymous with the tarpan, though recent research has cast doubt on this. Horses identified as tarpans were found in Europe and
5760:
1137:(48 inches, 122 cm) tall and are said to resemble the images known as "horse no 2" depicted in cave paintings alongside images of Przewalski's horse.
884:
3172:
1032:
3767:
Moelman, P.D. 2002. Equids. Zebras, Asses and Horses. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Equid Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
3542:
2978:
2406:
2731:
1377:
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907:
decided that the scientific names of the wild species have priority over the scientific names of domesticated species, therefore mandating the use of
5682:
5081:
4188:
4081:
3980:
5708:
3985:
1109:. Even though these are often referred to as "wild" horses, they are not truly "wild" if wildness is defined as having no domesticated ancestors.
3299:
2955:
3820:
380:, but was reintroduced successfully into the wild. The tarpan became extinct in the 19th century, but is theorized to have been present on the
3034:
Lindgren, G.; Backström, N.; Swinburne, J.; Hellborg, L.; Einarsson, A.; Sandberg, K.; Cothran, G.; Vilà , C.; Binns, M.; Ellegren, H. (2004).
2562:
Jansen, Thomas; Forster, Peter; Levine, Marsha A.; Oelke, Hardy; Hurles, Matthew; Renfrew, Colin; Weber, JĂĽrgen; Olek, Klaus (6 August 2002).
3681:
3651:
3509:
3420:
2930:
2781:
2741:
1495:
1243:
2405:
Vilà , Carles; Jennifer A. Leonard; Anders Götherström; Stefan Marklund; Kaj Sandberg; Kerstin Lidén; Robert K. Wayne; Hans Ellegren (2001).
942:, although the ancient border between tarpan and Przewalski's distributions has not been clearly defined. Przewalski's horse was limited to
4038:
3990:
376:
may have existed and could have been the stock from which domesticated horses are descended. Przewalski's horse had reached the brink of
1362:
Colin Groves, 1986, "The taxonomy, distribution, and adaptations of recent Equids", In Richard H. Meadow and Hans-Peter Uerpmann, eds.,
1802:"The case of an arctic wild ass highlights the utility of ancient DNA for validating problematic identifications in museum collections"
5824:
5643:
1436:
3698:
2852:
2829:
Systema naturae per regna tria naturae :secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
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3780:
1849:
1300:
3121:
Outram, A.K.; Stear, N.A.; Bendrey, R.; Olsen, S.; Kasparov, A.; et al. (2009). "The earliest horse harnessing and milking".
1529:
1395:
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361:, that went extinct in the late 19th or early 20th century has previously been treated as the nominate subspecies of wild horse,
116:
3616:
3410:
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around the world. A small breeding population has been reintroduced in Mongolia. As of 2005, a cooperative venture between the
670:
The latter two are the only never-domesticated "wild" groups that survived into historic times. However, other subspecies of
5713:
777:
which also lie outside the group containing all living horses. (It had previously been suggested to have been nested within
2793:
2523:"Horse Domestication and Conservation Genetics of Przewalski's Horse Inferred from Sex Chromosomal and Autosomal Sequences"
1944:
5747:
4248:
4076:
3435:
2979:"Fixed nucleotide differences on the Y chromosome indicate clear divergence between Equus przewalskii and Equus caballus"
1693:"Assessing the Causes Behind the Late Quaternary Extinction of Horses in South America Using Species Distribution Models"
1453:
Kavar, Tatjana; Peter DovÄŤ (2008). "Domestication of the horse: Genetic relationships between domestic and wild horses".
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3915:
987:
136:
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1926:
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Currently, three subspecies that lived during recorded human history are recognized. One subspecies is the widespread
507:
37:
2470:
Benirschke, Poliakoff K.; N. Malouf; R. J. Low; H. Heck (16 April 1965). "Chromosome Complement: Differences between
1970:
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1435:. Vol. Przewalski's Horse: The History and Biology of an Endangered Species. Albany, New YorkColin P. Groves:
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32:
This article is about the species Equus ferus. For free-roaming horses descended from domesticated ancestry, see
3573:
3017:
2453:
487:, that were formerly considered distinct species, but genetic and morphological analysis supports them as being
404:
of those breeds is substantially derived from domesticated horses, so these breeds possess domesticated traits.
4178:
1666:
5791:
388:
at the time of domestication. Since the extinction of the tarpan, attempts have been made to reconstruct its
5829:
5554:
5067:
4007:
2062:"Evolution, systematics, and phylogeography of Pleistocene horses in the New World: a molecular perspective"
1221:
286:
72:
5819:
5570:
5038:
4091:
4023:
2920:
1480:
Bowling, Ann T.; Anatoly Ruvinsky (2000). "Genetic Aspects of Domestication, Breeds and Their Origin". In
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which had previously thought to represent 5 taxa due to morphological variability, and several species of
717:
559:
4953:
3173:"Rebuttal of Taylor and BarrĂłn-Ortiz 2021 Rethinking the evidence for early horse domestication at Botai"
2776:
Groves, C.; Grubb, P. (2011). Ungulate Taxonomy. Baltimore, USA: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 179.
1800:
Vershinina, Alisa O.; Kapp, Joshua D.; Baryshnikov, Gennady F.; Shapiro, Beth Alison (23 December 2019).
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4086:
3806:
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1577:
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Though popularly called "wild" horses, feral and semi-feral horses had ancestors that were domesticated.
879:, while the domesticated horse is nowadays normally (but not exclusively) treated as a separate species
401:
243:
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4841:
4809:
4801:
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927:
797:
643:
583:
535:
346:
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365:, but more recent studies have cast doubt on whether tarpans were truly wild or if they actually were
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5516:
5011:
4945:
4913:
4833:
4825:
4110:
3253:
3130:
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2919:
Bunker, Emma C.; Watt, James C. Y.; Sun, Zhixin; N.Y.), Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York (2002).
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descended from horses strayed or let loose in Australia by English settlers. Isolated populations of
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64:
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54:
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4889:
4678:
4643:
4607:
4282:
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1199:
1009:. However, the offspring of Przewalski and domestic horses are fertile, possessing 65 chromosomes.
951:
633:
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101:
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Lau, Allison; Lei Peng; Hiroki Goto; Leona Chemnick; Oliver A. Ryder; Kateryna D. Makova (2009).
2503:
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2345:
1907:
1782:
1722:
1600:"A Geographic Assessment of the Global Scope for Rewilding with Wild-Living Horses (Equus ferus)"
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Nomadic Art of the Eastern Eurasian Steppes: The Eugene V. Thaw and Other New York Collections
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2019:
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2009:
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1704:
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1194:
1129:
1113:
844:
678:
496:
220:
5726:
2673:"Genotypes of predomestic horses match phenotypes painted in Paleolithic works of cave art"
2625:"Equus ferus ssp. przewalskii (Asian Wild Horse, Mongolian Wild Horse, Przewalski's Horse)"
1403:
982:
and for a time was considered extinct in the wild. Roughly 2000 Przewalski's horses are in
4921:
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4857:
4417:
4408:
4370:
4342:
4256:
4230:
4225:
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3895:
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3702:
3642:
Dohner, Janet Vorwald (2001). "Equines: Natural History". In Dohner, Janet Vorwald (ed.).
3393:
2863:
1058:
959:
931:
852:
748:
522:., but wild populations continued to decline. The last completely wild populations of the
519:
259:
2890:"The naming of wild animal species and their domestic derivates (PDF Download Available)"
1864:
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for both the wild and the domesticated horse if the two taxa are considered conspecific.
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2688:
2579:
2425:
2380:
2325:
2130:
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1615:
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remains into species or subspecies is a complex matter and the subject of ongoing work.
5669:
5656:
5507:
5300:
5131:
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5003:
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4897:
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2149:
2114:
2090:
2061:
1642:
1599:
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1146:
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637:
527:
427:), not to be confused with the truly "wild" horse subspecies extant into modern times.
188:
3543:"Ecological and human dimensions of management of feral horses in Australia: A review"
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2823:
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1726:
1229:
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595:
515:
495:. By the end of the Late Pleistocene, wild horses had colonised the far north of the
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408:
322:
208:
121:
3569:
3013:
2507:
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1911:
1786:
1112:
In 1995, British and French explorers encountered a new population of horses in the
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4881:
4783:
4585:
4173:
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3870:
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Eisenmann, Vera (1998). "Quaternary Horses: possible candidates to domestication".
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332:
2827:
1850:"Diet of the Przewalski's horse Equus przewalskii in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone"
990:
and Mongolian scientists has resulted in a population of 248 animals in the wild.
3387:"An extraordinary return from the brink of extinction for worlds last wild horse"
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2259:"Mitochondrial genomes reveal the extinct as an outgroup to all living equids"
1762:
1511:
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1002:
970:
In 2018, a DNA study revealed that the horses raised for meat and milk by the
883:. The rules for the scientific naming of animal species are determined in the
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328:
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during the 1960s, but was reintroduced in the late 1980s to two preserves in
792:), as well as two wild subspecies: the recently extinct European wild horse (
5648:
4145:
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3241:
3142:
2697:
2539:
2522:
2241:
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2014:
1997:
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1692:
1578:"The Brumbies – Australian Wild Horses › Wild Horses and Mustangs .com"
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in Australia. These feral horses are untamed members of the domestic horse (
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148:
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3285:
3150:
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3005:
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2209:
2158:
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in MSW 3; also known as the Mongolian wild horse or takhi, it is native to
609:
has had several subspecies, those of which survived into modern times are:
17:
3242:"Ancient genomes revisit the ancestry of domestic and Przewalski's horses"
5587:
5125:
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3300:"Ancient DNA rules out archeologists' best bet for horse domestication"
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Horses that live in an untamed state but have ancestors that have been
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452:
416:
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198:
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Villavicencio, Natalia A.; Corcoran, Derek; Marquet, Pablo A. (2019).
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Naundrup, Pernille Johansen; Svenning, Jens-Christian (15 July 2015).
5700:
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2832:. Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Laurentii Salvii). p. 73
1903:
1120:, unknown to the rest of the world, but apparently used by the local
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993:
Przewalski's horse has some biological differences from the domestic
709:
591:
531:
523:
420:
381:
358:
178:
158:
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2657:
The Horse: its domestication, diffusion and role in past communities
1175:
King, S.R.B.; Boyd, L.; Zimmermann, W. & Kendall, B.E. (2016) .
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1530:"Rare horse breed proves crucial to delicate ecosystem - Features"
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1036:
1033:
List of megafauna discovered in modern times § Status unclear
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816:
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700:
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populations. It remained widespread there and was ultimately also
335:
319:
5635:
2888:
Gentry, Anthea; Clutton-Brock, Juliet; Groves, Colin (May 2004).
1975:
Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
1429:
Groves, Colin P. (1994). Boyd, Lee and Katherine A. Houpt (ed.).
1238:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 630–631.
1235:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
4747:
3790:
2225:"The Diversity of South American Equus: Did Size Really Matter?"
1121:
5568:
5063:
4271:
3802:
3728:
King, S.R.B.; Boyd, L.; Zimmermann, W.; Kendall, B.E. (2016) .
2948:"Overview : WAZA: World Association of Zoos and Aquariums"
983:
3775:(6th ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
903:
Poliakov, 1881 (Przewalski's horse). However, in 2003, the
752:, the "New World stilt-legged horse"; the latter has been
582:. They may have seasonal food preferences, as seen in the
3798:
2564:"Mitochondrial DNA and the origins of the domestic horse"
978:
Przewalski's horse is still found today, though it is an
1665:
Kirkpatrick, Jay F.; Fazio, Patricia M. (24 July 2008).
27:
Undomesticated four-footed mammal from the equine family
3646:. Topeka, KS: Yale University Press. pp. 400–401.
3370:"Endangered Przewalski's Horses Back On Russian Steppe"
2977:
Wallner, B.; Brem, G.; MĂĽller, M.; Achmann, R. (2003).
2730:
Mills, Daniel S.; Nankervis, Kathryn J. (20 May 2013).
3510:"Spanish Colonial Horse and the Plains Indian Culture"
1432:
The Przewalski Horse: Morphology, Habitat and Taxonomy
506:, American populations had disappeared as part of the
3036:"Limited number of patrilines in horse domestication"
2860:
Natur- und Kulturlandschaft, Höxter/Jena 2001, Band 4
2174:"A new genus of horse from Pleistocene North America"
1998:"Biostratigraphy and Palaeoecology of European Equus"
1396:"The First Horses: The Przewalskii and Tarpan Horses"
1378:"10 Things You Didn't Know About Przewalski's Horses"
586:. Horses may fall prey to native predators including
3644:
Historic and Endangered Livestock and Poultry Breeds
2361:
2359:
1293:
Das Polnische Konik. Die Neue Brehm-BĂĽcherei Bd. 658
85:
5577:
5487:
5471:
5443:
5419:
5395:
5362:
5345:
5172:
5155:
4761:
4730:
4700:
4665:
4584:
4575:
4526:
4517:
4458:
4383:
4327:
4318:
4159:
4100:
4062:
4016:
3904:
3836:
3699:"Tibetan discovery is 'horse of a different color'"
2853:"Ecological substitutes for Wild horse and Aurochs"
1402:, International Museum of the Horse, archived from
905:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
1945:"Brown Hyena Research Project - The Spotted Hyena"
3617:"A Stone-Age Horse Still Roams a Tibetan Plateau"
2223:Machado, Helena; Avilla, Leonardo (3 July 2019).
1667:"The Surprising History of America's Wild Horses"
1005:, Przewalski's horse has 66 chromosomes due to a
2055:
2053:
2051:
1996:Boulbes, Nicolas; van Asperen, Eline N. (2019).
3327:"The Remarkable Comeback of Przewalski's Horse"
2794:"Principles of nomenclature of zoological taxa"
2677:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2568:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2407:"Widespread Origins of Domestic Horse Lineages"
1295:, Westarp Wissenschaften, Hohenwarsleben 2008,
1093:along the Atlantic coast of North America from
353:, sometimes treated as a separate species i.e.
3753:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T41763A45172856.en
2400:
2398:
1977:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press
1969:Don E. Wilson; DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. (2005).
1200:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T41763A45172856.en
681:epoch, there were several other subspecies of
662:. It is sometimes considered its own species,
546:in 1969. However, over the past few centuries
357:). The European wild horse, also known as the
5075:
4283:
3814:
2306:
2304:
2302:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1366:pp. 11-65, Wiesbaden: Ludwig Reichert Verlag.
885:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
8:
3438:When Is a Wild Horse Actually a Feral Horse?
3467:"Iberian Origins of New World Horse Breeds"
1848:Kateryna Slivinska; Grzegorz Kopij (2011).
891:Linnaeus 1758, with the subspecies labeled
574:that prefer to inhabit open areas, such as
5565:
5484:
5359:
5331:
5169:
5141:
5082:
5068:
5060:
4581:
4523:
4324:
4290:
4276:
4268:
3821:
3807:
3799:
1001:horses and the tarpan, which both have 64
807:Genetically, the pre-domestication horse,
110:
53:
44:
3751:
3484:
3275:
3265:
3223:
3213:
3105:
3051:
2733:Equine Behaviour: Principles and Practice
2706:
2696:
2597:
2587:
2538:
2282:
2240:
2199:
2189:
2148:
2138:
2089:
2079:
2013:
1708:
1641:
1623:
1198:
3981:Equestrian events at the Summer Olympics
3665:
3663:
1448:
1446:
1358:
1356:
1354:
712:, at the Zoological Museum in Copenhagen
3409:Chowdhary, Bhanu P. (22 January 2013).
1167:
1069:occur in a number of places, including
958:. Although earlier researchers such as
447:. Around 800,000 - 900,000 years ago,
3436:The American Museum of Natural History
3202:Frontiers in Environmental Archaeology
2038:"Equus caballus [ISC] (horse)"
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1364:Equids in the Ancient World, volume I,
1291:Tadeusz Jezierski, Zbigniew Jaworski:
562:to their former habitats in Mongolia.
411:in reference to free-roaming herds of
3446:
3444:
2619:
2617:
1593:
1591:
734:, before the species migrated across
7:
5792:52728F43-DA3A-4474-8E2C-66027B6A22CC
5675:fcab6e4c-b56d-461b-b1a2-6e3821757b13
3615:Simons, Marlise (12 November 1995).
3541:Nimmo, D. G.; Miller, K. K. (2007).
3465:LuĂs, Cristina; et al. (2006).
730:evolved in North America during the
558:, and Przewalski's horses have been
392:using domestic horses, resulting in
3739:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2630:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2060:Weinstock, J.; et al. (2005).
1338:"The Przewalskii and Tarpan Horses"
1186:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1124:people. It was speculated that the
815:, form a single homogeneous group (
781:based on incomplete sequence data)
502:By the latest Pleistocene or early
407:The term "wild horse" is also used
2229:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
2002:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
1697:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
1560:"Black Hills Wild Horse Sanctuary"
1437:State University of New York Press
534:around the late 19th century, and
400:. However, the genetic makeup and
25:
4131:Mountain and moorland pony breeds
2894:Journal of Archaeological Science
2369:Journal of Archaeological Science
1837:– via Wiley Online Library.
962:theorized that the horses of the
697:Evolutionary history and taxonomy
5815:IUCN Red List endangered species
5549:
5548:
4252:
4251:
3697:Humi, Peter (17 November 1995).
2998:10.1046/j.0268-9146.2003.01044.x
1564:Black Hills Wild Horse Sanctuary
1382:Scientific American Blog Network
1057:herds; the best-known being the
867:, although MSW erroneously used
859:Scientific naming of the species
135:
1947:. 8 August 2013. Archived from
1927:"Let Mountain Lions Eat Horses"
950:in the same period, and became
708:fossil from 9100 BC found near
3452:"Are There Still Wild Horses?"
2925:. Metropolitan Museum of Art.
2314:Journal of Molecular Evolution
1925:Philipps, Dave (12 May 2018).
1892:Journal of Wildlife Management
1743:Journal of Molecular Evolution
811:, and the domesticated horse,
689:. The exact categorization of
419:in the United States, and the
1:
4249:Lists of horse-related topics
3773:Walker's Mammals of the World
1582:www.wildhorsesandmustangs.com
1536:. 1 June 2012. Archived from
923:Przewalski's horse in Hungary
838:Besides genetic differences,
3916:Glossary of equestrian terms
3374:RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty
2492:10.1126/science.148.3668.382
2434:10.1126/science.291.5503.474
2140:10.1371/journal.pone.0183045
2081:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030241
1863:(4): 841–847. Archived from
1625:10.1371/journal.pone.0132359
1467:10.1016/j.livsci.2008.03.002
988:Zoological Society of London
899:Boddaert, 1785 (tarpan) and
602:Subspecies and their history
570:In general, wild horses are
4688:Hartmann's mountain zebra (
4373:Equus africanus somaliensis
4310:Extinct species are marked
3673:Tibet: the secret continent
1807:Molecular Ecology Resources
1484:; Anatoly Ruvinsky (eds.).
508:Quaternary extinction event
38:Wild horse (disambiguation)
5846:
5049:Domestication of the horse
4448:Equus hemionus hydruntinus
4364:Equus africanus atlanticus
4039:Ancient and Imperial China
3215:10.3389/fearc.2023.1134068
1152:Domestication of the horse
1030:
1016:
1007:Robertsonian translocation
715:
685:which have all since gone
652:Equus caballus przewalskii
530:and the southern parts of
469:Great American Interchange
31:
5825:Mammals described in 1785
5546:
5334:
5330:
5144:
5140:
5102:
5029:
4385:Onager / Asiatic wild ass
4345:Equus africanus africanus
4308:
4244:
3926:List of equestrian sports
3676:. Macmillan. p. 36.
3415:. John Wiley & Sons.
3098:10.1016/j.cub.2015.08.032
2906:10.1016/j.jas.2003.10.006
2736:. John Wiley & Sons.
2389:10.1016/j.jas.2008.11.006
2334:10.1007/s00239-008-9100-x
1857:Polish Journal of Ecology
1763:10.1007/s00239-008-9100-x
1487:The Genetics of the Horse
749:Haringtonhippus francisci
650:), incorrectly listed as
624:), incorrectly listed as
620:The Eurasian wild horse (
554:to all continents except
272:
267:
249:
242:
132:Scientific classification
130:
108:
99:
61:
52:
47:
3771:Ronald M. Nowak (1999).
3670:Peissel, Michel (2002).
3397:ZSL Living Conservation,
3196:Outram, Alan K. (2023).
875:, Przewalski's horse is
613:The domesticated horse (
4610:Equus quagga burchellii
4561:Equus ferus przewalskii
4411:Equus hemionus hemippus
4401:Equus hemionus hemionus
3267:10.1126/science.aao3297
3143:10.1126/science.1168594
2851:Bunzel-DrĂĽke, Margret.
2798:www.insecta.bio.spbu.ru
2698:10.1073/pnas.1108982108
2242:10.3389/fevo.2019.00235
2015:10.3389/fevo.2019.00301
1820:10.1111/1755-0998.13130
1710:10.3389/fevo.2019.00226
1400:The legacy of the horse
1272:www.mammaldiversity.org
648:Equus ferus przewalskii
584:Przewalski's subspecies
351:Equus ferus przewalskii
287:Equus ferus przewalskii
73:Equus ferus przewalskii
5517:South American tapir (
5039:Evolution of the horse
4690:Equus zebra hartmannae
4646:Equus quagga crawshayi
4460:Kiang/Tibetan wild ass
4354:Equus africanus asinus
2589:10.1073/pnas.152330099
2275:10.1098/rsbl.2014.1058
1512:"Tarpan or Heck Horse"
1268:"Explore the Database"
1232:; Reeder, D.M (eds.).
1226:"Order Perissodactyla"
1046:
924:
895:(domesticated horse),
718:Evolution of the horse
713:
36:. For other uses, see
5407:Sumatran rhinoceros (
4679:Cape mountain zebra (
4637:Equus quagga chapmani
4628:Equus quagga borensis
4494:Equus kiang holdereri
4438:Equus hemionus onager
4298:Species of the genus
3746:: e.T41763A97204950.
3701:. CNN. Archived from
3486:10.1093/jhered/esj020
2540:10.1093/molbev/msn239
1193:: e.T41763A97204950.
1040:
930:occupied the eastern
922:
914:
796:) and the endangered
704:
439:as having evolved in
402:foundation bloodstock
5670:Fauna Europaea (new)
5214:Przewalski's horse (
5094:(Odd-toed ungulates)
4655:Equus quagga selousi
4559:Przewalski's horse (
4542:Equus ferus caballus
4503:Equus kiang polyodon
4429:Equus hemionus kulan
4399:Mongolian wild ass (
3345:"Przewalski's Horse"
2862:: 10. Archived from
790:Equus ferus caballus
626:Equus caballus ferus
615:Equus ferus caballus
372:Other subspecies of
340:Equus ferus caballus
327:, which includes as
294:Equus ferus caballus
94:fossil from 9100 BC
76:(Przewalski's horse)
65:Equus ferus caballus
5374:Indian rhinoceros (
5097:species by suborder
4954:Equus parastylidens
4619:Equus quagga boehmi
4601:Equus quagga quagga
4446:European wild ass (
4420:Equus hemionus khur
4049:Indian subcontinent
3472:Journal of Heredity
3258:2018Sci...360..111G
3135:2009Sci...323.1332O
3129:(5919): 1332–1335.
3090:2015CBio...25.2577D
2760:Bull. Zool. Nomencl
2689:2011PNAS..10818626P
2683:(46): 18626–18630.
2580:2002PNAS...9910905J
2574:(16): 10905–10910.
2426:2001Sci...291..474V
2381:2009JArSc..36..835C
2326:2008JMolE..66..533O
2191:10.7554/eLife.29944
2131:2017PLoSO..1283045B
1755:2008JMolE..66..533O
1616:2015PLoSO..1032359N
1490:. CABI Publishing.
1105:, off the coast of
952:extinct in the wild
934:, perhaps from the
634:Poltava Governorate
544:extinct in the wild
510:, leaving only the
415:; for example, the
102:Conservation status
5455:Black rhinoceros (
5431:White rhinoceros (
5383:Javan rhinoceros (
5245:African wild ass (
4980:Equus semiplicatus
4971:Equus simplicidens
4938:Equus occidentalis
4930:Equus niobrarensis
4906:Equus mauritanicus
4818:Equus conversidens
4791:Giant Cape zebra (
4644:Crawshay's zebra (
4608:Burchell's zebra (
4427:Turkmenian kulan (
4082:American Civil War
3837:Equine science and
3705:on 3 December 2014
3621:The New York Times
3399:December 19, 2005.
3392:2006-07-22 at the
3306:. 25 February 2018
2640:}}: old-form url (
1931:The New York Times
1870:on 29 October 2013
1540:on 9 November 2020
1406:on 30 October 2007
1376:Goldman, Jason G.
1047:
980:endangered species
928:Przewalski's horse
925:
915:Przewalski's horse
798:Przewalski's horse
740:Eastern Hemisphere
714:
674:may have existed.
644:Przewalski's horse
536:Przewalski's horse
471:. By the mid-late
457:Bering Land Bridge
435:Evidence supports
347:Przewalski's horse
5802:
5801:
5774:Open Tree of Life
5571:Taxon identifiers
5562:
5561:
5542:
5541:
5538:
5537:
5481:
5467:
5466:
5356:
5326:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5216:E. f. przewalskii
5189:
5166:
5095:
5057:
5056:
5020:Equus yunnanensis
4842:Equus dalianensis
4810:Equus complicatus
4802:Equus cedralensis
4726:
4725:
4681:Equus zebra zebra
4635:Chapman's zebra (
4571:
4570:
4552:Equus ferus ferus
4513:
4512:
4476:Equus kiang kiang
4418:Indian wild ass (
4409:Syrian wild ass (
4371:Somali wild ass (
4343:Nubian wild ass (
4265:
4264:
3683:978-0-312-30953-4
3653:978-0-300-08880-9
3595:Cumberland Island
3550:Wildlife Research
3422:978-1-118-52212-7
3325:Williams, Paige.
3252:(6384): 111–114.
3084:(19): 2577–2583.
2932:978-0-300-09688-0
2824:Linnaeus, Carolus
2782:978-1-4214-0093-8
2743:978-1-118-70806-4
2486:(3668): 382–383.
2476:Equus przewalskii
2420:(5503): 474–477.
1951:on 8 August 2013.
1497:978-0-85199-429-1
1455:Livestock Science
1245:978-0-8018-8221-0
1103:Cumberland Island
1061:. Similarly, the
901:E. c. przewalskii
877:E. f. przewalskii
802:E. f. przewalskii
722:The horse family
664:Equus przewalskii
622:Equus ferus ferus
465:Isthmus of Panama
451:migrated west to
445:million years ago
363:Equus ferus ferus
355:Equus przewalskii
342:) as well as the
302:
301:
280:Equus ferus ferus
125:
82:Equus ferus ferus
16:(Redirected from
5837:
5795:
5794:
5782:
5781:
5769:
5768:
5756:
5755:
5753:NHMSYS0020774285
5743:
5742:
5730:
5729:
5717:
5716:
5704:
5703:
5691:
5690:
5678:
5677:
5665:
5664:
5652:
5651:
5639:
5638:
5626:
5625:
5613:
5612:
5611:
5598:
5597:
5596:
5566:
5552:
5551:
5508:Mountain tapir (
5485:
5480:
5479:
5475:
5360:
5355:
5354:
5350:
5332:
5301:Mountain zebra (
5225:Domestic horse (
5188:
5187:
5179:
5170:
5165:
5164:
5160:
5142:
5093:
5084:
5077:
5070:
5061:
4996:Equus sivalensis
4969:Hagerman horse (
4962:Equus pectinatus
4667:Mountain zebra (
4626:Maneless zebra (
4582:
4524:
4501:Southern kiang (
4483:Northern kiang (
4436:Persian onager (
4362:Atlas wild ass (
4329:African wild ass
4325:
4292:
4285:
4278:
4269:
4255:
4254:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3800:
3794:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3755:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3667:
3658:
3657:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3572:. Archived from
3547:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3522:on 12 April 2019
3521:
3515:. Archived from
3514:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3488:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3448:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3406:
3400:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3279:
3269:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3217:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3177:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3055:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3016:. Archived from
2983:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2954:. Archived from
2943:
2937:
2936:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2868:
2857:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2800:. Archived from
2790:
2784:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2710:
2700:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2634:
2621:
2612:
2611:
2601:
2591:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2542:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2452:. Archived from
2411:
2402:
2393:
2392:
2363:
2354:
2353:
2308:
2297:
2296:
2286:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2203:
2193:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2152:
2142:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2093:
2083:
2057:
2046:
2045:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2017:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1971:"Equus caballus"
1966:
1953:
1952:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1904:10.2193/2008-027
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1869:
1854:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1814:(5): 1182–1190.
1797:
1791:
1790:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1712:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1645:
1627:
1595:
1586:
1585:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1450:
1441:
1440:
1426:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1373:
1367:
1360:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1309:
1303:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1202:
1172:
1089:and a number of
932:Eurasian Steppes
742:. Studies using
679:Late Pleistocene
526:went extinct in
497:Taimyr Peninsula
443:about 1.1 - 1.2
255:
140:
139:
119:
114:
113:
87:
57:
45:
21:
5845:
5844:
5840:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5835:
5834:
5805:
5804:
5803:
5798:
5790:
5785:
5777:
5772:
5764:
5759:
5751:
5746:
5738:
5733:
5725:
5720:
5712:
5707:
5699:
5694:
5686:
5681:
5673:
5668:
5660:
5655:
5647:
5642:
5634:
5629:
5621:
5616:
5607:
5606:
5601:
5592:
5591:
5586:
5573:
5563:
5558:
5534:
5526:Malayan tapir (
5499:Baird's tapir (
5477:
5476:
5463:
5439:
5415:
5391:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5341:
5318:
5310:Grévy's zebra (
5181:
5180:
5178:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5151:
5136:
5098:
5092:Perissodactyla
5088:
5058:
5053:
5025:
5012:Equus uralensis
4946:Equus pacificus
4922:Equus namadicus
4914:Equus mexicanus
4874:Equus giganteus
4858:Equus fraternus
4834:Equus cumminsii
4826:Equus crinidens
4763:
4757:
4722:
4714:Grévy's zebra (
4702:Grévy's zebra (
4696:
4661:
4653:Selous' zebra (
4617:Grant's zebra (
4567:
4509:
4492:Eastern kiang (
4485:Equus kiang chu
4474:Western kiang (
4461:
4454:
4386:
4379:
4333:Equus africanus
4330:
4314:
4304:
4296:
4266:
4261:
4240:
4155:
4096:
4077:Napoleonic Wars
4058:
4012:
3908:
3900:
3838:
3832:
3827:
3797:
3783:
3770:
3758:
3756:
3727:
3723:
3718:
3708:
3706:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3684:
3669:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3599:
3597:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3579:on 5 July 2020.
3576:
3562:10.1071/WR06102
3545:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3512:
3508:Rittman, Paul.
3507:
3506:
3502:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3450:
3449:
3442:
3434:
3430:
3423:
3412:Equine Genomics
3408:
3407:
3403:
3394:Wayback Machine
3385:
3381:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3353:
3351:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3309:
3307:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3078:Current Biology
3074:
3073:
3069:
3040:Nature Genetics
3033:
3032:
3028:
3023:on 6 July 2020.
3020:
2986:Animal Genetics
2981:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2961:
2959:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2933:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2872:
2870:
2869:on 3 March 2016
2866:
2855:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2835:
2833:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2807:
2805:
2804:on 29 July 2017
2792:
2791:
2787:
2775:
2771:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2744:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2635:
2623:
2622:
2615:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2527:Mol. Biol. Evol
2520:
2519:
2515:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2459:on 5 July 2020.
2456:
2409:
2404:
2403:
2396:
2365:
2364:
2357:
2310:
2309:
2300:
2269:(3): 20141058.
2263:Biology Letters
2255:
2254:
2250:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2125:(8): e0183045.
2112:
2111:
2107:
2059:
2058:
2049:
2036:
2035:
2031:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1980:
1978:
1968:
1967:
1956:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1852:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1832:
1830:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1675:
1673:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1610:(7): e0132359.
1597:
1596:
1589:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1543:
1541:
1534:Horsetalk.co.nz
1528:
1527:
1523:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1452:
1451:
1444:
1428:
1427:
1418:
1409:
1407:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1361:
1352:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1321:
1319:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1290:
1286:
1276:
1274:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1246:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1203:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1143:
1091:barrier islands
1035:
1029:
1017:Main articles:
1015:
960:Marija Gimbutas
917:
861:
853:leopard-spotted
720:
699:
604:
568:
467:as part of the
459:, and south to
433:
263:
257:
251:
238:
134:
126:
115:
111:
104:
89:
77:
69:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5843:
5841:
5833:
5832:
5830:Types of horse
5827:
5822:
5817:
5807:
5806:
5800:
5799:
5797:
5796:
5783:
5770:
5757:
5744:
5731:
5718:
5705:
5692:
5679:
5666:
5657:Fauna Europaea
5653:
5640:
5627:
5614:
5599:
5583:
5581:
5575:
5574:
5569:
5560:
5559:
5547:
5544:
5543:
5540:
5539:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5532:
5523:
5514:
5505:
5495:
5493:
5482:
5469:
5468:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5461:
5451:
5449:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5437:
5427:
5425:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5413:
5409:D. sumatrensis
5403:
5401:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5389:
5380:
5370:
5368:
5357:
5353:(Rhinoceroses)
5347:Rhinocerotidae
5343:
5342:
5335:
5328:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5316:
5307:
5298:
5292:Plains zebra (
5279:
5278:
5269:
5260:
5251:
5232:
5231:
5222:
5221:
5220:
5192:
5190:
5167:
5163:(Horse family)
5153:
5152:
5145:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5132:Laurasiatheria
5128:
5122:
5116:
5110:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5089:
5087:
5086:
5079:
5072:
5064:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5030:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5023:
5015:
5007:
5004:Equus stenonis
4999:
4991:
4983:
4975:
4965:
4957:
4949:
4941:
4933:
4925:
4917:
4909:
4901:
4898:Equus lenensis
4893:
4885:
4877:
4869:
4866:Equus gallicus
4861:
4853:
4850:Equus excelsus
4845:
4837:
4829:
4821:
4813:
4805:
4797:
4793:Equus capensis
4787:
4779:
4770:
4768:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4734:
4732:
4728:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4710:
4708:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4685:
4675:
4673:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4650:
4641:
4632:
4623:
4614:
4605:
4594:
4592:
4586:Plains zebra (
4579:
4573:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4556:
4546:
4536:
4534:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4498:
4489:
4480:
4470:
4468:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4442:
4433:
4424:
4415:
4405:
4395:
4393:
4389:Equus hemionus
4381:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4368:
4358:
4349:
4339:
4337:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4287:
4280:
4272:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4165:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4107:
4105:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4068:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3978:
3973:
3971:Horse training
3968:
3963:
3961:Western riding
3958:
3956:English riding
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3921:Horse industry
3918:
3912:
3910:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3842:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3818:
3811:
3803:
3796:
3795:
3781:
3768:
3765:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3689:
3682:
3659:
3652:
3634:
3607:
3582:
3556:(5): 408–417.
3533:
3500:
3479:(2): 107–113.
3457:
3440:
3428:
3421:
3401:
3379:
3361:
3336:
3317:
3291:
3231:
3188:
3164:
3113:
3067:
3053:10.1038/ng1326
3046:(4): 335–336.
3026:
2992:(6): 453–456.
2969:
2958:on 3 June 2017
2938:
2931:
2911:
2880:
2843:
2815:
2785:
2769:
2749:
2742:
2722:
2662:
2647:
2613:
2554:
2533:(1): 199–208.
2513:
2472:Equus caballus
2462:
2394:
2375:(3): 835–842.
2355:
2320:(5): 533–538.
2298:
2248:
2215:
2164:
2105:
2047:
2029:
1988:
1954:
1936:
1917:
1898:(6): 836–843.
1881:
1840:
1792:
1749:(5): 533–538.
1732:
1683:
1657:
1587:
1569:
1551:
1521:
1516:horsehints.org
1503:
1496:
1482:Ann T. Bowling
1472:
1442:
1416:
1387:
1368:
1350:
1329:
1304:
1284:
1259:
1244:
1213:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1147:Horse behavior
1142:
1139:
1114:Riwoche Valley
1043:Exmoor ponies.
1014:
1011:
936:Ural Mountains
916:
913:
893:E. c. caballus
889:Equus caballus
860:
857:
786:domestic horse
726:and the genus
716:Main article:
698:
695:
668:
667:
641:
638:Russian Empire
618:
603:
600:
596:spotted hyenas
567:
564:
528:Eastern Europe
432:
429:
425:Equus caballus
300:
299:
298:
297:
290:
283:
270:
269:
265:
264:
258:
247:
246:
240:
239:
232:
230:
226:
225:
218:
214:
213:
206:
202:
201:
196:
192:
191:
189:Perissodactyla
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
128:
127:
109:
106:
105:
100:
97:
96:
59:
58:
50:
49:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5842:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5820:Equus (genus)
5818:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5810:
5793:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5619:
5615:
5610:
5604:
5600:
5595:
5589:
5585:
5584:
5582:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5567:
5557:
5556:
5545:
5531:
5529:
5524:
5522:
5520:
5519:T. terrestris
5515:
5513:
5511:
5506:
5504:
5502:
5497:
5496:
5494:
5492:
5491:
5486:
5483:
5474:
5470:
5460:
5458:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5448:
5447:
5442:
5436:
5434:
5429:
5428:
5426:
5424:
5423:
5422:Ceratotherium
5418:
5412:
5410:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5400:
5399:
5394:
5388:
5386:
5381:
5379:
5377:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5367:
5366:
5361:
5358:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5339:
5333:
5329:
5315:
5313:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5299:
5297:
5295:
5289:
5288:
5287:
5281:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5270:
5268:
5266:
5261:
5259:
5257:
5252:
5250:
5248:
5242:
5241:
5240:
5234:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5223:
5219:
5217:
5212:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5202:
5201:
5200:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5185:
5177:
5176:
5171:
5168:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5149:
5143:
5139:
5133:
5129:
5127:
5123:
5121:
5117:
5115:
5111:
5109:
5105:
5104:
5101:
5096:
5085:
5080:
5078:
5073:
5071:
5066:
5065:
5062:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5028:
5022:
5021:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5008:
5006:
5005:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4992:
4990:
4989:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4976:
4974:
4972:
4966:
4964:
4963:
4958:
4956:
4955:
4950:
4948:
4947:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4934:
4932:
4931:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4918:
4916:
4915:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4902:
4900:
4899:
4894:
4892:
4891:
4890:Equus latipes
4886:
4884:
4883:
4878:
4876:
4875:
4870:
4868:
4867:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4846:
4844:
4843:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4798:
4796:
4794:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4780:
4778:
4777:
4776:Equus alaskae
4772:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4760:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4729:
4719:
4717:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4705:
4699:
4693:
4691:
4686:
4684:
4682:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4664:
4658:
4656:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4615:
4613:
4611:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4589:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4574:
4564:
4562:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4506:
4504:
4499:
4497:
4495:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4457:
4451:
4449:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4382:
4376:
4374:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4307:
4303:
4302:
4293:
4288:
4286:
4281:
4279:
4274:
4273:
4270:
4258:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4243:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4126:Gaited horses
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4099:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4055:
4054:North America
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4029:Domestication
4027:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3906:Equestrianism
3903:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3835:
3831:
3824:
3819:
3817:
3812:
3810:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3782:0-8018-5789-9
3778:
3774:
3769:
3766:
3754:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3733:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3704:
3700:
3693:
3690:
3685:
3679:
3675:
3674:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3655:
3649:
3645:
3638:
3635:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3611:
3608:
3596:
3592:
3586:
3583:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3534:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3501:
3496:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3461:
3458:
3453:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3432:
3429:
3424:
3418:
3414:
3413:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3383:
3380:
3375:
3371:
3365:
3362:
3350:
3346:
3340:
3337:
3332:
3328:
3321:
3318:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3235:
3232:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3192:
3189:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3117:
3114:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3071:
3068:
3063:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3027:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2970:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2942:
2939:
2934:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2915:
2912:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2884:
2881:
2865:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2844:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2819:
2816:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2753:
2750:
2745:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2726:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2666:
2663:
2658:
2651:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2466:
2463:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2252:
2249:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1989:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1885:
1882:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1841:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1796:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1736:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1684:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1504:
1499:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1476:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1461:(1–3): 1–14.
1460:
1456:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1301:3-89432-913-0
1298:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1171:
1168:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1126:Riwoche horse
1123:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
989:
985:
981:
976:
973:
972:Botai culture
968:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
921:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
858:
856:
854:
850:
846:
841:
836:
834:
831:, and unique
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
782:
780:
776:
774:
769:
765:
764:
759:
755:
754:taxonomically
751:
750:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
719:
711:
707:
703:
696:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
675:
673:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
642:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
616:
612:
611:
610:
608:
601:
599:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
565:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
500:
498:
494:
490:
486:
485:
480:
479:
474:
470:
466:
462:
461:South America
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
441:North America
438:
430:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
345:
341:
337:
334:
330:
326:
325:
321:
317:
313:
312:
307:
296:
295:
291:
289:
288:
284:
282:
281:
277:
274:
273:
271:
266:
261:
256:
254:
248:
245:
244:Binomial name
241:
237:
236:
235:E. ferus
231:
228:
227:
224:
223:
219:
216:
215:
212:
211:
207:
204:
203:
200:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
138:
133:
129:
123:
118:
107:
103:
98:
95:
93:
90:Below right:
84:
83:
75:
74:
67:
66:
60:
56:
51:
46:
43:
39:
35:
30:
19:
5578:
5553:
5527:
5518:
5510:T. pinchaque
5509:
5500:
5488:
5456:
5444:
5432:
5420:
5408:
5398:Dicerorhinus
5396:
5385:R. sondaicus
5384:
5376:R. unicornis
5375:
5363:
5338:Ceratomorpha
5336:
5311:
5302:
5293:
5284:
5282:
5273:
5264:
5255:
5247:E. africanus
5246:
5237:
5235:
5226:
5215:
5206:
5205:Wild horse (
5204:
5197:
5195:
5173:
5146:
5043:
5017:
5009:
5002:
4993:
4988:Equus scotti
4985:
4977:
4970:
4959:
4951:
4943:
4935:
4927:
4919:
4911:
4903:
4895:
4887:
4882:Equus lambei
4879:
4871:
4863:
4855:
4847:
4839:
4831:
4823:
4815:
4807:
4799:
4792:
4784:Equus andium
4781:
4773:
4764:
4715:
4703:
4689:
4680:
4668:
4654:
4645:
4636:
4627:
4618:
4609:
4600:
4588:Equus quagga
4587:
4560:
4551:
4541:
4529:
4528:Wild horse (
4527:
4502:
4493:
4484:
4475:
4463:
4447:
4437:
4428:
4419:
4410:
4400:
4388:
4372:
4363:
4353:
4344:
4332:
4311:
4300:
4219:Winged horse
4214:White horses
4150:
4111:Horse breeds
4102:Horse breeds
4092:World War II
3976:Horse racing
3861:Conformation
3772:
3757:. Retrieved
3743:
3737:
3731:
3721:Bibliography
3707:. Retrieved
3703:the original
3692:
3672:
3643:
3637:
3620:
3610:
3598:. Retrieved
3594:
3585:
3574:the original
3553:
3549:
3536:
3524:. Retrieved
3517:the original
3503:
3476:
3470:
3460:
3431:
3411:
3404:
3396:
3382:
3373:
3364:
3352:. Retrieved
3348:
3339:
3330:
3320:
3308:. Retrieved
3294:
3249:
3245:
3234:
3225:10871/133044
3205:
3201:
3191:
3179:. Retrieved
3167:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3081:
3077:
3070:
3043:
3039:
3029:
3018:the original
2989:
2985:
2972:
2960:. Retrieved
2956:the original
2952:www.waza.org
2951:
2941:
2921:
2914:
2897:
2893:
2883:
2871:. Retrieved
2864:the original
2859:
2846:
2834:. Retrieved
2828:
2818:
2806:. Retrieved
2802:the original
2797:
2788:
2772:
2763:
2759:
2752:
2732:
2725:
2680:
2676:
2665:
2656:
2650:
2628:
2571:
2567:
2557:
2530:
2526:
2516:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2454:the original
2417:
2413:
2372:
2368:
2317:
2313:
2266:
2262:
2251:
2232:
2228:
2218:
2181:
2177:
2167:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2071:
2067:PLOS Biology
2065:
2042:www.cabi.org
2041:
2032:
2005:
2001:
1991:
1979:. Retrieved
1974:
1949:the original
1939:
1930:
1920:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1872:. Retrieved
1865:the original
1860:
1856:
1843:
1831:. Retrieved
1811:
1805:
1795:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1700:
1696:
1686:
1674:. Retrieved
1671:Live Science
1670:
1660:
1607:
1603:
1581:
1572:
1563:
1554:
1542:. Retrieved
1538:the original
1533:
1524:
1515:
1506:
1486:
1475:
1458:
1454:
1431:
1408:, retrieved
1404:the original
1399:
1390:
1381:
1371:
1363:
1341:. Retrieved
1332:
1320:. Retrieved
1316:
1307:
1292:
1287:
1275:. Retrieved
1271:
1262:
1234:
1230:Wilson, D.E.
1216:
1204:. Retrieved
1190:
1184:
1178:
1170:
1111:
1095:Sable Island
1067:feral horses
1051:domesticated
1048:
1013:Feral horses
999:domesticated
992:
977:
969:
964:Chalcolithic
946:and western
926:
908:
900:
896:
892:
888:
881:E. caballus
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
862:
840:osteological
837:
835:haplotypes.
825:Y-chromosome
812:
808:
806:
801:
793:
789:
783:
778:
771:
767:
761:
757:
747:
727:
721:
705:
690:
682:
676:
671:
669:
663:
656:Central Asia
651:
647:
630:western Asia
625:
621:
614:
606:
605:
569:
560:reintroduced
548:feral horses
540:Central Asia
516:domesticated
501:
492:
482:
478:Equus lambei
476:
448:
436:
434:
431:Distribution
424:
413:feral horses
409:colloquially
406:
396:such as the
394:horse breeds
373:
371:
369:or hybrids.
367:feral horses
362:
354:
350:
339:
333:domesticated
323:
310:
309:
305:
303:
292:
285:
278:
252:
250:
234:
233:
221:
209:
91:
80:
79:Below left:
78:
71:
63:
42:
29:
5696:iNaturalist
5609:Equus ferus
5603:Wikispecies
5579:Equus ferus
5457:D. bicornis
5286:Hippotigris
5265:E. hemionus
5227:E. caballus
5182:(including
5148:Hippomorpha
5130:Superorder
5124:Infraclass
4762:Prehistoric
4716:Equus grevy
4704:Equus grevy
4669:Equus zebra
4530:Equus ferus
4464:Equus kiang
4141:Stock horse
4136:Sport horse
4121:Feral horse
4116:Draft horse
4087:World War I
4034:Middle Ages
3732:Equus ferus
3709:9 September
3600:20 November
3331:Smithsonian
3304:ArsTechnica
3277:10871/31710
3107:10230/33065
2900:: 645–651.
2766:(1): 81–84.
2074:(8): e241.
1981:12 February
1410:18 February
1206:17 February
1179:Equus ferus
1128:might be a
1099:Nova Scotia
1079:New Zealand
1041:Semi-feral
1019:Feral horse
1003:chromosomes
909:Equus ferus
897:E. c. ferus
873:E. f. ferus
869:E. caballus
865:Equus ferus
821:chromosomes
813:E. caballus
794:E. f. ferus
744:ancient DNA
706:Equus ferus
672:Equus ferus
660:Gobi Desert
489:conspecific
473:Pleistocene
374:Equus ferus
331:the modern
311:Equus ferus
268:Subspecies
253:Equus ferus
92:Equus ferus
70:Top right:
48:Wild horse
34:Feral horse
18:Wild horses
5809:Categories
5528:T. indicus
5501:T. bairdii
5365:Rhinoceros
5044:Wild horse
4184:Hippomancy
4151:Wild horse
4003:Equitation
3998:Horse show
3931:Horse tack
3881:Management
3866:Coat color
3839:management
3591:"Wildlife"
3526:18 January
2836:30 January
1874:29 October
1676:11 October
1317:Britannica
1158:References
1031:See also:
1023:semi-feral
829:haplotypes
763:Amerhippus
580:grasslands
556:Antarctica
552:introduced
550:have been
484:Amerhippus
398:Heck horse
378:extinction
344:endangered
329:subspecies
306:wild horse
217:Subgenus:
117:Endangered
62:Top left:
5473:Tapiridae
5312:E. grevyi
5294:E. quagga
5283:Subgenus
5256:E. asinus
5236:Subgenus
5196:Subgenus
4231:Symbolism
4226:Sacrifice
4189:Mythology
4146:Warmblood
4104:and types
4072:East Asia
4024:Evolution
3986:medalists
3909:and sport
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