393:
109:
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their introduction around 1000 years ago, a continued reliance on charcoal as a fuel for cooking, and the increased prominence of coffee as a cash crop over the past century. According to a conservative estimate, about 40 percent of the island's original forest cover was lost from the 1950s to 2000, with a thinning of remaining forest areas by 80 percent.
19:
434:
As human population density rose on the island, deforestation accelerated beginning around 1400 years ago. By the 16th century, the central highlands had been largely cleared of their original forests. More recent contributors to the loss of forest cover include the growth in cattle herd size since
475:
since the 2009 coup has had dire consequences for the island's wildlife: 90 percent of lemur species were found to be threatened with extinction, the highest proportion of any mammalian group. Of these, 23 species were classified as critically endangered. By contrast, a previous study in 2008
553:
Local timber merchants are harvesting scarce species of rosewood trees from protected rainforests within
Marojejy National Park and exporting the wood to China for the production of luxury furniture and musical instruments. To raise public awareness of Madagascar's environmental challenges, the
198:
Endemic fish of
Madagascar include two families, 15 genera and over 100 species, primarily inhabiting the island's freshwater lakes and rivers. Although invertebrates remain poorly studied on Madagascar, researchers have found high rates of endemism among the known species. All 651 species of
569:
There are many conservation networks dedicated to conserving wildlife in
Madagascar. The Lemur Conservation Network works with over 100 organizations to mobilize funds and disperse them in order to promote conservation and research on lemurs. They also have a funding guide available to guide
577:, focuses on community education in order to allow local people to understand the threats of bushmeat consumption, not only from a conservation standpoint but from a human health perspective as well. They also train young Malagasy people to become future biologists and conversationalists.
175:, 39 of which were discovered by zoologists between 2000 and 2008. They are almost all classified as rare, vulnerable, or endangered. Since the arrival of humans on Madagascar, at least 17 species of lemur have become extinct; all of them were larger than the surviving lemur species.
426:
agricultural practice imported to
Madagascar by the earliest settlers. Malagasy farmers embrace and perpetuate the practice not only for its practical benefits as an agricultural technique, but for its cultural associations with prosperity, health and venerated ancestral custom
467:
species vanished with the arrival of human settlers to the island, while others became extinct over the course of the centuries as a growing human population put greater pressures on lemur habitats and, among some populations, increased the rate of lemur hunting for food.
46:
separated the
Madagascar-Antarctica-India landmass from the Africa-South America landmass around 135 million years ago. Madagascar later split from India about 88 million years ago, allowing plants and animals on the island to evolve in relative isolation.
448:
as a key source of state revenues to offset cuts in donor support following
Ravalomanana's ouster. It is anticipated that all the island's rainforests, excluding those in protected areas and the steepest eastern mountain slopes, will have been deforested by 2025.
438:
In addition to traditional agricultural practice, wildlife conservation is challenged by the illicit harvesting of protected forests, as well as the state-sanctioned harvesting of precious woods within national parks. Although banned by then-President
50:
As a result of the island's long isolation from neighboring continents, Madagascar is home to an abundance of plants and animals found nowhere else on Earth. Approximately 90 percent of all plant and animal species found in
Madagascar are
764:; Wallis, J.; Rylands, A.B.; Ganzhorn, J.U.; Oates, J.F.; Williamson, E.A.; Palacios, E.; Heymann, E.W.; Kierulff, M.C.M.; Yongchen, L.; Supriatna, J.; Roos, C.; Walker, S.; Cortés-Ortiz, L.; Schwitzer, C., eds. (2009).
1696:
Morelli, Toni Lyn; Smith, Adam B.; Mancini, Amanda N.; Balko, Elizabeth A.; Borgerson, Cortni; Dolch, Rainer; Farris, Zachary; Federman, Sarah; Golden, Christopher D.; Holmes, Sheila M.; Irwin, Mitchell (January 2020).
443:
from 2000 to 2009, the collection of small quantities of precious timber from national parks was re-authorized in
January 2009 and has dramatically intensified under the administration of current head of state
604:. The Lemur Conservation Network also provides funding for many lemur research programs. Madagasikara Voakajy participates in research and publication in order to bring conservation into the research world.
186:
that have reached
Madagascar have diversified into more than 260 species, with over 90 percent of these being endemic (including one endemic family). The island is home to two-thirds of the world's
411:
Madagascar's varied fauna and flora are endangered by human activity. Since the arrival of humans around 2,350 years ago, Madagascar has lost more than 90 percent of its original forest.
124:
Era has led to the evolution of a large proportion of endemic animal species and the absence of many taxa found on neighboring continents. Some of
Madagascar's animals appear to represent
182:, are endemic to Madagascar. Over 300 have been recorded on the island, of which over 60 percent (including four families and 42 genera) are endemic. The few families and genera of
1046:
Okajima, Yasuhisa; Kumazawa, Yoshinori (15 July 2009). "Mitogenomic perspectives into iguanid phylogeny and biogeography: Gondwanan vicariance for the origin of Madagascan oplurines".
239:
More than 80 percent of Madagascar's 14,883 plant species are found nowhere else in the world, including five plant families. There are several endemic families including the
506:
to over 60,000 km (23,000 sq mi) or 10 percent of Madagascar's land surface. As of 2011, areas protected by the state included five Strict Nature Reserves (
1577:
Harper, Grady J.; Steininger, Marc; Tucker, Compton; Juhn, Daniel; Hawkins, Frank (December 2007). "Fifty years of deforestation and forest fragmentation in Madagascar".
570:
conservation donations, and promote a blog to engage the public and spread awareness. They are headed by LucĂa RodrĂguez Valverde and Seheno Corduant-Andriantsaralaza.
128:
that have been present since the breakup of Gondwana, while many others, including all of the nonflying native mammals, are descendants of ancestors that survived rare
2520:
2290:
1754:
668:
1620:
1331:
Foster, Steven (December 2010). "From Herbs to Medicines: The Madagascar Periwinkle's Impact on Childhood Leukemia: A Serendipitous Discovery for Treatment".
2212:
1456:
2002:
1807:
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67:
and many birds. This distinctive ecology has led some ecologists to refer to Madagascar as the "eighth continent", and the island has been classified by
2435:
1089:"Rivaling the World's Smallest Reptiles: Discovery of Miniaturized and Microendemic New Species of Leaf Chameleons (Brookesia) from Northern Madagascar"
1895:
157:
2275:
463:, became extinct in 17th century or earlier, most probably due to human hunting of adult birds and poaching of their large eggs for food. Numerous
1173:
2295:
2132:
2111:
2090:
2039:
1872:
626:
776:
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Across the island, Madagaskara Voakajy aims to conserve many endangered species that aitants of Madagascar. This organization, directed by
1403:
2159:
2058:
1781:
1645:
Green, Glen; Sussmand, Robert (April 1990). "Deforestation history of the eastern rainforests of Madagascar from satellite images".
1429:
701:
472:
316:
species. The island is home to around 170 palm species, three times as many as on all of mainland Africa; 165 of them are endemic.
597:
2205:
772:
268:
149:
91:
914:
347:
and endemic to the eastern rain forests, is highly iconic of Madagascar and is featured in the national emblem as well as the
42:
reflects the fact that the island has been isolated for about 88 million years. The prehistoric breakup of the supercontinent
2546:
145:
95:
405:) destruction of native forest habitat is widespread (left), causing massive erosion (center) and silting of rivers (right).
2310:
555:
523:
364:
163:
Lemurs have been characterized as "Madagascar's flagship mammal species" by Conservation International. In the absence of
153:
133:
103:
1380:
2629:
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1758:
1230:
503:
2198:
360:
284:
141:
99:
1613:
660:
2602:
780:
574:
68:
2079:
Emoff, Ron (2004). "Spitting into the wind: Multi-edged environmentalism in Malagasy song". In Dawe, Kevin (ed.).
1464:
171:
have adapted to a wide range of habitats and diversified into numerous species. As of 2012, there were officially
2350:
1811:
593:
547:
340:
296:
1841:
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2460:
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2255:
586:
543:
535:
1292:"Biogeography and floral evolution of dandolines (Adansonia, Bombacaceae) as inferred from multiple data sets"
845:
Ali, J. R.; Huber, M. (20 January 2010). "Mammalian biodiversity on Madagascar controlled by ocean currents".
2465:
2355:
2285:
1899:
856:
455:
and hunting have threatened many of Madagascar's endemic species or driven them to extinction. The island's
71:
as a biodiversity hotspot. As recent as 2021, the "smallest reptile on earth" was also found in Madagascar,
2576:
2525:
2445:
2410:
2395:
2335:
2270:
539:
527:
227:
2572:
2554:
2400:
1974:
788:
765:
531:
172:
137:
2550:
2175:
986:"Phalangeal curvature and positional behavior in extinct sloth lemurs (Primates, Palaeopropithecidae)"
816:
2500:
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2325:
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2300:
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2250:
1654:
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997:
860:
601:
328:
1864:
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2455:
2440:
2425:
2415:
2405:
2370:
2365:
2315:
2260:
2235:
936:
761:
495:
452:
216:
125:
87:
2049:
Davies, S.J.J.F. (2003). "Birds I: Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins". In Hutchins, Michael (ed.).
622:
221:
2495:
2490:
2430:
2385:
2345:
2240:
2221:
1726:
1678:
1594:
1550:
1506:
966:
884:
502:
In 2003 Ravalomanana announced the Durban Vision, an initiative to more than triple the island's
585:
Current research in and on Madagascar and the Western Indian Ocean islands is published in the
2470:
2420:
2375:
2360:
2340:
2330:
2305:
2245:
2155:
2128:
2107:
2086:
2054:
2035:
1718:
1670:
1348:
1313:
1222:
1128:
1069:
1025:
876:
697:
440:
319:
Many native plant species are used as herbal remedies for a variety of afflictions. The drugs
248:
129:
23:
1407:
2480:
2390:
2280:
2147:
1710:
1662:
1586:
1542:
1498:
1340:
1303:
1214:
1165:
1118:
1108:
1061:
1015:
1005:
956:
948:
939:; Ganzhorn, J.; Konstant, W.; et al. (December 2008). "Lemur diversity in Madagascar".
868:
847:
691:
392:
1433:
906:
801:
464:
445:
192:
108:
267:, although much of this forest has been reduced by human activity. The west has areas of
1658:
1104:
1001:
864:
1949:
1123:
1088:
1048:
423:
402:
348:
244:
240:
231:), the flowers of this orchid have a very long spur and are pollinated by a species of
179:
72:
64:
2176:
Large database of local names of fauna of Madagascar with English and scientific names
2618:
1730:
1087:
Glaw, F.; Köhler, J. R.; Townsend, T. M.; Vences, M. (2012). Salamin, Nicolas (ed.).
1020:
985:
456:
195:, and researchers have proposed that Madagascar may be the origin of all chameleons.
60:
1698:
1598:
970:
374:
1682:
888:
336:
292:
200:
132:
or swimming voyages from Africa (likely aided by currents). As of 2012 it has over
113:
1924:
383:
116:
is one of over 100 known species and subspecies of lemur found only in Madagascar.
2144:
Isle of Fire: The Political Ecology of Landscape Burning in Madagascar, Issue 246
2122:
2101:
2080:
2069:
2029:
1666:
1113:
735:
1489:
Gade, Daniel W. (1996). "Deforestation and its effects in Highland Madagascar".
1198:
Vences, Miguel; Wollenberg, Katharina; Vieites, David; Lees, David (June 2009).
415:
324:
320:
304:
1218:
1065:
152:. The island also has a rich invertebrate fauna including earthworms, insects,
1714:
1590:
1376:
952:
252:
232:
199:
terrestrial snail are endemic, as are a majority of the island's butterflies,
35:
1722:
1199:
1169:
1010:
1308:
1291:
563:
480:
476:
had found only 38 percent of lemur species were at risk of extinction.
313:
288:
280:
256:
188:
1674:
1352:
1344:
1317:
1226:
1132:
1073:
1029:
984:
Jungers, W.L.; Godfrey, L.R.; Simons, E.L.; Chatrath, P.S. (October 1997).
880:
491:
2103:
Africa and the Middle East: a continental overview of environmental issues
1533:
Campbell, Gwyn (1993). "The Structure of Trade in Madagascar, 1750–1810".
1057:
332:
276:
204:
121:
52:
43:
39:
872:
1510:
183:
168:
1833:
1782:"Madagascar group aims to protect wildlife from stray cats & dogs"
1554:
961:
766:"Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2008–2010"
2190:
1837:
460:
309:
308:
species are endemic to the island. Three-fourths of Madagascar's 860
264:
164:
1502:
2151:
1896:"Madagascar! to Open at Bronx Zoo in Green, Refurbished Lion House"
1546:
1151:"The endemic and non-endemic vascular flora of Madagascar updated"
272:
220:
107:
56:
2185:
621:
University of Berkeley: Understanding Evolution (October 2009).
260:
2194:
251:. The humid eastern part of the island was formerly covered in
30:), the most familiar of Madagascar's numerous species of lemur.
18:
2180:
2053:. Vol. 8 (2 ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group.
824:
483:, as well as dogs, have a negative impact on native wildlife.
312:
species are found here alone, as are six of the world's eight
120:
Madagascar's isolation from other land masses throughout the
295:, composed of four genera and 11 species, is limited to the
518:). In 2007 six of the national parks were declared a joint
1200:"Madagascar as a model region of species diversification"
1535:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
736:"'Smallest reptile on earth' discovered in Madagascar"
291:
is now the dominant vegetation type there. The family
2100:
Hillstrom, Kevin; Collier Hillstrom, Laurie (2003).
2071:
Three visits to Madagascar during ... 1853-1854-1856
1755:"Lemurs Hunted, Eaten Amid Civil Unrest, Group Says"
600:
and the Institute and Museum of Anthropology at the
2534:
2509:
2228:
1430:"Everglades, Madagascar Rain Forest on UNESCO List"
990:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA
900:
898:
623:"Where did all of Madagascar's species come from?"
178:A number of other mammals, including the cat-like
1290:Baum, D. A.; Small, R. L.; Wendel, J. F. (1998).
1402:Lambahoany Ecotourism Centre (24 August 2011).
725:Hillstrom & Collier Hillstrom (2003), p. 50
1780:Valisoa Rasolofomboahangy (21 November 2023).
1614:"Countries at the Crossroads 2011: Madagascar"
1406:. Lambahoany Ecotourism Centre. Archived from
2206:
1699:"The fate of Madagascar's rainforest habitat"
1463:. National Geographic Society. Archived from
1276:
1274:
693:Origin of the Malagasy Strepshirhine Primates
287:once covered much of the central plateau but
8:
2031:Madagascar, 10th Ed.: The Bradt Travel Guide
1484:
1482:
598:Madagascar Research and Conservation Program
1612:Bachelard, Jerome; Marcus, Richard (2011).
1144:
1142:
654:
652:
650:
648:
646:
644:
2213:
2199:
2191:
1865:"Shaky Rule in Madagascar Threatens Trees"
1757:. National Geographic News. Archived from
1041:
1039:
1307:
1122:
1112:
1019:
1009:
960:
661:"Madagascar and the Indian Ocean Islands"
590:Madagascar Conservation & Development
335:and other cancers, were derived from the
2146:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2003:"Madagascar – Global Open Access Portal"
1432:. ABC News. 30 July 2010. Archived from
1149:Callmander, Martin; et al. (2011).
490:
17:
1333:Alternative and Complementary Therapies
613:
2121:Hobbes, Joseph; Dolan, Andrew (2008).
1925:"About the Lemur Conservation Network"
1810:. parcs-madagascar.com. Archived from
797:
786:
471:A July 2012 assessment found that the
1997:
1995:
1919:
1917:
1875:from the original on 6 September 2012
1844:from the original on 3 September 2011
7:
1975:"Julie Hanta Razafimanahaka | Staff"
941:International Journal of Primatology
917:from the original on 14 January 2013
777:International Primatological Society
235:with a proboscis of matching length.
1179:from the original on 31 August 2013
671:from the original on 24 August 2011
659:Conservation International (2007).
596:, Global Vision International, the
173:103 species and subspecies of lemur
2051:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia
1806:Madagascar National Parks (2011).
1753:Handwerk, Brian (21 August 2009).
1585:(4). Cambridge Journals: 325–333.
1259:: A New Species From Madagascar".
907:"Lemurs sliding toward extinction"
76:, also known as the nano-chameleon
14:
2127:. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning.
1491:Mountain Research and Development
1455:World Wildlife Fund, ed. (2001).
1383:from the original on 7 March 2011
817:"Mammals 'floated to Madagascar'"
773:IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group
716:Hobbes & Dolan (2008), p. 517
473:exploitation of natural resources
2521:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
2291:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2181:Madagascar Wildlife Conservation
1626:from the original on 8 June 2012
629:from the original on 16 May 2011
391:
382:
373:
92:List of amphibians of Madagascar
2106:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
2034:. London: Bradt Travel Guides.
1834:"Rainforests of the Atsinanana"
1375:McLendon, Chuck (16 May 2000).
1236:from the original on 9 May 2013
1207:Trends in Ecology and Evolution
905:Black, Richard (13 July 2012).
815:Kinver, M. (20 January 2010).
667:. Conservation International.
587:Madagascan open access journal
508:Réserves Naturelles Intégrales
96:List of reptiles in Madagascar
1:
1863:Bearak, Barry (24 May 2010).
1457:"Madagascar subhumid forests"
556:Wildlife Conservation Society
524:Rainforests of the Atsinanana
365:Illegal logging in Madagascar
167:and other competitors, these
104:List of mammals of Madagascar
2074:. London: Oxford University.
1898:. Treehugger. Archived from
1667:10.1126/science.248.4952.212
1261:Cactus and Succulent Journal
1114:10.1371/journal.pone.0031314
771:. Illustrated by S.D. Nash.
558:opened an exhibit entitled "
459:, a family of endemic giant
299:of southwestern Madagascar.
1461:WildWorld Ecoregion Profile
1377:"Ravenala madagascariensis"
1158:Plant Ecology and Evolution
361:Deforestation in Madagascar
302:Four-fifths of the world's
207:, spiders and dragonflies.
100:List of birds of Madagascar
2646:
1954:Lemur Conservation Network
1929:Lemur Conservation Network
1579:Environmental Conservation
1219:10.1016/j.tree.2009.03.011
1066:10.1016/j.gene.2008.06.011
781:Conservation International
696:. Springer. pp. 1–6.
575:Julie Hanta Razafimanahaka
358:
283:among the dominant trees.
214:
138:over 100 species of lemurs
85:
69:Conservation International
63:primate), the carnivorous
1743:Davies (2003), pp. 99–101
1715:10.1038/s41558-019-0647-x
1591:10.1017/S0376892907004262
953:10.1007/s10764-008-9317-y
594:Missouri Botanical Garden
514:) and 21 National Parks (
510:), 21 Wildlife Reserves (
150:266 species of amphibians
134:200 extant mammal species
2276:Central African Republic
2142:Kull, Christian (2004).
2124:World Regional Geography
1255:Lavranos, John (2004). "
1170:10.5091/plecevo.2011.513
1011:10.1073/pnas.94.22.11998
690:Tattersall, Ian (2006).
2068:Ellis, William (1859).
1567:Emoff (2004), pp. 51–62
1309:10.1080/106351598260879
857:Nature Publishing Group
592:, an initiative by the
504:protected natural areas
422:("fat"), a traditional
191:species, including the
146:260 species of reptiles
2028:Bradt, Hilary (2011).
1404:"Nature of Madagascar"
1345:10.1089/act.2010.16609
796:Cite journal requires
562:" in June 2008 at the
499:
236:
228:Angraecum sesquipedale
117:
31:
2436:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
2296:Republic of the Congo
1703:Nature Climate Change
1257:Pachypodium makayense
665:Biodiversity Hotspots
494:
418:is largely fueled by
337:Madagascar periwinkle
224:
111:
21:
1979:Madagasikara Voakajy
1902:on 11 September 2011
1365:Ellis (1859), p. 302
602:University of Zurich
355:Environmental issues
269:dry deciduous forest
142:300 species of birds
2630:Wildlife by country
2625:Biota of Madagascar
2511:States with limited
2222:Wildlife of Africa
1659:1990Sci...248..212G
1523:Kull (2004), p. 153
1410:on 13 December 2011
1280:Bradt (2011), p. 38
1105:2012PLoSO...731314G
1002:1997PNAS...9411998J
873:10.1038/nature08706
865:2010Natur.463..653A
855:(4 February 2010).
520:World Heritage Site
496:Isalo National Park
453:Habitat destruction
343:, known locally as
217:Flora of Madagascar
88:Fauna of Madagascar
34:The composition of
2186:WildMadagascar.org
2085:. New York: Berg.
1869:The New York Times
1808:"The Conservation"
1296:Systematic Biology
996:(22): 11998–2001.
526:. These parks are
512:Réserves Spéciales
500:
237:
158:nonmarine molluscs
118:
32:
2612:
2611:
2538:other territories
2311:Equatorial Guinea
2134:978-0-495-38950-7
2113:978-1-57607-688-0
2092:978-1-85973-703-3
2041:978-1-84162-341-2
1653:(4952): 212–215.
1619:. Freedom House.
1379:. Floridata.com.
762:Mittermeier, R.A.
742:. 5 February 2021
441:Marc Ravalomanana
329:Hodgkin's disease
249:Sphaerosepalaceae
24:ring-tailed lemur
2637:
2599:
2598:(United Kingdom)
2594:Tristan da Cunha
2590:Ascension Island
2582:
2569:
2560:
2536:Dependencies and
2229:Sovereign states
2215:
2208:
2201:
2192:
2165:
2138:
2117:
2096:
2075:
2064:
2045:
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2010:
1999:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1971:
1965:
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1960:
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1911:
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1907:
1891:
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1849:
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1803:
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1693:
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981:
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974:
964:
947:(6): 1607–1656.
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327:, used to treat
55:, including the
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1983:
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1814:on 31 July 2011
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1503:10.2307/3674005
1488:
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1467:on 8 March 2010
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983:
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937:Mittermeier, R.
935:
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896:
844:
843:
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829:
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689:
688:
684:
674:
672:
658:
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642:
632:
630:
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619:
615:
610:
583:
522:under the name
516:Parcs Nationaux
489:
446:Andry Rajoelina
409:
408:
407:
406:
398:
397:
396:
388:
387:
379:
378:
367:
359:Main articles:
357:
341:traveler's palm
285:Subhumid forest
219:
213:
148:, and at least
106:
86:Main articles:
84:
12:
11:
5:
2643:
2641:
2633:
2632:
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2617:
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2610:
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2603:Western Sahara
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2547:Canary Islands
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2195:
2189:
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2170:External links
2168:
2167:
2166:
2160:
2152:10.1086/431115
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2118:
2112:
2097:
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2020:
2017:
2016:
1991:
1966:
1941:
1913:
1886:
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1798:
1772:
1761:on 10 May 2011
1745:
1736:
1688:
1637:
1604:
1569:
1560:
1547:10.2307/219188
1541:(1): 111–148.
1525:
1516:
1497:(2): 101–116.
1478:
1447:
1436:on 11 May 2011
1421:
1394:
1367:
1358:
1339:(6): 347–350.
1323:
1302:(2): 181–207.
1282:
1270:
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1213:(8): 456–465.
1190:
1164:(2): 121–125.
1138:
1079:
1035:
976:
928:
894:
837:
807:
798:|journal=
753:
727:
718:
709:
702:
682:
640:
612:
611:
609:
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582:
579:
488:
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457:elephant birds
429:fomba malagasy
424:slash-and-burn
403:slash-and-burn
400:
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389:
381:
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372:
371:
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369:
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356:
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349:Air Madagascar
245:Sarcolaenaceae
241:Asteropeiaceae
225:Comet orchid (
215:Main article:
212:
209:
201:scarab beetles
193:smallest known
83:
80:
74:Brookesia nana
13:
10:
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2098:
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2082:Island Musics
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2060:0-7876-5784-0
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1099:(2): e31314.
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703:0-387-34585-X
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566:in New York.
565:
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541:
537:
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529:
525:
521:
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486:
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479:Domestic and
477:
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307:
306:
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297:spiny forests
294:
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115:
110:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
81:
79:
77:
75:
70:
66:
62:
61:strepsirrhine
58:
54:
48:
45:
41:
37:
29:
25:
20:
16:
2586:Saint Helena
2557:
2461:South Africa
2451:Sierra Leone
2380:
2256:Burkina Faso
2143:
2123:
2102:
2081:
2070:
2050:
2030:
2022:Bibliography
2007:. Retrieved
1982:. Retrieved
1978:
1969:
1957:. Retrieved
1953:
1944:
1932:. Retrieved
1928:
1904:. Retrieved
1900:the original
1889:
1877:. Retrieved
1868:
1858:
1846:. Retrieved
1828:
1816:. Retrieved
1812:the original
1801:
1789:. Retrieved
1785:
1775:
1763:. Retrieved
1759:the original
1748:
1739:
1709:(1): 89–96.
1706:
1702:
1691:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1628:. Retrieved
1607:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1563:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1519:
1494:
1490:
1469:. Retrieved
1465:the original
1460:
1450:
1438:. Retrieved
1434:the original
1424:
1412:. Retrieved
1408:the original
1397:
1387:14 September
1385:. Retrieved
1370:
1361:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1299:
1295:
1285:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1238:. Retrieved
1210:
1206:
1193:
1181:. Retrieved
1161:
1157:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1053:
1047:
993:
989:
979:
944:
940:
931:
919:. Retrieved
910:
852:
846:
840:
828:. Retrieved
820:
810:
789:cite journal
756:
744:. Retrieved
739:
730:
721:
712:
692:
685:
673:. Retrieved
664:
631:. Retrieved
616:
589:
584:
572:
568:
559:
552:
515:
511:
507:
501:
487:Conservation
478:
470:
451:
437:
433:
428:
419:
413:
410:
344:
318:
303:
301:
293:Didiereaceae
238:
226:
197:
177:
162:
144:, more than
136:, including
119:
114:silky sifaka
73:
49:
33:
27:
15:
2513:recognition
2466:South Sudan
2356:Ivory Coast
1791:23 November
1440:11 February
1267:(2): 85–88.
1240:11 February
1183:11 February
859:: 653–656.
560:Madagascar!
548:Andringitra
465:giant lemur
416:forest loss
325:vincristine
321:vinblastine
305:Pachypodium
59:(a type of
28:Lemur catta
2619:Categories
2568:(Portugal)
2526:Somaliland
2446:Seychelles
2411:Mozambique
2396:Mauritania
2381:Madagascar
2336:The Gambia
2271:Cape Verde
1950:"Our Team"
962:10161/6237
830:20 January
746:6 February
608:References
544:Andohahela
536:Ranomafana
481:feral cats
271:with many
255:with many
253:rainforest
36:Madagascar
2401:Mauritius
1818:25 August
1731:209448969
1723:1758-6798
1630:25 August
1414:24 August
1060:: 28–35.
921:26 August
675:24 August
564:Bronx Zoo
289:grassland
275:and with
205:lacewings
189:chameleon
2592: /
2588: /
2581:(France)
2575: /
2553: /
2549: /
2501:Zimbabwe
2476:Tanzania
2326:Ethiopia
2321:Eswatini
2301:Djibouti
2266:Cameroon
2251:Botswana
2005:. UNESCO
1879:20 March
1873:Archived
1848:30 April
1842:Archived
1786:Mongabay
1765:15 March
1675:17740137
1621:Archived
1599:86120326
1471:30 April
1381:Archived
1353:20423206
1318:12064226
1231:Archived
1227:19500874
1174:Archived
1133:22348069
1093:PLOS ONE
1074:18598742
1058:Elsevier
1030:11038588
971:17614597
915:Archived
911:BBC News
881:20090678
821:BBC News
740:BBC News
669:Archived
633:19 March
627:Archived
581:Research
540:Zahamena
528:Marojejy
345:ravinala
333:leukemia
277:tamarind
233:hawkmoth
169:primates
140:, about
126:lineages
122:Cenozoic
44:Gondwana
40:wildlife
2577:RĂ©union
2573:Mayotte
2564:Madeira
2559:(Spain)
2555:Melilla
2486:Tunisia
2456:Somalia
2441:Senegal
2426:Nigeria
2416:Namibia
2406:Morocco
2371:Liberia
2366:Lesotho
2316:Eritrea
2286:Comoros
2261:Burundi
2236:Algeria
1906:11 June
1683:8288722
1655:Bibcode
1647:Science
1511:3674005
1124:3279364
1101:Bibcode
1056:(1–2).
998:Bibcode
889:4333977
861:Bibcode
783:: 1–92.
532:Masoala
461:ratites
281:baobabs
184:reptile
165:monkeys
154:spiders
130:rafting
53:endemic
2596:
2579:
2566:
2496:Zambia
2491:Uganda
2431:Rwanda
2386:Malawi
2346:Guinea
2241:Angola
2158:
2131:
2110:
2089:
2057:
2038:
1984:6 June
1959:6 June
1934:6 June
1838:UNESCO
1729:
1721:
1681:
1673:
1597:
1555:219188
1553:
1509:
1351:
1316:
1225:
1131:
1121:
1072:
1028:
1018:
969:
887:
879:
848:Nature
779:, and
700:
401:Tavy (
351:logo.
339:. The
314:baobab
310:orchid
273:lianas
265:bamboo
102:, and
57:lemurs
2551:Ceuta
2471:Sudan
2421:Niger
2376:Libya
2361:Kenya
2341:Ghana
2331:Gabon
2306:Egypt
2246:Benin
2009:6 May
1727:S2CID
1679:S2CID
1624:(PDF)
1617:(PDF)
1595:S2CID
1551:JSTOR
1507:JSTOR
1234:(PDF)
1203:(PDF)
1177:(PDF)
1154:(PDF)
1021:23681
967:S2CID
885:S2CID
769:(PDF)
414:This
261:ferns
257:palms
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