114:. Accordingly, it is commonplace for aircraft manufacturers to produce non-flying test units which are subjected to ground-based testing, exerting loads of up to 1.5 times the maximum aerodynamic forces expected to be encountered at any point throughout its operating life. Destructive testing of wing elements has been around since the earliest days of aviation, although the specific techniques employed have become increasingly sophisticated, particularly since the invention of the
146:. Sometimes, via such techniques, the need to replace an individual aircraft's wingbox is identified; although this is a quite intensive and costly procedure, leading to operators often choosing to end an aircraft's operating life instead, such replacements are occasionally performed. During Summer 2019, the
94:
Due to its crucial structural role, the wingbox is subjected to considerable analysis and scrutiny in order to be certain of its capabilities, as well to achieve optimum performance. As such, various techniques to calculate and verify the stresses involved have been devised by aerospace engineers and
66:
and the upper and lower wing skins together form a natural "box" shape running through the wing. While internal wing structure commonly provides much of the strength via a combination of spars, ribs and stringers, the external skin typically carries a proportion of the loads too. On many aircraft,
261:
Oliveri, Vincenzo; Zucco, Giovanni; Peeters, Daniël; Clancy, Gearoid; Telford, Robert; Rouhi, Mohammad; McHale, Ciarán; O’Higgins, Ronan; Young, Trevor; Weaver, Paul (April 2019) . "Design, Manufacture and Test of an In-Situ
Consolidated Thermoplastic Variable-Stiffness Wingbox".
125:
Non-destructive testing is also performed not only during the initial certification process but often throughout an individual aircraft's life to safeguard against fatigue failure and inspect potential damage inflicted. Common techniques include visual inspection,
95:
employed by aircraft manufacturers. The use of increasingly capable calculations and tests has been directly credited with enabling the production of lighter and more efficient wings. Towards the latter part of the twentieth century, the use of
154:
transport aircraft for inspection and remedial work upon discovering excessive wingbox cracking. Aircraft intended for lengthy service lives have often received replacement wingboxes as a part of life extension programmes.
86:
announced that they had created the world's first single-piece composite center wingbox, stating that it represented a 20 per cent reduction in the cost of manufacturing by being easier to assemble.
448:
Bayraktar, E.; Antolovich, S.D.; Bathias, C. (12 September 2008). "New developments in non-destructive controls of the composite materials and applications in manufacturing engineering".
338:
513:
35:
is the primary load-carrying structure of the wing, which forms the structural centre of the wings and is also the attachment point for other wing components such as
324:
306:
568:
1145:
476:
532:
387:
78:
within the wingbox; this trend has largely been pursued to achieve lower weights over designs only using conventional materials. Specifically,
1185:
1140:
1085:
950:
1205:
106:
Furthermore, physical verification of the structural performance of the wingbox is normally demanded in the certification process of
561:
494:
346:
82:
has become a popular material due to its very high strength-to-weight ratio. During
January 2017, European aerospace conglomerate
1175:
791:
773:
151:
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1519:
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554:
368:
1180:
1135:
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388:
Residual
Strength and Crack Progatation Tests on C-130 Airplane Center Wings with Service-Imposed Fatigue Damage
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703:
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1478:
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1120:
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67:
the inner volume of the wingbox has also been used to store fuel, which is commonly referred to as being a
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32:
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99:(CAD) technology became commonplace in aerospace programmes; as such, software packages such as
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1170:
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1005:
693:
207:
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1371:
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119:
193:"Stress Analysis and Weight Optimization of a Wing Box Structure Subjected To Flight Loads"
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1235:
1200:
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608:
135:
111:
62:
The wingbox is so called since, on many designs, the combination of the forward and rear
514:"US Air Force pauses flight ops for more than a hundred C-130s over 'atypical' cracking"
275:
1483:
1343:
1060:
618:
613:
230:"Weight trades in the design of a composite wing box: effect of various design choices"
44:
1513:
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in 1938, which has been in widespread use within the aerospace industry since the
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325:"Airbus' new centre wing box design holds great promise for future aircraft"
139:
48:
1356:
1329:
1304:
1070:
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911:
841:
758:
683:
653:
589:
228:
Moors, G.; Kassapoglou, C.; de
Almeida, S.F.M.; Ferreira, C.A.E. (2019).
191:
Immanuvel, D.; Arulselvan, K.; Maniiarasan, P.; Senthilkumar, S. (2014).
107:
68:
52:
17:
1130:
781:
688:
386:
Snider, H. Lawrence; Reeder, Franklin L.; Dirkin, William (July 1972).
283:
866:
836:
743:
718:
648:
417:"A review of non-destructive testing methods of composite materials"
1259:
861:
713:
100:
394:
550:
339:"Boeing Successfully completes 787 wingbox destructive testing"
477:"Air logistics center upgrades center wing boxes on C-130s"
200:
103:
play a major role in the design and manufacturing process.
495:"Keeping the C-130s Flying: Center Wing Box Replacements"
533:"Marshall Aerospace and Defense tapped for C-130J work"
186:
184:
182:
180:
74:
In recent years, there has been an increasing use of
1426:
1405:
1338:
1234:
1069:
935:
772:
588:
307:"Aerospace industry moves to carbon fibre wings"
59:which forms the structural core of an aircraft.
562:
8:
47:. The wingbox continues beyond the visible
569:
555:
547:
450:Journal of Materials Processing Technology
432:
245:
223:
221:
150:was compelled to ground over 100 of its
176:
7:
475:Housman, Damian (15 November 2006).
305:Cunningham, Justin (13 June 2014).
512:Insinna, Valerie (8 August 2019).
345:. 17 November 2008. Archived from
25:
531:Tomkins, Richard (18 July 2017).
367:Hoversten, Paul (30 April 2009).
462:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.12.001
327:. Airbus Group. 13 January 2017.
1479:In-flight entertainment system
1176:Horizontal situation indicator
369:"Then & Now: Under Stress"
152:Lockheed Martin C-130 Hercules
1:
421:Procedia Structural Integrity
1459:Environmental control system
434:10.1016/j.prostr.2016.02.008
1541:
1136:Course deviation indicator
827:Electro-hydraulic actuator
537:United Press International
481:Air Force Materiel Command
165:Index of aviation articles
43:, trailing edge flaps and
1367:Conventional landing gear
247:10.1007/s13272-018-0321-4
112:certification authorities
1151:Flight management system
373:Air & Space Magazine
51:and interfaces with the
1454:Emergency oxygen system
1216:Turn and slip indicator
1011:Leading-edge droop flap
981:Drag-reducing aerospike
956:Adaptive compliant wing
951:Active Aeroelastic Wing
148:United States Air Force
1494:Passenger service unit
1295:Self-sealing fuel tank
1191:Multi-function display
499:Defense Industry Daily
415:Gholizade, S. (2016).
234:CEAS Aeronaut Jpournal
90:Evaluating and testing
1474:Ice protection system
1392:Tricycle landing gear
1382:Landing gear extender
599:Aft pressure bulkhead
311:Engineering Materials
97:computer aided design
1525:Aircraft wing design
1439:Auxiliary power unit
847:Flight control modes
1520:Aircraft components
1418:Escape crew capsule
1325:War emergency power
1196:Pitot–static system
1041:Variable-sweep wing
749:Vertical stabilizer
276:2019AIAAJ..57.1671O
76:composite materials
33:fixed-wing aircraft
1126:Attitude indicator
1106:Airspeed indicator
1101:Aircraft periscope
37:leading edge flaps
1507:
1506:
1434:Aircraft lavatory
1171:Heading indicator
1116:Annunciator panel
1096:Air data computer
1006:Leading-edge cuff
284:10.2514/1.J057758
16:(Redirected from
1532:
1489:Navigation light
1469:Hydraulic system
1444:Bleed air system
1372:Drogue parachute
1046:Vortex generator
664:Interplane strut
571:
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548:
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397:. Archived from
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343:Composites World
335:
329:
328:
321:
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270:(4): 1671–1683.
258:
252:
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249:
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120:Second World War
45:wing-tip devices
21:
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1529:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1499:Ram air turbine
1464:Flight recorder
1422:
1401:
1334:
1315:Thrust reversal
1239:
1230:
1201:Radar altimeter
1166:Head-up display
1076:
1065:
961:Anti-shock body
943:
931:
792:Artificial feel
774:Flight controls
768:
634:Fabric covering
584:
580:components and
575:
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544:
530:
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511:
510:
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501:. 4 April 2007.
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142:emissions, and
136:electromagnetic
108:civil airliners
92:
57:centre wingbox,
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1536:
1528:
1527:
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1484:Landing lights
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1406:Escape systems
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1394:
1389:
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1369:
1364:
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1346:
1344:arresting gear
1336:
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1302:
1300:Splitter plate
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619:Cruciform tail
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614:Crack arrestor
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456:(1–3): 30–44.
440:
407:
404:on 2015-02-17.
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240:(2): 403–417.
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1427:Other systems
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1357:Arrestor hook
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1352:Aircraft tire
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1156:Glass cockpit
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1091:Air data boom
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890:
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878:
875:
873:
872:Rudder pedals
870:
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730:
729:Trailing edge
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712:
710:
709:Stressed skin
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349:on 2011-09-29
348:
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54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
19:
1449:Deicing boot
1377:Landing gear
1320:Townend ring
1310:Thrust lever
1285:NACA cowling
1250:Autothrottle
1242:fuel systems
1240:devices and
1031:Stall strips
1001:Krueger flap
971:Channel wing
917:Wing warping
907:Stick shaker
902:Stick pusher
822:Dual control
807:Centre stick
763:
674:Leading edge
644:Flying wires
604:Cabane strut
536:
526:
518:Defense News
517:
507:
498:
489:
480:
470:
453:
449:
443:
424:
420:
410:
399:the original
381:
372:
362:
351:. Retrieved
347:the original
342:
333:
319:
310:
300:
267:
264:AIAA Journal
263:
256:
237:
233:
206:(1): 33–40.
203:
199:
144:shearography
132:radiographic
124:
116:strain gauge
105:
93:
84:Airbus Group
80:carbon fibre
73:
61:
56:
28:
26:
1397:Tundra tire
1280:Intake ramp
1211:Transponder
996:Gurney flap
937:Aerodynamic
852:Fly-by-wire
734:Triple tail
41:swing wings
1514:Categories
1387:Oleo strut
1275:Inlet cone
1270:Gascolator
1236:Propulsion
1226:Yaw string
1221:Variometer
1077:instrument
1056:Wing fence
991:Gouge flap
966:Blown flap
922:Yaw damper
897:Stabilator
882:Side-stick
817:Dive brake
704:Stabilizer
679:Lift strut
669:Jury strut
393:(Report).
353:2011-08-31
171:References
128:ultrasonic
64:wing spars
49:wing roots
1362:Autobrake
1290:NACA duct
1265:Fuel tank
1255:Drop tank
1238:controls,
1121:Astrodome
1111:Altimeter
976:Dog-tooth
941:high-lift
892:Spoileron
877:Servo tab
857:Gust lock
812:Deceleron
797:Autopilot
754:Wing root
739:Twin tail
724:Tailplane
659:Hardpoint
629:Empennage
592:structure
427:: 50–57.
292:128172559
212:2319-1813
138:testing,
134:testing,
130:testing,
1330:Wet wing
1305:Throttle
1051:Vortilon
912:Trim tab
842:Flaperon
832:Elevator
787:Airbrake
759:Wing tip
684:Longeron
654:Fuselage
590:Airframe
578:Aircraft
159:See also
140:acoustic
71:design.
69:wet wing
53:fuselage
18:Wing box
1340:Landing
1131:Compass
1079:systems
1071:Avionic
1061:Winglet
944:devices
887:Spoiler
782:Aileron
764:Wingbox
689:Nacelle
639:Fairing
582:systems
272:Bibcode
110:by the
55:in the
29:wingbox
1075:flight
1036:Strake
867:Rudder
837:Elevon
802:Canard
744:V-tail
719:T-tail
649:Former
609:Canopy
290:
210:
1260:FADEC
1146:EICAS
1021:Slats
862:HOTAS
714:Strut
402:(PDF)
391:(PDF)
288:S2CID
196:(PDF)
101:CATIA
31:of a
1342:and
1206:TCAS
1186:ISIS
1141:EFIS
1086:ACAS
1073:and
1026:Slot
986:Flap
939:and
927:Yoke
699:Spar
624:Dope
395:NASA
208:ISSN
27:The
1181:INS
1161:GPS
1016:LEX
694:Rib
458:doi
454:206
429:doi
280:doi
242:doi
1516::
535:.
516:.
497:.
479:.
452:.
423:.
419:.
371:.
341:.
309:.
286:.
278:.
268:57
266:.
238:10
236:.
232:.
220:^
202:.
198:.
179:^
122:.
39:,
570:e
563:t
556:v
539:.
520:.
483:.
464:.
460::
437:.
431::
425:1
375:.
356:.
313:.
294:.
282::
274::
250:.
244::
214:.
204:3
20:)
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