135:. It is one of several psychological tests which can be administered to patients to measure frontal lobe dysfunction. When administered, the WCST allows the clinician speculate to the following frontal lobe functions: strategic planning, organized searching, utilizing environmental feedback to shift cognitive sets, directing behavior toward achieving a goal, and modulating impulsive responding. The test can be administered to those from 6.5 years to 89 years of age. The WCST, relies upon a number of cognitive functions including attention, working memory, and visual processing. The WCST was originally developed to measure abstract reasoning as such it may be used to help measure an individual's competence in abstract reasoning, and the ability to change problem-solving strategies when needed. In this test, a number of cards are presented to the participants. The figures on the cards differ with respect to color, quantity, and shape.
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done with an evaluator using paper cards with the evaluator on one side of the desk facing the participant on the other. The test takes approximately 12–20 minutes to carry out using manual scoring which is greatly reduced with the aid of computer testing. The test results produce a number of useful
95:
Stimulus cards are shown to the participant and the participant is then instructed to match the cards. They are not given instructions on how to match the cards but are given feedback when the matches they make are right or wrong. When the test was first released the method of showing the cards was
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overall. Similarly, test results can be made misleading after testing the same individual over a long period of time. The participant may get better at a task, but not because of an improvement in executive cognitive function; they may have simply learned some strategies for doing this particular
138:
Psychological tests such as the WCST, administered alone, cannot be used to measure the effects of a frontal lobe injury, or the aspects of cognitive function it may affect, such as working memory; a variety of tests must be used. A participant may be good at one task but show dysfunction in
160:
Monchi, O., Petrides, M. Petre, V., Worsley, K., & Dagher, A. (2001). Wisconsin card sorting revisited: Distinct neural circuits participating in different stages of the task identified by event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. The
Journal of Neuroscience, 21(19),
1462:
Kane, M.J. & Engle, R.W. (2002). "The role of prefontal cortex in working-memory capacity, executive attention, and general fluid intelligence: An individual-differences perspective." Psychonomic
Bulletin & Review 9(4), 637-671. Retrieved from
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The WCST has been shown to be reliable and valid in multiple populations including people with autism, people recovering from a stroke, pediatric populations, and psychiatric populations.
1418:"Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in patients with focal frontal and posterior brain damage: effects of lesion location and test structure on separable cognitive processes"
2025:
1284:
Biederam J, Faraone S, Monutaeux M, et al. (2000). "Neuropsychological functioning in nonreferred siblings of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder".
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Rzezak, Patricia; Fuentes, Daniel; GuimarĂŁes, Catarina A.; Thome-Souza, Sigride; Kuczynski, Evelyn; Guerreiro, Marilisa; Valente, Kette D.R. (2009).
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Bowden, Stephen C.; Fowler, Kylie S.; Bell, Richard C.; Whelan, Gregory; Clifford, Christine C.; Ritter, Alison J.; Long, Caroline M. (1998).
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1182:"Physiological activation of a cortical network during performance of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: A positron emission tomography study"
768:"Wisconsin Card Sorting Test scores and clinical and sociodemographic correlates in schizophrenia: multiple logistic regression analysis"
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672:"Detecting Malingered Performance With the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: A Preliminary Investigation in Traumatic Brain Injury"
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Feldstein, Simeon N.; Keller, Frederick R.; Portman, Rebecca E.; Durham, Robert L.; Klebe, Kelli J.; Davis, Hasker P. (1999).
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955:"Executive dysfunction in children and adolescents with temporal lobe epilepsy: Is the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test enough?"
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scores, including numbers, percentages, and percentiles of: categories achieved, trials, errors, and perseverative errors.
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Lichtenstein, Jonathan D.; Erdodi, Laszlo A.; Rai, Jaspreet K.; Mazur-Mosiewicz, Anya; Flaro, Lloyd (2018-02-17).
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E. A. Berg. (1948). A simple objective technique for measuring flexibility in thinking J. Gen. Psychol. 39: 15-22.
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Stuss, D.T.; Levine, B.; Alexander, M.P.; Hong, J.; Palumbo, C.; Hamer, L.; Murphy, K.J.; Izukawa, D. (2000).
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916:"Executive functions in school-aged children: Potential efficacy of tasks in discriminating clinical groups"
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1321:"Cognitive persistence: Development and validation of a novel measure from the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test"
567:"Wisconsin Card Sorting Test embedded validity indicators developed for adults can be extended to children"
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1984:
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Greve, Kevin W.; Bianchini, Kevin J.; Mathias, Charles W.; Houston, Rebecca J.; Crouch, John A. (2002).
625:"Wisconsin card sorting test dimensions in schizophrenia: Factorial, predictive, and divergent validity"
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was written by Robert K. Heaton, Gordon J. Chelune, Jack L. Talley, Gary G. Kay, and Glenn
Curtiss.
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1002:"Age-Related Differences in Performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: A Meta-Analytic Review"
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when exposed to changes in reinforcement. The WCST was written by David A. Grant and Esta A. Berg.
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869:"The utility of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in detecting and localizing frontal lobe lesions"
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390:"Wisconsin Card Sorting Test with children: a meta-analytic study of sensitivity and specificity"
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1096:"Attentional set shifting modulates the target P3b Response in the Wisconsin card sorting test"
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271:"Wisconsin Card Sorting Test as a Measure of Executive Function Impairments in Stroke Patients"
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Heaton, R. K., & Staff, P. A. R. (1993). Wisconsin card sorting test: computer version 2.
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727:"The Effect of Type and Area of Brain Lesion on Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Performance"
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Barceló, Francisco; Muñoz-Céspedes, Juan M; Pozo, Miguel A; Rubia, Francisco J (2000).
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326:"A Comparison of Computerized and Standard Versions of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test"
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1512:"Practice Effects on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test–64 Card Version Across 12 Months"
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Basso, Michael R.; Lowery, Natasha; Ghormley, Courtney; Bornstein, Robert A. (2001).
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Teubner-Rhodes, Susan; Vaden, Kenneth I.; Dubno, Judy R.; Eckert, Mark A. (2017).
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Robinson, Amy L.; Heaton, Robert K.; Lehman, Ralph A.; Stilson, Donald W. (1980).
582:
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470:"Reliability and validity of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in studies of autism"
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1229:"On the historical and conceptual background of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test"
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Anderson, Steven W.; Damasio, Hanna; Jones, R. Dallas; Tranel, Daniel (1991).
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Bell, Morris D.; Greig, Tamasine Conway; Kaplan, Edward; Bryson, Gary (1997).
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822:"Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Performance as a Measure of Frontal Lobe Damage"
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431:"The Reliability and Internal Validity of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test"
1379:"Wisconsin card sorting test as a measure of frontal pathology: A review"
1143:"Neural activities during Wisconsin Card Sorting Test — MEG observation"
510:
Chiu, En-Chi; Wu, Wen-Chi; Hung, Jen-Wen; Tseng, Yu-Hsuan (2018-07-31).
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Android application, which demonstrates the
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
193:
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446:
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512:"Validity of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in patients with stroke"
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1367:
US National
Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, 2009
216:"Does the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Measure Prefontral Function?"
1687:
Repeatable
Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status
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Strauss, Esther; Sherman, Elizabeth M.; Spreen, Otfried (2006).
1625:
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1141:
Wang, Lihong; Kakigi, Ryusuke; Hoshiyama, Minoru (2001).
1049:"Developmental norms for the wisconsin card sorting test"
1604:
Online demonstration of the
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
1227:
Eling, Paul; Derckx, Kristianne; Maes, Roald (2008).
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task that made it no longer a good measurement tool.
2026:
Wechsler
Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence
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Journal of
Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology
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Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology
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Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology
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269:Jodzio, Krzysztof; Biechowska, Daria (2010-11-30).
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1990:Pediatric Attention Disorders Diagnostic Screener
1955:British Columbia Postconcussion Symptom Inventory
766:Banno M, Koide T, Aleksic B, et al. (2012).
1995:Rivermead post-concussion symptoms questionnaire
48:computerized version of the Wisconsin Card sort
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1377:Mountain, Mary Ann; Snow, William G. (1993).
873:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
8:
2064:General Practitioner Assessment of Cognition
914:Weyandt, Lisa L.; Willis, W. Grant (1994).
1672:Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery
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1047:Chelune, Gordon J.; Baer, Ruth A. (1986).
372:Odessa: Psychological Assessment Resources
38:
1677:Luria–Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery
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793:
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742:
405:
2021:Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
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1903:Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System
1718:Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test
1495:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1488:
1337:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.05.027
111:Since 1948, the test has been used by
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1861:Controlled Oral Word Association Test
1846:Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination
1723:Morningness–eveningness questionnaire
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505:
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7:
394:Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology
85:The Professional Manual for the WCST
2059:Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination
1728:Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test
1575:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1975:Florida Cognitive Activities Scale
180:Grant, D. A.; Berg, E. A. (2014).
79:, which is the capability to show
25:
2016:Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
435:Neuropsychological Rehabilitation
220:The Spanish Journal of Psychology
2085:Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale
57:measure frontal lobe dysfunction
1805:California Verbal Learning Test
2031:Wechsler Test of Adult Reading
1815:Digit symbol substitution test
1743:Test of Variables of Attention
1516:The Clinical Neuropsychologist
1286:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
676:The Clinical Neuropsychologist
330:The Clinical Neuropsychologist
1:
2069:Mini–mental state examination
2054:Abbreviated mental test score
1784:Rey–Osterrieth complex figure
1682:Montreal Cognitive Assessment
1434:10.1016/S0028-3932(99)00093-7
1159:10.1016/S0926-6410(01)00022-2
1112:10.1016/S0028-3932(00)00046-4
920:Developmental Neuropsychology
744:10.1016/S0010-9452(74)80006-7
583:10.1080/09297049.2016.1259402
528:10.1080/09638288.2017.1323020
516:Disability and Rehabilitation
182:"Wisconsin Card Sorting Test"
2036:Raven's Progressive Matrices
1774:Judgment of Line Orientation
1764:Benton Visual Retention Test
1198:10.1016/0028-3932(95)00035-2
287:10.1080/09084282.2010.525104
2011:National Adult Reading Test
1923:Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
1866:Thurstone Word Fluency Test
1703:Continuous performance task
1298:10.1037/0021-843X.109.2.252
1245:10.1016/j.bandc.2008.01.006
1000:Rhodes, Matthew G. (2004).
971:10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.04.014
785:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001340
688:10.1076/clin.16.2.179.13241
214:BarcelĂł, Francisco (2001).
65:Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
33:Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
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2099:Test of Memory Malingering
1882:Compensatory tracking task
1856:Comprehensive aphasia test
1800:1-2-AX working memory task
1738:Test of everyday attention
1528:10.1076/clin.15.4.471.1883
1383:Clinical Neuropsychologist
1018:10.1037/0882-7974.19.3.482
885:10.1037/0022-006X.48.5.605
342:10.1076/clin.13.3.303.1744
1908:Hayling and Brixton tests
1395:10.1080/13854049308401893
1065:10.1080/01688638608401314
932:10.1080/87565649409540564
838:10.1080/01688639108405107
641:10.1080/01688639708403774
486:10.1037/0894-4105.9.4.491
407:10.1016/j.acn.2003.12.009
232:10.1017/S1138741600005680
125:neurodegenerative disease
37:
2123:Neuropsychological tests
1960:Clinical Dementia Rating
1939:Epworth Sleepiness Scale
1810:Corsi block-tapping test
1653:Neuropsychological tests
1147:Cognitive Brain Research
1970:Disability Rating Scale
1965:Digit Cancellation Test
959:Epilepsy & Behavior
468:Ozonoff, Sally (1995).
275:Applied Neuropsychology
73:neuropsychological test
27:Neuropsychological test
117:clinical psychologists
1985:Glasgow Outcome Scale
1830:Wechsler Memory Scale
1769:Dot cancellation test
571:Child Neuropsychology
121:acquired brain injury
1948:Specific impairments
1913:Tower of London test
1887:Purdue Pegboard Test
1752:Sensation/Perception
1708:D2 Test of Attention
1006:Psychology and Aging
725:Drewe, E.A. (1974).
44:Screenshot from the
1759:Bender-Gestalt Test
1233:Brain and Cognition
18:Wisconsin card sort
1980:Glasgow Coma Scale
1851:Boston Naming Test
1733:Posner cueing task
1180:Berman, K (1995).
388:Romine, C (2004).
194:10.1037/t31298-000
141:executive function
113:neuropsychologists
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1918:Trail Making Test
1696:Arousal/Attention
1582:978-0-19-515957-8
1106:(10): 1342–1355.
522:(16): 1967–1971.
447:10.1080/713755573
119:in patients with
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