Smoke - Knowledge (XXG)

1320:. Smoke is a significant component of ambient air pollution, often resulting from the burning of coal in power plants, forest fires, agricultural burning, and other sources of combustion. Ambient air pollution typically contains particulate matter (PM), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and other harmful substances, but the concentration of pollutants is generally lower than in cigarette smoke. However, prolonged exposure to ambient pollutants, especially particulate matter like PM2.5, can still pose serious health risks. For example, one day of exposure to PM2.5 at a concentration of 880 μg/m³ can lead to respiratory and cardiovascular problems, particularly for vulnerable populations like children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing health conditions. Long-term exposure to elevated PM2.5 levels is associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases, including asthma, bronchitis, and heart disease. Additionally, PM2.5 particles are small enough to penetrate deep into the lungs and even enter the bloodstream, exacerbating health risks. Climate change can also worsen the frequency and intensity of pollution sources like wildfires, leading to higher concentrations of PM2.5 in certain regions. Such as occurs in Beijing, China, is the equivalent of smoking one or two cigarettes in terms of particulate inhalation by weight. The analysis is complicated, however, by the fact that the organic compounds present in various ambient particulates may have a higher carcinogenicity than the compounds in cigarette smoke particulates. Secondhand tobacco smoke is the combination of both sidestream and mainstream smoke emissions from a burning tobacco product. These emissions contain more than 50 carcinogenic chemicals. According to the United States 1340: 1328: 1175: 143: 253: 120: 1324:'s 2006 report on the subject, "Short exposures to secondhand smoke can cause blood platelets to become stickier, damage the lining of blood vessels, decrease coronary flow velocity reserves, and reduce heart variability, potentially increasing the risk of a heart attack". The American Cancer Society lists "heart disease, lung infections, increased asthma attacks, middle ear infections, and low birth weight" as ramifications of smoker's emission. 105: 66: 578:; smoke with significant tar content is yellow to brown. Combustion of solid fuels can result in the emission of many hundreds to thousands of lower volatility organic compounds in the aerosol phase. Presence of such smoke, soot, and/or brown oily deposits during a fire indicates a possible hazardous situation, as the atmosphere may be saturated with combustible pyrolysis products with concentration above the upper 5040: 1298: 1259: 55: 5062: 1103: 44: 1716: 1164: 132: 90: 5051: 1294:, which are corrosive to both lungs and materials. When asleep the nose does not sense smoke nor does the brain, but the body will wake up if the lungs become enveloped in smoke and the brain will be stimulated and the person will be awoken. This does not work if the person is incapacitated or under the influence of drugs and/or alcohol. 471: 1680:' which use several different optical methods, including more than one wavelength of light, inside a single instrument and apply an algorithm to give a good estimate of smoke. It has been claimed that these devices can differentiate types of smoke and so their probable source can be inferred, though this is disputed. 72: 71: 68: 67: 73: 1917:

Stewart, Gareth J.; Acton, W. Joe F.; Nelson, Beth S.; Vaughan, Adam R.; Hopkins, James R.; Arya, Rahul; Mondal, Arnab; Jangirh, Ritu; Ahlawat, Sakshi; Yadav, Lokesh; Sharma, Sudhir K.; Dunmore, Rachel E.; Yunus, Siti S. M.; Hewitt, C. Nicholas; Nemitz, Eiko; Mullinger, Neil; Gadi, Ranu; Sahu, Lokesh

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in Paris in 1888, it is essentially a card with squares of black, white and shades of gray which is held up and the comparative grayness of the smoke judged. Highly dependent on light conditions and the skill of the observer it allocates a grayness number from 0 (white) to 5 (black) which has only a

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When smoke comes into contact with the surface of any substance or structure, the chemicals contained in it are transferred to it. The corrosive properties of the chemicals cause the substance or structure to decompose at a rapid rate. Certain materials or structures absorb these chemicals, which is

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Corrosivity of smoke produced by materials is characterized by the corrosion index (CI), defined as material loss rate (angstrom/minute) per amount of material gasified products (grams) per volume of air (m). It is measured by exposing strips of metal to flow of combustion products in a test tunnel.

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traces, penetration of aggressive chemicals through the casings of parts, and other effects can cause an immediate or gradual deterioration of parameters or even premature (and often delayed, as the corrosion can progress over long time) failure of equipment subjected to smoke. Many smoke components

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Danielsen, Pernille Høgh; Møller, Peter; Jensen, Keld Alstrup; Sharma, Anoop Kumar; Wallin, Håkan; Bossi, Rossana; Autrup, Herman; Mølhave, Lars; Ravanat, Jean-Luc; Briedé, Jacob Jan; de Kok, Theo Martinus; Loft, Steffen (18 February 2011). "Oxidative Stress, DNA Damage, and Inflammation Induced by

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A light beam is passed through the smoke. A light detector is situated at an angle to the light source, typically at 90°, so that it receives only light reflected from passing particles. A measurement is made of the light received which will be higher as the concentration of smoke particles becomes

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The smoke is passed through an array of metal tubes which contain suspended wires. A (huge) electrical potential is applied across the tubes and wires so that the smoke particles become charged and are attracted to the sides of the tubes. This method can over-read by capturing harmless condensates,

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Smoke from oxygen-deprived fires contains a significant concentration of compounds that are flammable. A cloud of smoke, in contact with atmospheric oxygen, therefore has the potential of being ignited – either by another open flame in the area, or by its own temperature. This leads to effects like

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or wood ovens) can cause lung damage, artery damage and DNA damage leading to cancer, other respiratory and lung disease and cardiovascular disease. Air pollution, particulate matter and wood smoke may also cause brain damage because of particulates breaching the cardiovascular system and into the

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and some air pollutants are not consistent. At least one study has identified "the abundant presence in the human brain of magnetite nanoparticles that match precisely the high-temperature magnetite nanospheres, formed by combustion and/or friction-derived heating, which are prolific in urban,

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Stewart, Gareth J.; Nelson, Beth S.; Acton, W. Joe F.; Vaughan, Adam R.; Farren, Naomi J.; Hopkins, James R.; Ward, Martyn W.; Swift, Stefan J.; Arya, Rahul; Mondal, Arnab; Jangirh, Ritu; Ahlawat, Sakshi; Yadav, Lokesh; Sharma, Sudhir K.; Yunus, Siti S. M.; Hewitt, C. Nicholas; Nemitz, Eiko;

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Navarro, Kathleen M.; Kleinman, Michael T.; Mackay, Chris E.; Reinhardt, Timothy E.; Balmes, John R.; Broyles, George A.; Ottmar, Roger D.; Naher, Luke P.; Domitrovich, Joseph W. (June 2019). "Wildland firefighter smoke exposure and risk of lung cancer and cardiovascular disease mortality".

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Tsiodra, Irini; Grivas, Georgios; Tavernaraki, Kalliopi; Bougiatioti, Aikaterini; Apostolaki, Maria; Paraskevopoulou, Despina; Gogou, Alexandra; Parinos, Constantine; Oikonomou, Konstantina; Tsagkaraki, Maria; Zarmpas, Pavlos; Nenes, Athanasios; Mihalopoulos, Nikolaos (7 December 2021).

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A smoke sample is simply sucked through a filter which is weighed before and after the test and the mass of smoke found. This is the simplest and probably the most accurate method, but can only be used where the smoke concentration is slight, as the filter can quickly become blocked.

1840:, smoking is important as it is a simple, inexpensive, but very effective method of extracting particles containing active agents. More importantly, generating smoke reduces the particle size to a microscopic scale thereby increasing the absorption of its active chemical principles. 2319:

Flammability, smoke, toxicity, and corrosive gases of electric cable materials: report of the Task Force on Flammability, Smoke, Toxicity, and Corrosive Gases of Electric Cable Materials, National Materials Advisory Board, Commission on Sociotechnical Systems, National Research

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Tsai, Tsung-Lin; Lin, Yu-Ting; Hwang, Bing-Fang; Nakayama, Shoji F.; Tsai, Chon-Haw; Sun, Xian-Liang; Ma, Chaochen; Jung, Chau-Ren (October 2019). "Fine particulate matter is a potential determinant of Alzheimer's disease: A systemic review and meta-analysis".

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Stewart, Gareth J.; Nelson, Beth S.; Acton, W. Joe F.; Vaughan, Adam R.; Hopkins, James R.; Yunus, Siti S. M.; Hewitt, C. Nicholas; Nemitz, Eiko; Mandal, Tuhin K.; Gadi, Ranu; Sahu, Lokesh. K.; Rickard, Andrew R.; Lee, James D.; Hamilton, Jacqueline F. (2021).

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Liu, Qisijing; Wang, Wanzhou; Gu, Xuelin; Deng, Furong; Wang, Xueqin; Lin, Hualiang; Guo, Xinbiao; Wu, Shaowei (February 2021). "Association between particulate matter air pollution and risk of depression and suicide: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

1563:(29%). It also found that wood-burning is responsible for nearly half (43%) of annual PAH lung cancer-risk compared to the other sources and that wintertime PAH levels were 7 times higher than in other seasons, presumably due to an increased use of 1225:

Smoke from a typical house fire contains hundreds of different chemicals and fumes. As a result, the damage caused by the smoke can often exceed that caused by the actual heat of the fire. In addition to the physical damage caused by the smoke of a

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Flores-Pajot, Marie-Claire; Ofner, Marianna; Do, Minh T.; Lavigne, Eric; Villeneuve, Paul J. (November 2016). "Childhood autism spectrum disorders and exposure to nitrogen dioxide, and particulate matter air pollution: A review and meta-analysis".

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The composition of smoke depends on the nature of the burning fuel and the conditions of combustion. Fires with high availability of oxygen burn at a high temperature and with a small amount of smoke produced; the particles are mostly composed of

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particles can be formed in fires with insufficient oxygen. The silica particles have about 10 nm size, clumped to 70–100 nm aggregates and further agglomerated to chains. Radioactive particles may be present due to traces of

1230:– which manifests itself in the form of stains – is the often even harder to eliminate problem of a smoky odor. Just as there are contractors that specialize in rebuilding/repairing homes that have been damaged by fire and smoke, 3458:

Sigsgaard, Torben; Forsberg, Bertil; Annesi-Maesano, Isabella; Blomberg, Anders; Bølling, Anette; Boman, Christoffer; Bønløkke, Jakob; Brauer, Michael; Bruce, Nigel; Héroux, Marie-Eve; Hirvonen, Maija-Riitta (24 September 2015).

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is technically a product of combustion detector, not a smoke detector. Ionization chamber type smoke detectors detect particles of combustion that are invisible to the naked eye. This explains why they may frequently

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A smoke sample is drawn through a tube where it is diluted with air, the resulting smoke/air mixture is then pulled through a filter and weighed. This is the internationally recognized method of measuring smoke from

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was the reason why the trapped rescue firefighters could not evacuate the building in time. Because of the striking similarity that each floor shared, the dense smoke caused the firefighters to become disoriented.

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Maher, Barbara A.; Ahmed, Imad A. M.; Karloukovski, Vassil; MacLaren, Donald A.; Foulds, Penelope G.; Allsop, David; Mann, David M. A.; Torres-Jardón, Ricardo; Calderon-Garciduenas, Lilian (27 September 2016).

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Lam, Juleen; Sutton, Patrice; Kalkbrenner, Amy; Windham, Gayle; Halladay, Alycia; Koustas, Erica; Lawler, Cindy; Davidson, Lisette; Daniels, Natalyn; Newschaffer, Craig; Woodruff, Tracey (21 September 2016).

2966:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health. Archived from 69: 605:; especially thiols tend to get adsorbed on surfaces and produce a lingering odor even long after the fire. Partial oxidation of the released hydrocarbons yields in a wide palette of other compounds: 3816: 2001: 2289: 1081:. Aliphatic polymers tend to generate the least smoke, and are non-self-extinguishing. However presence of additives can significantly increase smoke formation. Phosphorus-based and halogen-based 2241: 3403: 4332:

Fan, Shu-Jun; Heinrich, Joachim; Bloom, Michael S.; Zhao, Tian-Yu; Shi, Tong-Xing; Feng, Wen-Ru; Sun, Yi; Shen, Ji-Chuan; Yang, Zhi-Cong; Yang, Bo-Yi; Dong, Guang-Hui (January 2020).

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is a simple and widely used method of in-line capture where a measured volume of smoke is pulled through a filter paper and the dark spot so formed is compared with a standard.

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or under-read due to the insulating effect of the smoke. However, it is the necessary method for assessing volumes of smoke too great to be forced through a filter, i.e., from

1282:. Smoke inhalation can therefore quickly lead to incapacitation and loss of consciousness. Sulfur oxides, hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride in contact with moisture form 2169: 1479:

with halogenated additives, etc.) have the highest CI as the corrosive acids are formed directly with water produced by the combustion, polymers containing halogen only (e.g.

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and heaters. The largest exposure events are periods during the winter with reduced atmospheric dispersion to dilute the accumulated pollution, in particular due to the low

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bread in a toaster. As the bread heats up, the products of combustion increase in size. The fumes initially produced are invisible but become visible if the toast is burnt.

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A light beam is passed through the smoke and a detector opposite measures the light. The more smoke particles are present between the two, the less light will be measured.

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passing relationship to the actual quantity of smoke. Nonetheless, the simplicity of the Ringelmann scale means that it has been adopted as a standard in many countries.

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brain, which can increase the risk of developmental disorders, neurodegenerative disorders mental disorders, and suicidal behavior, although studies on the link between

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speeds. Research conducted about biomass burning in 2015, estimated that 38% of European total particulate pollution emissions are composed of domestic wood burning.

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from the fumes emitted from the red-hot heating elements of a toaster, before the presence of visible smoke, yet they may fail to activate in the early, low-heat

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Pope, C. Arden; Burnett, Richard T.; Turner, Michelle C.; Cohen, Aaron; Krewski, Daniel; Jerrett, Michael; Gapstur, Susan M.; Thun, Michael J. (November 2011).

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Mullinger, Neil; Gadi, Ranu; Sahu, Lokesh K.; Tripathi, Nidhi; Rickard, Andrew R.; Lee, James D.; Mandal, Tuhin K.; Hamilton, Jacqueline F. (18 February 2021).

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Oldfield, F.; Tolonen, K. & Thompson, R. (1981). "History of Particulate Atmospheric Pollution from Magnetic Measurements in Dated Finnish Peat Profiles".

3201: 1993: 4655: 3133: 2960: 1348: 3808: 2832:"Lung Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Associated with Ambient Air Pollution and Cigarette Smoke: Shape of the Exposure–Response Relationships" 2269: 672:). Other particulates may be composed of drops of condensed tar, or solid particles of ash. The presence of metals in the fuel yields particles of metal 3436: 1962:"Comprehensive organic emission profiles, secondary organic aerosol production potential, and OH reactivity of domestic fuel combustion in Delhi, India" 1726: 4747: 2996: 865:; this results in smoke containing droplets of water. In absence of other color sources (nitrogen oxides, particulates...), such smoke is white and 4377: 4956: 2221: 855:, and the smoke damage in more distant areas outside of the room where the fire occurs is therefore primarily mediated by the smaller particles. 3554: 3395: 3237: 2744:

Properties of Polymers: Their Correlation with Chemical Structure; Their Numerical Estimation and Prediction from Additive Group Contributions

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and other conductive particles or nonconductive layers on or across the contacts. Deposited particles may adversely affect the performance of

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Smoke can obscure visibility, impeding occupant exiting from fire areas. In fact, the poor visibility due to the smoke that was in the

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National Research Council (U.S.). Task Force on Flammability, Smoke, Toxicity and Corrosive Gases of Electric Cable Materials (1978).

1332: 1025:). The ratio of hopanes and steranes to elemental carbon can be used to distinguish between emissions of gasoline and diesel engines. 3329: 4092:

Fu, Pengfei; Yung, Ken Kin Lam (15 September 2020). "Air Pollution and Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis".

1150: 2912:"Exposure and risk from ambient particle-bound pollution in an airshed dominated by residential wood combustion and mobile sources" 1483:) have lower CI as the formation of acid is limited to reactions with airborne humidity, and halogen-free materials (polyolefins, 4460: 2880: 2023: 1525: 432: 1077:, enhance generation of smoke. Aromatic groups integrated in the polymer backbone produce less smoke, likely due to significant 4737: 4538: 2349: 1010: 523: 4712: 1741: 1600:(carbonized particles) and white 'smoke' which is not a smoke at all but merely a suspension of harmless water particulates. 1128: 661: 440: 376: 3672: 2057: 4553: 4499: 2220:

Reuter, M.A.; Boin, U.M.J.; Schaik, A. van; Verhoef, E.; Heiskanen, K.; Yang, Yongxiang; Georgalli, G. (2 November 2005).

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on their surfaces, or by being dissolved in liquid droplets. Hydrogen chloride is well absorbed in the soot particles.

3265:"Annual exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban environments linked to wintertime wood-burning episodes" 1918:

K.; Tripathi, Nidhi; Rickard, Andrew R.; Lee, James D.; Mandal, Tuhin K.; Hamilton, Jacqueline F. (18 February 2021).

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Lu, Jackson G (April 2020). "Air pollution: A systematic review of its psychological, economic, and social effects".

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and water. Fires burning with lack of oxygen produce a significantly wider palette of compounds, many of them toxic.

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why clothing, unsealed surfaces, potable water, piping, wood, etc., are replaced in most cases of structural fires.

562:) which are formed as combustion by products as well as less volatile oxygenated organic species such as phenolics, 4609:

Mohagheghzadeh, Abdolali; Faridi, Pouya; Shams-Ardakani, Mohammadreza; Ghasemi, Younes (2006). "Medicinal smokes".

3190: 2468:"Emissions of intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds from domestic fuels used in Delhi, India" 1529: 944: 940: 539: 364: 186: 3018: 1756: 1132: 1117: 4860: 2175: 2125: 1864: 1584:

airborne particulate matter (PM)." Air pollution has also been linked to a range of other psychosocial problems.

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in the iron oxide particles, indicates the strength of Earth's magnetic field when they were cooled beyond their

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on the surface of the solid particles. Metal oxides can be present when metal-containing fuels are burned, e.g.

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Suavet, C.; Gattacceca, J.; Rochette, P.; Perchiazzi, N.; Folco, L.; Duprat, J.; Harvey, R. P. (4 April 2009).

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Inert particulate matter can be disturbed and entrained into the smoke. Of particular concern are particles of

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Braithwaite, Isobel; Zhang, Shuo; Kirkbride, James B.; Osborn, David P. J.; Hayes, Joseph F. (December 2019).

2805: 2780: 1694:, carbon monoxide is incompletely burned carbon, therefore it has long been assumed that measurement of CO in 858:

Aerosol of particles beyond visible size is an early indicator of materials in a preignition stage of a fire.

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This article is about the collection of airborne particulates and gases. For the practice of smoking, see

4333: 3168: 1879: 1580: 1521: 769: 571: 483: 1920:"Emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds from combustion of domestic fuels in Delhi, India" 1770: 5061: 1451:

and other deteriorations of the operating parameters or even cause short circuits and total failures.

142: 4568: 4554:"An evaluation of some issues regarding the use of aethalometers to measure woodsmoke concentrations" 4413: 4345: 4145: 3997: 3908: 3762: 3630: 3276: 3085:"Evaluation of Fire Hazard in Electrical Installations Due to Unfavorable Ambient Thermal Conditions" 2630: 2586: 2479: 1931: 1859: 729: 697: 515: 456: 246: 3986:"A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Multiple Airborne Pollutants and Autism Spectrum Disorder" 3546: 3226: 252: 2961:"The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General" 1837: 1178:

Smoke rising up from the smoldering remains of a recently extingished mountain fire in South Africa

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Smoke particulates, like other aerosols, are categorized into three modes based on particle size:

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A Cabinet of Philosophical Curiosities: A Collection of Puzzles, Oddities, Riddles, and Dilemmas

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World Trade Center on fire after terrorists flew planes into the buildings on September 11, 2001

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Hawkes, N. (22 May 2015). "Air pollution in UK: the public health problem that won't go away".

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Smoke damage to electronic equipment can be significantly more extensive than the fire itself.

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Smoke can contain a wide variety of chemicals, many of them aggressive in nature. Examples are

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Chun, HeeKyoung; Leung, Cheryl; Wen, Shi Wu; McDonald, Judy; Shin, Hwashin H. (January 2020).

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Many compounds of smoke from fires are highly toxic and/or irritating. The most dangerous is

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Weisskopf, Marc G.; Kioumourtzoglou, Marianthi-Anna; Roberts, Andrea L. (December 2015).

752:; this can be used to distinguish magnetic particles of terrestrial and meteoric origin. 4670: 4572: 4417: 4349: 4149: 4001: 3912: 3766: 3634: 3280: 2634: 2590: 2483: 1935: 294:) of solid particles and liquid droplets that are close to the ideal range of sizes for 5091: 5019: 4773: 4763: 4680: 4436: 4401: 4216: 4191: 4069: 4044: 4020: 3985: 3785: 3750: 3726: 3699: 2936: 2911: 2856: 2831: 1894: 1833: 1540: 1388: 1210: 1009:

smokes differ in the ratio of guaiacols/syringols. Markers for vehicle exhaust include

839:, ranging between 75 and 250 nm and formed by coagulation of nuclei mode particles 824: 768:

are present in smoke from liquid hydrocarbon fuels. Minute metal particles produced by

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Oil fires and smoke, after Iraqi forces set fire to oil wells during the First Gulf War

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Szultka, Seweryn; Czapp, Stanislaw; Tomaszewski, Adam; Ullah, Hayat (February 2023).

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domestic combustion, especially for industrial uses, is the largest single source of

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commented at length on the difficulty of assessing smoke, and distinguished between

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Ambient Air and Wood Smoke Particulate Matter in Human A549 and THP-1 Cell Lines".

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particles are generally referred to as gas or fumes. This is best illustrated when

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Traces of vanadium in high-temperature combustion products form droplets of molten

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Smoke from heating appliances is commonly measured in one of the following ways:

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is not significant for structural materials, but delicate structures, especially

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Most of the smoke material is primarily in coarse particles. Those undergo rapid

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without adequate oxygen supply, also results in production of a large amount of

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Pyrolysis of Organic Molecules: Applications to Health and Environmental Issues

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Ronald C. Lasky; Ronald Lasky; Ulf L. Österberg; Daniel P. Stigliani (1995).

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There are various proprietary optical smoke measurement devices such as the '

692:. Inorganic salts present on the surface of the soot particles may make them 5009: 4999: 4989: 4930: 4902: 4798: 4426: 3775: 1564: 1556: 1448: 1431: 1396: 1344: 1248: 1244: 1234:

companies specialize in restoring fabrics that have been damaged in a fire.

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and bioaccumulated radioisotopes can be reintroduced into the atmosphere by

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radius between 2.5 and 20 nm, likely forming by condensation of carbon

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Presence of sulfur can lead to formation of gases like hydrogen sulfide,

567: 543: 507: 412: 372: 356: 352: 348: 190: 3461:"Health impacts of anthropogenic biomass burning in the developed world" 3101: 3084: 2847: 2575:"Meteoric smoke fallout revealed by superparamagnetism in Greenland ice" 4105: 3022: 2559: 1978: 1961: 1854: 1384: 1380: 1018: 986: 975: 948: 925: 897: 790: 786: 753: 535: 519: 499: 344: 287: 230: 218: 47: 31: 3809:"Air pollution particles in young brains linked to Alzheimer's damage" 3716: 3590: 3364: 958:

Some components of smoke are characteristic of the combustion source.

716:

projectiles after impacting the target ignite, producing particles of

4824: 1822: 1818: 1430:

compounds from P and Sb based fire retardants, and many others. Such

1411: 1317: 1028:

Many compounds can be associated with particulates; whether by being

1014: 982: 978: 963: 909: 905: 885: 757: 701: 665: 642: 626: 531: 503: 444: 268: 182: 5065: 4207: 4045:"Air Pollution and Autism Spectrum Disorders: Causal or Confounded?" 4539:

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Evaluation of Sources and Effects

1702:. However it is far from clear how accurate the correspondence is. 1255:

is also a danger of smoke that can cause serious injury and death.

538:. It also results in the emission of a range of smaller oxygenated 4881: 4834: 1544: 1338: 1326: 1296: 1257: 1173: 1162: 866: 673: 602: 563: 469: 251: 238: 178: 141: 130: 123:

Volatility distribution of volatile organic compound emissions in

118: 103: 88: 82: 64: 53: 42: 3698:

Bede-Ojimadu, Onyinyechi; Orisakwe, Orish Ebere (20 March 2020).

3396:"Wood burning at home now biggest cause of UK particle pollution" 3160: 4829: 4819: 4721: 3868: 2121:

Nancy Caroline's Emergency Care in the Streets, Canadian Edition

1884: 1691: 1568: 1484: 1456: 1227: 967: 952: 913: 669: 291: 272: 264: 124: 113: 59: 4694: 1455:

can be affected by corrosion of surfaces, and by deposition of

5014: 1709: 1096: 877: 575: 312: 158: 1447:; deposition of a conductive layer on the circuits can cause 249:

purposes. It can also be a flavoring agent and preservative.

173:

or otherwise mixed into the mass. It is commonly an unwanted

4675: 4648: 3257: 3255: 2716:"Organic Speciation International Workshop Synthesis_topic7" 1805:

Throughout recorded history, humans have used the smoke of

872:

Smoke emissions may contain characteristic trace elements.

415:

oxides and their reaction products can be formed from some

574:

may be also present. Heavier hydrocarbons may condense as

209:), defensive and offensive capabilities in the military ( 3751:"News Feature: How air pollution threatens brain health" 1194:

particles emitted from a fire are referred to as smoke.

327:. Carbon and hydrogen are almost completely oxidized to 4690: 2881:"Is PM2.5 From Air Pollution The Same As From Smoking?" 1737: 4402:"Magnetite pollution nanoparticles in the human brain" 3673:"Don't underestimate the health dangers of wood smoke" 3161:"Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment" 419:

additives, increasing smoke toxicity and corrosivity.

267:. The smoke kills by a combination of thermal damage, 1069:

Polymers are a significant source of smoke. Aromatic

4504:. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Health Sciences. 3869:"Stanford study shows wood smoke can harm the brain" 3429:"Wood burning heaters and your health - Fact sheets" 3165:

Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment

1912: 1910: 1733: 4970: 4949: 4923: 4895: 4874: 4848: 4812: 4756: 4728: 263:is the primary cause of death in victims of indoor 2910:Cupitt, L T; Glen, W G; Lewtas, J (October 1994). 351:gas can be produced instead of water. Contents of 962:and its derivatives are products of pyrolysis of 3191:"Wood smoke major source of pollution in winter" 2741:Krevelen, D.W. van; Nijenhuis, Klaas te (2009). 2510:The Common Sense Approach to Hazardous Materials 2351:Analytical Pyrolysis of Natural Organic Polymers 2311: 2309: 2307: 1648:A measure of smoke color. Invented by Professor 1089:between the polymer chains has such effect too. 339:, while nitrogen-containing materials can yield 4686:7 things you need to know about smoke detectors 4552:Harrison & others, Roy M (26 August 2013). 4406:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3755:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2671: 2669: 2667: 2323:. National Academies. pp. 107–. NAP:15488. 1498:materials are preferable for cable insulation. 1186:detects particle sizes greater than 7 μm ( 1085:decrease production of smoke. Higher degree of 455:); other compounds may be formed as well, e.g. 4706: 4283: 4281: 1093:Visible and invisible particles of combustion 776:particles are present in smokes from burning 8: 4291:Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2806:"How Bad Is Wildfire Smoke for Your Health?" 2333:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2031:SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering 1742:introducing citations to additional sources 1463:by absorbing or scattering the light beams. 1331:Reduced visibility due to wildfire smoke in 1262:Processing fish while being exposed to smoke 664:in such smokes is most commonly composed of 169:, together with the quantity of air that is 4237: 4235: 1349:Lightning Bolts Army Parachute Display Team 1131:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 77:Billowing smoke at Takaosan Yakuoin Temple 4713: 4699: 4691: 4185: 4183: 3839:"Air Pollution May Damage People's Brains" 2263: 2261: 2259: 482:Pyrolysis of burning material, especially 112:released in smoke from a variety of solid 4748:Native American use of fire in ecosystems 4435: 4425: 4215: 4068: 4019: 4009: 3959: 3784: 3774: 3725: 3715: 3547:"Wood stove pollution is a burning issue" 3476: 3288: 3100: 2935: 2855: 2598: 2491: 2223:The Metrics of Material and Metal Ecology 2215: 2213: 2211: 1977: 1943: 1274:, sometimes with the additive effects of 1151:Learn how and when to remove this message 474:Emission of soot in the fumes of a large 4541:(Report). National Academies. p. 4. 3155: 3153: 3151: 2679:Physical properties of polymers handbook 2616:"Magnetic properties of micrometeorites" 2387:Moldoveanu, Serban (16 September 2009). 2171:Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology 2163: 2161: 1732:Relevant discussion may be found on the 696:. Many organic compounds, typically the 4957:International Flame Research Foundation 4671:'Fire inversions' lock smoke in valleys 4465:. Oxford University Press. p. 89. 3423: 3421: 3394:Carrington, Damian (16 February 2021). 2879:St Cyr, MD, Richard (16 January 2013). 2513:. Fire Engineering Books. p. 129. 2271:Toxicity of Plastics and Rubber in Fire 1906: 861:Burning of hydrogen-rich fuel produces 801:can be present in case of fires during 736:can be also produced in the smoke from 323:, or in case of incomplete combustion, 27:Mass of airborne particulates and gases 3047:Optoelectronics for data communication 2326: 2085:. Government Institutes. p. 528. 1547:annually. In some towns and cities in 1438:, are strongly affected. Corrosion of 1308:is a major modifiable risk factor for 451:(which hydrolyzes readily to HF and CO 4659:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). 1911. 4537:National Academies (1 January 1983). 3406:from the original on 27 December 2022 2891:from the original on 16 February 2021 2348:Moldoveanu, S.C. (11 November 1998). 2056:. Virginia Academy of Science. 1976. 2004:from the original on 23 November 2022 1356:Worcester Cold Storage Warehouse fire 740:burning in the atmosphere.) Magnetic 582:, and sudden inrush of air can cause 229:, etc.). It is used in rituals where 108:Chemical composition distribution of 7: 5050: 4049:Current Environmental Health Reports 3819:from the original on 22 January 2022 3557:from the original on 9 December 2020 3439:from the original on 9 November 2022 3207:from the original on 8 December 2020 3130:NSW Environment Protection Authority 2652:from the original on 5 February 2022 2429:A dictionary of the coal tar colours 2082:Environmental Engineering Dictionary 1129:adding citations to reliable sources 955:particulates also have such effect. 943:, which is a concern especially for 847:, with particles in micrometer range 443:. Pyrolysis of fluoropolymers, e.g. 2999:from the original on 7 January 2017 2060:from the original on 19 August 2020 4380:from the original on 31 March 2022 3879:from the original on 1 August 2021 3679:from the original on 26 March 2021 3521:Minnesota Pollution Control Agency 3240:from the original on 21 April 2021 3136:from the original on 19 April 2021 3019:"telegram.com – Warehouse Tragedy" 2781:"How small can the naked eye see?" 2696:from the original on 2 August 2020 1966:Environmental Science: Atmospheres 1809:to cure illness. A sculpture from 1418:from high-temperature fires where 161:emitted when a material undergoes 25: 4590:from the original on 7 March 2020 4518:from the original on 3 April 2023 4498:Watson, Donna S. (8 March 2010). 4479:from the original on 3 April 2023 4196:Environmental Health Perspectives 3269:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 3064:from the original on 16 July 2020 2916:Environmental Health Perspectives 2836:Environmental Health Perspectives 2761:from the original on 14 July 2020 2722:from the original on 26 July 2017 2527:from the original on 3 April 2023 2472:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2446:from the original on 4 April 2023 2407:from the original on 3 April 2023 2368:from the original on 3 April 2023 2292:from the original on 3 April 2023 2244:from the original on 3 April 2023 2196:from the original on 4 April 2023 2146:from the original on 3 April 2023 2099:from the original on 3 April 2023 2024:"Smoke Production and Properties" 1924:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 1062:containing contaminants from the 1021:, and specific nitroarenes (e.g. 772:can be present in engine smokes. 241:is burned to produce a smell for 5060: 5049: 5039: 5038: 4681:Shedding new light on wood smoke 4338:Science of the Total Environment 3849:from the original on 12 May 2021 3527:from the original on 14 May 2021 3332:from the original on 14 May 2021 3171:from the original on 11 May 2019 2268:Fardell, P.J. (1 January 1993). 1725:relies largely or entirely on a 1714: 1526:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 1516:Wood smoke is a major source of 1467:Polymers containing halogen and 1101: 1058:; this is a concern in e.g. the 1011:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 524:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 433:2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin 403:subjected to fire or halocarbon 367:) may lead to the production of 256:Carmel Fire Smoke Habonim 031210 4738:Control of fire by early humans 4358:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134721 3749:Peeples, Lynne (23 June 2020). 3579:Chemical Research in Toxicology 3126:"reducing-wood-smoke-emissions" 2623:Journal of Geophysical Research 2573:Lanci, L.; Kent, D. V. (2006). 2354:. Elsevier. pp. 152, 428. 2053:The Virginia Journal of Science 478:truck, without particle filters 447:, in presence of oxygen yields 427:(PCB), e.g. from burning older 283:and other combustion products. 135:Smoke being emitted from a lit 4676:Burning Issues wood smoke Site 4581:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.08.026 4094:Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 3050:. Academic Press. p. 43. 1512:Wildfire § Health effects 1494:fires are of special concern; 530:, studied as a carcinogen, or 441:polychlorinated dibenzodioxins 1: 4244:Current Opinion in Psychology 2432:. Heywood and Co. p. 8. 2180:Jones & Bartlett Learning 2130:Jones & Bartlett Learning 1690:Smoke is incompletely burned 1592:As early as the 15th century 1574:Wood smoke (for example from 876:is present in emissions from 4611:Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4256:10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.06.024 4158:10.1016/j.envres.2019.108638 4011:10.1371/journal.pone.0161851 3961:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113307 3921:10.1016/j.envres.2016.07.030 3643:10.1016/j.envres.2019.03.060 3517:"Wood smoke and your health" 3465:European Respiratory Journal 3322:"Wood Smoke and Your Health" 2579:Geophysical Research Letters 2079:Lee, C.C. (1 January 2005). 1825:in front of him for burning 1632:Electrostatic precipitation. 1506:Health effects of wood smoke 1333:Sheremetyevo Airport, Moscow 985:, a product of pyrolysis of 884:; oil plants also emit some 197:), but may also be used for 153:is a suspension of airborne 3478:10.1183/13993003.01865-2014 3320:US EPA, OAR (28 May 2013). 2995:. American Cancer Society. 945:internal combustion engines 365:brominated flame retardants 187:internal combustion engines 5118: 4303:10.1007/s11356-021-12357-3 3227:"Air pollution and health" 2276:iSmithers Rapra Publishing 2168:Mauseth, James D. (1991). 1817:(522–486 BC), the king of 1530:volatile organic compounds 1509: 997:is a pyrolysis product of 989:trees, is an indicator of 966:and are characteristic of 941:high temperature corrosion 540:volatile organic compounds 110:volatile organic compounds 29: 5033: 4623:10.1016/j.jep.2006.09.005 4061:10.1007/s40572-015-0073-9 3290:10.5194/acp-21-17865-2021 2747:. Elsevier. p. 864. 2393:. Elsevier. p. 643. 2176:Burlington, Massachusetts 2126:Burlington, Massachusetts 1865:Health impacts of sawdust 1670:Combined optical methods. 1272:carbon monoxide poisoning 974:and derivates, and other 970:smoke; other markers are 680:may also be formed, e.g. 676:. Particles of inorganic 425:polychlorinated biphenyls 4962:The Combustion Institute 2493:10.5194/acp-21-2407-2021 1945:10.5194/acp-21-2383-2021 1360:Worcester, Massachusetts 724:particles, spherules of 319:. Sulfur content yields 4656:Encyclopædia Britannica 4561:Atmospheric Environment 4427:10.1073/pnas.1605941113 3948:Environmental Pollution 3843:The Scientist Magazine® 3776:10.1073/pnas.2008940117 3704:Annals of Global Health 2676:Mark, James E. (2006). 2507:Fire, Frank L. (2009). 2118:Carlone, Nancy (2009). 1870:Inversion (meteorology) 1621:Filter/dilution tunnel. 1481:polytetrafluoroethylene 1445:electrically conductive 1414:-containing materials, 1404:fire suppression agents 1343:Red smoke carried by a 880:fired power plants and 405:fire suppression agents 347:, and nitrogen oxides. 4804:Spontaneous combustion 4459:Sorensen, Roy (2016). 4138:Environmental Research 3901:Environmental Research 3623:Environmental Research 1496:low smoke zero halogen 1351: 1336: 1302: 1263: 1179: 1171: 780:; small proportion of 756:is composed mainly of 625:(often aromatic, e.g. 572:Heterocyclic compounds 479: 257: 147: 139: 128: 116: 101: 86: 62: 51: 36:Smoke (disambiguation) 34:. For other uses, see 3433:www.health.nsw.gov.au 2928:10.1289/ehp.94102s475 2426:Staff writer (1892). 1880:Open burning of waste 1650:Maximilian Ringelmann 1522:particulate pollution 1342: 1330: 1300: 1261: 1177: 1166: 698:aromatic hydrocarbons 484:incomplete combustion 473: 275:irritation caused by 255: 145: 134: 122: 107: 92: 76: 57: 46: 4501:Perioperative Safety 3523:. 16 November 2009. 2785:www.sciencefocus.com 2643:10.1029/2008JB005831 2600:10.1029/2006GL026480 1998:Chemistry LibreTexts 1860:Great Smog of London 1738:improve this article 1664:Optical obscuration. 1125:improve this section 939:on metals and cause 730:ferrous ferric oxide 457:carbon tetrafluoride 306:Chemical composition 177:of fires (including 4573:2013AtmEn..80..540H 4418:2016PNAS..11310797M 4412:(39): 10797–10801. 4350:2020ScTEn.701m4721F 4150:2019ER....177j8638T 4002:2016PLoSO..1161851L 3913:2016ER....151..763F 3875:. 2 December 2017. 3767:2020PNAS..11713856P 3761:(25): 13856–13860. 3635:2019ER....173..462N 3281:2021ACP....2117865T 3275:(23): 17865–17883. 3234:healthywa.wa.gov.au 3102:10.3390/fire6020041 2848:10.1289/ehp.1103639 2635:2009JGRB..114.4102S 2591:2006GeoRL..3313308L 2484:2021ACP....21.2407S 1936:2021ACP....21.2383S 1838:drug administration 1657:Optical scattering. 1453:Electrical contacts 1048:radioactive fallout 935:. These attack the 522:and its derivates, 463:, and highly toxic 461:hexafluoropropylene 395:can be formed from 335:of carbon produces 4106:10.3233/JAD-200483 3873:ABC7 San Francisco 3815:. 6 October 2020. 3359:(may22 1): h2757. 2993:"Secondhand Smoke" 2973:on 1 February 2017 2959:General, Surgeon. 2922:(suppl 4): 75–84. 2132:. pp. 20–28. 2040:on 21 August 2008. 1979:10.1039/D0EA00009D 1890:Ultrafine particle 1473:polyvinyl chloride 1352: 1337: 1303: 1264: 1232:fabric restoration 1207:ionization chamber 1180: 1172: 1064:Chernobyl disaster 1060:Zone of alienation 937:passivation layers 890:produces emissions 888:. Coal combustion 807:Chernobyl disaster 662:particulate matter 597:, sulfur dioxide, 580:flammability limit 480: 465:perfluoroisobutene 361:polyvinyl chloride 258: 205:), communication ( 148: 140: 129: 117: 102: 87: 63: 52: 5074: 5073: 4983:List of wildfires 4511:978-0-323-06985-4 4472:978-0-19-046863-7 3717:10.5334/aogh.2725 3591:10.1021/tx100407m 3365:10.1136/bmj.h2757 3057:978-0-12-437160-6 3025:on 29 August 2013 2885:My Health Beijing 2842:(11): 1616–1621. 2754:978-0-08-054819-7 2689:978-0-387-31235-4 2520:978-0-912212-11-1 2439:978-1-4097-0169-9 2400:978-0-444-53113-1 2361:978-0-444-82203-1 2285:978-1-85957-001-2 2237:978-0-08-045792-5 2189:978-0-03-093893-1 2139:978-1-284-05384-5 2092:978-0-86587-848-8 1994:"15.11: Colloids" 1803: 1802: 1788: 1706:Medicinal smoking 1594:Leonardo da Vinci 1393:hydrofluoric acid 1373:hydrochloric acid 1292:hydrofluoric acid 1222:stage of a fire. 1161: 1160: 1153: 853:dry precipitation 836:accumulation mode 803:nuclear accidents 750:Curie temperature 708:fuels containing 449:carbonyl fluoride 393:Hydrogen fluoride 369:hydrogen chloride 333:Partial oxidation 74: 16:(Redirected from 5109: 5064: 5053: 5052: 5042: 5041: 4887:Death by burning 4849:Individual fires 4715: 4708: 4701: 4692: 4660: 4652: 4635: 4634: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4589: 4558: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4456: 4450: 4449: 4439: 4429: 4396: 4390: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4329: 4323: 4322: 4297:(8): 9029–9049. 4285: 4276: 4275: 4239: 4230: 4229: 4219: 4187: 4178: 4177: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4089: 4083: 4082: 4072: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4023: 4013: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3963: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3895: 3889: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3835: 3829: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3788: 3778: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3729: 3719: 3695: 3689: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3513: 3507: 3506: 3480: 3471:(6): 1577–1588. 3455: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3425: 3416: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3292: 3259: 3250: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3231: 3223: 3217: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3206: 3195: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3157: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3104: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3021:. 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Archived from 2028: 2020: 2014: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2000:. 27 June 2016. 1990: 1984: 1983: 1981: 1956: 1950: 1949: 1947: 1930:(4): 2383–2406. 1914: 1815:Darius the Great 1807:medicinal plants 1798: 1795: 1789: 1787: 1746: 1718: 1710: 1644:Ringelmann scale 1607:In-line capture. 1436:microelectronics 1410:from burning of 1379:, produced from 1377:hydrobromic acid 1276:hydrogen cyanide 1253:Smoke inhalation 1156: 1149: 1145: 1142: 1136: 1105: 1097: 1083:flame retardants 774:Amorphous silica 714:Depleted uranium 686:ammonium nitrate 682:ammonium sulfate 647:carboxylic acids 599:carbon disulfide 595:carbonyl sulfide 341:hydrogen cyanide 325:hydrogen sulfide 281:hydrogen cyanide 261:Smoke inhalation 75: 21: 5117: 5116: 5112: 5111: 5110: 5108: 5107: 5106: 5077: 5076: 5075: 5070: 5029: 4966: 4945: 4919: 4891: 4870: 4844: 4808: 4794:Fire protection 4752: 4724: 4719: 4667: 4647: 4644: 4639: 4638: 4608: 4607: 4603: 4593: 4591: 4587: 4556: 4551: 4550: 4546: 4536: 4535: 4531: 4521: 4519: 4512: 4497: 4496: 4492: 4482: 4480: 4473: 4458: 4457: 4453: 4398: 4397: 4393: 4383: 4381: 4331: 4330: 4326: 4287: 4286: 4279: 4241: 4240: 4233: 4208:10.1289/EHP4595 4189: 4188: 4181: 4134: 4133: 4129: 4091: 4090: 4086: 4042: 4041: 4037: 3996:(9): e0161851. 3982: 3981: 3977: 3941: 3940: 3936: 3897: 3896: 3892: 3882: 3880: 3867: 3866: 3862: 3852: 3850: 3837: 3836: 3832: 3822: 3820: 3807: 3806: 3802: 3748: 3747: 3743: 3697: 3696: 3692: 3682: 3680: 3671: 3670: 3666: 3619: 3618: 3614: 3575: 3574: 3570: 3560: 3558: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3530: 3528: 3515: 3514: 3510: 3457: 3456: 3452: 3442: 3440: 3427: 3426: 3419: 3409: 3407: 3393: 3392: 3388: 3350: 3349: 3345: 3335: 3333: 3319: 3318: 3314: 3261: 3260: 3253: 3243: 3241: 3229: 3225: 3224: 3220: 3210: 3208: 3204: 3193: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3174: 3172: 3159: 3158: 3149: 3139: 3137: 3123: 3122: 3118: 3082: 3081: 3077: 3067: 3065: 3058: 3043: 3042: 3038: 3028: 3026: 3017: 3016: 3012: 3002: 3000: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2976: 2974: 2970: 2963: 2958: 2957: 2953: 2909: 2908: 2904: 2894: 2892: 2878: 2877: 2873: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2814: 2812: 2804: 2803: 2799: 2789: 2787: 2779: 2778: 2774: 2764: 2762: 2755: 2740: 2739: 2735: 2725: 2723: 2718:. 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Please help 1722: 1720: 1713: 1707: 1704: 1589: 1586: 1541:United Kingdom 1507: 1504: 1368: 1365: 1239: 1236: 1211:smoke detector 1159: 1158: 1109: 1107: 1100: 1094: 1091: 849: 848: 840: 832: 825:geometric mean 718:uranium oxides 700:, may be also 556:methyl acetate 452: 417:fire retardant 401:fluoropolymers 329:carbon dioxide 321:sulfur dioxide 307: 304: 296:Mie scattering 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5114: 5103: 5102:Air pollution 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5067: 5063: 5058: 5056: 5047: 5045: 5036: 5035: 5032: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4984: 4981: 4980: 4979: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4969: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4950:Organizations 4948: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4922: 4916: 4913: 4909: 4906: 4905: 4904: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4894: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4873: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4847: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4811: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4755: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4716: 4711: 4709: 4704: 4702: 4697: 4696: 4693: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4668: 4664: 4658: 4657: 4651: 4650:"Smoke" 4646: 4645: 4641: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4617:(2): 161–84. 4616: 4612: 4605: 4602: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4555: 4548: 4545: 4540: 4533: 4530: 4517: 4513: 4507: 4503: 4502: 4494: 4491: 4478: 4474: 4468: 4464: 4463: 4455: 4452: 4447: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4395: 4392: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4328: 4325: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4284: 4282: 4278: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4238: 4236: 4232: 4227: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4186: 4184: 4180: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4131: 4128: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4088: 4085: 4080: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4039: 4036: 4031: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3979: 3976: 3971: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3938: 3935: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3894: 3891: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3864: 3861: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3834: 3831: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3804: 3801: 3796: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3745: 3742: 3737: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3694: 3691: 3678: 3674: 3668: 3665: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3616: 3613: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3572: 3569: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3542: 3539: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3512: 3509: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3454: 3451: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3424: 3422: 3418: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3390: 3387: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3347: 3344: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3316: 3313: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3258: 3256: 3252: 3239: 3235: 3228: 3222: 3219: 3203: 3199: 3192: 3186: 3183: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3148: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3120: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3079: 3076: 3063: 3059: 3053: 3049: 3048: 3040: 3037: 3024: 3020: 3014: 3011: 2998: 2994: 2988: 2985: 2969: 2962: 2955: 2952: 2947: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2906: 2903: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2875: 2872: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2826: 2823: 2811: 2810:Yale Medicine 2807: 2801: 2798: 2786: 2782: 2776: 2773: 2760: 2756: 2750: 2746: 2745: 2737: 2734: 2721: 2717: 2711: 2708: 2695: 2691: 2685: 2681: 2680: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2617: 2610: 2607: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2569: 2566: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2542: 2539: 2526: 2522: 2516: 2512: 2511: 2503: 2500: 2494: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2461: 2458: 2445: 2441: 2435: 2431: 2430: 2422: 2419: 2406: 2402: 2396: 2392: 2391: 2383: 2380: 2367: 2363: 2357: 2353: 2352: 2344: 2341: 2336: 2330: 2322: 2321: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2291: 2287: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2272: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2243: 2239: 2233: 2229: 2226:. Amsterdam: 2225: 2224: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2195: 2191: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2172: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2145: 2141: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2122: 2114: 2111: 2098: 2094: 2088: 2084: 2083: 2075: 2072: 2059: 2055: 2054: 2047: 2044: 2036: 2032: 2025: 2019: 2016: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1989: 1986: 1980: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1955: 1952: 1946: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1900: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1797: 1786: 1783: 1779: 1776: 1772: 1769: 1765: 1762: 1758: 1755: – 1754: 1750: 1749:Find sources: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1729: 1728: 1727:single source 1723:This section 1721: 1717: 1712: 1711: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1700:smoke control 1697: 1693: 1689: 1687: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1665: 1661: 1658: 1654: 1651: 1647: 1645: 1640: 1638: 1633: 1629: 1627: 1622: 1618: 1616: 1611: 1608: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1520:, especially 1519: 1518:air pollution 1513: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1440:circuit board 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1422:gets formed, 1421: 1420:nitrous oxide 1417: 1413: 1409: 1408:sulfuric acid 1405: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1357: 1350: 1346: 1341: 1334: 1329: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1314:heart disease 1311: 1307: 1299: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1260: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1237: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1212: 1208: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1176: 1170: 1167:Smoke from a 1165: 1155: 1152: 1144: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1120: 1119: 1115: 1110:This section 1108: 1104: 1099: 1098: 1092: 1090: 1088: 1087:cross-linking 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1044:hot particles 1040: 1038: 1033: 1031: 1026: 1024: 1023:1-nitropyrene 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 956: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 929: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 870: 868: 864: 859: 856: 854: 846: 845: 841: 838: 837: 833: 830: 826: 822: 819: 818: 817: 814: 812: 808: 804: 800: 799:hot particles 797:in the fuel; 796: 795:radionuclides 792: 788: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 762:calcium oxide 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 734:nanoparticles 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 658: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 591: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 560:ethyl formate 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 477: 472: 468: 466: 462: 458: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 397:fluorocarbons 394: 390: 386: 382: 381:chloromethane 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 305: 303: 301: 300:visible light 297: 293: 289: 284: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 254: 250: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 207:smoke signals 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 144: 138: 133: 126: 121: 115: 111: 106: 100: 96: 93:Smoke from a 91: 84: 80: 61: 58:Smoke from a 56: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 4995:Firefighting 4936:Fire worship 4839: 4779:Fire ecology 4654: 4614: 4610: 4604: 4592:. 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