114:
1045:
1024:
3027:
3016:
892:
938:
receded over the course of the late
Cisuralian as the Earth's climate gradually warmed, particularly during the Artinskian Warming Event, drying the continent's interiors. The pan-tropical belt of Pangaea experienced particularly significant aridification during this epoch.
846:
The name "Cisuralian" was proposed in 1982, and approved by the
International Subcommission on Permian Stratigraphy in 1996. The Cisuralian Epoch is named after the western slopes of the Ural Mountains in Russia and Kazakhstan.
1639:
Marchetti, Lorenzo; Forte, Giuseppa; Kustatscher, Evelyn; DiMichele, William A.; Lucas, Spencer G.; Roghi, Guido; Juncal, Manuel A.; Hartkopf-Fröder, Christoph; Krainer, Karl; Morelli, Corrado; Ronchi, Ausonio (March 2022).
2161:
Huttenlocker, A. K., and E. Rega. 2012. The
Paleobiology and Bone Microstructure of Pelycosaurian-grade Synapsids. Pp. 90–119 in A. Chinsamy (ed.) Forerunners of Mammals: Radiation, Histology, Biology. Indiana University
2191:
2064:"Testing extinction events and temporal shifts in diversification and fossilization rates through the skyline Fossilized Birth-Death (FBD) model: The example of some mid-Permian synapsid extinctions"
1904:"Early–middle Permian ecosystems of equatorial Pangaea: Integrated multi-stratigraphic and palaeontological review of the Permian of Mallorca (Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean)"
1044:
2396:
1806:
1023:
1802:"The Permian (Kungurian, Cisuralian) palaeoenvironment and palaeoclimate of the Tregiovo Basin, Italy: Palaeobotanical, palynological and geochemical investigations"
1696:"Chronostratigraphy and Paleoclimatology of the Lodève Basin, France: Evidence for a pan-tropical aridification event across the Carboniferous–Permian boundary"
1902:
Matamales-Andreu, Rafal; Mujal, Eudald; Dinarès-Turell, Jaume; Kustatcher, Evelyn; Roghi, Guido; Oms, Oriol; Galobart, Àngel; Fortuny, Josep (May 2022).
2389:
2264:
573:
512:
1754:
Grossman, Ethan L.; Yancey, Thomas E.; Jones, Thomas E.; Bruckschen, Peter; Chuvashov, Boris; Mazzullo, S. J.; Mii, Horng-sheng (24 October 2008).
1850:"Aridification across the Carboniferous–Permian transition in central equatorial Pangea: The Catalan Pyrenean succession (NE Iberian Peninsula)"
461:
1375:
1318:
1255:
2382:
1393:"On the revised stratigraphic scale for the Permian System adopted at the Second Guadalupian Symposium, alpine, Texas, USA, April 1996"
1508:
1222:
1009:, and reached their apex in the Cisuralian remaining the dominant land animals for some 40 million years. A few continued into the
980:
made their appearance. The marine life was probably more diverse than modern times as the climate warmed. Unusual sharks such as
479:
1571:
858:
oil fields. These oil fields were vital to the Soviet Union during WW2 when the
Germans controlled the oil fields to the west.
1737:
3060:
2105:"Distributions of extinction times from fossil ages and tree topologies: the example of mid-Permian synapsid extinctions"
1147:
Davydov, Vladimir; Glenister, Brian; Spinosa, Claude; Ritter, Scott; Chernykh, V.; Wardlaw, B.; Snyder, W. (March 1998).
835:
The
Cisuralian is the first series or epoch of the Permian. The Cisuralian was preceded by the last Pennsylvanian epoch (
1756:"Glaciation, aridification, and carbon sequestration in the Permo-Carboniferous: The isotopic record from low latitudes"
113:
2405:
562:
3055:
1642:"The Artinskian Warming Event: an Euramerican change in climate and the terrestrial biota during the early Permian"
2257:
861:
The
International Chronostratigraphic Chart (v2018/07) provides a numerical age of 298.9 ± 0.15 – 272.3 ± 0.5 Ma.
728:
661:
1848:
Mujal, Eudald; Fortuny, Josep; Marmi, Josep; Dinarès-Turell, Jaume; Bolet, Arnau; Oms, Oriol (January 2018).
2678:
2673:
2250:
1755:
1694:
Michel, Lauren A.; Tabor, Neil J.; Montañez, Isabel P.; Schmitz, Mark D.; Davydov, Vladimir (15 July 2015).
1006:
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786:
306:
2196:
1903:
1849:
1801:
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1617:
625:
1546:
Davydov, V.I.; Glenister, B.F.; Spinosa, C.; Ritter, S.M.; Chernykh, V.V.; Wardlaw, B.R. and Snyder, W.S.
1908:
1576:
865:
774:
607:
808:
In the regional stratigraphy of southwestern North
America, the Cisuralian encompasses two series: the
717:
497:
2205:
1971:
1917:
1861:
1815:
1767:
1707:
1653:
1585:
1149:"Proposal of Aidaralash as Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for base of the Permian System"
1298:
3050:
3009:
1570:
Scotese, Christopher R.; Song, Haijun; Mills, Benjamin J. W.; van der Meer, Douwe G. (April 2021).
1554:
Proposal of
Aidaralash as Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for base of the Permian System
907:
721:
2221:
1933:
1877:
1669:
1609:
970:
persisted until the end of this series, approximately. The dry interior had small insectivores.
3026:
1572:"Phanerozoic paleotemperatures: The earth's changing climate during the last 540 million years"
2807:
2771:
2144:
2126:
2085:
2044:
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1987:
1601:
1504:
1371:
1365:
1314:
1251:
1218:
911:
895:
Map of Earth as it appeared 280 million years ago during the
Cisuralian epoch, Kungurian stage
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2018:
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642:
633:
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2870:
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2599:
2568:
2537:
2007:"Olson's Extinction and the latitudinal biodiversity gradient of tetrapods in the Permian"
1741:
1167:
778:
597:
2209:
2192:"The early evolution of synapsids, and the influence of sampling on their fossil record"
2005:
Brocklehurst, Neil; Day, Michael O.; Rubidge, Bruce S.; Fröbisch, Jörg (12 April 2017).
1975:
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72:
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1960:"Rainforest collapse triggered Carboniferous tetrapod diversification in Euramerica"
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3031:
3015:
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2812:
2735:
1734:
1271:
966:
1800:
Forte, Giuseppa; Kustatscher, Evelyn; Roghi, Guido; Preto, Nereo (15 April 2018).
1525:
918:, by the middle of the early Permian, which was to have an impact on the climate.
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is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where fossils of the conodont
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92:
57:
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2006:
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97:
2190:
Brocklehurst, Neil; Kammerer, Christian F.; Fröbisch, Jörg (23 June 2013).
2148:
2048:
2022:
1958:
Sahney, Sarda; Benton, Michael J.; Falcon-Lang, Howard J. (December 2010).
1391:
Ganelin, V.G.; Goman'kov, A.V.; Grunt, T.A.; Durante, M.V. (January 1997).
880:
17:
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356:
293:
259:
87:
82:
67:
62:
52:
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2631:
2468:
2452:
2337:
2332:
2273:
1238:
Ross, C. A.; Ross, June R. P. (1995). "Permian
Sequence Stratigraphy".
971:
935:
782:
401:
392:
281:
102:
77:
2080:
1297:
Henderson, C.M.; Shen, S.Z.; Gradstein, F.M.; Agterberg, F.P. (2020),
827:
and was a relatively stable warming period of about 21 million years.
2977:
2860:
2494:
1983:
915:
820:
2063:
1959:
2217:
890:
2242:
1129:
3001:
2997:
2993:
876:
793:. The Cisuralian Epoch is named after the western slopes of the
41:
2378:
2246:
824:
130:
875:
first appear. The global reference profile for the base (the
1364:
Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; Smith, Alan G. (2004).
1213:
Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; Smith, Alan G. (2004).
910:
in present-day North America. In northwestern Europe, the
879:) is located in the valley of the Aidaralash River, near
2011:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1735:
Palaeos: Life Through Deep Time > The Permian Period
951:. The series saw the appearance of beetles and flies.
947:
The swampy fringes were mostly ferns, seed ferns, and
1038:, was at the top of the food chain in the Cisuralian
2976:
2940:
2900:
2869:
2838:
2825:
2785:
2754:
2718:
2687:
2661:
2630:
2617:
2582:
2551:
2525:
2512:
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2451:
2425:
2412:
989:Early Permian terrestrial faunas were dominated by
914:continued. This created the large supercontinent,
759:
713:
700:
692:
650:
621:
613:
603:
593:
588:
580:
568:
558:
553:
542:
534:
529:
123:
32:
2103:Didier, Gilles; Laurin, Michel (9 December 2021).
1056:with characteristic 'tooth-whorl' at front of jaw
864:The base of the Cisuralian series and the Permian
1807:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1760:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1700:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2390:
2258:
801:and dates between 298.9 ± 0.15 – 272.3 ± 0.5
8:
2062:Didier, Gilles; Laurin, Michel (June 2024).
511:Subdivision of the Permian according to the
1370:. Cambridge University Press. p. 250.
1136:. International Commission on Stratigraphy.
518:Vertical axis scale: millions of years ago.
2835:
2627:
2522:
2422:
2397:
2383:
2375:
2282:
2265:
2251:
2243:
1524:International Commission on Stratigraphy.
1493:A Dictionary of Geology and Earth Sciences
1342:International Commission on Stratigraphy.
2138:
2120:
2079:
2038:
1719:
1495:(4th ed.). Oxford University Press.
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1193:International Commission on Stratigraphy
118:The world at the start of the Cisuralian
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1397:Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation
1337:
1335:
1121:
1019:
1005:, The pelycosaurs appeared during the
1430:; Ross, Charles A. (16 October 2018).
462:Permian-Triassic mass extinction event
29:
1075:stage (298.9 ± 0.15 – 294.6 ± 0.8 Ma)
883:in the Ural Mountains of Kazakhstan.
785:. The Cisuralian was preceded by the
7:
1501:10.1093/acref/9780199653065.001.0001
1093:stage (283.5 ± 0.7 – 272.3 ± 0.5 Ma)
1087:stage (290.1 ± 0.7 – 283.5 ± 0.7 Ma)
1081:stage (294.6 ± 0.8 – 290.1 ± 0.7 Ma)
487:
469:
451:
2996:= kiloannum (thousands years ago);
1278:. University of California Berkeley
3000:= megaannum (millions years ago);
1311:10.1016/b978-0-12-824360-2.00024-3
25:
3004:= gigaannum (billions years ago).
926:At the start of the Permian, the
839:) and is followed by the Permian
819:The series saw the appearance of
812:(Asselian to mid-Artinskian) and
3025:
3014:
1043:
1022:
112:
1930:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.103948
1666:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.103922
1598:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103503
1168:10.18814/epiiugs/1998/v21i1/003
993:(a paraphyletic group of early
816:(mid-Artinskian to Kungurian).
480:end-Capitanian extinction event
1465:Kazlev, M. Alan (4 May 2002).
1305:, Elsevier, pp. 875–902,
1240:The Permian of Northern Pangea
1217:. Cambridge University Press.
1:
2443:Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)
1013:. They were succeeded by the
643:Streptognathodus wabaunsensis
40:298.9 ± 0.15 – 273.01 ± 0.14
1874:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2017.11.005
1828:10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.01.012
1780:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.03.053
1721:10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.03.020
1109:Mangapirian (278 – 270.6 Ma)
958:declined but the herbivores,
657:, Ural Mountains, Kazakhstan
2406:Geological history of Earth
1248:10.1007/978-3-642-78593-1_7
707:Jinogondolella nanginkensis
27:First series of the Permian
3077:
2679:Mississippian (323–359 Ma)
2674:Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)
2438:Holocene (present–11.7 ka)
2173:"NAPC Abstracts, Sto – Tw"
1367:A geologic time scale 2004
1215:A Geologic Time Scale 2004
986:continued in this series.
850:Limestones on the edge of
2991:
2963:Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)
2813:Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)
2280:
1276:UC Museum of Paleontology
1106:Telfordian (289 – 278 Ma)
954:The coal swamps from the
701:Upper boundary definition
634:Streptognathodus isolatus
622:Lower boundary definition
508:
128:
111:
37:
2958:Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)
2803:Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)
2648:Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)
2500:Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)
2490:Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)
1491:Allaby, Michael (2015).
1303:Geologic Time Scale 2020
1189:"GSSP for Roadian Stage"
2953:Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)
2918:Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)
2913:Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)
2856:Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)
2746:Llandovery (433–444 Ma)
2653:Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)
2464:Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)
1436:Encyclopædia Britannica
1272:"Permian: Stratigraphy"
928:Late Palaeozoic Ice Age
236:−250 —
226:−255 —
216:−260 —
206:−265 —
196:−270 —
186:−275 —
176:−280 —
166:−285 —
156:−290 —
146:−295 —
136:−300 —
2923:Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)
2892:Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)
2851:Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)
2798:Furongian (485–497 Ma)
2643:Lopingian (252–260 Ma)
2469:Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)
2023:10.1098/rspb.2017.0231
1744:Accessed 1 April 2013.
1467:"The Cisuralian Epoch"
896:
724:, Texas, United States
3061:Permian geochronology
2928:Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)
2887:Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)
2808:Series 2 (509–521 Ma)
2495:Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)
1909:Earth-Science Reviews
1646:Earth-Science Reviews
1577:Earth-Science Reviews
930:, which began in the
894:
2968:Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)
2861:Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)
2741:Wenlock (427–433 Ma)
2731:Pridoli (419–423 Ma)
1299:"The Permian Period"
1134:www.stratigraphy.org
877:GSSP or golden spike
789:and followed by the
744:31.8767°N 104.8768°W
704:FAD of the Conodont
3023: •
3012: •
3010:Geologic time scale
2772:Middle (458–470 Ma)
2736:Ludlow (423–427 Ma)
2705:Middle (383–393 Ma)
2600:Middle (237–247 Ma)
2569:Middle (164–174 Ma)
2210:2013Pbio...39..470B
2122:10.7717/peerj.12577
1976:2010Geo....38.1079S
1922:2022ESRv..22803948M
1866:2018SedG..363...48M
1854:Sedimentary Geology
1820:2018PPP...495..186F
1772:2008PPP...268..222G
1712:2015PPP...430..118M
1658:2022ESRv..22603922M
1590:2021ESRv..21503503S
1242:. pp. 98–123.
934:, was at its peak.
908:Alleghenian orogeny
831:Name and background
760:Upper GSSP ratified
740: /
722:Guadalupe Mountains
714:Upper boundary GSSP
693:Lower GSSP ratified
677:50.2458°N 57.8914°E
673: /
651:Lower boundary GSSP
614:Time span formality
547:Early/Lower Permian
3021:Geology portal
2882:Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)
2777:Early (470–485 Ma)
2710:Early (393–419 Ma)
2605:Early (247–252 Ma)
2574:Early (174–201 Ma)
2543:Early (100–145 Ma)
2538:Late (66.0–100 Ma)
2017:(1852): 20170231.
1740:2013-06-29 at the
1130:"Chart/Time Scale"
1007:Late Carboniferous
974:and prototherapsid
897:
749:31.8767; -104.8768
604:Stratigraphic unit
594:Chronological unit
581:Time scale(s) used
498:Olson's Extinction
3056:Geological epochs
3038:
3037:
2936:
2935:
2902:Paleoproterozoic
2821:
2820:
2767:Late (444–458 Ma)
2700:Late (359–383 Ma)
2613:
2612:
2595:Late (201–237 Ma)
2564:Late (145–164 Ma)
2508:
2507:
2429:(present–2.58 Ma)
2417:(present–66.0 Ma)
2372:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2081:10.1111/cla.12577
1970:(12): 1079–1082.
1620:on 8 January 2021
1377:978-0-521-78673-7
1320:978-0-12-824360-2
1257:978-3-642-78595-5
912:Hercynian orogeny
767:
766:
718:Stratotype Canyon
554:Usage information
524:
523:
504:
503:
486:
485:
468:
467:
16:(Redirected from
3068:
3032:World portal
3030:
3029:
3019:
3018:
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2874:
2871:Mesoproterozoic
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1995:
1984:10.1130/g31182.1
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1616:. Archived from
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1432:"Permian Period"
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906:and created the
871:Streptognathodus
854:and make up the
852:Russian Platform
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116:
107:
44:
30:
21:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3024:
3013:
3005:
2987:
2979:
2972:
2943:
2932:
2903:
2896:
2872:
2865:
2841:
2840:Neoproterozoic
2830:(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)
2829:
2828:
2827:Proterozoic Eon
2817:
2788:
2781:
2757:
2750:
2721:
2714:
2690:
2683:
2664:
2657:
2633:
2621:
2620:
2609:
2585:
2578:
2554:
2547:
2528:
2516:
2515:
2504:
2480:
2473:
2454:
2447:
2428:
2416:
2415:
2408:
2403:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2347:
2326:
2276:
2271:
2241:
2240:
2230:
2228:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2156:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1942:
1940:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1886:
1884:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1832:
1830:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1784:
1782:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1742:Wayback Machine
1733:
1729:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1678:
1676:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1623:
1621:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1530:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1475:
1473:
1464:
1463:
1450:
1440:
1438:
1428:Ross, June R.P.
1426:
1425:
1408:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1348:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1333:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1281:
1279:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1258:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1225:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1197:
1195:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1172:
1170:
1151:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1100:
1069:
1064:
1057:
1048:
1039:
1027:
945:
924:
889:
833:
748:
746:
742:
739:
734:
731:
729:
727:
726:
725:
681:
679:
675:
672:
667:
664:
662:
660:
659:
658:
549:
525:
520:
519:
517:
500:
491:
482:
473:
464:
455:
448:
447:
443:
442:
438:
437:
433:
432:
427:
424:
423:
418:
415:
414:
409:
406:
405:
400:
397:
396:
391:
388:
387:
382:
379:
378:
373:
370:
369:
364:
361:
360:
355:
352:
351:
347:
343:
342:
336:
335:
332:
331:
325:
324:
321:
320:
314:
313:
310:
309:
303:
302:
295:
294:
291:
288:
287:
280:
278:
275:
274:
266:
265:
258:
256:
253:
252:
245:
243:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
119:
106:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
39:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3074:
3072:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3043:
3042:
3036:
3035:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2949:
2947:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2909:
2907:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2878:
2876:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2847:
2845:
2833:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2794:
2792:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2763:
2761:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2696:
2694:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2670:
2668:
2663:Carboniferous
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2625:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2591:
2589:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2560:
2558:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2534:
2532:
2520:
2510:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2486:
2484:
2481:(23.0–66.0 Ma)
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2460:
2458:
2455:(2.58–23.0 Ma)
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2434:
2432:
2420:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2379:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2274:Permian Period
2272:
2270:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2247:
2239:
2238:
2204:(3): 470–490.
2182:
2164:
2154:
2095:
2074:(3): 282–306.
2054:
1997:
1950:
1894:
1840:
1792:
1746:
1727:
1686:
1631:
1562:
1560:(1): pp 11–18.
1538:
1516:
1509:
1483:
1448:
1406:
1383:
1376:
1356:
1331:
1319:
1289:
1263:
1256:
1230:
1223:
1205:
1180:
1139:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1049:
1042:
1040:
1028:
1021:
944:
941:
923:
920:
902:collided with
888:
885:
832:
829:
797:in Russia and
795:Ural Mountains
765:
764:
761:
757:
756:
715:
711:
710:
702:
698:
697:
694:
690:
689:
652:
648:
647:
623:
619:
618:
615:
611:
610:
605:
601:
600:
595:
591:
590:
586:
585:
584:ICS Time Scale
582:
578:
577:
570:
569:Regional usage
566:
565:
560:
559:Celestial body
556:
555:
551:
550:
544:
540:
539:
536:
535:Name formality
532:
531:
527:
526:
522:
521:
509:
506:
505:
502:
501:
496:
494:
484:
483:
478:
476:
466:
465:
460:
458:
449:
445:
444:
440:
439:
435:
434:
426:
425:
417:
416:
408:
407:
399:
398:
390:
389:
381:
380:
372:
371:
363:
362:
354:
353:
348:Early Triassic
345:
344:
334:
333:
323:
322:
312:
311:
305:
304:
290:
289:
277:
276:
268:
267:
255:
254:
242:
241:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
126:
125:
121:
120:
117:
109:
108:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
45:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3073:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3033:
3028:
3022:
3017:
3011:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2990:
2984:
2982:
2975:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2939:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2899:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2868:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2842:(539 Ma–1 Ga)
2837:
2834:
2832:
2824:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2717:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2686:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2660:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2619:Paleozoic Era
2616:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2581:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:(66.0–145 Ma)
2524:
2521:
2519:
2517:(66.0–252 Ma)
2511:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2476:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2450:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2395:
2393:
2388:
2386:
2381:
2380:
2377:
2360:
2359:Changhsingian
2357:
2355:
2354:Wuchiapingian
2352:
2351:
2349:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2263:
2261:
2256:
2254:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2218:10.1666/12049
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2186:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2158:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1951:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1898:
1895:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1841:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1796:
1793:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1731:
1728:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1687:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1635:
1632:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1542:
1539:
1527:
1520:
1517:
1512:
1510:9780199653065
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1484:
1472:
1468:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:(2): 126–130.
1402:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1384:
1379:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1360:
1357:
1345:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1322:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1290:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1264:
1259:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1231:
1226:
1224:9780521786737
1220:
1216:
1209:
1206:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1143:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1055:
1053:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1003:temnospondyls
1000:
996:
992:
987:
985:
984:
979:
978:
977:Tetraceratops
973:
969:
968:
963:
962:
957:
956:Carboniferous
952:
950:
942:
940:
937:
933:
932:Carboniferous
929:
921:
919:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
893:
886:
884:
882:
878:
874:
872:
867:
862:
859:
857:
853:
848:
844:
842:
838:
830:
828:
826:
822:
817:
815:
811:
806:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
787:Pennsylvanian
784:
780:
776:
773:is the first
772:
762:
758:
753:
723:
719:
716:
712:
709:
708:
703:
699:
695:
691:
686:
656:
653:
649:
645:
644:
640:
636:
635:
631:
627:
624:
620:
616:
612:
609:
606:
602:
599:
596:
592:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
564:
561:
557:
552:
548:
545:
541:
537:
533:
528:
516:
515:, as of 2022.
514:
507:
499:
495:
490:
489:
481:
477:
472:
471:
463:
459:
454:
453:
450:
430:
429:Changhsingian
421:
420:Wuchiapingian
412:
403:
394:
385:
376:
367:
358:
350:
339:
328:
317:
308:
307:Pennsylvanian
300:
299:
285:
283:
273:
272:
263:
261:
250:
248:
240:
133:
132:
127:
122:
115:
110:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
43:
36:
31:
19:
3006:
2942:Archean Eon
2904:(1.6–2.5 Ga)
2789:(485–539 Ma)
2758:(444–485 Ma)
2722:(419–444 Ma)
2691:(359–419 Ma)
2665:(299–359 Ma)
2652:
2634:(252–299 Ma)
2622:(252–539 Ma)
2586:(201–252 Ma)
2555:(145–201 Ma)
2514:Mesozoic Era
2414:Cenozoic Era
2286:
2229:. Retrieved
2201:
2197:Paleobiology
2195:
2185:
2177:berkeley.edu
2176:
2167:
2157:
2112:
2108:
2098:
2071:
2067:
2057:
2014:
2010:
2000:
1967:
1963:
1953:
1941:. Retrieved
1913:
1907:
1897:
1885:. Retrieved
1857:
1853:
1843:
1831:. Retrieved
1811:
1805:
1795:
1783:. Retrieved
1763:
1759:
1749:
1730:
1703:
1699:
1689:
1677:. Retrieved
1649:
1645:
1634:
1622:. Retrieved
1618:the original
1581:
1575:
1565:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1541:
1529:. Retrieved
1519:
1492:
1486:
1474:. Retrieved
1470:
1439:. Retrieved
1435:
1400:
1396:
1386:
1366:
1359:
1347:. Retrieved
1324:, retrieved
1302:
1292:
1280:. Retrieved
1275:
1266:
1239:
1233:
1214:
1208:
1196:. Retrieved
1192:
1183:
1171:. Retrieved
1159:
1155:
1142:
1133:
1124:
1103:New Zealand
1062:Subdivisions
1050:
1029:
988:
981:
975:
967:Edaphosaurus
965:
959:
953:
946:
943:Biodiversity
925:
898:
869:
863:
860:
849:
845:
834:
818:
813:
809:
807:
770:
768:
705:
641:
632:
546:
510:
315:
292:
279:
269:
257:
244:
2978:Hadean Eon
2756:Ordovician
2527:Cretaceous
2427:Quaternary
2292:Guadalupian
1887:22 December
1833:22 December
1814:: 186–204.
1706:: 118–131.
1556:, Episodes
1471:palaeos.com
1198:13 December
1052:Helicoprion
991:pelycosaurs
983:Helicoprion
841:Guadalupian
810:Wolfcampian
791:Guadalupian
747: /
735:104°52′36″W
680: /
646:chronocline
637:within the
18:Wolfcampian
3051:Cisuralian
3045:Categories
2980:(4–4.6 Ga)
2944:(2.5–4 Ga)
2873:(1–1.6 Ga)
2479:Paleogene
2343:Capitanian
2317:Artinskian
2287:Cisuralian
2115:: e12577.
2068:Cladistics
1916:: 103948.
1785:30 October
1679:30 October
1652:: 103922.
1584:: 103503.
1326:2023-09-12
1173:7 December
1116:References
1085:Artinskian
1036:pelycosaur
1031:Dimetrodon
1015:therapsids
1011:Capitanian
999:diadectids
949:lycophytes
814:Leonardian
799:Kazakhstan
771:Cisuralian
732:31°52′36″N
668:57°53′29″E
665:50°14′45″N
655:Aidaralash
639:morphotype
589:Definition
543:Synonym(s)
411:Capitanian
375:Artinskian
316:Cisuralian
124:Chronology
33:Cisuralian
3007:See also:
2787:Cambrian
2720:Silurian
2689:Devonian
2584:Triassic
2553:Jurassic
2322:Kungurian
2312:Sakmarian
2297:Lopingian
2131:2167-8359
2090:0748-3007
2031:0962-8452
1992:1943-2682
1943:3 January
1938:246438404
1882:133713470
1860:: 48–68.
1674:245892961
1614:233579194
1606:0012-8252
1162:: 11–18.
1091:Kungurian
1079:Sakmarian
1054:bessonovi
995:synapsids
961:Diadectes
904:Laurussia
887:Geography
530:Etymology
384:Kungurian
366:Sakmarian
247:Paleozoic
2632:Permian
2453:Neogene
2307:Asselian
2226:83738138
2149:34966586
2049:28381616
1738:Archived
1624:18 March
1476:18 April
1441:18 April
1156:Episodes
1098:Regional
1073:Asselian
936:Glaciers
900:Gondwana
873:isolatus
856:Ishimbay
837:Gzhelian
630:conodont
572:Global (
357:Asselian
327:Guadalup
2338:Wordian
2333:Roadian
2231:2 April
2206:Bibcode
2140:8667717
2040:5394676
1972:Bibcode
1964:Geology
1918:Bibcode
1862:Bibcode
1816:Bibcode
1768:Bibcode
1708:Bibcode
1654:Bibcode
1586:Bibcode
1531:10 July
1526:"GSSPs"
1349:10 July
1344:"Chart"
1282:17 June
972:Caseids
922:Climate
843:Epoch.
821:beetles
783:Permian
781:of the
628:of the
492:←
474:←
456:←
402:Wordian
393:Roadian
282:Permian
231:–
221:–
211:–
201:–
191:–
181:–
171:–
161:–
151:–
141:–
2986:
2224:
2162:Press.
2147:
2137:
2129:
2088:
2047:
2037:
2029:
1990:
1936:
1880:
1672:
1612:
1604:
1507:
1374:
1317:
1254:
1221:
1067:Global
1001:, and
916:Pangea
881:Aqtöbe
866:system
775:series
617:Formal
608:Series
538:Formal
446:
441:
436:
2222:S2CID
2109:PeerJ
1934:S2CID
1878:S2CID
1670:S2CID
1610:S2CID
1152:(PDF)
825:flies
779:epoch
598:Epoch
563:Earth
338:Lopin
2233:2023
2145:PMID
2127:ISSN
2086:ISSN
2045:PMID
2027:ISSN
1988:ISSN
1945:2023
1889:2022
1835:2022
1787:2022
1681:2022
1626:2023
1602:ISSN
1550:1998
1533:2018
1505:ISBN
1478:2019
1443:2019
1372:ISBN
1351:2018
1315:ISBN
1284:2021
1252:ISBN
1219:ISBN
1200:2020
1175:2020
1034:, a
964:and
823:and
769:The
763:2001
696:1996
48:PreꞒ
2214:doi
2135:PMC
2117:doi
2076:doi
2035:PMC
2019:doi
2015:284
1980:doi
1926:doi
1914:228
1870:doi
1858:363
1824:doi
1812:495
1776:doi
1764:286
1716:doi
1704:430
1662:doi
1650:226
1594:doi
1582:215
1497:doi
1307:doi
1244:doi
1164:doi
997:),
626:FAD
574:ICS
513:ICS
3047::
3002:Ga
2998:Ma
2994:ka
2220:.
2212:.
2202:39
2200:.
2194:.
2175:.
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2133:.
2125:.
2111:.
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2084:.
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2070:.
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2009:.
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1978:.
1968:38
1966:.
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1301:,
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1191:.
1160:21
1158:.
1154:.
1132:.
1017:.
805:.
803:Ma
720:,
296:Tr
260:Mz
98:Pg
42:Ma
2398:e
2391:t
2384:v
2266:e
2259:t
2252:v
2235:.
2216::
2208::
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777:/
576:)
271:C
103:N
93:K
88:J
83:T
78:P
73:C
68:D
63:S
58:O
53:Ꞓ
20:)
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