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authored the opinion of the Court, which found no evidence in the record that the exclusion of the six from the golf course had been discriminatory, the record which reached the Court had not included the record of the federal trial and injunction. Finding that the North
Carolina Supreme Court had
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consistently avoided any investigations of its own regarding the accuracy of a trial record, the Court held that North
Carolina had not acted improperly when it had refused to look into the accuracy of the record in this case. As a result, the majority found that there was not a
210:, which had been built with public funds. The six paid greens fees and began to play despite being told they would not be allowed to. That night, the six were charged with trespassing, and convicted on that charge in February 1956, a conviction which was set aside by the
223:) and obtained an injunction in March 1957 against the golf course preventing them from operating the course through a private contractor on a discriminatory basis. That injunction was upheld on appeal to the Fourth Circuit.
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The second conviction was appealed to the North
Carolina Supreme Court, who upheld it, and was then appealed (the present case) to the United States Supreme Court.
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case in which the court, in a 5–4 decision, upheld the trespassing conviction of six
African-American men who were barred from a golf course because of their race.
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was passed, which outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex or national origin in
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In the meantime, Simkins, who had been one of the six, filed suit in
Federal District Court (
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The
Passion of Tiger Woods: An Anthropologist Reports on Golf, Race, and Celebrity Scandal
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in June of the following year. A retrial convicted the six again in 1958.
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Dawkins, Marvin P.; Kinloch, Graham
Charles (January 1, 2000).
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In
December 1955, six African-American men (Leon Wolfe,
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Frankfurter, joined by Clark, Harlan, Whittaker, Stewart
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United States
Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court
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318:African American Golfers During the Jim Crow Era
321:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 148–.
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458:United States racial desegregation case law
351:"Review of Recent Supreme Court Decisions"
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179:Warren, joined by Black, Douglas, Brennan
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468:History of Greensboro, North Carolina
18:1960 United States Supreme Court case
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448:United States Supreme Court cases
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220:Simkins v. City of Greensboro
54:Wolfe et al v. North Carolina
24:Wolfe et al v. North Carolina
212:North Carolina Supreme Court
192:United States Supreme Court
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425:Oyez (oral argument audio)
208:Greensboro, North Carolina
43:Argued October 19–20, 1959
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259:Civil Rights Act of 1964
392:Wolfe v. North Carolina
385:Wolfe v. North Carolina
253:Subsequent developments
245:The dissent, penned by
187:Wolfe v. North Carolina
463:Golf in North Carolina
143:William J. Brennan Jr.
263:public accommodations
45:Decided June 27, 1960
247:Chief Justice Warren
230:Opinion of the Court
147:Charles E. Whittaker
416:Library of Congress
204:George Simkins, Jr.
123:William O. Douglas
107:Associate Justices
78:80 S. Ct. 1482; 4
383:Works related to
257:In July 1964 the
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103:Earl Warren
82:1650; 1960
437:Categories
269:References
198:Background
111:Hugo Black
84:U.S. LEXIS
80:L. Ed. 2d
60:Citations
390:Text of
168:Majority
361:July 6,
334:July 6,
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176:Dissent
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