Women's Army Corps - Knowledge (XXG)

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they were ever assigned to field installations there, he would recommend that they receive small weapons training. Engler's request for a WAC unit was approved by command channels in the Pacific area and at the Pentagon, including the director of the WAC, and, finally, by the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff on 25 July 1966. The WAC cadre arrived in late 1966. First to arrive were 1st Sergeant Marion C. Crawford and the administrative NCO, Sgt. 1st Class Betty J. Benson. The commander, Capt. Peggy E. Ready, the supply sergeant, SSgt. Edith L. Efferson and unit clerks PFC Rhynell M. Stoabs and PFC Patricia C. Pewitt followed. They participated in a ground-breaking ceremony on 2 November for construction of the WAC barracks. Two months later, Army engineers completed eleven

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to Saigon, but those who followed attended a twelve-week Vietnamese language course at the Defense Language Institute, Monterey, California. In 1968, an additional WAC officer advisor was assigned to the WAFC training center located on the outskirts of Saigon. The senior WAC advisor, then a lieutenant colonel and the NCO advisor, then a master sergeant, remained at WAFC headquarters in the city and continued to help the director of the WAFC to develop Corps-wide plans and policies. For additional training, members of the WAFC traveled to the United States. Between 1964 and 1971, 51 Vietnamese women officer candidates completed the WAC Officer Basic Course at the WAC School; one officer completed the WAC Officer Advanced Course.

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faultless records of deportment filled these positions for the next seven years. Peak strength reached 23 on 30 June 1970. The senior among them acted as NCO-in-charge and the senior WAC advisor to the WAFC was their officer-in-charge. Initially. the women were billeted in the Embassy Hotel, but they later moved to other hotels in Saigon. The WAC stenographers served at MACV headquarters and in support commands throughout the metropolitan area. Like everyone else, they worked six-and-a-half to seven days a week, ten to fifteen hours a day, and had little time for recreation or socializing. Nonetheless, several extended their tours in Vietnam and a few returned for second and third tours of duty.

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purpose except to send men to the battlefront; duties overlapped with civilian employees and enlisted male coworkers, causing confusion and tension; and the leadership cadre was unprestigious, inexperienced and had little control over women and none over men. Although the military high command strongly endorsed their work, there were no centers of influence in the civilian world, either male nor female, that were committed to the success of the women's services, and no civilian institutions that provided preliminary training for recruits or suitable positions for veterans. WACs, WAVES, SPARS and women Marines were war orphans whom no one loved.

908: 237: 504:, wrote to Gorman, offering the advice that "The WAC officer should be a captain or major, fully knowledgeable in all matters pertaining to the operation of a WAC school and the training conducted therein. She should be extremely intelligent, an extrovert and beautiful. The WAC sergeant should have somewhat the same qualities... and should be able to type as well" Gorman replied that the WAC would "certainly try" to send women with "the qualifications you outline." Then, she added, "The combination of brains and beauty is, of course, common in the WAC." 562:, requested that a WAC detachment be assigned to his headquarters. He asked for 50 (later 100) clerk-typists and other administrative workers, plus a cadre section of an officer and five enlisted women to administer the unit. Some officers in USARV opposed the idea. They believed that the additional security required for women would outweigh the advantages of having the WACs serve in South Vietnam. However Engler won over the critics when he decided to house the WACs inside the U.S. military cantonment area at 293: 3968: 140: 4247: 87: 637:(open work without a backing) on their hats to distinguish them. Their auxiliary insignia was the dark blue letters "WAAC" on an Olive Drab rectangle worn on the upper sleeve (below the stripes for enlisted ranks). WAAC personnel were not allowed to wear the same rank insignia as Army personnel. They were usually authorized to do so by post or unit commanders to help in indicating their seniority within the WAAC, although they had no authority over Army personnel. 253:

WAC recruits must be physically able to take on any job. The fitness manual was state-of-the-art for its day, with sections on warming up and progressive body-weight strength-building exercises for the arms, legs, stomach, neck and back. It included a section on designing a personal fitness routine after basic training and concluded with "The Army Way to Health and Added Attractiveness" with advice on skincare, make-up, and hairstyles.

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sources were from other women – servicemen and officer's wives' idle gossip, local women who disliked the newcomers taking over "their town", female civilian employees resenting the competition (for both jobs and men), charity and volunteer organizations who resented the extra attention the WAACs received, and complaints and slander spread by disgruntled or discharged WAACs. All investigations showed the rumors were false.

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half-step between the equivalent pay grade and the next lower regular pay grade in seniority, rather than sandwiched between the junior enlisted (i.e., private – private first class) and the lowest NCO grade of rank (viz., corporal), as the modern-day specialist (E-4) is today. Technician grades were usually mistaken for their superior NCO counterparts due to the similarity of their insignia, creating confusion.

269: 1483: 551: 523:(USARV). Major Audrey A. Fisher, the first to arrive, was assigned to the adjutant general's office. Like the enlisted women, the WAC officers lived in hotels in Saigon. They worked in personnel, administration, public information, intelligence, logistics, plans and training, and military justice. A few WAC officers served with the U.S. Army Central Support Command at 625: 340: 310:. According to an Army history, even with its hasty retraction, O'Donnell's 8 June 1943 "Capitol Stuff" column did "incalculable damage." That column began, "Contraceptives and prophylactic equipment will be furnished to members of the WAACS, according to a super secret agreement reached by the high ranking officers of the War Department and the WAAC chieftain, 571:, called hootches, for living quarters and unit offices. On 12 January 1967, 82 enlisted women who were to serve that first year at Headquarters, USARV, arrived. They were welcomed by the USARV band, the press, photographers, officers and enlisted men from the command. In July 1967 USARV and its component commands, including the assigned WACs, moved to 1731: 2297:"Forced to retract his allegations, O'Donnell and his publisher remained determined to discredit the corps. Soon after this incident, O'Donnell was discovered 'canvassing Army general hospitals.' He sought ascertain the number of Waacs hospitalized for pregnancy and thus defend his reputation with undeniable proof of promiscuity." Footnote omitted. 1723: 368: 360: 352: 3708: 327:

specialties as white women, and the races were not segregated at specialty training schools. The US Army goal was to have 10 percent of the force be African-American, to reflect the larger U.S. population, but a shortage of recruits brought only 5.1 percent black women to the WAC. The first African-American commissioned officer in the WAC was

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existence of the WAC (1943 to 1978) women were prohibited from being assigned to the combat arms branches of the Army – such as the Infantry, Cavalry, Armor, Tank Destroyers, or Artillery and could not serve in a combat area. However, they did serve as valuable staff in their headquarters and staff units stateside or in England.

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The army's technician grades were technical and professional specialists similar to the later specialist grade. Technicians had the same insignia as NCOs of the same grade but had a "T" insignia (for "technician") beneath the chevrons. They were considered the same grade for pay but were considered a

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and the withdrawal of U.S. forces, by the end of December 1970 the WAC detachment numbered 72; by 31 December 1971 it numbered 46 and by early 1972 it numbered only 35 enlisted women. On 21 September 1972 the Long Binh WAC detachment numbering 13 enlisted women had a standdown ceremony. At the end of

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Any women interested in positions on the project were told the following: they would be doing a hard job, would never be allowed to go overseas, attend Officer Candidate School, would never receive publicity, and would live at isolated stations with few recreational facilities. A surprising number of

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called the WACs "my best soldiers", adding that they worked harder, complained less and were better disciplined than men. Many generals wanted more of them and proposed to draft women but it was realized that this "would provoke considerable public outcry and Congressional opposition", and so the War

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A series of cartoon postcards distributed during the war years depicted WACs hitting Adolf Hitler over the head with a rolling pin ("We're Giving Him A Big WAC!"), standing in morning formation exercises ("Don't Worry—Uncle Sam Is Keeping Us in Line!"), and window shopping for civilian-style dresses

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There were originally no warrant officers in the WAC in July, 1943. Warrant officer appointments for army servicewomen were authorized in January 1944. In March 1944 six WACs were made the first WAC Warrant Officers – as administrative specialists or band leaders. The number grew to 10 by June, 1944

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The WAC had its own branch insignia (the Bust of Pallas Athena), worn by "Branch Immaterial" personnel (those unassigned to a Branch of Service). US Army policy decreed that technical and professional WAC personnel should wear their assigned Branch of Service insignia to reduce confusion. During the

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In 1976, the Women's Officer Candidate School program at Fort McClellan was merged with the Officer Candidate (Branch Immaterial) program at Fort Benning. In the fall of that year the first female cadets started at West Point. The OCS program graduated the first female Army officers before the first

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rather than in the city, eliminating the need for additional guards. Engler realized that the WACs would be exposed to risk, but he did not consider it great enough to exclude WACs, and he did not request that women being assigned to USARV learn to fire weapons. However, he privately decided that if

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North African headquarters in Algiers, this group of about 200 women performed secretarial, driving, postal, and other non-combat duties. An Army history called this company "one of the most highly qualified WAAC groups ever to reach the field. Hand-picked and all-volunteer, almost all members were

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There were no chief warrant officer appointments in the WAC during the war because they did not meet the skill or seniority requirements for the rank. However, few servicemen did either. It required ten or more years of time in grade as either a warrant officer (junior grade) – a rank first created

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The organization was renamed the Women's Army Corps in July 1943 when it was authorized as a branch of the US Army rather than an auxiliary group. The US Army's "GI Eagle" now replaced the WAAC's Rising Eagle as the WAC's cap badge. The WAC received the same rank insignia and pay as men later that

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Another group of WACs was assigned to Saigon beginning in 1965. That year Westmoreland requisitioned 15 WAC stenographers for MACV headquarters. Six arrived by December; the balance reported in over the next few months. Women in grades E-5 and higher with excellent stenographic skills, maturity and

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The first WAC advisors advised the WAFC director and her staff on methods of organization, inspection, and management in recruiting, training, administering and assigning enlisted women and officer candidates. Time did not permit the first two WAC advisors to attend language school before they went

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The Women's Army Corps Veterans' Association—Army Women's United (WACVA) was organized in August 1947. Women who have served honorably in the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) or the Women's Army Corps (WAC) and those who have served or are serving honorably in the United States Army, the United

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WAAC organizational insignia was a Rising Eagle (nicknamed the "Waddling Duck" or "Walking Buzzard" by WAACs). It was worn in gold metal as cap badges and uniform buttons. Enlisted and NCO personnel wore it as an embossed circular cap badge on their Hobby Hats, while officers wore a "free" version

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Originally there were only four enlisted (or "enrolled") WAAC ranks (auxiliary, junior leader, leader, and senior leader) and three WAAC officer ranks (first, second and third officer). The Director was initially considered as equivalent to a major, then later made the equivalent of a colonel. The

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In 1943 the recruiting momentum stopped and went into reverse as a massive slander campaign on the home front challenged the WACs as sexually immoral. Many soldiers ferociously opposed allowing women in uniform, warning their sisters and friends they would be seen as lesbians or prostitutes. Other

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in July 1943, aimed at bringing the women recruits to top physical standards. The manual begins by naming the responsibility of the women: "Your Job: To Replace Men. Be Ready To Take Over." It cited women's commitment to the war effort in England, Russia, Germany and Japan, and emphasized that the

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ordered the removal of "substantial risk of capture" from the list of grounds for excluding women from certain military units. In 2015 Jeanne Pace, at the time the longest-tenured female warrant officer and the last former member of the WAC on active duty, retired. She had joined the WAC in 1972.

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Inept publicity and the poor appearance of the WAAC/WAC uniform, especially in comparison to that of the other services, handicapped recruiting efforts. A resistance by senior Army commanders was overcome by the efficient service of WAACs in the field, but the attitude of men in the rank and file

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By the time the requisitions arrived at the Pentagon in November 1964, the director had selected Major Kathleen I. Wilkes and Sergeant 1st class. Betty L. Adams to fill the positions. Both had extensive experience in WAC training, recruiting, administration, and command. On 15 January 1965, they

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The WAAC were first trained in three major specialties. The brightest and nimblest were trained as switchboard operators. Next came the mechanics, who had to have a high degree of mechanical aptitude and problem solving ability. The bakers were usually the lowest scoring recruits. This was later

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The WAAC's organization was designed by numerous Army bureaus coordinated by Lt. Col. Gillman C. Mudgett, the first WAAC Pre-Planner; however, nearly all of his plans were discarded or greatly modified before going into operation because he had expected a corps of only 11,000 women. Without the

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Lately another variety of buckshot has been aimed at the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps which is fast becoming the clay pigeon of the armed forces. The new story is ludicrous as well as unsanitary, but a lot of otherwise level-headed typewriter flailers have taken cognizance of it, so I guess it

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The WAC and WAVES had been given an impossible mission: they not only had to raise a force immediately and voluntarily from a group that had no military traditions, but also had to overcome intense hostility from their male comrades. The situation was highly unfavorable: the women had no clear

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The allegations were refuted, but the "fat was in the fire. The morals of the WAACs became a topic of general discussion…." Denials of O'Donnell's fabrications and others like them were ineffectual. According to Mattie Treadwell's Army history, as long as three years after O'Donnell's column,

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Black women served in the Army's WAAC and WAC, but very few served in the Navy. African American women serving in the WAC experienced segregation in much the same fashion as in U.S. civilian life. Some billets accepted WACs of any race, while others did not. Black women were taught the same

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enlisted ranks expanded as the organization grew in size. Promotion was initially rapid and based on ability and skill. As members of a volunteer auxiliary group, the WAACs got paid less than their equivalent male counterparts in the US Army and did not receive any benefits or privileges.

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Colonel Oveta Culp Hobby, director of the WAACs, declared today that there is 'no foundation of truth' for the report that contraceptives and prophylactics will be furnished to the women in her organization. Col. Hobby's statement was made to refute the report that this column printed

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said that "their contributions in efficiency, skill, spirit and determination are immeasurable". Nevertheless, the slander campaigns hurt the reputation of not only the WAC but other all female Corps like the Navy's WAVES; many women did not even want it known they were veterans.

453:, director of the project, wrote: "Little is known of the significance of the contribution to the Manhattan Project by hundreds of members of the Women's Army Corps ... Since you received no headline acclaim, no one outside the project will ever know how much depended upon you." 264:

About 150,000 American women eventually served in the WAAC and WAC during World War II. While the conservative opinion in the leadership of the Army was initially opposed to women serving in uniform, as was public opinion, the shortage of men necessitated a new policy.

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Chief Warrant Officer 5 Tracy Garder was the last Women's Army Corps Soldier on active duty as of September 2022. Garder received the Legion of Merit in August 2022, she joined Women's Army Corps in 1978, one year before the Corps was integrated in the Army.

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September and received the same pay allowances and deductions as men in late October. They were also the first women officers in the army allowed to wear officer's insignia; the Army Nursing Corps did not receive permission to do so until 1944.

4225: 375: 1743:, drawn by Chester Gould, featured a young WAC spurning the romantic advances of a villain. Likewise Tracy's sweetheart Tess Truehart was a WAC corporal who helped Tracy capture the German spy Alfred "The Brow" Brau in 1943. 314:…." This followed O'Donnell's 7 June column discussing efforts of women journalists and congresswomen to dispel "the gaudy stories of the gay and careless way in which the young ladies in uniform … disport themselves…." 4556: 928:

and to 44 by June, 1945. By the time the war officially ended in September 1945, there were 42 WAC warrant officers still in Army service. There was only a trickle of appointments in the late 1940s after the war.

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served at WAC headquarters during World War II. She became the first female judge in Rhode Island in 1956. In 1977 she was the first woman to be elected as a justice of the Supreme Court of Rhode Island.

318:"religious publications were still to be found reprinting the story, and actually attributing the columnist's lines to Director Hobby. Director Hobby's picture was labeled 'Astounding Degeneracy' …." 5468: 519:

Early in 1965, Westmoreland had also requisitioned a dozen WAC officers. They filled administrative positions at MACV headquarters, in the support commands and in the headquarters of a new command

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expanded to dozens of specialties like Postal Clerk, Driver, Stenographer, and Clerk-Typist. WAC armorers maintained and repaired small arms and heavy weapons that they were not allowed to use.

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they worked in. Since then, women in the US Army have served in the same units as men, though they have only been allowed in or near combat situations since 1994 when Defense Secretary

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was the first African American woman to serve as an Army sergeant major (1972) and the first female command sergeant major serving at a predominantly male Army installation (1974).

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Margaret Cochran Corbin Award which was established to pay tribute to women in all branches of the military for their extraordinary service with previous recipients including Major

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Geraldine Pratt May (1895–1997 [served 1942–19??). In March, 1943 May became one of the first female officers assigned to the Army Air Forces, serving as WAC Staff Director to the

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The WAC as a branch was disbanded in 20 October 1978 and all female units were integrated with male units. Women serving as WACs at that time converted in branch to whichever

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Although many sources spawned and fed bad jokes and ugly rumors about military women, contemporaneous and historical accounts have focused on the work of syndicated columnist

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Jeanne Y. Pace, was the longest-serving female in the army and the last active duty soldier who was a part of the WAC as of 2011. Her final assignment was Bandmaster of the

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was the first commissioned African-American WAC and the second to be promoted to the rank of major. Promoted to major in 1945, she commanded the segregated all-female

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but was resurrected after the United States entered the war. The senate approved the bill on 14 May 1942 and became law on 15 May 1942. The day after President

2894: 405: 5128: 3101: 1542:(1904–1999 ) was one of only two African-American women in the WAC to be promoted to the rank of major. Due to her earlier experience serving with director 5453: 5275: 4832: 508:

arrived in Saigon and were met by Maj. Tran Cam Huong, director of the WAFC and commandant of the WAFC training center and her assistant, Major Ho Thi Ve.

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First Officer Candidate Class, WAAC Officer Training School, Fort Des Moines, Iowa, 20 July – 29 August 1942; instruction in Military Customs and Courtesy.

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was organizing a Women's Armed Forces Corps (WAFC) and wanted U.S. WACs to assist them in planning and developing it. The MACV commander, then General

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December 1972 only two officers and 17 enlisted women remained at MACV headquarters or its subordinate commands and all were withdrawn by March 1973.

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as the daughter of a senator who enlists to be closer to her boyfriend in Paris. Her ex-husband causes problems, but she falls back in love with him.

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Department declined to take such a drastic step. Those 150,000 women who did serve released the equivalent of 7 divisions of men for combat. Gen.

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for the first WAACs officer training class. Roundtree was responsible for recruiting African-American women. After leaving the Army, she went to

233:, Iowa. The women were fitted for uniforms, interviewed, assigned to companies and barracks and inoculated against disease during the first day. 4646: 4576: 3510: 3023: 2447:"Lardner: WAACs Good Soldiers: Writer Resents Jokes That Have Been Written About Them and Refutes Slanderous Rumors—Praises Service in Africa" 5348: 4626: 4561: 4417: 2063: 2031: 1621:

law school and became a prominent civil rights lawyer in Washington, D.C. She was also one of the first women ordained in the A.M.E. Church.

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highly qualified women responded. It later proved possible to send WACs assigned the Manhattan Project to OCS without compromising security.

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signed the bill he set a recruitment goal of 25,000 women for the first year. That goal was unexpectedly exceeded, so the Secretary of War

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for the Vietnam Counter-Offensive Phase II (1 July 1966 – 31 May 1967) and the Tet Offensive Campaign (30 January 1968 – 1 April 1968).

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of Massachusetts introduced a bill on 28 May 1941, providing for a Women's Army Auxiliary Corps. The bill was held up for months by the

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In January 1970, the WAC reached its peak strength in South Vietnam with 20 officers and 139 enlisted women. With the progress of

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First Officer Candidate Class, WAAC Officer Training School, Fort Des Moines, Iowa, 20 July – 29 August 1942; physical training.

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First Officer Candidate Class, WAAC Officer Training School, Fort Des Moines, Iowa, 20 July – 29 August 1942; close order drill.

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Permeswaran, Yashila. "The Women's Army Auxiliary Corps: A Compromise to Overcome the Conflict of Women Serving in the Army."

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To Serve My Country, to Serve My Race: The Story of the Only African-American WACs Stationed Overseas during World War II

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Elizabeth C. Smith USAF (WAC / USAAF 1944–1947, WAF / USAF 1948–1964) was one of the first WAF warrant officers in 1948.

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First Officer Candidate Class, WAAC Officer Training School, Fort Des Moines, Iowa, 20 July – 29 August 1942; chow line.

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was a military photographer. She was one of the few women photographers that photographed all aspects of the military.

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First Officer Candidate Class, WAAC Officer Training School, Fort Des Moines, Iowa, 20 July – 29 August 1942; reveille.

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When Women First Wore Army Shoes: A first-person account of service as a member of the Women's Army Corps during WWII

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remained generally negative and hopes that up to a million men could be replaced by women never materialized. The

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World War II uniform, Women’s Army Air Force, in the Staten Island Historical Society Online Collections Database

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During the same time period, other branches of the U.S. military had similar women's units including: the Navy's

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became the first to command a women's expeditionary force, the 149th WAAC Post Headquarters Company. Serving in

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during the invasion of France. It was the only African-American WAC unit to serve overseas during World War II.

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While most women served stateside, some went to various places worldwide, including Europe, North Africa, and

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Approximately 700 WACs served in South Vietnam with no casualties. The Long Binh detachment received two

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Lest We Forget: African American Military History by Historian, Author, and Veteran Bennie McCrae, Jr

1777:, and their escapades as he attempts to emigrate to the United States under the auspices of the 1945 1752: 1673: 1588: 1514: 1501: 1386: 497: 389: 328: 3502: 3031: 2446: 2094:(FM 35-20). War Department, 15 July 1943. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 1860: 5028: 4275: 4096: 3734: 3620: 3344: 2464:

requires a little more counter-testimony from one who has seen and known the WAACs in North Africa.

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linguists as well as qualified specialists, and almost all eligible for officer candidate school."

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According to historian D'Ann Campbell, American society was not ready for women in military roles:

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Lt. Col. Eleanore C. Sullivan was WAC Center and WAC School commander located at Fort McClellan.

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States Army Reserve, or the Army National Guard of the United States, are eligible to be members.

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Bolzenius, Sandra (2019). "Asserting Citizenship: Black Women in the Women's Army Corps (wac)".

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made numerous references to the WACs. Several of the supporting cast, such as Sgt. Joan Hogan (

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Members of the Women's Army Corps stationed in North Africa at the Mediterranean beach, 1944.

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WACs working in the communications section of the operations room at an air force station.

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became, when a Third Officer, the first African-American to lead an all-white WAAC unit.

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in the WACs and once recruited three hundred women at a single appeal to join the force.

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became an early and staunch supporter of regular military status for women in the army.

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Creating G. I. Jane: Sexuality and Power in the Women's Army Corps During World War II

2917:"Trooper reflects on 43 years of selfless service – Fort Hood Herald: Across The Fort" 5422: 4581: 4087: 4047: 3914: 3787: 3712: 3585: 3404: 2116: 1900: 1711: 1577: 1539: 1530: 1526: 501: 493: 450: 74: 46: 3548: 3452: 5407: 5038: 4531: 3371:

Silent witnesses : representations of working-class women in the United States

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warrant officer – an Army sea auxiliary unit that was not allowed to recruit women.

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decided to increase the limit by authorizing the enlistment of 150,000 volunteers.

120: 2963:

Mrs. Hobby received the commissioned rank of colonel in the US Army on 5 July 1943

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Since early 1943, 422 WACs were assigned to the Corps of Engineers to work on the

268: 4003:– digitized letters, diaries, photographs, uniforms, and oral histories from WACs 3989: 3731:

When the Nation Was in Need: Blacks in the Women's Army Corps During World War II

3661: 1525:. The 6888th landed with the follow-on troops during D-Day and were stationed in 5089: 4011: 3938:

Serving Our Country: Japanese American Women in the Military During World War II

1896: 1853: 1845: 1757: 568: 446: 163: 128: 3906: 2870:"Women's Army Corps veteran values support systems – The Redstone Rocket: News" 1482: 550: 41: 5397: 4913: 4040: 3577: 2323: 1890: 1882: 1826: 1770: 277: 124: 3945: 3622:

The Army Air Forces in World War II, Volume Seven – Services Around the World

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Papers of Fran Smith Johnson, WAC, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library

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where she retired after 41 years of service. She is also a recipient of the

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from the Veterans History Project at Central Connecticut State University

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A physical training manual titled "You Must Be Fit" was published by the

3723: 3243:

Vantage Point: Official Blog of the U.S. Department of Veteran's Affairs

2420:"Ernie Pyle About WACs: Mothers Needn't Worry—Girls Safe, Doing Big Job" 280:. For example, WACs landed on Normandy Beach just a few weeks after the 3854: 1730: 1722: 1493: 558:

In April 1966, the USARV deputy commanding general, Lieutenant General

367: 359: 351: 4107:

Women's Army Corps Veterans' Association-Army Women United (WACVA-AWU)

2046:

Women and war: a historical encyclopedia from antiquity to the present

1885:

a story about when she served as a WAC and prevented the theft of the

1687:

aviation company stationed outside of the United States and the first

4111: 1291:

in 1941, staff warrant officer – a rank waitlisted since 1936, or an

489: 3815:

One Woman's War: Letters Home from the Women's Army Corps, 1944–1946

3292:"Anna Mac Clarke, World War II and the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps" 3102:"Education & Resources – National Women's History Museum – NWHM" 1818:

as an officer mistakenly assigned to the Women's Army Corps. He and

1773:

as an amorous French officer who marries an American WAC, played by

218:

The WAAC was modeled after comparable British units, especially the

3373:. Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University Popular Press. 1729: 1721: 1481: 906: 623: 549: 533: 401: 397: 374: 366: 358: 350: 338: 291: 267: 235: 189: 138: 4000: 3711:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

546:, cuts the ribbon opening the new WAC barracks area, January 1967 412:. The British Armed Forces also had similar units including: the 4041:

Oral history interview with Gladys Donovan, a WAC from 1943–1946

3994: 2291:

Miss Yourlovin: GIs, Gender, and Domesticity during World War II

2208:

Miss Yourlovin: GIs, Gender, and Domesticity during World War II

1688: 174:) on 15 May 1942, and converted to an active duty status in the 5093: 4115: 3540:

The Women's Army Corps: A Commemoration of World War II Service

3266:"Dovey Johnson Roundtree, Barrier-Breaking Lawyer, Dies at 104" 2673: 2671: 3961: 2974:"Women's Army Corps Veterans' Association – Army Women United" 2857:

Public Law 95-485 (Sec.820: Abolishment of Women’s Army Corps)

1822:

help the WACs prove their worth to a highly skeptical general.

4106: 3442:. New York, Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc. 1945. p. 467 3133:"Waac Skipper in North Africa Can Make A Very Nice Lemon Pie" 4105:

Women's Army Corps Veterans' Association—Army Women United,

3566:

International Journal of Military History and Historiography

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Video: American Army Women Serving On All Fronts Etc. (1944)

1868:, centers around an African-American girl who joins the WAC. 3595:

Women at War with America: Private Lives in a Patriotic Era

2477:"Morals Are Good: Probe of WAACs Finds No Truth in Charges" 178:

as the WAC on 1 July 1943. Its first director was Colonel

27:

Women's branch of the United States Army from 1942 to 1978

5459:

Military history of the United States during World War II

2895:"Longest-serving female warrant to retire after 43 years" 2021: 2019: 2017: 3893:

Campbell, D'Ann (1990). "Servicewomen of World War II".

2768: 2766: 231:

Fort Des Moines Provisional Army Officer Training School

3239:"#VeteranOfTheDay Army Veteran Dovey Johnson Roundtree" 3758:. United States Army in World War II (1991 ed.). 3245:. U.S. Department of Veteran's Affairs. 5 October 2018 1852:

child of a former member of the WAC who served in the

468:

and one, Captain Arlene G. Scheidenhelm, received the

5142:

United States aircraft production during World War II

2271:. New York. Associated Press. 11 June 1943. p. 5 1613:

was among 39 African-American women recruited by Dr.

554:

USARV Detachment WACs at Long Binh Post, October 1967

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Military units and formations disestablished in 1978

3619:

Craven, Wesley Frank; Cate, James Lea, eds. (1958).

911:

Women's Army Corps anti-rumor propaganda (1941–1945)

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WAAC/WAC history and WWII women's uniforms in color

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One Woman's Army: A Black Officer Remembers the WAC

3223:, Louisiana. September–October 1995. Archived from 3054:"Military and Veteran Benefits, News, Veteran Jobs" 2859:

was signed by President Carter on October 20, 1978.

2259: 2257: 116: 108: 98: 80: 62: 54: 34: 4079:is available for free viewing and download at the 4066:is available for free viewing and download at the 3403: 1683:was the first American woman officer to command a 460:WAC Units involved in the effort were awarded the 5464:Military units and formations established in 1942 3440:of Democracy: A Biography of Dwight D. Eisenhower 3171:"150 Hear Capt. Marquis Tell of Overseas Service" 492:wrote to the director, then Colonel Gorman, that 3319:"Music never stopped for longest serving female" 1468: 484:In 1964, the personnel officer at Headquarters, 240:WAC Signal Corps field telephone operators, 1944 3817:. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press. 3638:Women in the Military: An Unfinished Revolution 3406:The reader's companion to U.S. women's history 2636:"Manhattan District History... Press Releases" 2242:. Fort Myers, Florida. 16 June 1943. p. 4 199:support of the War Department, Representative 5105: 4127: 3985:United States Army Center of Military History 3760:United States Army Center of Military History 3689:United States Army Center of Military History 3545:United States Army Center of Military History 2889: 2887: 2062:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBellafaire2003 ( 2030:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBellafaire2003 ( 49:, official insignia of the Women's Army Corps 8: 3030:. Center of Military History. Archived from 2293:(Columbia University Press, 2008), chap. 2, 2210:(Columbia University Press, 2008), chap. 2, 538:Captain Peggy E. Ready looks on as Lt. Gen. 18:Women's Army Corps (United States Army) 5439:1978 disestablishments in the United States 3776:– full text; the standard scholarly history 3024:"6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion" 2087: 2085: 5307: 5187: 5112: 5098: 5090: 4292: 4236:Senate Subcommittee on Air and Land Forces 4134: 4120: 4112: 3966: 2352: 2103: 2057: 2025: 1825:General Blankenship's secretary, Corporal 1739:During the war years, popular comic strip 1672:served as personal secretary to President 406:United States Marine Corps Women's Reserve 5333:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 4286:Reorganization plan of United States Army 4226:House Subcommittee on Air and Land Forces 3195: 3157: 3082:. Center of Military History, U.S. Army. 2677: 2662: 2598: 2586: 2574: 2525: 2513: 2501: 2309: 2222: 2194: 2183: 2171: 2143: 2076: 2008: 1984: 1931:6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion 1926:32nd and 33rd Post Headquarters Companies 5444:All-female military units and formations 5434:1942 establishments in the United States 4055:The WAC: The Story of the WAC in the ETO 3940:. Piscataway: Rutgers University Press. 2622: 2610: 1578:United States Army general court martial 1576:. She was the first woman to serve on a 1469:Women's Army Corps Veterans' Association 937: 764: 639: 3990:The Women's Army Corps History Brochure 3547:. CMH Publication 72-15. Archived from 2872:. The Redstone Rocket. 9 September 1971 2305: 2303: 2092:W. A. C. Field Manual Physical Training 1977: 1966:Nisei women translators in World War II 1283: 1280: 4063:Big Picture: The WAC is a Soldier, Too 3920: 3628:. Air Force Historical Studies Office. 2844: 2832: 2820: 2808: 2796: 2784: 2772: 2757: 2745: 2733: 31: 2537: 2155: 1996: 1695:in the United States Armed Services. 769:WAAC ranks (April, 1943 – July, 1943) 599:West Point cadets graduated in 1980. 7: 4101:A History of Central Florida Podcast 4001:Women Veterans Historical Collection 3513:from the original on 17 January 2023 2236:"Editorial: The WAACs Are All Right" 1646:Daughters of the American Revolution 644:WAAC ranks (May, 1942 – April, 1943) 486:Military Assistance Command, Vietnam 4370:Surface Deployment and Distribution 3849:. Boulder, Colorado: Pruett Press. 3705:, scholarly history of postwar era 2715:. U.S. Government Publishing Office 445:, the secret US effort to build an 5454:Branches of the United States Army 5231:Hispanic Americans in World War II 5137:American music during World War II 4232:Senate Committee on Armed Services 4014:book chapter by Ann Elizabeth Pfau 3209:"Interview with Ellen Bryan Moore" 2951:Servicemen's Allowance Act of 1942 2399:. Shreveport, Louisiana. p. 4 1508:, the first to hold the position. 942:WAC ranks (September, 1943 – 1945) 564:Tan Son Nhut International Airport 112:Mosstone Green and Old Gold Piping 25: 5236:Native Americans and World War II 5054:United States Army Hospital Corps 4212:Army Staff Senior Warrant Officer 3684:The Women's Army Corps, 1945–1978 3503:"Command Sgt. Maj. Mildred Kelly" 3080:The women's army corps, 1945–1978 2552:The Women's Army Corps, 1945–1978 2483:. Indiana. 6 July 1943. p. 3 1706:was the first WAC to receive the 1568:commanded the 2525th WAC unit at 5253: 5182:Internment of Japanese Americans 5073: 5072: 4245: 4090:is available for viewing at the 3706: 3317:William Begley (27 March 2013). 2940:(signed into law on 3 July 1943) 2516:, pp. 205 Footnote omitted. 2322:O'Donnell, John (10 June 1943). 474:Women's Army Corps Service Medal 222:, which caught the attention of 158:) was the women's branch of the 85: 67: 40: 5474:Women in the United States Army 5177:Internment of Italian Americans 5003:Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra 4423:Military District of Washington 4413:Criminal Investigation Division 3691:. CMH Pub 30-14. Archived from 3410:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. 3402:Mankiller, Wilma Pearl (1998). 3345:"Band commander receives award" 3131:Cowan, Ruth (1 February 1943). 2954:, amendment of 25 October 1943. 2391:O'Donnell, John (9 June 1943). 2364:O'Donnell, John (9 June 1943). 1956:Women in the United States Army 1519:6888th Central Postal Battalion 604:Military Occupational Specialty 5449:American women in World War II 5172:Internment of German Americans 5157:New Mexico during World War II 4597:Judge Advocate General's Corps 4222:House Armed Services Committee 3796:Texas A&M University Press 3722:42#1 (2008), pp. 95–111. 3537:Bellafaire, Judith A. (1972). 3453:"Amy Sheridan earns her wings" 3177:. 14 February 1944. p. 12 2265:"WAC Gossip Lie, Says Stimson" 1805:joined the Women's Army Corps. 1212:Warrant officer (junior grade) 813:Assistant Director of the WAAC 146:painting by Dan V. Smith, 1943 1: 5241:Puerto Ricans in World War II 5198:Women Airforce Service Pilots 5121:United States in World War II 4881:Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps 4758:Military Academy (West Point) 4088:ALLIES TAKE KISKA ETC. (1943) 3752:Treadwell, Mattie E. (1954). 3666:. Columbia University Press. 3264:Fox, Margalit (21 May 2018). 3139:. Associated Press. p. 6 2445:Lardner, John (9 June 1943). 1624:In February, 1943 Lieutenant 462:Meritorious Unit Commendation 418:Auxiliary Territorial Service 410:Women Airforce Service Pilots 259:United States Army Air Forces 5208:Woman's Land Army of America 5049:United States Colored Troops 4527:Air Defense Artillery Branch 3813:Green, Anne Bosanko (1989). 3343:Jeff VanWey (26 July 2011). 2897:. Armytimes.com. 9 July 2015 2693:. Atomic Heritage Foundation 464:; twenty women received the 168:Women's Army Auxiliary Corps 5147:Arizona during World War II 4982:The Army Goes Rolling Along 4971:U.S. Army Regimental System 4622:Military Intelligence Corps 4162:Under Secretary of the Army 3862:Starbird, Ethel A. (2010). 2418:Pyle, Ernie (8 July 1943). 2372:. New York. pp. 4, 356 1961:Women's Army Volunteer Corp 1889:and numerous artworks from 422:Women's Auxiliary Air Force 414:Women's Royal Naval Service 58:15 May 1942–20 October 1978 5490: 5152:Nevada during World War II 4929:Center of Military History 4687:United States and overseas 4443:Acquisition Support Center 4217:Sergeant Major of the Army 3927:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 3907:10.1177/0095327X9001600205 3895:Armed Forces & Society 3729:Putney, Martha S. (1992). 3681:Morden, Bettie J. (2000). 3438:Kenneth S. Davis. Soldier 3369:Ellis, Jacqueline (1998). 3217:Louisiana State University 3078:Morden, Bettie J. (1992). 2550:Morden, Bettie J. (1992). 2225:, pp. 194–201, 206–13 1801:issue #82 (May–June 1953) 1583:In January, 1943, Captain 1438:Mildred Inez Caroon Bailey 544:United States Army Vietnam 521:United States Army Vietnam 5403:Destroyers-for-bases deal 5301:Medal of Honor recipients 5251: 5067: 4924:Army of the United States 4592:Inspector General's Corps 4408:Intelligence and Security 4375:Space and Missile Defense 4243: 3936:Moore, Brenda L. (2004). 3845:Samford, Doris E (1966). 3828:New York University Press 3822:Moore, Brenda L. (1996). 3578:10.1163/24683302-03902004 3215:Center for Oral History, 1833:) in the first season of 1704:Marjory Linheart Babinetz 1691:woman to become a career 1293:Army Mine Planter Service 940: 785: 782: 777: 774: 767: 660: 657: 652: 649: 642: 312:Mrs. William Pettus Hobby 176:Army of the United States 39: 5390:Diplomatic participation 5059:U.S. Sanitary Commission 4642:Psychological operations 4617:Medical Specialist Corps 4522:Adjutant General's Corps 4076:It's Your War Too (1944) 4018:WWII: Women in the Fight 3660:Meyer, Leisa D. (1998). 3599:Harvard University Press 3593:Campbell, D'Ann (1986). 3175:The Rutland Daily Herald 2691:"Arlene G. Scheidenhelm" 2554:. Lulu.com. p. 34. 1820:Francis the Talking Mule 1664:Elizabeth "Tex" Williams 1598:Register of State Lands 466:Army Commendation Ribbon 75:United States of America 4448:Installation Management 3507:Army Women's Foundation 1946:Women's Air Force (WAF) 1936:Air Transport Auxiliary 1638:Chief Warrant Officer 5 1632:Chief Warrant Officer 4 1611:Dovey Johnson Roundtree 1548:Bureau of Negro Affairs 1421:Elizabeth P. Hoisington 931:Most WAC officers were 162:. It was created as an 103:Fort McClellan, Alabama 5323:Attack on Pearl Harbor 5264:Military participation 4781:Awards and decorations 4577:Field Artillery Branch 3917:, based on interviews. 3755:The Women's Army Corps 3457:Jewish Women's Archive 2048:(2006) Volume 1 p. 242 1811:Francis Joins the WACS 1766:I Was a Male War Bride 1735: 1727: 1685:United States military 1585:Frances Keegan Marquis 1490: 933:company-grade officers 912: 885:Auxiliary second class 748:Auxiliary second class 629: 555: 547: 380: 372: 364: 356: 348: 299: 273: 241: 195: 194:WAC Recruitment Poster 147: 4934:Institute of Heraldry 4627:Military Police Corps 4612:Medical Service Corps 4318:Training and Doctrine 4157:Secretary of the Army 3979:24 March 2021 at the 3974:Women in Army History 3788:Earley, Charity Adams 2999:"Geraldine Pratt May" 2330:. New York. p. 4 1951:Women in the military 1908:The Phil Silvers Show 1874:The Looney Tunes Show 1733: 1725: 1602:attained the rank of 1498:Air Transport Command 1485: 1181:Chief warrant officer 910: 893:Auxiliary third class 877:Auxiliary first class 756:Auxiliary third class 740:Auxiliary first class 627: 575:northeast of Saigon. 553: 537: 378: 370: 362: 354: 342: 295: 271: 239: 209:Franklin D. Roosevelt 193: 142: 4662:Transportation Corps 4046:14 December 2012 at 4012:The Slander Campaign 3298:. Hampton University 3290:Trowbridge, John M. 3028:www.history.army.mil 2481:Tipton Daily Tribune 1753:Keep Your Powder Dry 1747:("Just Looking..."). 1674:Dwight D. Eisenhower 1642:1st Cavalry Division 1589:General Eisenhower's 1387:Mary Louise Rasmuson 1336:Westray Battle Boyce 1230:Technician 5th grade 1168:Technician 4th grade 1106:Technician 3rd grade 880:Private first class 799:Director of the WAAC 743:Private first class 674:Director of the WAAC 542:, Deputy Commander, 498:William Westmoreland 404:of the Coast Guard, 390:Dwight D. Eisenhower 347:during World War II. 329:Charity Adams Earley 205:Bureau of the Budget 5029:Army Service Forces 4846:Crew-served weapons 4647:Quartermaster Corps 4557:Civil Affairs Corps 4428:Test and Evaluation 4276:Army National Guard 4172:Vice Chief of Staff 3735:The Scarecrow Press 3720:The History Teacher 3695:on 25 February 2021 3137:The Palm Beach Post 3112:on 6 September 2015 2847:, pp. 254–255. 2787:, pp. 245–246. 2760:, pp. 242–243. 2736:, pp. 241–242. 2680:, pp. 326–329. 1941:Army Women's Museum 1899:, a teacher in the 1787:Never Wave at a WAC 1556:Lieutenant Colonel 1544:Mary McLeod Bethune 1523:Birmingham, England 1486:First WAC Director 1248:Private first class 816:Lieutenant-colonel 224:Army Chief of Staff 201:Edith Nourse Rogers 5429:Women's Army Corps 5369:Japanese Americans 5203:Women's Army Corps 5034:Women's Army Corps 4988:Division nicknames 4841:Individual weapons 4562:Corps of Engineers 4418:Corps of Engineers 4365:Special Operations 4143:United States Army 4023:4 May 2010 at the 3543:. Washington, DC: 3270:The New York Times 2146:, pp. 387–388 2123:Universal Newsreel 1903:series, was a WAC. 1837:was a WAC veteran. 1736: 1728: 1566:Elna Jane Hilliard 1558:Florence K. Murray 1540:Harriet West Waddy 1491: 1453:Brigadier General 1436:Brigadier General 1419:Brigadier General 1044:Technical sergeant 1026:Lieutenant colonel 913: 824:Technical sergeant 699:Technical sergeant 630: 556: 548: 408:, and the (civil) 381: 373: 365: 357: 349: 300: 274: 242: 227:George C. Marshall 196: 160:United States Army 152:Women's Army Corps 148: 144:WAC Air Controller 93:United States Army 35:Women's Army Corps 5416: 5415: 5384: 5383: 5364:Chinese Americans 5349:African Americans 5328:Normandy landings 5249: 5248: 5213:Rosie the Riveter 5087: 5086: 4961:West Point Museum 4675: 4674: 4517:Acquisition Corps 3847:Ruffles and Drums 3656:, popular history 3213:T. Harry Williams 2938:Public Law 78-110 2589:, pp. 95–96. 2504:, pp. 216–18 2451:Indianapolis Star 2312:, pp. 201–03 2174:, pp. 212–14 2044:Bernard A. Cook, 1999:, pp. 16–18. 1987:, pp. 28–30. 1871:In an episode of 1760:joining the WACs. 1656:, and Lt General 1619:Howard University 1600:Ellen Bryan Moore 1466: 1465: 1370:Irene O. Galloway 1307:List of directors 1304: 1303: 900: 899: 763: 762: 443:Manhattan Project 437:Manhattan Project 385:Douglas MacArthur 345:teletype machines 134: 133: 16:(Redirected from 5481: 5376:Jewish Americans 5308: 5257: 5188: 5114: 5107: 5100: 5091: 5076: 5075: 5019:Buffalo Soldiers 4946:Army Art Program 4909:Continental Army 4667:Veterinary Corps 4602:Logistics Branch 4433:Military Academy 4389:Direct reporting 4293: 4249: 4248: 4181:3-star generals 4136: 4129: 4122: 4113: 4092:Internet Archive 4081:Internet Archive 4068:Internet Archive 3970: 3965: 3964: 3962:Official website 3949: 3932: 3926: 3918: 3881: 3858: 3841: 3818: 3809: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3762:. 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Hallaren 1319:Oveta Culp Hobby 1311: 1310: 1296: 1288: 938: 821:Technical leader 765: 640: 451:Leslie R. Groves 449:. Major General 288:Slander campaign 282:initial invasion 213:Henry L. Stimson 180:Oveta Culp Hobby 91: 89: 88: 73: 71: 70: 44: 32: 21: 5489: 5488: 5484: 5483: 5482: 5480: 5479: 5478: 5419: 5418: 5417: 5412: 5380: 5359:Asian Americans 5353:Tuskegee Airmen 5337: 5318:List of battles 5306: 5258: 5245: 5217: 5186: 5162:G.I. Generation 5123: 5118: 5088: 5083: 5063: 5024:Army Air Forces 5007: 4998:Service numbers 4976:Soldier's Creed 4956:National Museum 4896: 4890: 4886:West Point Band 4871:Army Field Band 4862: 4855: 4827: 4773: 4767: 4711: 4671: 4587:Infantry Branch 4537:Aviation Branch 4505: 4457: 4390: 4384: 4328: 4322: 4291: 4288: 4258: 4256: 4250: 4246: 4241: 4177:4-star generals 4145: 4140: 4073:The short film 4060:The short film 4027:– slideshow by 4025:Wayback Machine 3981:Wayback Machine 3960: 3959: 3956: 3935: 3919: 3892: 3889: 3887:Further reading 3884: 3878: 3861: 3844: 3838: 3821: 3812: 3806: 3786: 3783: 3781:Primary sources 3769: 3767: 3766:on 2 March 2021 3751: 3745: 3728: 3707: 3698: 3696: 3680: 3674: 3659: 3652: 3632: 3625: 3618: 3609: 3592: 3563: 3554: 3552: 3551:on 4 March 2021 3536: 3532: 3527: 3526: 3516: 3514: 3501: 3500: 3496: 3486: 3484: 3476: 3475: 3471: 3461: 3459: 3451: 3450: 3446: 3437: 3433: 3418: 3401: 3400: 3396: 3381: 3368: 3367: 3363: 3353: 3351: 3342: 3341: 3337: 3327: 3325: 3316: 3315: 3311: 3301: 3299: 3289: 3288: 3284: 3274: 3272: 3263: 3262: 3258: 3248: 3246: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3227:on 26 May 2010. 3207: 3206: 3202: 3194: 3190: 3180: 3178: 3169: 3168: 3164: 3156: 3152: 3142: 3140: 3130: 3129: 3125: 3115: 3113: 3100: 3099: 3095: 3077: 3076: 3072: 3062: 3060: 3052: 3051: 3047: 3037: 3035: 3022: 3021: 3017: 3007: 3005: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2982: 2980: 2972: 2971: 2967: 2962: 2958: 2948: 2944: 2936: 2932: 2922: 2920: 2915: 2914: 2910: 2900: 2898: 2893: 2892: 2885: 2875: 2873: 2868: 2867: 2863: 2855: 2851: 2843: 2839: 2831: 2827: 2819: 2815: 2807: 2803: 2795: 2791: 2783: 2779: 2771: 2764: 2756: 2752: 2744: 2740: 2732: 2728: 2718: 2716: 2711: 2710: 2706: 2696: 2694: 2689: 2688: 2684: 2676: 2669: 2661: 2657: 2647: 2645: 2638: 2634: 2633: 2629: 2621: 2617: 2609: 2605: 2597: 2593: 2585: 2581: 2573: 2569: 2562: 2549: 2548: 2544: 2536: 2532: 2524: 2520: 2512: 2508: 2500: 2496: 2486: 2484: 2475: 2474: 2470: 2456: 2454: 2444: 2443: 2439: 2429: 2427: 2417: 2416: 2412: 2402: 2400: 2393:"Capitol Stuff" 2390: 2389: 2385: 2375: 2373: 2366:"Capitol Stuff" 2363: 2362: 2358: 2353:Bellafaire 1972 2351: 2347: 2333: 2331: 2324:"Capitol Stuff" 2321: 2320: 2316: 2308: 2301: 2288: 2284: 2274: 2272: 2263: 2262: 2255: 2245: 2243: 2234: 2233: 2229: 2221: 2217: 2205: 2201: 2193: 2189: 2182: 2178: 2170: 2166: 2154: 2150: 2142: 2138: 2128: 2126: 2115: 2114: 2110: 2104:Bellafaire 1972 2102: 2098: 2090: 2083: 2075: 2071: 2061: 2058:Bellafaire 2003 2056: 2052: 2043: 2039: 2029: 2026:Bellafaire 2003 2024: 2015: 2007: 2003: 1995: 1991: 1983: 1979: 1974: 1922: 1866:Tanita S. Davis 1816:Donald O'Connor 1720: 1718:Popular culture 1658:Patricia Horoho 1650:Tammy Duckworth 1626:Anna Mac Clarke 1480: 1471: 1404:Emily C. Gorman 1309: 1300: 1299: 1289: 1285: 1276: 1271: 1258: 1253: 1240: 1235: 1222: 1217: 1209: 1204: 1191: 1186: 1178: 1173: 1160: 1155: 1147: 1142: 1129: 1124: 1116: 1111: 1098: 1093: 1085: 1080: 1067: 1062: 1054: 1049: 1036: 1031: 1023: 1018: 1005: 1000: 992: 987: 982:Master sergeant 973: 968: 960: 955: 943: 905: 872:2nd lieutenant 858:1st lieutenant 796:Master sergeant 787: 779: 770: 719:2nd lieutenant 705:1st lieutenant 671:Master sergeant 662: 654: 645: 622: 617: 596: 482: 470:Legion of Merit 439: 416:("WRENS"), the 337: 324: 297:Calling WAAC... 290: 188: 137: 127: 123: 86: 84: 68: 66: 50: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5487: 5485: 5477: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5421: 5420: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5394: 5392: 5386: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5378: 5373: 5372: 5371: 5366: 5356: 5345: 5343: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5314: 5312: 5305: 5304: 5297:Service medals 5294: 5289: 5284: 5282:Army Air Force 5279: 5268: 5266: 5260: 5259: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5227: 5225: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5194: 5192: 5191:American women 5185: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5167:Schools at War 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5133: 5131: 5125: 5124: 5119: 5117: 5116: 5109: 5102: 5094: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5081: 5068: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5015: 5013: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4940:America's Army 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4900: 4898: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4867: 4865: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4837: 4835: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4825: 4820: 4819: 4818: 4813: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4777: 4775: 4769: 4768: 4766: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4730: 4725: 4723:Basic Training 4719: 4717: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4683: 4681: 4677: 4676: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4657:Special Forces 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4637:Ordnance Corps 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4552:Chemical Corps 4549: 4547:Chaplain Corps 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4513: 4511: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4467: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4394: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4383: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4338: 4332: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4299: 4297: 4290: 4289: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4262: 4260: 4252: 4251: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4239: 4229: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4208: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4167:Chief of Staff 4164: 4159: 4153: 4151: 4147: 4146: 4141: 4139: 4138: 4131: 4124: 4116: 4110: 4109: 4103: 4094: 4084: 4071: 4058: 4051: 4038: 4033: 4015: 4009: 4004: 3998: 3992: 3987: 3971: 3955: 3954:External links 3952: 3951: 3950: 3933: 3901:(2): 251–270. 3888: 3885: 3883: 3882: 3877:978-1450208932 3876: 3859: 3842: 3836: 3819: 3810: 3804: 3782: 3779: 3778: 3777: 3749: 3743: 3726: 3716: 3678: 3673:978-0231101455 3672: 3657: 3650: 3642:Presidio Press 3630: 3616: 3607: 3590: 3572:(2): 208–231. 3561: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3524: 3494: 3469: 3444: 3431: 3417:978-0395671733 3416: 3394: 3380:978-0879727444 3379: 3361: 3335: 3309: 3282: 3256: 3230: 3200: 3196:Treadwell 1954 3188: 3162: 3158:Treadwell 1954 3150: 3123: 3093: 3070: 3045: 3015: 2990: 2965: 2956: 2942: 2930: 2908: 2883: 2861: 2849: 2837: 2835:, p. 254. 2825: 2823:, p. 253. 2813: 2811:, p. 248. 2801: 2799:, p. 247. 2789: 2777: 2775:, p. 244. 2762: 2750: 2748:, p. 242. 2738: 2726: 2704: 2682: 2678:Treadwell 1954 2667: 2665:, p. 327. 2663:Treadwell 1954 2655: 2627: 2615: 2603: 2601:, p. 408. 2599:Treadwell 1954 2591: 2587:Treadwell 1954 2579: 2575:Treadwell 1954 2567: 2561:978-1105093562 2560: 2542: 2530: 2526:Bolzenius 2019 2518: 2514:Treadwell 1954 2506: 2502:Treadwell 1954 2494: 2468: 2437: 2410: 2383: 2356: 2345: 2314: 2310:Treadwell 1954 2299: 2282: 2253: 2227: 2223:Treadwell 1954 2215: 2199: 2195:Treadwell 1954 2187: 2184:Treadwell 1954 2176: 2172:Treadwell 1954 2164: 2148: 2144:Treadwell 1954 2136: 2108: 2096: 2081: 2077:Treadwell 1954 2069: 2050: 2037: 2013: 2009:Treadwell 1954 2001: 1989: 1985:Treadwell 1954 1976: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1969: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1916: 1904: 1894: 1869: 1857: 1838: 1831:Beatrice Colen 1823: 1808:The 1954 film 1806: 1795: 1782: 1779:War Brides Act 1763:The 1949 film 1761: 1750:The 1945 film 1748: 1744: 1719: 1716: 1670:Mattie Pinette 1479: 1476: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1455:Mary E. Clarke 1451: 1447: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1434: 1430: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1417: 1413: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1400: 1396: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1383: 1379: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1366: 1362: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1349: 1345: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1332: 1328: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1315: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1282: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1260: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1242: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1224: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1193: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1162: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1150:2nd lieutenant 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1131: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1119:1st lieutenant 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1075:Staff sergeant 1073: 1069: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1038: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1013:First sergeant 1011: 1007: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 976: 975: 970: 965: 962: 957: 952: 949: 945: 944: 941: 904: 901: 898: 897: 894: 890: 889: 886: 882: 881: 878: 874: 873: 870: 867: 864: 860: 859: 856: 855:Second officer 853: 850: 846: 845: 842: 839: 838:Staff sergeant 836: 832: 831: 828: 827:Field director 825: 822: 818: 817: 814: 811: 810:First sergeant 808: 804: 803: 800: 797: 794: 790: 789: 784: 781: 776: 772: 771: 768: 761: 760: 757: 753: 752: 749: 745: 744: 741: 737: 736: 733: 729: 728: 725: 721: 720: 717: 714: 713:Staff sergeant 711: 707: 706: 703: 702:Second officer 700: 697: 693: 692: 689: 686: 685:First sergeant 683: 679: 678: 675: 672: 669: 665: 664: 659: 656: 651: 647: 646: 643: 621: 618: 616: 613: 595: 592: 588:campaign stars 580:Vietnamization 573:Long Binh Post 560:Jean E. 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