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A study with participants from 44 countries involving prediction of an individual's personality based on photographs verified the effect in multiple countries and found that the effect decreased the higher a countries measure of gender equality. This effect seemed to be due to men being viewed less
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Another experiment in the study found adults' attitudes were measured based on their reactions to categories associated with sexual relations. It revealed that among men who engaged more in sexual activity, the more positive their attitude towards sex, the larger their bias towards women. A greater
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participated in computerized tasks that measured automatic attitudes based on how quickly a person categorizes pleasant and unpleasant attributes with each gender. Such a task was done to discover whether people associate pleasant words (good, happy, and sunshine) with women, and unpleasant words
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and
Antonio Mladinic in a 1994 paper, where they had questioned the widely-held view that there was prejudice against women. They observed that much of the research had been inconclusive in showing a bias. They had found a positive bias towards women in their 1989 and 1991 studies, which involved
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Krys, Kuba; Capaldi, Colin A.; van
Tilburg, Wijnand; Lipp, Ottmar V.; Bond, Michael Harris; Vauclair, C.-Melanie; Manickam, L. Sam S.; DomĂnguez-Espinosa, Alejandra; Torres, Claudio; Lun, Vivian Miu-Chi; Teyssier, Julien; Miles, Lynden K.; Hansen, Karolina; Park, Joonha; Wagner, Wolfgang (2018).
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In 1991, 324 psychology students of Purdue
University were given questionnaires in groups of 20 and asked to assess subjects of both genders. They evaluated the social categories of men and women, relating the traits and expectations of each gender through interviews, emotion-associations and
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One study found that the effect is mediated by increased gender equality. The mediation comes not from differences in attitudes towards women, but in attitudes towards men. In more egalitarian societies, people have more positive attitudes towards men than in less egalitarian societies.
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and
Antonio Mladinic in 1994 after finding that both male and female participants tend to assign positive traits to women, with female participants showing a far more pronounced bias. Positive traits were assigned to men by participants of both genders, but to a far lesser degree.
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were 4.5 times stronger than those of men. And only women (not men) showed cognitive balance among in-group bias, identity, and self-esteem, revealing that men lack a mechanism that bolsters automatic preference for their own gender.
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such as child nurturing and stay-at-home housewife. However, other authors have cited studies indicating that the women-are-wonderful effect is still applicable even when women are in nontraditional gender roles, and the original
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interest in and liking of sex may promote automatic preference for the out-group of women among men, although both women and men with sexual experience expressed greater liking for the opposite gender.
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The authors supposed that the positive general evaluation of women might derive from the association between women and nurturing characteristics. This bias has been cited as an example of
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Eagly, Alice H.; Mladinic, Antonio (1994). "Are people prejudiced against women? Some answers from research on attitudes, gender stereotypes, and judgments of competence".
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Garcia-Retamero, Rocio; LĂłpez-Zafra, Esther (2006), "Prejudice against Women in male-congenial environments: Perceptions of gender role congruity in leadership",
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were given questionnaires in groups of 20 and asked to assess subjects of both genders, which showed a more favourable attitude to women and female stereotypes.
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Eagly, Alice H.; Mladinic, Antonio; Otto, Stacey (1991). "Are women evaluated more favorably than men? An analysis of attitudes, beliefs and emotions".
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Those who exhibit the women-are-wonderful effect tend to react negatively to research that " men in a better light than women".
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StewartâWilliams, Steve; Leong, Christine X. R.; Seto, Shania A.; Thomas, Andrew G.; Wong, Xiu Ling (January 3, 2024).
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311:(2001). "An ambivalent alliance: Hostile and benevolent sexism as complementary justifications for gender inequality".
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Eagly, Alice H.; Mladinic, Antonio (1989). "Gender
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negatively the more egalitarian a country was rather than women being viewed more positively.
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free-response measures. Women were rated higher in attitudes and beliefs but not emotions.
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reflects an emotional bias toward women as a general case. The phrase was coined by
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The Social
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study discovering the women-are-wonderful effect found no such ambivalence.
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Anderson, Kristin J. (2015). "Women are
Wonderful, but Most Are Disliked".
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cited. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Krys, Kuba; Capaldi, Colin A.; van
Tilburg, Wijnand; et al. (2018).
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The Origin of the Family, Private
Property and the State
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questionnaires given to students in the United States.
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Modern Misogyny: Anti-feminism in a Post-feminist Era
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2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2453:
2451:
2443:
2442:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2338:Cross-cultural
2335:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2318:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2278:
2276:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2209:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2100:performativity
2097:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2048:justice ethics
2045:
2043:existentialism
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2010:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1977:Sandra Harding
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1826:Gender Trouble
1816:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1695:Monique Wittig
1691:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1575:Andrea Dworkin
1572:
1571:
1570:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1539:Germaine Greer
1536:
1535:
1534:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1462:The Second Sex
1452:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1291:
1289:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1247:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1216:Marilyn Waring
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1186:Julia Kristeva
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1166:Sandra Harding
1163:
1158:
1156:Germaine Greer
1153:
1148:
1146:Martha Fineman
1143:
1138:
1136:Andrea Dworkin
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
968:
967:
962:
957:
955:Existentialism
952:
947:
942:
937:
927:
922:
917:
914:Constructivism
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
866:
865:
860:
855:
845:
840:
835:
829:
827:
823:
822:
817:
815:
814:
807:
800:
792:
786:
785:
780:
767:
750:(1/2): 51â61,
739:
722:(4): 735â754,
709:
706:
703:
702:
695:
675:
668:
650:
592:
557:
499:
465:(4): 494â509.
435:
400:
365:
338:
319:(2): 109â118.
307:Glick, Peter;
298:
297:
295:
292:
291:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
233:
230:
216:
213:
207:
204:
199:
196:
147:
144:
123:
120:
86:
85:
44:
42:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3242:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3126:Psychologists
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3116:Organizations
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3064:John Anderson
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2994:Ulric Neisser
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2979:Endel Tulving
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2964:Robert Zajonc
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2919:Jerome Bruner
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2884:B. F. Skinner
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2849:Clark L. Hull
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2829:Sigmund Freud
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2819:William James
2817:
2815:
2814:Wilhelm Wundt
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:Psychologists
2802:
2794:
2793:Psychometrics
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2753:Consciousness
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2685:Psychophysics
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2627:Methodologies
2624:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2587:Psychotherapy
2585:
2583:
2582:Psychometrics
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2444:
2439:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2348:Developmental
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2225:
2223:
2218:
2216:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1987:Luce Irigaray
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1972:Donna Haraway
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1820:Judith Butler
1818:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1624:HĂ©lĂšne Cixous
1622:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1593:Sandra Bartky
1591:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1474:Betty Friedan
1472:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1361:Flora Tristan
1359:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1181:Luce Irigaray
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1161:Donna Haraway
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1141:Cynthia Enloe
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1126:HĂ©lĂšne Cixous
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1116:Judith Butler
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1028:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1002:Technoscience
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
982:Postmodernism
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
932:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
915:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
853:Art criticism
851:
850:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
830:
828:
824:
820:
813:
808:
806:
801:
799:
794:
793:
790:
783:
777:
773:
768:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
740:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
712:
711:
707:
698:
692:
688:
687:
679:
676:
671:
665:
661:
654:
651:
646:
642:
638:
634:
629:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
596:
593:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
561:
558:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
522:(S1): 21â26.
521:
517:
510:
503:
500:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
453:
446:
444:
442:
440:
436:
431:
427:
423:
419:
416:(2): 203â16.
415:
411:
404:
401:
396:
392:
388:
384:
381:(4): 543â58.
380:
376:
369:
366:
361:
357:
353:
349:
342:
339:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
303:
300:
293:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
235:
231:
229:
227:
222:
214:
212:
205:
203:
197:
195:
191:
187:
185:
181:
177:
172:
169:
164:
161:
157:
153:
146:In-group bias
145:
143:
139:
137:
132:
129:
121:
119:
117:
112:
109:
105:
101:
97:
96:psychological
93:
82:
79:
71:
61:
55:
54:
50:
43:
34:
33:
30:
19:
3039:Larry Squire
3034:Bruce McEwen
3029:Amos Tversky
2999:Jerome Kagan
2989:Noam Chomsky
2929:Hans Eysenck
2899:Harry Harlow
2879:Erik Erikson
2778:Intelligence
2675:Neuroimaging
2418:Quantitative
2383:Mathematical
2378:Intelligence
2368:Experimental
2363:Evolutionary
2353:Differential
2262:Psychologist
2170:
2163:
2156:
2142:
2107:Gynocentrism
2053:legal theory
2033:epistemology
1967:Nancy Fraser
1928:
1910:
1894:
1890:Val Plumwood
1878:
1860:
1842:
1824:
1782:
1766:
1762:Gerda Lerner
1748:
1730:
1726:Marilyn Frye
1713:
1657:
1653:Dale Spender
1641:
1610:
1581:Woman Hating
1579:
1561:
1557:Robin Morgan
1543:
1525:
1507:
1503:Kate Millett
1478:
1460:
1431:
1413:
1397:
1381:
1365:
1349:
1331:
1315:
1299:
1201:Val Plumwood
1151:Nancy Fraser
945:Epistemology
920:Legal theory
843:Architecture
833:Anthropology
771:
747:
743:
719:
715:
685:
678:
659:
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2680:Observation
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2607:Suicidology
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1111:Nancy Bauer
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1055:Ecofeminism
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880:Criminology
858:Film theory
838:Archaeology
178:over their
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128:Alice Eagly
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628:2164/12046
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3184:Wikiquote
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512:(PDF)
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2783:Mind
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