Knowledge (XXG)

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Therefore, in sections or articles that present well-known and uncontroversial information – information that is readily available in most common and obvious books on the subject – it is acceptable to give an inline citation for one or two authoritative sources (and possibly a more accessible source, if one is available) in such a way as to indicate that these sources can be checked to verify statements for which no other in-line citation is provided. These inline citations are often inserted either after the first sentence of a paragraph or after the last sentence of the paragraph; a single convention should be chosen for each article.
862:– then editors of this article should, if feasible, explain why the names are attached to the result or experiment. To this end, editors of these articles should consider researching and citing the original papers, even if those papers were not originally used as sources in writing the article. However, articles that only link to an eponymous article might not cite the original papers, depending on context. In this case, a reader looking for a reference may easily click the article link to find it. 1047:. His article entitled "The radial velocity of the Andromeda Nebula" reports making the first Doppler measurement on September 17, 1912. In his report Slipher writes: "The magnitude of this velocity, which is the greatest hitherto observed, raises the question whether the velocity-like displacement might not be due to some other cause, but I believe we have at present no other interpretation for it." Three years later, in the journal 1056:, Slipher wrote a review entitled "Spectrographic Observations of Nebulae". In it he states, "The early discovery that the great Andromeda spiral had the quite exceptional velocity of −300 km(/s) showed the means then available, capable of investigating not only the spectra of the spirals but their velocities as well." Slipher reported the velocities for 15 spiral nebulae spread across the entire 21: 127:, to referencing science and mathematics articles. The goal is to achieve a reasonable balance between ease of verification, readability and editability. This page also describes some sensible guidelines for dealing with issues that are specific to writing Knowledge (XXG) articles (compared to writing for the academic press). 621:
Knowledge (XXG) is neither a textbook nor a journal. Nonetheless, in mathematics and the mathematical sciences, it is frequently helpful to quote theorems, include simple derivations, and provide illustrative examples. For reasons of notation, clarity, consistency, or simplicity it is often necessary
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and is perfectly permissible – in fact, encouraged – provided that anyone who reads and understands the references can easily see how the material in the Knowledge (XXG) article can be inferred. Furthermore, copying extensively from a source with only minor modifications is not normally permitted by
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Five references are provided early on: two textbooks, a specialized monograph on aldol reactions, and two review articles. Most readers would assume that the bulk of the statements in the comparatively short Knowledge (XXG) article could be verified by checking any of these references, and so it may
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states that if an editor requests that a particular statement be sourced, that request should be fulfilled. In this case, it may be advisable to add an in-line citation if this would prevent future confusion. However, if the statement is easily found in the principal references already given in the
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For some topics the bibliography available may address different audiences, e.g. undergraduate vs. graduate, or levels or rigor, e.g. statistics textbooks for social scientists vs. those addressed to mathematicians. When the audience of a text in the further reading section is not self-evident, it
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The verifiability criteria require that such statements be sourced so that in principle anyone can verify them. However, in many articles it is cumbersome to provide an in-line reference for every statement. In addition, such dense referencing can obscure the logical interdependence of statements.
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policy requires that we make it clear assertions do not originate with Knowledge (XXG)'s editors. This is achieved by providing sources for the material in Knowledge (XXG) articles. It is also important, however, for our articles to clearly indicate the person who first discovered an astronomical
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Some material, including direct quotations, contentious material about living people, and any material whose verifiability has been challenged, should always be accompanied by an inline citation, regardless of the length of the article. For more information on these special cases, see
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This provides attribution for academic and historical purposes, and also makes it clear how readers can understand where a number comes from. This not only makes Knowledge (XXG) a more convenient resource for readers, but makes it easier to update when better data become available.
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Some statements are uncontroversial and widely known among people familiar with a discipline. Such facts may be taught in university courses, found in textbooks, or contained in multiple references in the research literature (most importantly in review articles). Some examples are:
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to state things in a slightly different way than they are stated in the references, to provide a different derivation, or to provide an example. This is standard practice in journals, and does not make any claim of novelty. In Knowledge (XXG) articles this does not constitute
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Sometimes, short articles (including many stubs) provide a list of references without any inline citations. This can satisfy the sourcing policies when the entire contents of the article can be verified from the sources listed. An example of a very short article covered by
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As an article matures to include more than a few sentences, inline citations are added to make it clear which material in the article can be verified by which source. If a few general references cover the bulk of an article, consider using the technique described in
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only be necessary to provide additional in-line references for controversial statements, for recent discoveries that are not covered in the standard references, for historical and academic attribution, and for verifying more specialized statements or subsections.
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Articles should provide attribution for experiments, theorems, astronomical objects, and similar topics, when the original discoverer is known. Many editors prefer to supply the original source for an idea when providing this attribution, for example:
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for the article, describing quantitative relationships in words, and other simple methods that both accurately describe the information from the source(s) and do not tend to advance a novel argument. As an example, the article on the
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If a calculation, although routine, takes more than one or two steps, it may be helpful to present the details of the calculation in a note to the text. For an example, see the detailed calculation in the article on
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object, first proved a theorem, first performed an experiment, or was otherwise responsible for the idea being discussed. The process of giving credit to the original discoverer will be called attribution here.
101:. It expresses the consensus recommendations of editors in those projects about specific details of inline citation. Editors in other scientific projects should follow the practice followed by those projects. 684:. The values quoted in the article are more useful for non-experts. Anyone who looks at the WMAP paper, and has a basic knowledge of error analyses, will understand how to go from one to the other. 305:, the process can be considered as an acid or base-catalyzed reaction of one carbonyl compound with another. This may involve one aldehyde or ketone reacting with itself. Alternatively two 752:
When the original reference is not suitable as an introduction to the idea, either because it is outdated or because it contains serious errors, it is helpful to note this in an annotation:
120:, which link specific reliable sources with specific pieces of information in the article, provide practical support for these policies by making it easier to check the article content. 497:, references do not need to be as concise as they are in journals. In particular, it may be helpful to give the title of a journal article, and to give the complete name of the journal ( 876: 94: 1054: 1045: 881: 211:
These statements are not common knowledge, but the first should be known to anyone with an undergraduate background in physics, the second to anyone knowledgeable about
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7-sphere has 28 different smooth structures (or 15 ignoring orientations), and in higher dimensions there are usually many different smooth structures on a sphere.
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giving a derivation of the statement in the article's lead that one liter of methane clathrate solid at STP contains, on average, 168 liters of methane gas.
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templates may prove useful for creating these database links in free-form citations, or such links can be automatically generated when using the
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based on data from reliable sources. Routine calculations frequently involve converting units, rounding to appropriate levels of
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Green, Michael B.; Schwarz, John H. (1984). "Anomaly Cancellation in Supersymmetric D=10 Gauge Theory and Superstring Theory".
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Goobar, A.; Hannestad, S.; Mörtsell, E.; Tu, H. (2006). "A new bound on the neutrino mass from the SDSS baryon acoustic peak".
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for books, and relevant database identifiers that link to papers or their bibliographic records. Such linkages facilitate the
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Numerical data can also be attributed to the person or group that obtained it. For example, from the
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reaction. In the scheme shown, the enol or enolate of a methyl ketone reacts with an aldehyde.
412:, William G. Dauben, et al (eds.) John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1982; vol. 28, pp. 203–331. 1510: 1488: 1466: 1444: 1374: 1208: 1145: 689: 584: 527:
number for mathematics articles. For physics and mathematics, many articles are available as
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Sunyaev, R. A.; Zel'dovich, Ya. B. (1970). "Small-Scale Fluctuations of Relic Radiation".
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was a different type of referencing used on Knowledge (XXG) until September 2020, when a
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Knowledge (XXG):Manual of Style (summary style)#References, citations and external links
443:, a reference might only be needed in the most relevant article. Knowledge (XXG) policy 392:, B. M. Trost and I. Fleming (Eds.), Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1991; vol. 2, pp. 133–179. 1440: 1370: 565: 432: 223: 171: 512: 444: 1526: 1229: 1192: 1110: 796: 788: 762: 758: 739: 663: 301:, often an aldehyde or ketone, using acid or base. If the enol or enolate is formed 199: 966: 551:
entry, if one is available, or directly to the entry at the journal's website. The
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Do not change any article's established citation style without discussing it first.
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Alpher, R. A.; Bethe, H. A.; Gamow, G. (1948). "The Origin of Chemical Elements".
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Klein, Oskar (1926). "Quantum theory and five dimensional theory of relativity".
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Hu, Wayne; Dodelson, Scott (2002). "Cosmic microwave background anisotropies".
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The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science
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Kervaire, Michel A.; Milnor, John W. (1963). "Groups of Homotopy Spheres: I".
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carbonyl compounds may be used, in which case the reaction is known as a
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Slipher first reports on his measurement in the inaugural volume of the
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article, a citation may instead be provided on the article's talk page.
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to be the same no matter what their state of uniform linear motion is.
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If Knowledge (XXG) has an article about an eponymous topic – such as
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indicate that the sum of the neutrino masses must be less than 0.3
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The strongest upper limit on the masses of neutrinos comes from
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Kaluza, Theodor (1921). "On the problem of unity in physics".
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with the postulate that all observers will always measure the
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Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
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Knowledge (XXG):Manual of Style (Medicine-related articles)
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on February 24, 1987, and independently by Albert Jones in
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This page applies the advice in the policies, and in the
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policies are of paramount importance to Knowledge (XXG).
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may apply. Substantive edits to this page should reflect
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Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Chemicals/Style guidelines
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above. This can be done regardless of article length.
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Knowledge (XXG)'s no-original-research policy allows
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and the fraction of the present universe made up of
945:D. N. Spergel; et al. (WMAP collaboration) (2013). 408:Mukaiyama, T., "The directed aldol reaction", in 134:tags) are used in examples throughout this page. 1459:Cosmological Inflation and Large-Scale Structure 947:"Bibliography of WMAP Science Team Publications" 662:. For technical reasons having to do with their 297:The enol or enolate is itself generated from a 228: 27:This page documents an English Knowledge (XXG) 1073:Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 812:(terms derived from people's names) such as: 605:templates using the corresponding parameters. 470: 431:When quoting widely known numbers such as the 872:Knowledge (XXG):Manual of Style (mathematics) 609:may be useful to annotate it as discussed at 515:of sourced statements. Examples include the 8: 483:Knowledge (XXG):Biographies of living people 1390:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 631:law, unless the source has a free license. 519:for articles in many areas of science, the 35:Editors should generally follow it, though 1402: 1085: 1124:Michelson, A. A.; Morley, E. W. (1887). 924: 617:Examples, derivations, and restatements 461:is provided by the linked revision of " 367:Modern Aldol Reactions, Volumes 1 and 2 320: 1435:Kolb, Edward; Turner, Michael (1988). 1421:10.1146/annurev.astro.40.060401.093926 808:A related issue is the attribution of 266:, the reaction results in a β-hydroxy 1501:Peebles, Phillip James Edwin (1993). 817:...the Michelson–Morley experiment... 757:Beginning with observations in 1912, 441:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 286:, the initial aldol adduct undergoes 7: 1457:Liddle, Andrew; Lyth, David (2000). 898:Knowledge (XXG):No original research 832:...the αβγ neutron capture theory... 738:Kervaire and Milnor showed that the 960:Marsden, B. G. (24 February 1987). 822:...the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect... 647:quotes values for Hubble parameter 452:Articles without in-line references 1533:Knowledge (XXG) content guidelines 903:Knowledge (XXG):Citation templates 43:. When in doubt, discuss first on 14: 1481:Physical Foundations of Cosmology 523:for articles in medicine and the 388:(1991), "The aldol reaction", in 1503:Principles of Physical Cosmology 884:(very out of date on citations!) 670:collaboration quotes values for 19: 390:Comprehensive Organic Synthesis 1479:Mukhanov, Viatcheslav (2005). 1165:Astrophysics and Space Science 935:for a possible counterexample. 888:Knowledge (XXG):Citing sources 95:Molecular and cellular biology 1: 1104:10.1088/1475-7516/2006/06/019 893:Knowledge (XXG):Verifiability 479:Knowledge (XXG):Verifiability 246:involving the addition of an 1230:10.1016/0370-2693(84)91565-X 435:or numbers published by the 1041:Lowell Observatory Bulletin 844:Michelson–Morley experiment 495:is not a paper encyclopedia 471:§ Uncontroversial knowledge 290:(loss of water) to form an 274:), also called an "aldol" ( 146:parenthetical referencing. 1566: 1507:Princeton University Press 1485:Cambridge University Press 1463:Cambridge University Press 1280:Nordström, Gunnar (1914). 1161: 348:Advanced Organic Chemistry 80: 51: 45:this guideline's talk page 1290:Physikalische Zeitschrift 1142:10.1080/14786448708628130 848:Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect 721:and Oscar Duhalde at the 153:Uncontroversial knowledge 136:Parenthetical referencing 1365:Dodelson, Scott (2003). 856:Alpher–Bethe–Gamow paper 723:Las Campanas Observatory 346:Smith, M. B.; March, J. 213:condensed matter physics 125:citing sources guideline 1538:WikiProject Mathematics 1413:2002ARA&A..40..171H 1178:1970Ap&SS...7....3S 852:Green–Schwarz mechanism 142:reached a consensus to 1548:Knowledge (XXG) how-to 1328:Zeitschrift für Physik 1267:10.1103/PhysRev.73.803 493:Since Knowledge (XXG) 425: 292:α,β-unsaturated ketone 1053:, Vol. 23, pp. 21–24 996:Annals of Mathematics 761:discovered that most 500:Astrophysical Journal 962:"Nova Centauri 1986" 702:no original research 636:routine calculations 140:community discussion 107:no original research 1543:WikiProject Physics 1341:1926ZPhy...37..895K 1259:1948PhRv...73..803A 1222:1984PhLB..149..117G 1096:2006JCAP...06..019G 980:1987IAUC.4316....2M 860:Kaluza–Klein theory 746:Poincaré conjecture 437:Particle Data Group 365:Mahrwald, R. (ed.) 206:superstring theory. 168:Galilean relativity 1437:The Early Universe 1349:10.1007/BF01397481 1186:10.1007/BF00653471 793:Lyman-alpha forest 717:was discovered by 700:Knowledge (XXG)'s 459:general references 284:aldol condensation 236:carbon-carbon bond 222:For example, from 200:superstring theory 164:Special relativity 1209:Physics Letters B 1050:Popular Astronomy 765:had considerable 690:Methane clathrate 624:original research 463:low basis theorem 410:Organic Reactions 329:Organic Chemistry 299:carbonyl compound 244:organic chemistry 183:may have a large 79: 78: 29:content guideline 1555: 1519: 1497: 1475: 1453: 1431: 1406: 1404:astro-ph/0110414 1383: 1367:Modern Cosmology 1353: 1352: 1322: 1316: 1315: 1305: 1299: 1298: 1286: 1277: 1271: 1270: 1240: 1234: 1233: 1203: 1197: 1196: 1159: 1153: 1152: 1136:(151): 449–463. 1121: 1115: 1114: 1089: 1087:astro-ph/0602155 1067: 1061: 1058:celestial sphere 1036: 1030: 1019: 990: 984: 983: 957: 951: 950: 942: 936: 933:Manifold Destiny 929: 645:Lambda-CDM model 604: 596: 588: 580: 574: 570: 564: 560: 554: 420: 406: 400: 386:Heathcock, C. H. 383: 377: 363: 357: 344: 338: 325: 234:is an important 118:Inline citations 71: 64: 23: 22: 16: 1565: 1564: 1558: 1557: 1556: 1554: 1553: 1552: 1523: 1522: 1516: 1500: 1494: 1478: 1472: 1456: 1450: 1434: 1386: 1380: 1364: 1361: 1356: 1335:(12): 895–906. 1324: 1323: 1319: 1307: 1306: 1302: 1284: 1279: 1278: 1274: 1246:Physical Review 1242: 1241: 1237: 1216:(1–3): 117–22. 1205: 1204: 1200: 1160: 1156: 1123: 1122: 1118: 1069: 1068: 1064: 1044:, pp.2.56–2.57 1037: 1033: 1009:10.2307/1970128 992: 991: 987: 959: 958: 954: 944: 943: 939: 930: 926: 922: 868: 715:Supernova 1987A 698: 680: 661: 619: 598: 590: 582: 578: 572: 568: 562: 558: 552: 491: 489:Citation format 454: 424: 423: 407: 403: 384: 380: 364: 360: 345: 341: 326: 322: 317: 294:(or aldehyde). 155: 102: 81:This page is a 75: 74: 67: 60: 56: 48: 20: 12: 11: 5: 1563: 1562: 1559: 1551: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1525: 1524: 1521: 1520: 1514: 1498: 1492: 1476: 1470: 1454: 1448: 1441:Addison-Wesley 1432: 1384: 1378: 1371:Academic Press 1360: 1357: 1355: 1354: 1317: 1300: 1272: 1235: 1198: 1154: 1116: 1062: 1031: 1003:(3): 504–537. 999:. 2nd Series. 985: 952: 937: 923: 921: 918: 917: 916: 910: 905: 900: 895: 890: 885: 879: 874: 867: 864: 840: 839: 834: 829: 824: 819: 802: 801: 797:electron volts 789:galaxy surveys 772: 771: 763:spiral nebulae 750: 749: 735: 697: 694: 678: 659: 618: 615: 490: 487: 453: 450: 433:speed of light 422: 421: 401: 378: 358: 339: 319: 318: 315: 264:aldol addition 232:aldol reaction 224:aldol reaction 209: 208: 189: 176: 172:speed of light 154: 151: 77: 76: 73: 72: 65: 57: 52: 49: 34: 33: 24: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1561: 1560: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1530: 1528: 1517: 1515:0-691-01933-9 1512: 1508: 1504: 1499: 1495: 1493:0-521-56398-4 1490: 1486: 1482: 1477: 1473: 1471:0-521-57598-2 1468: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1451: 1449:0-201-11604-9 1446: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1429: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1391: 1385: 1381: 1379:0-12-219141-2 1376: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1362: 1358: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1329: 1321: 1318: 1313: 1312: 1304: 1301: 1296: 1292: 1291: 1283: 1276: 1273: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1247: 1239: 1236: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1210: 1202: 1199: 1194: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1166: 1158: 1155: 1150: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1120: 1117: 1112: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1074: 1066: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1035: 1032: 1027: 1023: 1017: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 997: 989: 986: 981: 977: 973: 969: 968: 963: 956: 953: 948: 941: 938: 934: 928: 925: 919: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 869: 865: 863: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 814: 813: 811: 806: 800: 798: 794: 790: 786: 781: 780: 779: 777: 770: 768: 764: 760: 759:Vesto Slipher 755: 754: 753: 747: 743: 741: 736: 734: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 711: 710: 706: 703: 695: 693: 691: 685: 683: 677: 673: 669: 665: 664:Fisher matrix 658: 654: 650: 646: 641: 637: 632: 630: 625: 616: 614: 612: 606: 602: 594: 586: 577: 567: 557: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 501: 496: 488: 486: 484: 480: 474: 472: 466: 464: 460: 451: 449: 446: 442: 438: 434: 429: 418: 415: 411: 405: 402: 398: 395: 391: 387: 382: 379: 375: 374:3-527-30714-1 372: 368: 362: 359: 356: 355:0-471-58589-0 353: 349: 343: 340: 337: 334: 330: 324: 321: 314: 312: 311:crossed aldol 308: 304: 300: 295: 293: 289: 285: 281: 278:ehyde + alcoh 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 227: 225: 220: 216: 214: 207: 205: 201: 198: 194: 190: 188: 186: 182: 179:A frustrated 177: 175: 173: 169: 165: 161: 160: 159: 152: 150: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133:(<ref: --> 132: 128: 126: 121: 119: 115: 114: 113:verifiability 109: 108: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 70: 66: 63: 59: 58: 55: 50: 46: 42: 38: 32: 30: 25: 18: 17: 1502: 1480: 1458: 1436: 1394: 1388: 1366: 1332: 1326: 1320: 1309: 1303: 1294: 1288: 1275: 1250: 1244: 1238: 1213: 1207: 1201: 1169: 1163: 1157: 1133: 1132:. Series 5. 1129: 1119: 1077: 1071: 1065: 1048: 1039: 1034: 1025: 1021: 1000: 994: 988: 971: 967:IAU Circular 965: 955: 940: 927: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 807: 803: 782: 773: 756: 751: 737: 713: 707: 699: 686: 681: 675: 671: 656: 648: 633: 620: 607: 601:cite journal 513:verification 504: 498: 492: 475: 467: 455: 430: 426: 409: 404: 389: 381: 366: 361: 347: 342: 328: 327:Wade, L. G. 323: 310: 306: 296: 279: 275: 263: 254:anion to an 231: 229: 221: 217: 210: 191: 185:ground state 178: 162: 156: 129: 122: 111: 105: 103: 26: 1397:: 171–216. 1172:(1): 3–19. 1024:sphere for 731:New Zealand 719:Ian Shelton 696:Attribution 503:instead of 288:dehydration 282:). In the 187:degeneracy. 87:Mathematics 1527:Categories 1359:References 1314:: 966–972. 1297:: 504–506. 1253:(7): 803. 611:WP:FURTHER 576:MathSciNet 549:MathSciNet 439:or in the 419:. (Review) 417:0471861413 399:. (Review) 397:0080405932 336:013187151X 316:References 181:spin glass 69:WP:SCICITE 37:exceptions 1193:117050217 1111:119535760 1080:(6): 19. 785:cosmology 778:article: 767:redshifts 640:precision 629:copyright 593:cite book 529:preprints 307:different 262:. In the 193:T-duality 166:combines 144:deprecate 131:Footnotes 99:Chemistry 83:guideline 54:Shortcuts 41:consensus 1149:25799867 974:(2): 2. 866:See also 791:and the 776:neutrino 740:oriented 585:citation 272:aldehyde 256:aldehyde 240:reaction 238:forming 204:type IIB 197:type IIA 195:relates 1409:Bibcode 1337:Bibcode 1255:Bibcode 1218:Bibcode 1174:Bibcode 1092:Bibcode 1016:1970128 976:Bibcode 913:WebCite 810:eponyms 653:baryons 556:bibcode 531:on the 303:in situ 252:enolate 91:Physics 1428:569887 744:(from 666:, the 545:SPIRES 505:Ap. 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Index

content guideline
exceptions
consensus
this guideline's talk page
Shortcuts
WP:SCG
WP:SCICITE
guideline
Mathematics
Physics
Molecular and cellular biology
Chemistry
no original research
verifiability
Inline citations
citing sources guideline
Footnotes
Parenthetical referencing
community discussion
deprecate
Do not change any article's established citation style without discussing it first.
Special relativity
Galilean relativity
speed of light
spin glass
ground state
T-duality
type IIA
superstring theory
type IIB

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