835:
94:
974:
literature of major, modern
Western-European powers, but a combination of factors in the late 1980s and early 1990s led to greater access to the world. The end of the Cold War, the growing globalization of the world economy, and new waves of immigration led to several efforts to expand the study of world literature. This change is illustrated by the expansion of
36:
978:, whose first edition in 1956 featured only Western-European and North American works, to a new "expanded edition" in 1995 with non-Western selections. Major survey anthologies today, including those published by Longman, Bedford and Norton, showcase several hundred authors from dozens of countries.
969:
argued that world literature first arose in ancient empires, such as the Roman Empire, long before the rise of the modern national literature. Today, world literature is understood to encompass classical works from all periods, including contemporary literature that is written for a global audience.
952:
In place of the old wants, satisfied by the productions of the country, we find new wants, requiring for their satisfaction the products of distant lands and climates. ... And as in material, so also in intellectual production. The intellectual creations of individual nations become common property.
894:
states, "A work enters into world literature by a double process: first, by being read as literature; second, by circulating out into a broader world beyond its linguistic and cultural point of origin". Likewise, the world literature scholar Venkat Mani believes that the "worlding" of literature is
991:
David
Damrosch understands world literature to be less of a vast collection of works and more a matter of circulation and reception. He proposed that works that thrive as world literature are ones that work well and even gain meaning through translation. Whereas Damrosch's approach remains tied to
1019:
World literature series are now being published in China and in
Estonia, and a new Institute for World Literature, offering month-long summer sessions on theory and pedagogy, had its inaugural session at Peking University in 2011, with its next sessions at Istanbul Bilgi University in 2012 and at
1015:
The field of world literature continues to generate debate, with critics such as
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak arguing that too often the study of world literature in translation smooths out both the linguistic richness of the original and the political force a work can have in its original context.
964:
document, which was published in four languages and distributed among several
European countries, and has since become one of the most influential texts of the twentieth century. While Marx and Engels followed Goethe in viewing world literature as a modern or future phenomenon, in 1886 the Irish
920:
published a collection of conversations with Goethe in 1835. Goethe spoke with
Eckermann about the excitement of reading Chinese novels and Persian and Serbian poetry as well as of his fascination with seeing how his own works were translated and discussed abroad, especially in France. He made a
973:
In the postwar era, the study of comparative and world literature was revived in the United States. Comparative literature was seen at the graduate level while world literature was taught as a first-year general education class. The focus remained largely on the Greek and Roman classics and the
996:
in a pair of articles offering "Conjectures on World
Literature". Moretti believes that the scale of world literature exceeds what can be grasped by traditional methods of close reading, and advocates instead a mode of "distant reading" that would look at large-scale patterns as discerned from
925:
I am more and more convinced that poetry is the universal possession of mankind, revealing itself everywhere and at all times in hundreds and hundreds of men. ... I therefore like to look about me in foreign nations, and advise everyone to do the same. National literature is now a rather
915:
used the concept of world literature in several of his essays in the early decades of the nineteenth century to describe the international circulation and reception of literary works in Europe, including works of non-Western origin. The concept achieved wide currency after his disciple
1012:(1999). Drawing on the theories of cultural production developed by the sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, Casanova explores the ways in which the works of peripheral writers must circulate into metropolitan centers in order to achieve recognition as being world literature.
903:
who print and sell affordable books, literate citizens who acquire these books, and public libraries that make these books available to those who cannot afford to buy them collectively play a very important role in the "making" of world literature".
1020:
Harvard
University in 2013. Since the middle of the first decade of the new century, a steady stream of works has provided materials for the study of the history of world literature and the current debates. Valuable collections of essays include:
986:
The explosive growth in the range of cultures studied under the rubric of world literature has inspired a variety of theoretical attempts to define the field and to propose effective modes of research and teaching. In his 2003 book
863:
1016:
Other scholars, on the contrary, emphasize that world literature can and should be studied with close attention to original languages and contexts, even as works take on new dimensions and new meanings abroad.
1408:
Damrosch, David, April
Alliston, Marshall Brown, Page duBois, Sabry Hafez, Ursula K. Heise, Djelal Kadir, David L. Pike, Sheldon Pollock, Bruce Robbins, Haruo Shirane, Jane Tylus, and Pauline Yu, eds.
879:
is used to refer to the total of the world's national literature and the circulation of works into the wider world beyond their country of origin. In the past, it primarily referred to the
960:
has stated that Goethe had a keen sense of world literature as driven by a new world market in literature. This market-based approach was sought by Marx and Engels in 1848 through their
856:
849:
887:; however, world literature today is increasingly seen in an international context. Now, readers have access to a wide range of global works in various translations.
953:
National one-sidedness and narrow-mindedness become more and more impossible, and from the numerous national and local literatures, there arises a world literature.
921:
famous statement in
January 1827, predicting that world literature would replace the national literature as the major mode of literary creativity in the future:
1166:
1235:
1210:
890:
Many scholars assert that what makes a work considered world literature is its circulation beyond its country of origin. For example,
136:
75:
57:
1636:
174:
103:
46:
1631:
808:
1426:
1536:
Multilingual Bibliography of (Text)Books in Comparative Literature, World Literature(s), and Comparative Cultural Studies"
1126:
1641:
1146:
803:
745:
230:
798:
1563:
Vipper, Yuri B. "National Literary History in History of World Literature: Theoretical Principles of Treatment".
709:
614:
459:
343:
1141:
773:
1034:
1292:, ed. Maynard Mack and Sarah Lawall, Expanded Edition, 1995. Third edition, ed. Martin Puchner et al., 2012.
1087:
939:
899:" largely generated by developments in print culture. Because of the advent of the library, "Publishers and
1596:
1131:
930:
Reflecting a fundamentally economic understanding of world literature as a process of trade and exchange,
926:
unmeaning term; the epoch of world literature is at hand, and everyone must strive to hasten its approach.
917:
912:
525:
370:
179:
107:
1000:
Moretti's approach combined elements of evolutionary theory with the world-systems analysis pioneered by
1176:
1151:
1136:
1104:
694:
598:
588:
520:
281:
152:
1535:
1024:
1108:
1054:
1001:
896:
823:
674:
639:
567:
483:
473:
468:
1556:
Vipper, Yuri B. "A Fundamental Study of the History of World Literature". USSR Academy of Sciences:
884:
768:
752:
740:
669:
654:
644:
629:
557:
511:
498:
450:
445:
440:
365:
328:
276:
50:
that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
1590:
1568:
813:
778:
722:
679:
664:
649:
583:
552:
493:
478:
315:
306:
296:
291:
271:
184:
1415:
Davis, Paul, John F. Crawford, Gary Harrison, David M. Johnson, and Patricia Clark Smith, eds.
1231:
1206:
839:
699:
689:
684:
634:
619:
562:
416:
391:
358:
301:
286:
1468:
935:
818:
659:
624:
534:
488:
411:
353:
338:
333:
1500:
1499:
Puchner, Martin, Suzanne Conklin Akbari, Wiebke Denecke, Vinay Dharwadker, Barbara Fuchs,
704:
593:
251:
189:
1008:. Related to their world-systems approach is the work of French critic Pascale Casanova,
992:
the close reading of individual works, a different view was taken by the Stanford critic
1551:
Companion to Comparative Literature, World Literatures, and Comparative Cultural Studies
1113:
Companion to Comparative Literature, World Literatures, and Comparative Cultural Studies
1606:
1223:
1044:
993:
957:
891:
396:
348:
1524:
Tanoukhi, Nirvana. "The Scale of World Literature". New Literary History 39.3 (2008).
1625:
1156:
966:
406:
386:
246:
1567:
Vol. 16, No. 3, On Writing Histories of Literature (Spring 1985), pp. 545–558.
1171:
118:
1529:
Mapping World Literature: International Canonization and Transnational Literatures
1004:, an approach further discussed since then by Emily Apter in her influential book
1451:
1352:
1181:
1161:
945:
900:
880:
210:
17:
1472:
1438:
Weltliteratur. Modelle transnationaler Literaturwahrnehmung im 19. Jahrhundert
1615:
931:
401:
1597:
List of Selected Comparative Literature and Comparative Humanities Journals
1309:, pp. 148–162. Moretti offered further reflections in "More Conjectures",
114:
1222:
Mani, B. Venkat (2012). "Chapter 29. Bibliomigrancy". In D’haen, Theo;
1572:
1610:
220:
1366:. Trans. M. B. DeBevoise. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004.
1452:"World Literatures from the Nineteenth to the Twenty-first Century"
1601:
1463:
225:
215:
1278:
Poetry of the Revolution: Marx, Manifestos and the Avant-Gardes
1487:
The Idea of World Literature: History and Pedagogical Practice
87:
29:
1585:
1422:
1384:
47:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
1514:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. 2 Vols.
1351:
Boruszko, Graciela, and Steven Tötösy de Zepetnek, eds.
1252:
Gespräche mit Goethe in den letzten Jahren seines Lebens
1503:, Sarah Lawall, Pericles Lewis, and Emily Wilson, eds.
1445:
The Commonwealth, Comparative Literature, and the World
53:
1549:
Tötösy de Zepetnek, Steven, and Tutun Mukherjee, eds.
1519:
Comparative Cultural Studies and the New Weltliteratur
1489:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2006.
27:
Circulation of literature beyond its country of origin
1433:. Ed. Susan Bassnett. London: Routledge, 2019. 75–91.
1427:"Gualterio Escoto: A Writer across World-Literatures"
1376:
D'haen, Theo, David Damrosch, and Djelal Kadir, eds.
997:
publication records and national literary histories.
1553:. New Delhi: Cambridge University Press India, 2013.
1480:
Reading World Literature: Theory, History, Practice
1301:Franco Moretti, "Conjectures on World Literature".
944:(1848) to describe the "cosmopolitan character" of
1324:The Translation Zone: A New Comparative Literature
1371:The Routledge Concise History of World Literature
1353:"New Work about World Literatures". Special Issue
1099:The Routledge Concise History of World Literature
1521:. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press, 2013.
1419:. New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2004. 6 Vols.
950:
923:
1338:, trans. M. B. DeBevoise, Harvard U.P., 2004.
1280:. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006
857:
8:
1512:Poems for the Millennium: A Global Anthology
1405:Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003.
1254:, trans. John Oxenford as J. W. von Goethe,
1510:Rothenberg, Jerome, and Pierre Joris, eds.
1378:The Routledge Companion to World Literature
1305:1 (2000), pp. 54–68; repr. in Prendergast,
1228:The Routledge Companion to World Literature
1059:The Routledge Companion to World Literature
1540:CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture
1482:. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1994.
1456:CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture
1412:. New York: Pearson Longman, 2009. 6 Vols.
1357:CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture
976:The Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces
864:
850:
729:
541:
434:
322:
168:
148:
117:. Please do not remove this message until
1507:. New York: W. W. Norton, 2012. Six vols.
1417:The Bedford Anthology of World Literature
1410:The Longman Anthology of World Literature
1167:UNESCO Collection of Representative Works
137:Learn how and when to remove this message
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
1505:The Norton Anthology of World Literature
1467:. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019.
1290:The Norton Anthology of World Literature
113:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1194:
790:
760:
732:
721:
606:
575:
544:
533:
510:
458:
428:
378:
314:
263:
238:
202:
162:
151:
1602:Institute for World Literature website
1560:Vol. XVI, No. 1, 1985 pp. 84–93.
948:literary production, asserting that:
7:
1246:
1244:
1205:. Princeton University Press. p. 6.
1387:, and Mads Rosendahl Thomsen, eds.
1326:. Princeton: Princeton U.P., 2006.
1010:La RĂ©publique mondiale des lettres
25:
1464:Worlding a Peripheral Literature
1440:. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, 2011.
1431:Translation and World Literature
1258:, repr. North Point Press, 1994.
833:
92:
34:
1546:) (March 1, 1999; updated 2020)
1447:. Islamabad: Indus Books, 1988.
1591:Dictionary of World Literature
1492:Prendergast, Christopher, ed.
1:
1364:The World Republic of Letters
1336:The World Republic of Letters
1618:– world literature community
1534:Tötösy de Zepetnek, Steven.
1396:How to Read World Literature
1256:Conversations with Eckermann
1127:Comparative cultural studies
1082:The Idea of World Literature
1069:Individual studies include:
1147:List of years in literature
982:Contemporary understandings
885:Western European literature
804:List of years in literature
119:conditions to do so are met
1658:
1531:. London: Continuum, 2008.
1398:. London: Blackwell, 2009.
1391:. London: Routledge, 2012.
1389:World Literature: A Reader
1380:. London: Routledge, 2011.
1373:. London: Routledge, 2011.
1063:World Literature: A Reader
799:History of science fiction
1527:Thomsen, Mads Rosendahl.
1494:Debating World Literature
1473:10.1007/978-981-32-9405-9
1403:What Is World Literature?
1307:Debating World Literature
1203:What Is World Literature?
1057:'s co-edited collections
1049:Teaching World Literature
1039:Debating World Literature
989:What Is World Literature?
710:Indian writing in English
1517:Sturm-Trigonakis, Elke.
1250:Johann Peter Eckermann,
1226:; Kadir, Djelal (eds.).
1201:Damrosch, David (2003).
1142:List of world folk-epics
1092:Mapping World Literature
429:North and South American
1035:Christopher Prendergast
938:used the term in their
1637:Literature by language
1616:World Literature Forum
1496:. London: Verso, 2004.
1132:Comparative literature
1088:Mads Rosendahl Thomsen
955:
928:
918:Johann Peter Eckermann
913:Johann Wolfgang Goethe
56:by rewriting it in an
1632:Literature by country
1313:20 (2003), pp. 73–81.
1230:. Routledge. p. 284.
1152:Literature by country
1137:History of literature
840:Literature portal
809:Literature by country
153:History of literature
1565:New Literary History
1006:The Translation Zone
1002:Immanuel Wallerstein
897:information transfer
824:Intellectual history
157:by region or country
1478:Lawall, Sarah, ed.
1362:Casanova, Pascale.
1075:Maps, Graphs, Trees
1029:Weltliteratur Heute
941:Communist Manifesto
106:of this article is
1642:Literary criticism
1450:Juvan, Marko, ed.
1105:Tötösy de Zepetnek
895:brought about by "
814:History of theatre
58:encyclopedic style
45:is written like a
1443:Hashmi, Alamgir.
1401:Damrosch, David.
1394:Damrosch, David.
1267:Eckermann, p. 132
1236:978-0-415-57022-0
1211:978-0-691-04986-1
1025:Manfred Schmeling
874:
873:
786:
785:
717:
716:
506:
505:
424:
423:
392:Poststructuralism
359:Matter of Britain
259:
258:
147:
146:
139:
86:
85:
78:
16:(Redirected from
1649:
1607:World literature
1586:DomĂnguez, CĂ©sar
1454:. Special Issue
1423:DomĂnguez, CĂ©sar
1339:
1333:
1327:
1320:
1314:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1276:Martin Puchner,
1274:
1268:
1265:
1259:
1248:
1239:
1220:
1214:
1199:
936:Friedrich Engels
877:World literature
866:
859:
852:
838:
837:
836:
819:History of ideas
746:Ancient Egyptian
730:
542:
435:
412:Post-colonialism
354:Matter of France
323:
195:World literature
169:
158:
149:
142:
135:
131:
128:
122:
96:
95:
88:
81:
74:
70:
67:
61:
38:
37:
30:
21:
18:World Literature
1657:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1622:
1621:
1582:
1558:Social Sciences
1501:Caroline Levine
1436:GoĂźens, Peter.
1385:CĂ©sar DomĂnguez
1348:
1346:Further reading
1343:
1342:
1334:
1330:
1321:
1317:
1311:New Left Review
1303:New Left Review
1300:
1296:
1288:
1284:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1249:
1242:
1224:Damrosch, David
1221:
1217:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1122:
1109:Tutun Mukherjee
984:
910:
870:
834:
832:
156:
155:
143:
132:
126:
123:
112:
97:
93:
82:
71:
65:
62:
54:help improve it
51:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1655:
1653:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1613:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1581:
1580:External links
1578:
1577:
1576:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1532:
1525:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1461:Juvan, Marko.
1459:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1420:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1383:D'haen, Theo,
1381:
1374:
1369:D'haen, Theo.
1367:
1360:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1328:
1315:
1294:
1282:
1269:
1260:
1240:
1215:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1107:, Steven, and
1102:
1095:
1085:
1078:
1067:
1066:
1052:
1045:David Damrosch
1042:
1032:
994:Franco Moretti
983:
980:
958:Martin Puchner
909:
906:
892:David Damrosch
872:
871:
869:
868:
861:
854:
846:
843:
842:
829:
828:
827:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
793:
792:
791:Related topics
788:
787:
784:
783:
782:
781:
776:
771:
763:
762:
758:
757:
756:
755:
750:
749:
748:
735:
734:
726:
725:
719:
718:
715:
714:
713:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
615:Ancient Meitei
609:
608:
604:
603:
602:
601:
596:
591:
586:
578:
577:
573:
572:
571:
570:
565:
560:
555:
547:
546:
538:
537:
531:
530:
529:
528:
523:
515:
514:
508:
507:
504:
503:
502:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
463:
462:
460:Latin American
456:
455:
454:
453:
448:
443:
431:
430:
426:
425:
422:
421:
420:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
397:Deconstruction
394:
389:
381:
380:
376:
375:
374:
373:
368:
363:
362:
361:
356:
351:
349:Matter of Rome
344:Early Medieval
341:
336:
331:
319:
318:
312:
311:
310:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
266:
265:
264:Middle Eastern
261:
260:
257:
256:
255:
254:
249:
241:
240:
236:
235:
234:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
205:
204:
200:
199:
198:
197:
192:
187:
182:
180:Literary terms
177:
165:
164:
163:General topics
160:
159:
145:
144:
100:
98:
91:
84:
83:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1654:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1485:Pizer, John.
1484:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1337:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1322:Emily Apter,
1319:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1188:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1177:World history
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1157:Print culture
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:Theo D'haen,
1096:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
998:
995:
990:
981:
979:
977:
971:
968:
967:H. M. Posnett
963:
959:
954:
949:
947:
943:
942:
937:
933:
927:
922:
919:
914:
907:
905:
902:
898:
893:
888:
886:
882:
878:
867:
862:
860:
855:
853:
848:
847:
845:
844:
841:
831:
830:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
796:
795:
794:
789:
780:
777:
775:
774:South African
772:
770:
767:
766:
765:
764:
759:
754:
751:
747:
744:
743:
742:
739:
738:
737:
736:
731:
728:
727:
724:
720:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
685:Modern Meitei
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
612:
611:
610:
605:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
581:
580:
579:
574:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
550:
549:
548:
543:
540:
539:
536:
532:
527:
524:
522:
519:
518:
517:
516:
513:
509:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
466:
465:
464:
461:
457:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
438:
437:
436:
433:
432:
427:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
407:Postmodernism
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
387:Structuralism
385:
384:
383:
382:
377:
372:
369:
367:
364:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
346:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
326:
325:
324:
321:
320:
317:
313:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
269:
268:
267:
262:
253:
250:
248:
245:
244:
243:
242:
237:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
208:
207:
206:
201:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
172:
171:
170:
167:
166:
161:
154:
150:
141:
138:
130:
127:November 2014
120:
116:
110:
109:
105:
99:
90:
89:
80:
77:
69:
66:November 2014
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
32:
31:
19:
1589:
1564:
1557:
1550:
1543:
1539:
1528:
1518:
1511:
1504:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1462:
1455:
1444:
1437:
1430:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1377:
1370:
1363:
1359:15.6 (2013)]
1356:
1335:
1331:
1323:
1318:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1289:
1285:
1277:
1272:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1227:
1218:
1202:
1197:
1172:World cinema
1112:
1098:
1091:
1081:
1080:John Pizer,
1074:
1068:
1062:
1058:
1048:
1038:
1028:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1005:
999:
988:
985:
975:
972:
961:
956:
951:
940:
929:
924:
911:
889:
881:masterpieces
876:
875:
194:
175:Basic topics
133:
124:
102:
72:
63:
44:
1458:15.5 (2013)
1182:World music
1162:Translation
1061:(2011) and
1055:Theo D'haen
901:booksellers
761:Sub-Saharan
526:New Zealand
371:Renaissance
1626:Categories
695:Rajasthani
599:Vietnamese
589:Philippine
521:Australian
417:Hypertexts
282:Babylonian
104:neutrality
1073:Moretti,
962:Manifesto
946:bourgeois
932:Karl Marx
675:Malayalam
640:Pakistani
576:Southeast
568:Mongolian
484:Colombian
474:Brazilian
469:Argentine
402:Modernism
185:Criticism
115:talk page
1120:See also
965:scholar
769:Nigerian
753:Moroccan
741:Egyptian
670:Kashmiri
655:Gujarati
645:Assamese
630:Sanskrit
558:Japanese
512:Oceanian
499:Peruvian
451:Jamaican
446:Canadian
441:American
366:Medieval
329:Armenian
316:European
277:Sumerian
108:disputed
1544:Library
1115:(2013).
1111:, eds.
1084:(2006),
1065:(2012).
908:History
779:Swahili
723:African
680:Marathi
665:Kannada
650:Bengali
584:Burmese
553:Chinese
494:Mexican
479:Chilean
307:Israeli
297:Persian
292:Pahlavi
272:Ancient
252:Authors
231:Romance
52:Please
1611:Curlie
1588:, ed.
1573:468839
1571:
1234:
1209:
1101:(2011)
1094:(2008)
1077:(2005)
1051:(2009)
1041:(2004)
1031:(1995)
700:Sindhi
690:Nepali
635:Indian
620:Telugu
563:Korean
379:Modern
302:Arabic
287:Hebrew
221:Poetry
190:Theory
1569:JSTOR
1189:Notes
733:North
660:Hindi
625:Tamil
607:South
535:Asian
489:Cuban
339:Latin
334:Greek
247:Books
239:Lists
226:Prose
216:Novel
203:Types
1232:ISBN
1207:ISBN
934:and
705:Urdu
594:Thai
545:East
211:Epic
101:The
1609:at
1469:doi
883:of
1628::
1538:.
1429:.
1425:.
1355:.
1243:^
1090:,
1047:,
1037:,
1027:,
1575:.
1542:(
1475:.
1471::
1238:.
1213:.
865:e
858:t
851:v
140:)
134:(
129:)
125:(
121:.
111:.
79:)
73:(
68:)
64:(
60:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.