727:, Kames outlined the four stages of human history which he observed. The first and most primitive stage was small hunter-gatherer groups. Then, to form larger groups, humans transitioned into the second stage when they began to domesticate animals. The third stage was the development of agriculture. This new technology established trade and higher levels of cooperation amongst sizable groups of people. With the gathering of people into agricultural villages, laws and social obligations needed to be developed so a form of order could be maintained. The fourth, and final stage, involved humans moving into market towns and seaports where agriculture was not the focus. Instead, commerce and other forms of labor arouse in a society. By defining the stages of human history, Homes influenced his successors. He also contributed to the development of other studies such as sociology and anthropology.
628:(1247–1318), was a Muslim physician from Persian speaking family, polymathic writer, and historian, who wrote an enormous Islamic history, the Jami al-Tawarikh, in the Persian language, often considered a landmark in intercultural historiography and a key document on the Ilkhanids (13th and 14th century). His encyclopedic knowledge of a wide range of cultures from Mongolia to China to the Steppes of Central Eurasia to Persia, the Arabic-speaking lands, and Europe, provide the most direct access to information on the late Mongol era. His descriptions also highlight how the Mongol Empire and its emphasis on trade resulted in an atmosphere of cultural and religious exchange and intellectual ferment, resulting in the transmission of a host of ideas from East to West and vice versa.
720:(1767). According to Ferguson, world history was a combination of two forms of history. One was natural history; the aspects of our world which God created. The other, which was more revolutionary, was social history. For him, social history was the progress humans made towards fulfilling God's plan for humanity. He believed that progress, which could be achieved through individuals pursuing commercial success, would bring us closer to a perfect society; but we would never reach one. However, he also theorized that complete dedication to commercial success could lead to societal collapses—like what happened in Rome—because people would lose morality. Through this lens, Ferguson viewed world history as humanity's struggle to reach an ideal society.
846:(2 vol 1919–1922) compared nine organic cultures: Egyptian (3400–1200 BC), Indian (1500–1100 BC), Chinese (1300 BC–AD 200), Classical (1100–400 BC), Byzantine (AD 300–1100), Aztec (AD 1300–1500), Arabian (AD 300–1250), Mayan (AD 600–960), and Western (AD 900–1900). His book was a success among intellectuals worldwide as it predicted the disintegration of European and American civilization after a violent "age of Caesarism", arguing by detailed analogies with other civilizations. It deepened the post-World War I pessimism in Europe, and was warmly received by intellectuals in China, India, and Latin America who hoped his predictions of the collapse of European empires would soon come true.
870:(1963) to improve upon Toynbee by showing how the separate civilizations of Eurasia interacted from the very beginning of their history, borrowing critical skills from one another, and thus precipitating still further change as adjustment between traditional old and borrowed new knowledge and practice became necessary. McNeill took a broad approach organized around the interactions of peoples across the Earth. Such interactions have become both more numerous and more continual and substantial in recent times. Before about 1500, the network of communication between cultures was that of Eurasia. The term for these areas of interaction differ from one world historian to another and include
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680:(1751), instead choose to focus on economics, politics, and culture. These aspects of history were mostly unexplored by his contemporaries and would each develop into their sections of world history. Above all else, Voltaire regarded truth as the most essential part of recording world history. Nationalism and religion only subtracted from objective truth, so Voltaire freed himself for their influence when he recorded history.
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lens differs from the rest because it is void of any cultural biases and takes a more analytical approach to history. World
History can be a broad topic, so focusing on extracting the most valuable information from certain periods may be the most beneficial approach. This third lens, as did Hegel's definitions of the other two, affected the study of history in the early modern period and our contemporary period.
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907:"was to present a survey of world cultural history, treating the development and growth of civilization not as a unique European experience but as a global one through which all the great culture systems have interacted to produce the present-day world. It attempted to include all the elements of history – social, economic, political, religious, aesthetic, legal, and technological." Just as
591:. Rulers rise when they united China, then are overthrown when such dynasty became corrupt. Each new dynasty begins virtuous and strong, but then decays, provoking the transfer of Heaven's mandate to a new ruler. The test of virtue in a new dynasty is success in being obeyed by China and neighboring barbarians. After 2000 years Sima Qian's model still dominates scholarship, although the
858:, Toynbee explained decline as due to their moral failure. Many readers rejoiced in his implication (in vols. 1–6) that only a return to some form of Catholicism could halt the breakdown of western civilization which began with the Reformation. Volumes 7–10, published in 1954, abandoned the religious message, and his popular audience shrunk while scholars picked apart his mistakes.
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690:(The New Science) in 1725, which argued history as the expression of human will and deeds. He thought that men are historical entities and that human nature changes over time. Each epoch should be seen as a whole in which all aspects of culture—art, religion, philosophy, politics, and economics—are interrelated (a point developed later by
694:). Vico showed that myth, poetry, and art are entry points to discovering the true spirit of a culture. Vico outlined a conception of historical development in which great cultures, like Rome, undergo cycles of growth and decline. His ideas were out of fashion during the Enlightenment but influenced the Romantic historians after 1800.
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growing world-history emphasis on connections and exchange across regional boundaries. A closer examination of recent exchanges and debates over the merits of this exchange is also featured. Reynolds sees the relationship between
African and world history as a measure of the changing nature of historical inquiry over the past century.
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469:, and to analyse how large-scale changes like these have affected different parts of the world. Like other branches of history-writing in the second half of the twentieth century, World History has a scope far beyond historians' traditional focus on politics, wars, and diplomacy, taking in a panoply of subjects like
672:). Voltaire, in the 18th century, attempted to revolutionize the study of world history. First, Voltaire concluded that the traditional study of history was flawed. The Christian Church, one of the most powerful entities in his time, had presented a framework for studying history. Voltaire, when writing
712:
Hegel termed the lens which he advocated to view world history through as
Philosophical History. To view history through this lens, one must analyze events, civilizations, and periods objectively. When done in this fashion, the historian can then extract the prevailing theme from their studies. This
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Reflective
History, Hegel's second lens, are documents written with some temporal distance separating the event which is discussed in academic writing. What limited this lens, according to Hegel, was the imposition of the writer's own cultural values and views on the historical event. This criticism
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G.W.F. Hegel developed three lenses through which he believed world history could be viewed. Documents produced during a historical period, such as journal entries and contractual agreements, were considered by Hegel to be part of
Original History. These documents are produced by a person enveloped
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and graduate programs at a handful of
American universities. Over the next decades scholarly publications, professional and academic organizations, and graduate programs in World History proliferated. World History has often displaced Western Civilization in the required curriculum of American high
357:
synchronous to "classical antiquity" of the
Western tradition. Jaspers also proposed a more universal periodization—prehistory, history and planetary history. All distinguished earlier periods belong to the second period (history) which is a relatively brief transitory phase between two much longer
2314:'s words, 'the nomad story is neither less wonderful nor less significant than ours.' But we'll still be treating ourselves as the measure of everything unless we learn to revise our sense of significance. This may be the greatest gift a more global history offers us: greatness redefined." (p. 61.)
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rejected
Herodotus's all-embracing approach to history, offering instead a more precise, sharply focused monograph, dealing not with vast empires over the centuries but with 27 years of war between Athens and Sparta. In Rome, the vast, patriotic history of Rome by Livy (59 BC – 17 AD) approximated
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In recent years, the relationship between
African and world history has shifted rapidly from one of antipathy to one of engagement and synthesis. Reynolds (2007) surveys the relationship between African and world histories, with an emphasis on the tension between the area studies paradigm and the
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came out in three separate installments. He followed
Spengler in taking a comparative topical approach to independent civilizations. Toynbee said they displayed striking parallels in their origin, growth, and decay. Toynbee rejected Spengler's biological model of civilizations as organisms with a
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became leaders in the integration of world history to the American College curriculum. Gottschalk began work on the UNESCO 'History of Mankind: Cultural and Scientific Development' in 1951. McNeill, influenced by Toynbee, broadened his work on the 20th century to new topics. Since 1982 the World
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Marx makes no claim to have produced a master key to history. Historical materialism is not "an historico-philosophic theory of the marche generale imposed by fate upon every people, whatever the historic circumstances in which it finds itself" (Marx, Karl: Letter to editor of the Russian paper
460:
Thus World History tends to study networks, connections, and systems that cross traditional boundaries of historical study like linguistic, cultural, and national borders. World History is often concerned to explore social dynamics that have led to large-scale changes in human society, such as
903:, the first world-history textbook published in the United States (1942). With additional authors, this very successful work went through numerous editions up to the first decade of the twenty-first century. According to the Golden Anniversary edition of 1992, the ongoing objective of
639:
an exposition of the methodology of scientific history. Ibn Khaldun focused on the reasons for the rise and fall of civilization, arguing that the causes of change are to be sought in the economic and social structure of society. His work was largely ignored in the Muslim world.
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for it. An historian, for instance, may point to a book and say 'that's a world history', even if they cannot elucidate why. 'World history' should thus be defined through an examination of the various forms of expression taken as its criteria, not apart from or prior to them."
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422:, because works claiming to be "world histories" may have in practice a more limited scope, depending on the author's perspective: 'The "world" in world history (...) refers not to the earth in its entirety – both include and apart from human experience – but to the
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Regna Darnell and Frederic Gleach argue that, in the Soviet Union, the Marxian theory of history was the only accepted orthodoxy, and stifled research into other schools of thought on history. However, adherents of Marx's theories argue that
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The study of world history, as distinct from national history, has existed in many world cultures. However, early forms of world history were not truly global and were limited to only the regions known by the historian.
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within a culture, making them conduits of vital information but also limited in their contextual knowledge. Documents which pertain to Hegel's Original History are classified by modern historians as primary sources.
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Marxists sometimes distinguish between 'personal property' and 'private property,' the former consisting in consumer goods directly used by the owner, while the latter is private ownership of the major means of
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837:. With evolving technologies such as dating methods and surveying laser technology called LiDAR, contemporary historians have access to new information which changes how past civilizations are studied.
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now requires that schools teach history that includes a non-west or global perspective. This reflects a decade-long effort to move past the standard Euro-centric approach that had dominated the field.
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History Association at several regional associations began a program to help history professors broaden their coverage in freshman courses; world history became a popular replacement for courses on
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at any given time – in other words, the relationships which people have with each other to fulfil basic needs such as feeding, clothing and housing themselves and their families. Overall,
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of Reflective History was later formalized by Anthropologist Franz Boa and coined as Cultural relativism by Alain Locke. Both of these lenses were considered to be partially flawed by Hegel.
606:(5th century BC), as the founder of Greek historiography, presents discussions of the customs, geography, and history of Mediterranean peoples, particularly the Egyptians. His contemporary
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time. The division on ancient and medieval periods is less sharp or absent in the Arabic and Asian historiographies. A synoptic view of universal history led some scholars, beginning with
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The advent of world history as a distinct academic field of study can be traced to the United States in the 1960s, but the pace quickened in the 1980s. A key step was the creation of the
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described the history of certain ages that he considered important, rather than describing events in chronological order. History became an independent discipline. It was not called
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website and online network is used among some practitioners of world history, and allows discussions among scholars, announcements, syllabi, bibliographies and book reviews.
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306:(1889–1975). The field became much more active (in terms of university teaching, text books, scholarly journals, and academic associations) in the late 20th century.
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history and Universal History. Spengler's work is more general; Toynbee created a theory that would allow the study of "civilizations" to proceed with integration of
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In related disciplines, such as art history and architectural history, global perspectives have been promoted as well. In schools of architecture in the U.S., the
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368:"World history is not a thing, but an activity, and various physical forms of expression such as lectures, books, journal papers and classroom lessons are
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754:. The theory divides the history of the world into the following periods: Primitive communism; Slave society; Feudalism; Capitalism; and Socialism.
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325:(how processes of world history have drawn people of the world together) and difference (how patterns of world history reveal the diversity of the
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Henry Home, Lord Kames was a philosopher during the Enlightenment and contributed to the study of world history. In his major historical work,
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is the "last significant Universal History" written in the 20th century. This theory draws on Marx, Weber, and Durkheim.
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World history attempts to recognize and address two structures that have profoundly shaped professional history-writing:
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505:(ISCSC) approaches world history from the standpoint of comparative civilizations. Founded at a conference in 1961 in
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Another early modern historian was Adam Ferguson. Ferguson's main contribution to the study of world history was his
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J. Laurence Hare, and Jack Wells, "Promising the World: Surveys, Curricula, and the Challenge of Global History,"
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1791:, 1877). His ideas, he explains, are based on a concrete study of the actual conditions that pertained in Europe.
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to which we are accustomed, that it must be approached in a different spirit and dealt with in a different manner
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The Social and Political Philosophy of Adam Ferguson – A Commentary on His Essay on The History of Civil Society
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strongly encouraged American historians to expand the study of Europe than to courses on Western civilization,
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Manvir Singh, "Genghis the Good: Nomadic warriors like the Mongol hordes, scholars argue, built our world",
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Gilbert Allardyce, "Toward world history: American historians and the coming of the world history course."
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541:(WHA) was established in 1982, and is predominantly an American phenomenon. Since 1990, it publishes the
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As early as 1884, the American Historical Association advocated the study of the past on a world scale.
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in the 19th century are bound up with the concept that history written with a strong connection to the
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claimed to have identified five successive stages of the development of these material conditions in
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has never been a clear signifier with a stable referent", and that usage of the term overlaps with
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in Europe, history was written about states or nations. The study of history changed during the
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The importance of these intercultural contacts has begun to be recognized by many scholars.
777:. In the 1920s, several best-sellers dealt with the history of the world, including surveys
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schools and universities, and is supported by new textbooks with a world history approach.
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Elliot, H. M. (Henry Miers), Sir; John Dowson. "10. Jámi'u-t Tawáríkh, of Rashid-al-Din".
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Elements of universal history for higher institutes in republics and for self-instruction
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from a global perspective. It emerged centuries ago; leading practitioners have included
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The Sources of Social Power: Volume 1, A History of Power from the Beginning to AD 1760
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Recent Themes in World History and the History of the West: Historians in Conversation
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2256:
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1863:
1707:
1126:
1123: – Academic discipline which examines history from the Big Bang to the present
1112:
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912:
453:
350:
94:
1380:
635:(1332–1409) broke with traditionalism and offered a model of historical change in
622:) aspired to combine the logical rigor of Thucydides with the scope of Herodotus.
337:
World history in the Western tradition is commonly divided into three parts, viz.
2229:
1867:
1366:
1314:
697:
A major theoretical foundation for world history was given by German philosopher
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908:
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403:
418:(2005) reasoned that "world history" is often mistaken to encompass the entire
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2720:
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2532:
2517:
2310:, 1 & 8 January 2024, pp. 58–61. "Historians have worked to show that, in
2098:
1088:
607:
466:
322:
2164:
Jonathan T. Reynolds, "Africa and World History: from Antipathy to Synergy."
1295:, ed. by Jerry H. Bentley (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), pp. 1-14,
1257:, ed. by Jerry H. Bentley (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), pp. 1-14,
517:, this is an international association of scholars that publishes a journal,
313:, which, like world history, deals with the history of multiple cultures and
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7024:
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2507:
2492:
2361:
1033:
855:
759:
743:
603:
578:
570:
354:
295:
1004:
with "the big picture", i.e. to a general, universal history. For example,
1956:
Sanctifying the World: The Augustinian Life and Mind of Christopher Dawson
6098:
5820:
4841:
2762:
2710:
1001:
936:
at San Diego State are leaders in promoting innovative teaching methods.
661:
506:
456:
assumptions (found especially, but not only, in Western history-writing).
287:
1637:
968:
Universal history is at once something more and something less than the
915:
enhanced the global perspectives, especially regarding Asia and Africa.
6874:
6459:
5940:
5830:
2549:
2527:
2477:
2381:
1985:
1588:(Summer 2017 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University,
1510:
1431:
1403:
1132:
762:
283:
2982:
2559:
2472:
1624:
McCabe, David (1998). "Hegel and the Idea of Philosophical History".
1559:(Fall 2015 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University,
1032:
and Universal History writing. Both writers attempted to incorporate
1008:, probably the pre-eminent historian of the 19th century, founder of
569:, Chinese world history, that of China and the surrounding people of
314:
162:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
1996:
Neil McInnes, "The Great Doomsayer: Oswald Spengler Reconsidered."
738:
claims the history of the world is fundamentally determined by the
6725:
3617:
3514:
2497:
2001:
419:
2317:
2502:
1509:
ed. by N. J. Dawood, Bruce Lawrence, and Franz Rosenthal (2004)
1036:
into general presentations of the history. Toynbee found as the
503:
International Society for the Comparative Study of Civilizations
6729:
6637:
6582:
6214:
5741:
4814:
4803:
3446:
3189:
2953:
2592:
2426:
2321:
1347:
530:
is a scholarly journal established in 2006 and is published by
317:, but does not do so on a global scale. World historians use a
6916:
1737:"Kames on Progress and Providence - Online Library of Liberty"
1426:
S. Y. Teng, "Chinese Historiography in the Last Fifty Years,"
932:, at the University of Pittsburgh's World History Center; and
797:. Influential writers who have reached wide audiences include
773:
World history became a popular genre in the 20th century with
189:
127:
63:
22:
1494:
https://archive.org/stream/cu31924073036737#page/n15/mode/2up
1492:. The Muhammadan Period (Vol 3.). London: Trübner & Co..
1012:, the classic mode of historiography that now stands against
205:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
2025:
William H. McNeill, "The Changing Shape of World History."
2078:
Navigating World History: Historians Create a Global Past
1072:(1966) is a key statement of this view of world history.
521:, and hosts an annual meeting in cities around the world.
449:
to set the boundaries and agendas of studies of the past.
1872:(2 ed.). University of Chicago Press. p. 168.
1316:
The Rise of the Rich: A New View of Modern World History
6259:
Professionalization and institutionalization of history
214:
151:
6551:
Heroic theory of invention and scientific development
1211:
1209:
5399:
Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe
2282:
Societies: Evolutionary and Comparative Perspectives
2196:
The Origins and Diversity of Axial Age Civilizations
1070:
Societies. Evolutionary and Comparative Perspectives
7329:
7313:
7060:
6786:
6527:
6331:
6290:
6066:
6017:
5752:
5678:
5642:
5536:
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5384:
5336:
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5258:
5217:
5134:
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4775:
4737:
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4412:
4353:
4318:
4290:
4225:
4152:
4058:
3986:
3700:
3629:
3562:
3524:
3457:
3375:
3267:
3200:
2999:
2776:
2643:
2605:
2465:
2439:
5359:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia
1289:Jerry H. Bentley, 'The Task of World History', in
1251:Jerry H. Bentley, 'The Task of World History', in
1652:An Essay on the History of Civil Society. (1767).
1274:
1239:
1044:) of universal history the emergence of a single
509:, Austria, that was attended by Othmar Anderlie,
2826:Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought
2168:2007 5(6): 1998–2013. ISSN 1478-0542 Fulltext:
1490:The History of India, as Told by Its Historians
1141: – Repetition of similar events in history
966:
366:
2270:Individualism: The Cultural Logic of Modernity
1024:are examples of attempts to integrate primary
595:is no longer used for modern Chinese history.
6741:
6407:Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church
6277:Western European colonialism and colonization
4826:
2333:
2234:. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. p. 286.
2198:. New York: New York State University Press.
2086:The New World History: A Teacher's Companion.
1611:The Soul and the Body in Hegel's Anthropology
203:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
1400:Records of the Grand Historian: Q1in Dynasty
2099:http://www.naab.org/adaview.aspx?pageid=120
1667:. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago.
57:Learn how and when to remove these messages
6748:
6734:
6726:
6634:
6579:
6287:
6211:
6014:
5749:
5738:
5333:
5214:
4962:
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4734:
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2602:
2589:
2436:
2423:
2340:
2326:
2318:
1507:The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History
1319:. Syracuse University Press. p. XVI.
1227:
125:Study of history from a global perspective
93:. Please do not remove this message until
5462:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
2056:. New York: HarperCollins. pp. xxv.
2052:Wallbank, T. Walter; et al. (1992).
1200:
1129: – Long-term trends in world history
362:Establishment and perimeters of the field
259:Learn how and when to remove this message
241:Learn how and when to remove this message
178:Learn how and when to remove this message
113:Learn how and when to remove this message
6681:Historical geographic information system
2284:. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
2140:
1931:"How Stalin Distorted Marxism » pa"
941:National Architectural Accrediting Board
718:An Essay on the History of Civil Society
89:Relevant discussion may be found on the
2152:
1969:Eric Voegelin: The Restoration of Order
1903:Regna Darnell; Frederic Gleach (2007).
1586:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1557:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1430:Vol. 8, No. 2 (Feb. 1949), pp. 131–156
1415:Ssu-ma Ch'ien: Grand Historian of China
1301:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199235810.013.0001
1263:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199235810.013.0001
1215:
1180:
854:typical life span of 1,000 years. Like
321:approach, with two major focal points:
6321:English historical school of economics
4373:Historical Series of the Bank of Italy
1285:
1283:
6517:Revisionist school of Islamic studies
6356:Historical reliability of the Gospels
2128:
1464:Livy: His Historical Aims and Methods
1155:Bibliography of world history (field)
825:. Scholars working the field include
7:
7379:
6709:
4334:More Irish than the Irish themselves
2231:Palgrave Advances in World Histories
2116:
1477:A Historical Commentary on Polybius,
1292:The Oxford Handbook of World History
1254:The Oxford Handbook of World History
611:Herodotean inclusiveness; Polybius (
587:. Sima Qian's model is based on the
5404:Functionalism–intentionalism debate
2218:The End of History and the Last Man
1909:. U of Nebraska Press. p. 56.
1813:Charles Taylor, “Critical Notice”,
970:aggregate of the national histories
849:In 1936–1954, Toynbee's ten-volume
6417:Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II
4361:Fourth Italian War of Independence
626:Rashīd al-Dīn Fadhl-allāh Hamadānī
430:world of an individual or group.'
14:
1828:"Critique of the Gotha Programme"
38:This article has multiple issues.
7402:
7391:
7378:
7367:
7366:
6708:
6699:
6698:
5715:
5714:
5556:Palestinian expulsion and flight
4068:5000-year civilization assertion
3644:Nadir of American race relations
1906:Histories of Anthropology Annual
1105:
1091:
194:
132:
68:
27:
7321:List of social science journals
6545:Protestant Ethic and Capitalism
5419:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust
5354:Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising
5161:Causes of the Armenian genocide
3470:Pyramid construction techniques
3037:Comparative historical research
2655:Library and information science
2293:. Univ of South Carolina Press.
2263:. London Yale University Press.
2054:Civilization Past & Present
1937:from the original on 2015-03-18
1747:from the original on 2018-07-25
1718:from the original on 2018-07-25
1689:from the original on 2018-07-11
1626:History of Philosophy Quarterly
1592:from the original on 2019-03-18
1563:from the original on 2019-03-18
1533:from the original on 2018-07-25
1367:"History Association - Mission"
1313:Peter Gran (28 February 2009).
905:Civilization Past & Present
901:Civilization Past & Present
519:Comparative Civilization Review
390:(2011) observed that "the term
46:or discuss these issues on the
7278:Science and technology studies
6557:Gunpowder and gun transmission
6507:Religionsgeschichtliche Schule
6316:Historical school of economics
6253:Nationalism in the Middle Ages
5691:Gunpowder and gun transmission
5565:Zionism as settler colonialism
4570:Limpieza de sangre controversy
3537:Metropolitan-hinterland thesis
2261:The Origin and Goal of History
1848:. July 5, 2003. Archived from
1830:. July 5, 2003. Archived from
1815:Canadian Journal of Philosophy
1150:Political history of the world
725:Sketches on the History of Man
309:It is not to be confused with
1:
6366:Opposition to Papal supremacy
3554:Indigenous population history
1584:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
1555:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
1010:Rankean historical positivism
988:Rankean historical positivism
699:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
668:anymore, but merely history (
612:
581:
6282:Desacralization of knowledge
4553:Carlism in the Francoist era
4521:Holodomor in modern politics
2000:1997 (48): 65–76. Fulltext:
1613:. Loyola University Chicago.
1030:source-based history writing
6674:Historiographic metafiction
6584:Organizations, publications
6373:Proto-orthodox Christianity
5323:German resistance to Nazism
5179:Persian famine of 1917–1919
4589:Islamic revolution of Spain
4516:Holodomor genocide question
4392:Revisionism of Risorgimento
4386:Rerum italicarum scriptores
4367:Historiae Patriae Monumenta
4134:Self-Strengthening Movement
3284:decolonization of knowledge
2220:. New York: The Free Press.
686:(1668–1744) in Italy wrote
217:, discuss the issue on the
158:the claims made and adding
95:conditions to do so are met
7477:
6471:Wissenschaft des Judentums
6448:Criticism of Protestantism
5328:Nazi foreign policy debate
4759:Second colonial occupation
4506:Soviet famine of 1930–1933
4144:Tibetan sovereignty debate
3688:Progressive-era historians
3123:Nationalization of history
3074:Historical-critical method
1428:The Far Eastern Quarterly,
1191:48 (Feb. 2015) pp: 371-88.
960:
950:
919:, William H. McNeill, and
532:Cambridge University Press
445:A tendency to use current
15:
7362:
6763:
6693:
6644:
6633:
6589:
6578:
6221:
6210:
5748:
5737:
5709:
5476:Second Sino-Japanese War
4851:
4810:
4799:
4281:Vergangenheitsbewältigung
3453:
3442:
3196:
3185:
2962:
2949:
2601:
2588:
2435:
2422:
2355:
2289:Yerxa, Donald A. (2009).
2226:Hughes-Warrington, Marnie
2182:Cottinger, H. M. (1884).
1846:"The Civil War in France"
1161:Journal of Global History
1135: – Study of the past
1076:African and world history
539:World History Association
527:Journal of Global History
435:World History Association
18:Universal history (genre)
6231:Crisis of historiography
5394:Auschwitz bombing debate
5080:Indian Rebellion of 1857
4931:Late Bronze Age collapse
4865:List of military museums
4468:Pre-Revolutionary Russia
4440:Polish People's Republic
4275:Sybel-Ficker controversy
3639:African-American history
3612:Colonial Spanish America
3401:Second Thirty Years' War
2040:Journal of World History
2014:Arnold J. Toynbee a Life
1804:, Penguin, 1975, p. 426.
1789:Otetchestvennye Zapiskym
1708:"Henry Home, Lord Kames"
1609:Nicholas, Mowad (2010).
1168:Journal of World History
1145:History of globalization
544:Journal of World History
416:Marnie Hughes-Warrington
380:Marnie Hughes-Warrington
16:Not to be confused with
6966:international relations
5344:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
5203:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
4754:Porter–MacKenzie debate
4511:Causes of the Holodomor
4048:Problem of two emperors
3996:Catilinarian conspiracy
3223:Historical significance
3084:Indiscipline of history
3059:Historical anthropology
1986:excerpt and text search
1869:The Community of Rights
1663:Hamowy, Ronald (1969).
1582:"Philosophy of History"
1580:Little, Daniel (2017),
1511:excerpt and text search
1451:Herodotus the Historian
1404:excerpt and text search
785:Hendrik Willem van Loon
7293:Quantum social science
6438:Protestant Reformation
6412:Second Vatican Council
6390:Succession to Muhammad
6385:Criticism of the Quran
6136:Religious perspectives
5870:Klemens von Metternich
5467:"Battle for Australia"
5349:Soviet offensive plans
5318:Broad vs. narrow front
5157:Late Ottoman genocides
4090:Century of humiliation
3871:Goguryeo controversies
3849:2,500-year celebration
3507:Double genocide theory
3294:Historical negationism
3118:Ancestral civilisation
3106:Historical materialism
3064:Historical determinism
3014:History of mentalities
1275:Hughes-Warrington 2005
1240:Hughes-Warrington 2005
985:
980:The Outline of History
790:The Outline of History
736:historical materialism
674:History of Charles XII
375:
7330:Other categorizations
7183:International studies
7168:History of technology
7103:Communication studies
6986:public administration
6562:Torsion mangonel myth
6465:Modern Jewish history
6460:Jesuit historiography
6453:Protestant work ethic
6433:Hesychast controversy
6298:Industrial Revolution
6248:Library of Alexandria
6166:The Lord of the Rings
5816:Constantine the Great
5696:Torsion mangonel myth
5628:Sri Lankan Civil War
4707:Storm over the gentry
4608:Colonies or Provinces
4139:Sprouts of capitalism
3213:Historic preservation
3208:Change and continuity
1967:Michael P. Federici,
1034:teleological theories
963:Philosophy of history
831:William Hardy McNeill
688:Scienza Nuova seconda
666:Philosophia Historiae
547:on a quarterly basis.
483:environmental history
412:transnational history
353:, to distinguish the
7451:Intellectual history
7163:Historical sociology
6649:Commemorative plaque
5865:Juan Manuel de Rosas
5313:"Blitzkrieg" concept
5184:Powder keg of Europe
5059:Franco-Prussian War
4729:Winter of Discontent
4712:Suffragette Campaign
4379:Italiani brava gente
4345:Revolutionary period
4167:Frankish Interregnum
4100:"Chineseness" debate
4033:Byzantine succession
4018:Fall of Western Rome
3959:Executed Renaissance
3448:By country or region
3392:Age of Enlightenment
3366:Vaticinium ex eventu
3313:Modernisation theory
3147:Quantitative history
2523:Historical documents
2268:Meer, Zubin (2011).
2194:, Samuel N. (1986).
2097:See Points 8 and 9.
2012:William H. McNeill,
1764:See, in particular,
1551:Shank, J.B. (2015),
1062:modernization theory
1052:Modernization theory
926:Western civilization
921:Leften S. Stavrianos
867:The Rise of the West
780:The Story of Mankind
678:The Age of Louis XIV
631:One Muslim scholar,
223:create a new article
215:improve this article
7461:Theories of history
7436:1960s introductions
7343:Geisteswissenschaft
7337:Behavioral sciences
7263:Political sociology
7178:Information science
7123:Development studies
6478:Schools of thought
6443:Proto-Protestantism
6312:School of Thoughts
6194:William Shakespeare
6179:Robert Falcon Scott
6084:Friedrich Nietzsche
5922:Cult of personality
5907:Neville Chamberlain
5767:Alexander the Great
5649:Russo-Georgian War
5622:Sovereignty dispute
5601:Iranian Revolution
5431:"Polish death camp"
5408:In relation to the
5117:Myth of English aid
5108:War of the Pacific
4885:Albigensian Crusade
4310:Indigenous Aryanism
4006:Constantinian shift
3542:Residential schools
3299:Historian's fallacy
3218:Historic recurrence
2716:Numismatics (Money)
2488:Archaeological site
2412:theories of history
1954:Bradley J. Birzer,
1768:The German Ideology
1741:oll.libertyfund.org
1139:Historic recurrence
844:Decline of the West
740:material conditions
400:comparative history
311:comparative history
82:of this article is
7398:Society portal
6885:auxiliary sciences
6669:Historical realism
6664:Historical fiction
6609:History institutes
6599:Historical society
6594:Heritage registers
6482:Biblical criticism
6395:Islamic golden age
6346:Early Christianity
6226:Bears in antiquity
6114:Medieval Christian
5912:Pedro II of Brazil
5860:José de San Martín
5664:Syrian revolution
5576:Malayan Emergency
5551:1948 Palestine war
5284:Spanish Civil War
5234:War guilt question
5043:American Civil War
5023:Invasion of Russia
4999:New Russian School
4783:Colonial Australia
4499:October Revolution
4262:Strukturgeschichte
4198:Location of Alésia
4117:Hua–Yi distinction
4038:Moscow, third Rome
3654:Reconstruction era
3475:Black Egypt Thesis
3397:European Civil War
3353:Translatio imperii
3308:Invented tradition
2429:Historical sources
2280:, Talcott (1966).
2272:. Lexington Books.
2216:, Francis (1992).
2104:2014-03-18 at the
2042:1.1 (1990): 23-76.
2027:History and Theory
1817:10 (1980), p. 330.
1774:2017-10-22 at the
1712:www.hetwebsite.net
1475:Frank W. Walbank,
1462:Patrick G. Walsh,
1437:2018-08-08 at the
1409:2020-11-19 at the
1386:2008-05-12 at the
1353:2011-03-10 at the
897:Alastair M. Taylor
893:T. Walter Wallbank
851:A Study of History
819:Christopher Dawson
465:and the spread of
402:, global history,
143:possibly contains
7441:Fields of history
7418:
7417:
7258:Political economy
7253:Political ecology
7108:Community studies
7098:Cognitive science
7061:Interdisciplinary
6961:Political science
6723:
6722:
6689:
6688:
6629:
6628:
6574:
6573:
6570:
6569:
6487:Catholic theology
6341:Avestan geography
6206:
6205:
6202:
6201:
6189:Søren Kierkegaard
6062:
6061:
5973:Warren G. Harding
5733:
5732:
5729:
5728:
5532:
5531:
5410:Armenian genocide
5273:Polish–Soviet War
5268:Burning of Smyrna
5254:
5253:
5244:Reichstag inquiry
5167:Patriotic consent
5038:
5037:
5013:War in the Vendée
4977:French Revolution
4959:century conflicts
4948:Peloponnesian War
4909:Eighty Years' War
4795:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4771:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4700:Westminster Stone
4397:Southern question
4236:Alltagsgeschichte
4186:Legendary Saracen
3888:Early settlements
3696:
3695:
3676:Political history
3661:Consensus history
3438:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3420:Continuity thesis
3359:Translatio studii
3245:Theory of history
3181:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3135:Subaltern Studies
3020:Nouvelle histoire
2945:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2857:Medieval churches
2844:Geistesgeschichte
2788:Paleoanthropology
2696:Encyclopaedistics
2584:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2452:Secondary sources
2076:Patrick Manning,
2063:978-0-673-38867-4
2029:1995 34(2): 8–26.
1998:National Interest
1766:Marx and Engels,
1479:(3 vols. 1957–82)
1413:; Burton Watson,
1326:978-0-8156-3171-2
1022:Arnold J. Toynbee
1006:Leopold von Ranke
957:Historical method
882:History education
807:Arnold J. Toynbee
775:universal history
684:Giambattista Vico
589:Mandate of Heaven
573:was based on the
515:Arnold J. Toynbee
463:industrialization
452:A deep legacy of
396:universal history
304:Arnold J. Toynbee
302:(1880–1936), and
269:
268:
261:
251:
250:
243:
225:, as appropriate.
188:
187:
180:
145:original research
123:
122:
115:
61:
7468:
7406:
7396:
7395:
7382:
7381:
7370:
7369:
7273:Regional science
7118:Cultural studies
7093:Business studies
6750:
6743:
6736:
6727:
6712:
6711:
6702:
6701:
6654:Documentary film
6635:
6614:History journals
6580:
6553:
6425:
6361:Primacy of Peter
6308:Great Depression
6288:
6261:
6239:
6212:
6160:J. R. R. Tolkien
6015:
6010:
5998:
5986:
5968:Ulysses S. Grant
5963:Thomas Jefferson
5954:
5930:
5893:
5856:
5844:
5812:
5800:
5792:Chiang Ching-kuo
5782:Cato the Younger
5772:Amin al-Husseini
5750:
5739:
5718:
5717:
5701:War and genocide
5525:
5511:Résistancialisme
5498:Battle of France
5480:Nanjing Massacre
5334:
5215:
5211:
5175:
5125:
5007:
4990:
4963:
4890:Catharism debate
4876:pre-18th century
4858:Military history
4835:
4828:
4821:
4812:
4805:By war, conflict
4801:
4749:Cambridge School
4735:
4633:
4621:
4597:
4578:
4488:
4476:
4448:
4270:
4248:Historikerstreit
4218:
4206:
4194:
4175:
4161:Cordon sanitaire
4107:New Qing History
4095:Conquest dynasty
4086:
4001:Christianization
3984:
3903:
3816:
3804:
3792:
3770:
3758:
3750:Byzantine Empire
3605:Iquicha Royalism
3594:
3560:
3483:
3455:
3444:
3387:Age of Discovery
3376:Periodization of
3373:
3347:Transhistoricity
3342:Thirty-year rule
3253:
3241:
3198:
3187:
3167:Great Man theory
3130:People's history
3092:
2997:
2989:Three-age system
2951:
2651:Archival science
2603:
2590:
2457:Tertiary sources
2437:
2424:
2373:by area of study
2342:
2335:
2328:
2319:
2294:
2285:
2273:
2264:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2221:
2209:
2187:
2169:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2143:, p. 68-69.
2138:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2095:
2089:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2049:
2043:
2036:
2030:
2023:
2017:
2010:
2004:
1994:
1988:
1978:
1972:
1965:
1959:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1824:
1818:
1811:
1805:
1798:
1792:
1784:
1778:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1660:
1654:
1650:Ferguson, Adam.
1648:
1642:
1641:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1519:
1513:
1503:
1497:
1486:
1480:
1473:
1467:
1460:
1454:
1447:
1441:
1424:
1418:
1396:
1390:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1363:
1357:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1310:
1304:
1287:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1189:History Teacher,
1185:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1058:Francis Fukuyama
983:
917:Louis Gottschalk
760:Stalin distorted
621:
617:
614:
586:
583:
479:cultural history
414:, among others.
388:Jerry H. Bentley
383:
327:human experience
280:historical study
264:
257:
246:
239:
235:
232:
226:
198:
197:
190:
183:
176:
172:
169:
163:
160:inline citations
136:
135:
128:
118:
111:
107:
104:
98:
72:
71:
64:
53:
31:
30:
23:
7476:
7475:
7471:
7470:
7469:
7467:
7466:
7465:
7456:Linear theories
7421:
7420:
7419:
7414:
7390:
7358:
7325:
7309:
7283:Science studies
7067:Administration
7056:
6782:
6759:
6757:Social sciences
6754:
6724:
6719:
6718:
6685:
6640:
6625:
6585:
6566:
6549:
6532:
6523:
6419:
6327:
6303:Great Recession
6286:
6257:
6233:
6217:
6198:
6089:H. P. Lovecraft
6058:
6020:
6013:
6004:
5992:
5980:
5948:
5924:
5897:Muammar Gaddafi
5887:
5875:Leonid Brezhnev
5850:
5838:
5821:Gregory Palamas
5806:
5804:Chiang Kai Shek
5794:
5754:
5744:
5725:
5724:
5705:
5686:Conflict thesis
5674:
5638:
5528:
5519:
5486:
5450:
5380:
5332:
5294:
5260:Interwar period
5250:
5220:
5213:
5205:
5189:Schlieffen Plan
5169:
5130:
5119:
5034:
5001:
4984:
4969:
4958:
4952:
4936:Dorian invasion
4921:Fall of Babylon
4877:
4871:
4870:
4847:
4839:
4806:
4787:
4763:
4740:
4733:
4695:Kingdom of Alba
4676:
4669:
4636:
4627:
4615:
4613:Spanish decline
4591:
4572:
4527:
4482:
4470:
4451:
4442:
4408:
4349:
4314:
4300:Greater Magadha
4286:
4264:
4221:
4212:
4200:
4188:
4169:
4148:
4122:Four Barbarians
4080:
4054:
3982:
3939:Götaland theory
3907:Lusotropicalism
3897:
3878:North Macedonia
3810:
3798:
3786:
3764:
3752:
3692:
3671:Frontier thesis
3666:Cyclical theory
3649:Neoabolitionism
3625:
3588:
3558:
3520:
3497:Greater Morocco
3477:
3449:
3426:
3377:
3371:
3263:
3247:
3235:
3192:
3173:
3086:
3001:
2995:
2977:Historical eras
2958:
2937:
2772:
2669:Writing systems
2639:
2597:
2595:Fields of study
2576:
2570:Service records
2555:Religious texts
2461:
2447:Primary sources
2431:
2418:
2417:
2351:
2346:
2301:
2299:Further reading
2288:
2276:
2267:
2259:, Karl (1949).
2255:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2224:
2212:
2206:
2190:
2181:
2178:
2173:
2172:
2166:History Compass
2163:
2159:
2151:
2147:
2139:
2135:
2127:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2106:Wayback Machine
2096:
2092:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2037:
2033:
2024:
2020:
2011:
2007:
1995:
1991:
1979:
1975:
1966:
1962:
1953:
1949:
1940:
1938:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1812:
1808:
1799:
1795:
1785:
1781:
1776:Wayback Machine
1763:
1759:
1750:
1748:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1721:
1719:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1692:
1690:
1679:"Adam Ferguson"
1677:
1676:
1672:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1649:
1645:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1595:
1593:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1564:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1536:
1534:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1504:
1500:
1487:
1483:
1474:
1470:
1461:
1457:
1448:
1444:
1439:Wayback Machine
1425:
1421:
1411:Wayback Machine
1402:(3rd ed. 1995)
1397:
1393:
1388:Wayback Machine
1378:
1374:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1355:Wayback Machine
1345:
1341:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1288:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1250:
1246:
1238:
1234:
1228:Eisenstadt 1986
1226:
1222:
1214:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1111:
1104:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1078:
1066:Talcott Parsons
1054:
1018:Oswald Spengler
998:primary sources
990:
984:
976:
965:
959:
951:Main articles:
949:
930:Patrick Manning
889:
884:
815:Carroll Quigley
811:Pitirim Sorokin
803:Oswald Spengler
771:
692:Oswald Spengler
646:
619:
615:
584:
577:articulated by
559:
554:
511:Pitirim Sorokin
491:
385:
377:
364:
335:
300:Oswald Spengler
265:
254:
253:
252:
247:
236:
230:
227:
212:
199:
195:
184:
173:
167:
164:
149:
137:
133:
126:
119:
108:
102:
99:
88:
73:
69:
32:
28:
21:
12:
11:
5:
7474:
7472:
7464:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7446:Historiography
7443:
7438:
7433:
7423:
7422:
7416:
7415:
7413:
7412:
7400:
7388:
7376:
7363:
7360:
7359:
7357:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7339:
7333:
7331:
7327:
7326:
7324:
7323:
7317:
7315:
7311:
7310:
7308:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7296:
7295:
7290:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7249:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7230:
7229:
7228:
7226:social science
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7158:Global studies
7155:
7153:Gender studies
7150:
7145:
7144:
7143:
7138:
7136:social science
7132:Environmental
7130:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7079:
7078:
7073:
7064:
7062:
7058:
7057:
7055:
7054:
7053:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7022:
7021:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6990:
6989:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6958:
6957:
6956:
6946:
6945:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6914:
6913:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6872:
6871:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6845:
6844:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6831:macroeconomics
6828:
6826:microeconomics
6818:
6817:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6790:
6788:
6784:
6783:
6781:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6764:
6761:
6760:
6755:
6753:
6752:
6745:
6738:
6730:
6721:
6720:
6717:
6716:
6706:
6695:
6694:
6691:
6690:
6687:
6686:
6684:
6683:
6678:
6677:
6676:
6671:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6645:
6642:
6641:
6638:
6631:
6630:
6627:
6626:
6624:
6623:
6622:
6621:
6611:
6606:
6596:
6590:
6587:
6586:
6583:
6576:
6575:
6572:
6571:
6568:
6567:
6565:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6547:
6542:
6536:
6534:
6525:
6524:
6522:
6521:
6520:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6476:
6475:
6474:
6462:
6457:
6456:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6435:
6430:
6429:
6428:
6427:
6426:
6404:
6403:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6377:
6376:
6375:
6370:
6369:
6368:
6358:
6353:
6343:
6337:
6335:
6329:
6328:
6326:
6325:
6324:
6323:
6318:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6294:
6292:
6285:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6267:
6262:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6228:
6222:
6219:
6218:
6215:
6208:
6207:
6204:
6203:
6200:
6199:
6197:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6170:
6169:
6157:
6156:
6155:
6154:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6133:
6128:
6118:
6117:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6079:Charles Darwin
6076:
6070:
6068:
6064:
6063:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6056:
6051:
6049:United Kingdom
6046:
6041:
6039:Modern Germany
6036:
6031:
6025:
6023:
6012:
6011:
5999:
5987:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5958:Thomas Aquinas
5955:
5943:
5938:
5937:
5936:
5931:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5845:
5833:
5828:
5826:Horatio Nelson
5823:
5818:
5813:
5801:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5758:
5756:
5746:
5745:
5742:
5735:
5734:
5731:
5730:
5727:
5726:
5723:
5722:
5711:
5710:
5707:
5706:
5704:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5682:
5680:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5672:
5671:
5670:
5662:
5661:
5660:
5658:Responsibility
5655:
5646:
5644:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5636:
5635:
5634:
5626:
5625:
5624:
5614:
5609:
5608:
5607:
5599:
5598:
5597:
5589:
5584:
5583:
5582:
5574:
5573:
5572:
5570:New Historians
5567:
5562:
5548:
5542:
5540:
5534:
5533:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5526:
5514:
5507:
5500:
5494:
5492:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5484:
5483:
5482:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5458:
5456:
5452:
5451:
5449:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5436:Responsibility
5433:
5428:
5427:
5426:
5416:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5390:
5388:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5377:
5376:
5371:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5340:
5338:
5331:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5304:
5302:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5292:
5291:
5290:
5282:
5281:
5280:
5270:
5264:
5262:
5256:
5255:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5248:
5247:
5246:
5241:
5231:
5225:
5223:
5212:
5200:
5194:Spirit of 1914
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5164:
5154:
5151:Fischer thesis
5140:
5138:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5128:
5127:
5126:
5114:
5106:
5105:
5104:
5094:
5092:Paraguayan War
5089:
5088:
5087:
5077:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5065:
5057:
5056:
5055:
5050:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5032:
5031:
5030:
5025:
5018:Napoleonic era
5015:
5010:
5009:
5008:
4996:
4991:
4982:Pre-revolution
4973:
4971:
4967:Coalition Wars
4960:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4950:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4938:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4917:
4916:
4906:
4905:
4904:
4894:
4893:
4892:
4881:
4879:
4873:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4861:
4853:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4845:historiography
4840:
4838:
4837:
4830:
4823:
4815:
4808:
4807:
4804:
4797:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4779:
4777:
4773:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4745:
4743:
4732:
4731:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4697:
4687:
4681:
4679:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4666:
4665:
4663:Decline thesis
4660:
4653:Ottoman Empire
4650:
4644:
4642:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4622:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4579:
4567:
4562:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4535:
4533:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4503:
4502:
4501:
4491:
4490:
4489:
4480:Skeptic School
4465:
4463:Anti-Normanism
4459:
4457:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4420:Golden Liberty
4416:
4414:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4402:Neo-Bourbonism
4394:
4389:
4382:
4375:
4370:
4363:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4330:
4324:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4296:
4294:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4277:
4272:
4258:
4251:
4244:
4242:Borussian myth
4239:
4231:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4207:
4195:
4183:
4176:
4164:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4124:
4114:
4109:
4104:
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4102:
4092:
4087:
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4064:
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4056:
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4015:
4010:
4009:
4008:
3998:
3992:
3990:
3981:
3980:
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3973:
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3948:
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3747:
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3727:
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3717:
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3715:
3713:Dealbanisation
3704:
3702:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3685:
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3683:
3673:
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3624:
3623:
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3609:
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3607:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3583:
3577:May Revolution
3568:
3566:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3547:Staples thesis
3544:
3539:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3501:
3500:
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3447:
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3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3412:
3403:
3394:
3389:
3383:
3381:
3379:modern history
3370:
3369:
3362:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3325:
3323:Paradigm shift
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3277:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3262:
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3256:
3255:
3254:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3204:
3202:
3194:
3193:
3190:
3183:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3175:
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3172:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3159:
3154:
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3139:
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3127:
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3125:
3120:
3110:
3109:
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3098:
3093:
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3076:
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3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3039:
3034:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3016:
3009:Annales school
3005:
3003:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2979:
2969:
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2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
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2881:
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2879:
2874:
2872:Constitutional
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2808:
2795:
2790:
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2770:
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2760:
2755:
2750:
2748:Postage stamps
2745:
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2581:
2578:
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2574:
2573:
2572:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2545:Oral tradition
2542:
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2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
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2401:
2394:
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2357:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2349:Historiography
2347:
2345:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2307:The New Yorker
2300:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2286:
2274:
2265:
2253:
2240:
2222:
2210:
2205:978-0887060960
2204:
2188:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2157:
2145:
2133:
2131:, p. 1ff.
2121:
2109:
2090:
2069:
2062:
2044:
2031:
2018:
2005:
1989:
1980:Michael Mann,
1973:
1960:
1947:
1922:
1916:978-0803266636
1915:
1895:
1878:
1855:
1852:on 2003-07-05.
1837:
1834:on 2003-07-05.
1819:
1806:
1802:Early writings
1793:
1779:
1757:
1728:
1699:
1670:
1655:
1643:
1632:(3): 369–388.
1616:
1601:
1572:
1543:
1514:
1498:
1481:
1468:
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1442:
1419:
1391:
1372:
1358:
1339:
1325:
1305:
1279:
1267:
1244:
1232:
1220:
1205:
1201:Cottinger 1884
1193:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1164:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1117:
1116:
1102:
1099:History portal
1086:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1053:
1050:
994:historiography
989:
986:
974:
953:Historiography
948:
947:Historiography
945:
888:
885:
883:
880:
770:
767:
752:Western Europe
732:Marxist theory
645:
642:
600:Ancient Greece
593:dynastic cycle
575:dynastic cycle
558:
555:
553:
550:
549:
548:
535:
522:
499:
490:
487:
475:social history
471:gender history
458:
457:
450:
365:
363:
360:
334:
331:
278:as a field of
276:global history
267:
266:
249:
248:
209:of the subject
207:worldwide view
202:
200:
193:
186:
185:
140:
138:
131:
124:
121:
120:
76:
74:
67:
62:
36:
35:
33:
26:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7473:
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7457:
7454:
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7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7431:World history
7429:
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7426:
7411:
7410:
7405:
7401:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7387:
7386:
7377:
7375:
7374:
7365:
7364:
7361:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7349:Human science
7347:
7345:
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7340:
7338:
7335:
7334:
7332:
7328:
7322:
7319:
7318:
7316:
7312:
7306:
7305:Vegan studies
7303:
7301:
7298:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7285:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7268:Public health
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
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7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
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7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7203:
7202:Philosophies
7201:
7199:
7198:Media studies
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7173:Human ecology
7171:
7169:
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7149:
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7139:
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7119:
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7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7083:Anthrozoology
7081:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7068:
7066:
7065:
7063:
7059:
7051:
7048:
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7033:
7031:
7028:
7027:
7026:
7023:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7008:developmental
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6995:
6994:
6991:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6981:public policy
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6963:
6962:
6959:
6955:
6952:
6951:
6950:
6947:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6932:legal systems
6930:
6928:
6927:legal history
6925:
6923:
6922:jurisprudence
6920:
6919:
6918:
6915:
6911:
6908:
6906:
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6888:
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6861:
6859:
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6807:
6805:
6802:
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6789:
6785:
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6751:
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6731:
6728:
6715:
6707:
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6697:
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6692:
6682:
6679:
6675:
6672:
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6667:
6666:
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6657:
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6643:
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6607:
6604:
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6588:
6581:
6577:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6552:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6540:Merton thesis
6538:
6537:
6535:
6530:
6526:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6492:Panbabylonism
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6479:
6477:
6473:
6472:
6468:
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6466:
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6409:
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6401:
6398:
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6364:
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6322:
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6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
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6293:
6289:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6272:
6268:
6266:
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6260:
6256:
6254:
6251:
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6244:
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6237:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6223:
6220:
6213:
6209:
6195:
6192:
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6177:
6175:
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6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6138:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6123:
6122:
6119:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6101:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6071:
6069:
6065:
6055:
6054:United States
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6022:
6016:
6008:
6003:
6000:
5996:
5991:
5988:
5984:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5952:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5935:
5934:Bolivarianism
5932:
5928:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5918:
5917:Simon Bolivar
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5891:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5854:
5849:
5848:Joseph Stalin
5846:
5842:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5810:
5805:
5802:
5798:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5759:
5757:
5751:
5747:
5740:
5736:
5721:
5713:
5712:
5708:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5677:
5669:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5643:Post-Cold War
5641:
5633:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5623:
5620:
5619:
5618:
5617:Falklands War
5615:
5613:
5612:Iran–Iraq War
5610:
5606:
5603:
5602:
5600:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5581:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5560:Ongoing Nakba
5557:
5554:
5553:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5539:
5535:
5523:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5512:
5508:
5506:
5505:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5495:
5493:
5491:Western Front
5489:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5473:
5472:Bengal famine
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5459:
5457:
5453:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5425:
5422:
5421:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5387:
5386:The Holocaust
5383:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5366:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5337:Eastern Front
5335:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5301:
5297:
5289:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5261:
5257:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5222:
5216:
5209:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5173:
5168:
5165:
5162:
5158:
5155:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5123:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5069:
5068:Paris Commune
5066:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5054:
5053:Turning point
5051:
5049:
5046:
5045:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5005:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4988:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4961:
4957:18th and 19th
4955:
4949:
4946:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4933:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4907:
4903:
4902:Islamic views
4900:
4899:
4898:
4895:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4874:
4867:
4866:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4855:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4843:
4836:
4831:
4829:
4824:
4822:
4817:
4816:
4813:
4809:
4802:
4798:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4774:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4736:
4730:
4727:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4672:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4639:
4631:
4626:
4625:Ser de España
4623:
4619:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4595:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4530:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4504:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4495:
4492:
4486:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4474:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4454:
4446:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4411:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4352:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4335:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4263:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4224:
4216:
4211:
4208:
4204:
4199:
4196:
4192:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4084:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4043:Ottoman claim
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4023:Prosopography
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3977:
3976:Trưng sisters
3974:
3972:
3971:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3901:
3896:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3832:
3828:
3827:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3814:
3809:
3806:
3802:
3797:
3794:
3790:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3768:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3756:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3723:Habsburg myth
3721:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3689:
3686:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3631:United States
3628:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3598:
3592:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3564:Latin America
3561:
3555:
3552:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3481:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3445:
3441:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3257:
3251:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3188:
3184:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3157:Transnational
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3047:Decoloniality
3045:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3028:Historiometry
3026:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
2998:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2972:Periodization
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2758:Sigillography
2756:
2754:
2753:Prosopography
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2630:Local history
2628:
2624:
2623:Human history
2621:
2620:
2619:
2618:World history
2616:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2343:
2338:
2336:
2331:
2329:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2243:
2241:9780230523401
2237:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2141:Fukuyama 1992
2137:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2065:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1918:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1881:
1879:9780226288819
1875:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1864:Gewirth, Alan
1859:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1761:
1758:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1688:
1684:
1683:www.d.umn.edu
1680:
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1647:
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1620:
1617:
1612:
1605:
1602:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1573:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1547:
1544:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1505:Ibn Khaldun,
1502:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1449:K.H. Waters,
1446:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1328:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1103:
1100:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1056:According to
1051:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1014:postmodernism
1011:
1007:
1003:
1002:be integrated
999:
995:
992:The roots of
987:
982:
981:
977:H. G. Wells,
973:
971:
964:
958:
954:
946:
944:
942:
937:
935:
931:
928:. Professors
927:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
887:United States
886:
881:
879:
877:
873:
869:
868:
863:
859:
857:
852:
847:
845:
842:
838:
836:
832:
828:
827:Eric Voegelin
824:
823:Lewis Mumford
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
791:
786:
782:
781:
776:
768:
766:
764:
761:
755:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
728:
726:
721:
719:
714:
710:
706:
702:
700:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
654:Enlightenment
651:
643:
641:
638:
634:
629:
627:
623:
620: 118 BC
609:
605:
601:
596:
594:
590:
585: 100 BC
580:
576:
572:
568:
567:Ancient China
563:
556:
551:
546:
545:
540:
536:
533:
529:
528:
523:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
497:
493:
492:
489:Organizations
488:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
455:
451:
448:
447:nation-states
444:
443:
442:
439:
436:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
408:macro history
405:
401:
397:
393:
392:world history
389:
384:
381:
374:
371:
361:
359:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
333:Periodisation
332:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
307:
305:
301:
298:(1818–1883),
297:
294:(1770–1831),
293:
290:(1694–1778),
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
272:World history
263:
260:
245:
242:
234:
224:
220:
216:
210:
208:
201:
192:
191:
182:
179:
171:
161:
157:
153:
147:
146:
141:This article
139:
130:
129:
117:
114:
106:
96:
92:
86:
85:
81:
75:
66:
65:
60:
58:
51:
50:
45:
44:
39:
34:
25:
24:
19:
7407:
7383:
7371:
7341:
7148:Food studies
7088:Area studies
6894:
6841:mathematical
6836:econometrics
6794:Anthropology
6469:
6271:The Simpsons
6269:
6216:Other topics
6164:
6141:Christianity
6131:Resurrection
5762:Adolf Hitler
5591:Six-Day War
5587:Algerian War
5558: /
5517:Vichy France
5509:
5502:
5412: /
5300:World War II
5196: /
4863:
4856:
4658:Ghaza thesis
4581:
4557:
4543:White legend
4541: /
4539:Black legend
4494:Soviet Union
4384:
4377:
4365:
4328:Great Famine
4305:Indocentrism
4279:
4260:
4253:
4246:
4234:
4180:Grand Siècle
4178:
4159:
4127:Sinocentrism
3988:Ancient Rome
3968:
3826:Aryan Kartli
3824:
3616:
3579: /
3513:
3410:19th century
3408: /
3399: /
3364:
3357:
3356: /
3351:
3327:
3301: /
3275:Black legend
3233:Historiology
3030: /
3018:
2981:
2919:Quantitative
2842:
2838:Intellectual
2804: /
2800: /
2786: /
2784:Anthropology
2738:Phaleristics
2731:preservation
2726:Oral history
2667: /
2653: /
2635:Microhistory
2617:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2380:
2371: /
2367:
2360:
2305:
2290:
2281:
2269:
2260:
2245:. Retrieved
2230:
2217:
2195:
2183:
2165:
2160:
2153:Parsons 1966
2148:
2136:
2124:
2119:, p. 4.
2112:
2093:
2085:
2082:Ross E. Dunn
2077:
2072:
2053:
2047:
2039:
2034:
2026:
2021:
2013:
2008:
1997:
1992:
1981:
1976:
1968:
1963:
1955:
1950:
1939:. Retrieved
1925:
1905:
1898:
1889:
1883:. Retrieved
1868:
1858:
1850:the original
1840:
1832:the original
1822:
1814:
1809:
1801:
1796:
1788:
1782:
1767:
1760:
1749:. Retrieved
1740:
1731:
1720:. Retrieved
1711:
1702:
1691:. Retrieved
1682:
1673:
1664:
1658:
1651:
1646:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1610:
1604:
1594:, retrieved
1585:
1575:
1565:, retrieved
1556:
1546:
1535:. Retrieved
1526:
1517:
1506:
1501:
1484:
1476:
1471:
1463:
1458:
1450:
1445:
1427:
1422:
1414:
1399:
1394:
1375:
1361:
1342:
1330:. Retrieved
1315:
1308:
1290:
1277:, p. 5.
1270:
1252:
1247:
1242:, p. 3.
1235:
1223:
1216:Jaspers 1949
1203:, p. 1.
1196:
1188:
1183:
1166:
1159:
1127:Macrohistory
1113:World portal
1079:
1069:
1055:
1041:
1037:
1026:source-based
1009:
991:
978:
967:
938:
934:Ross E. Dunn
913:World War II
904:
900:
899:co-authored
890:
875:
872:world-system
871:
865:
860:
850:
848:
843:
839:
835:Michael Mann
788:
778:
772:
769:Contemporary
756:
739:
729:
724:
722:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
696:
687:
682:
677:
673:
669:
665:
647:
644:Early modern
636:
630:
624:
597:
564:
560:
542:
525:
518:
495:
459:
440:
432:
427:
423:
391:
386:
376:
369:
367:
351:Karl Jaspers
336:
308:
275:
271:
270:
255:
237:
228:
204:
174:
165:
142:
109:
100:
78:
54:
47:
41:
40:Please help
37:
7409:Wikiversity
7300:Social work
7188:Linguistics
7113:Criminology
7030:criminology
7013:personality
6971:comparative
6949:Linguistics
6942:private law
6799:archaeology
6659:Hagiography
6420: [
6380:Early Islam
6234: [
6126:Historicity
6104:Historicity
6094:Jane Austen
6074:The Beatles
6044:Netherlands
6005: [
6002:Zhuge Liang
5993: [
5981: [
5978:Yuan Shikai
5949: [
5946:Sun Yat Tse
5925: [
5888: [
5851: [
5839: [
5836:Jiang Zemin
5807: [
5795: [
5787:Che Guevara
5520: [
5455:Pacific War
5239:Article 231
5229:Reparations
5206: [
5170: [
5147:Color books
5136:World War I
5120: [
5097:War of 1812
5002: [
4985: [
4970:(1792–1815)
4941:Sea Peoples
4926:Gallic Wars
4628: [
4616: [
4603:Revisionist
4592: [
4583:Reconquista
4573: [
4565:Inquisition
4559:Convivencia
4483: [
4471: [
4443: [
4340:Revisionism
4265: [
4213: [
4201: [
4189: [
4170: [
4112:Golden ages
4081: [
4078:Wunu School
4073:Archaeology
3946:Switzerland
3929:Kosovo Myth
3917:Great Union
3898: [
3883:Philippines
3866:Nationalist
3839:Ages of Man
3811: [
3799: [
3787: [
3765: [
3753: [
3589: [
3586:Revisionist
3478: [
3415:Renaissance
3280:Coloniality
3248: [
3236: [
3228:Historicity
3152:Revisionist
3142:Pop history
3113:Nationalist
3087: [
3032:Cliometrics
3000:Approaches,
2956:Methodology
2852:Linguistics
2802:Environment
2768:Vexillology
2691:Diplomatics
2674:Chorography
2613:Big History
2565:War diaries
2538:Illuminated
2533:Manuscripts
2518:Hieroglyphs
2398:historicity
2176:Works cited
1891:production.
1398:Sima Qian,
1381:JWH Website
1121:Big History
1046:World State
909:World War I
799:H. G. Wells
795:H. G. Wells
676:(1731) and
658:Romanticism
650:Renaissance
648:During the
637:Muqaddimah,
633:Ibn Khaldun
454:Eurocentric
404:big history
323:integration
7425:Categories
7354:Humanities
7288:historical
7221:psychology
7193:Management
7035:demography
6993:Psychology
6976:philosophy
6937:public law
6868:integrated
6714:Multimedia
6533:Technology
6497:Urreligion
6400:Kharijites
6351:Background
6019:Historical
5990:Zhou Enlai
5885:Mao Zedong
5880:Louis Riel
5653:Background
5504:Guilty Men
5446:Uniqueness
5369:Background
5364:Winter War
5288:Background
5221:Versailles
5075:Great Game
4722:Ricardians
4717:Tudor myth
4435:Partitions
4028:Succession
3318:Narratives
3303:Presentism
3259:Philosophy
3079:Humanistic
2967:Case study
2899:Indigenous
2877:Diplomatic
2821:Capitalism
2721:Onomastics
2679:Chronology
2508:Facsimiles
2493:Chronicles
2391:historians
2362:Historians
2192:Eisenstadt
2129:Yerxa 2009
1941:2015-03-24
1885:2012-12-29
1751:2018-07-24
1722:2018-07-24
1693:2018-07-24
1596:2018-07-24
1567:2018-07-24
1553:"Voltaire"
1537:2018-07-24
1523:"Voltaire"
1175:References
961:See also:
841:Spengler's
793:(1918) by
783:(1921) by
618: – c.
616: 200
608:Thucydides
557:Pre-modern
467:capitalism
428:meaningful
152:improve it
103:April 2024
80:neutrality
43:improve it
7232:Planning
7211:economics
7128:Education
7025:Sociology
7003:cognitive
6954:semiotics
6905:political
6863:technical
6848:Geography
6821:Economics
6502:Perennial
6291:Economics
6243:Feudalism
6029:Australia
5777:Aurangzeb
5753:Political
5743:By person
5424:Pius Wars
5219:Treaty of
4878:conflicts
4685:Poor Laws
4548:Hispanism
4425:Sarmatism
4255:Sonderweg
4013:Expansion
3738:Litvinism
3572:Argentina
3406:Long 18th
3289:Dark Ages
3069:Historism
2867:Political
2806:Geography
2743:Philology
2706:Genealogy
2701:Epigraphy
2644:By source
2483:Artifacts
2117:Meer 2011
1527:Biography
856:Sima Qian
604:Herodotus
579:Sima Qian
571:East Asia
358:periods.
355:Axial Age
296:Karl Marx
282:examines
231:July 2024
219:talk page
156:verifying
91:talk page
49:talk page
7373:Category
7241:regional
7236:land use
7071:business
7040:internet
6998:abnormal
6900:military
6890:economic
6880:cultural
6853:physical
6814:physical
6804:cultural
6704:Category
6619:template
6333:Religion
6184:Socrates
6099:Muhammed
6021:rankings
5902:Napoleon
5720:Category
5538:Cold War
5441:Slovakia
5028:Waterloo
4897:Crusades
4842:Military
4690:Scotland
4648:Kemalist
3970:Nam tiến
3965:Vietnam
3955:Ukraine
3913:Romania
3895:Portugal
3821:Georgia
3796:Medieval
3745:Bulgaria
3734:Belarus
3719:Austria
3525:Americas
3493:Morocco
3489:Ethiopia
3268:Specific
3191:Concepts
3096:Leninist
3054:Feminist
3042:Critical
2889:Feminism
2862:Military
2816:Business
2811:Economic
2793:Cultural
2777:By topic
2763:Toponymy
2711:Heraldry
2659:template
2606:By scale
2528:Logbooks
2513:Features
2478:Archives
2228:(2005).
2214:Fukuyama
2102:Archived
2080:(2003);
1935:Archived
1866:(1998).
1772:Archived
1745:Archived
1716:Archived
1687:Archived
1638:27744789
1590:archived
1561:archived
1531:Archived
1435:Archived
1432:in JSTOR
1407:Archived
1384:Archived
1351:Archived
1085:See also
975:—
876:ecumene.
670:Historia
662:Voltaire
507:Salzburg
370:criteria
343:medieval
319:thematic
288:Voltaire
213:You may
168:May 2022
84:disputed
7385:Commons
7216:history
7206:science
7141:studies
6875:History
6787:Primary
6773:History
6768:Outline
6639:Related
6529:Science
6174:Madonna
6146:Judaism
6109:Judaism
5941:Saladin
5831:Hypatia
5755:leaders
5679:Related
5632:Origins
5595:Origins
5546:Origins
5102:Origins
5048:Origins
4914:Origins
4776:Oceania
4739:British
4677:Kingdom
4320:Ireland
4227:Germany
3935:Sweden
3808:New Age
3784:Ancient
3780:Europe
3776:Croatia
3708:Albania
3701:Eurasia
3503:Rwanda
3201:General
3101:Marxist
3002:schools
2831:Thought
2798:Ecology
2560:Scrolls
2498:Codices
2466:Sources
2405:history
2382:History
2278:Parsons
2257:Jaspers
2088:(2000).
2084:, ed.,
1984:(1986)
1348:H-World
1303:(p. 2).
1265:(p. 1).
1133:History
862:McNeill
763:Marxism
552:History
496:H-World
339:ancient
315:nations
284:history
150:Please
7076:public
7018:social
6910:social
6809:social
6265:Salons
6067:Others
6034:Canada
5668:Causes
5605:Causes
5580:Causes
5374:Spirit
5308:Causes
5278:Causes
5143:Causes
5112:Causes
5085:Causes
5063:Causes
4994:Causes
4741:Empire
4675:United
4641:Turkey
4456:Russia
4430:Deluge
4413:Poland
4153:France
3951:Taiwan
3924:Serbia
3730:Balhae
3581:Causes
3532:Canada
3466:Egypt
3459:Africa
2983:Tarikh
2904:Labour
2894:Gender
2884:Social
2684:dating
2550:Papyri
2473:Annals
2312:Sattin
2247:28 May
2238:
2202:
2060:
2016:(1989)
1971:(2002)
1958:(2007)
1913:
1876:
1800:Marx,
1636:
1466:(1961)
1453:(1985)
1417:(1958)
1332:25 May
1323:
1000:could
864:wrote
821:, and
748:Engels
513:, and
481:, and
410:, and
382:(2005)
347:modern
345:, and
7246:urban
7050:urban
7045:rural
6895:human
6858:human
6778:Index
6512:Roman
6424:]
6238:]
6151:Islam
6121:Jesus
6009:]
5997:]
5985:]
5953:]
5929:]
5892:]
5855:]
5843:]
5811:]
5799:]
5524:]
5414:Nakba
5210:]
5174:]
5124:]
5006:]
4989:]
4632:]
4620:]
4596:]
4577:]
4532:Spain
4487:]
4475:]
4447:]
4354:Italy
4292:India
4269:]
4217:]
4205:]
4193:]
4174:]
4085:]
4060:China
3902:]
3861:Korea
3856:Japan
3845:Iran
3834:Greek
3815:]
3803:]
3791:]
3769:]
3762:Early
3757:]
3618:Casta
3593:]
3515:Maafa
3482:]
3252:]
3240:]
3091:]
2931:Women
2926:Urban
2914:Rural
2909:LGBTQ
2665:Books
2503:Deeds
2440:Types
2002:Ebsco
1634:JSTOR
1038:telos
424:known
420:Earth
292:Hegel
221:, or
7314:List
6603:list
5198:1917
4210:Lyon
3681:Eras
3600:Peru
3335:list
3282:and
3162:Whig
2369:list
2249:2023
2236:ISBN
2200:ISBN
2058:ISBN
1911:ISBN
1874:ISBN
1379:see
1346:see
1334:2012
1321:ISBN
1042:goal
1020:and
955:and
895:and
874:and
833:and
787:and
746:and
744:Marx
730:The
656:and
537:The
524:The
501:The
494:The
426:and
77:The
6917:Law
3329:Pax
1297:doi
1259:doi
1068:'s
734:of
598:In
565:In
329:).
274:or
154:by
7427::
6422:it
6236:pt
6007:zh
5995:zh
5983:zh
5951:zh
5927:es
5890:zh
5853:ru
5841:zh
5809:zh
5797:zh
5522:fr
5208:ru
5172:fr
5149:/
5122:es
5004:ru
4987:fr
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4473:ru
4445:pl
4267:de
4215:fr
4203:fr
4191:fr
4172:fr
4083:zh
3900:pt
3813:ru
3801:ru
3789:ru
3767:ru
3755:de
3591:es
3480:es
3250:de
3238:es
3089:pt
1933:.
1888:.
1743:.
1739:.
1714:.
1710:.
1685:.
1681:.
1630:15
1628:.
1529:.
1525:.
1282:^
1208:^
1060:,
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