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infection. Deciding on a treatment depends on the type of wound that a person has sustained. Varying from infections to burns, wound care is a priority in saving the limb, extremity, or life of a person. In a hospital or medical care setting, more severe wounds like diabetic ulcers, decubitus ulcers, and burns require sterile or clean (depending on the severity of the wound) dressings and wound care. The types of wound dressing include: dry dressings, wet-to-dry dressings, chemical-impregnated dressings, foam dressings, alginate dressings, hydrofiber dressings, transparent film dressings, hydrogel dressings, and hydrocolloid dressings. All of the listed dressing types require different materials to complete the dressing.
714:: Although some medical facilities are stepping away from these types of dressings, they are used mostly for post-surgical wound care as well as debridement of wounds. These dressings take out necrotic areas as well as infections. In this type of wound dressing, gauze is soaked in saline, placed lightly inside of the wound, and covered with a dry dressing. Once the gauze dries, it can be removed. It dries onto the infection or necrotic areas to remove them. These dressings are being replaced by Wound-Vacs, which are attached to a dressing directly onto the wound, and lightly but continuously, pull and suck exudate and fluids from the wound.
196:
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developments in tissue engineering, have given rise to a number of new classes of wound dressings. One of these, "living skin equivalents, " is often cited as a misnomer because they lack key components of whole living skin. "Living skin equivalents" may have the potential to serve as cellular platforms for the release of growth factors essential for proper wound healing. Many biologics, skin substitutes, biomembranes and scaffolds have been developed to facilitate wound healing through various mechanisms.
95:
been a very safe way of treating humans with wounds due to overdosing or choosing the wrong plants to treat a person until the right one was found. Nevertheless, most of the ancient people who were given the duty of healers through the usage of herbs were well accustomed with which plants from their local flora could be used to help the injured. This knowledge was learned and passed down after healers repeatedly used an herbal remedy for a specific wound with the belief that it promoted healing.
444:
604:
106:. Tribesmen conducted various observations on the effects of different plant parts, meaning roots, leaves, etc., on specific wounds. They also observed what seasons, time of day, or moon phase would result in a most active plant. The former however resulted in a minimal influence in modern medicine as compared to plants parts or seasons of growth.
738:: these dressings are similar to alginate dressings when it comes to absorbing characteristics, but they do not affect hemostasis. They are composed in sheets which contain polymer carboxymethylcellulose and can be cut according to wound size and severity. However, when using these dressings, a secondary dressing is almost always required.
419:(430–377 BC), were also the first to establish the four cardinal signs of inflammation: redness, swelling, heat and pain. Alcohol is still in use today as a wound cleanser largely as rubbing alcohol. However the side effects can be skin cell death resulting in inflammation and itchiness at the site of application.
94:
Over time, different civilizations began to create their own herbal medicinal treatments for wounds depending on the trees, shrubs, or any other type of plants located in their environment. These herbal treatments became the oldest form of wound therapy. It is logically assumed that this may not have
589:
Other recent developments has been the renewed focus on the prominent patient concern of pain. Burn patients and others affected by severe wounds often report pain as the dominant negative impact of the wounds on their lives. Clinical management of the pain associated with chronic wounds has been an
780:
were cleared as a medical device in 2004 after being an indispensable tool in the 19th century and even in use in the Middle Ages. This unique use of creatures is utilized in many surgeries today. Leeches have the ability to assist with compromised tissue with the components of their saliva. Their
812:
to prevent infection in wounds. They were also used by military medical aids during World War II. They worked as biomedical debriding agents by ingesting bacteria and breaking them down within their intestines. Maggots give off an enzyme that disinfects wounds and promotes healing and this is why
700:
In modern-day 21st century, medicine has evolved to involve past treatments such as leech therapy, as well as advancing wound prevention and the treatment. A large part of wound care is wound treatment. This involves promoting healing, preventing infections, and getting rid of an already existent
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that included traders who would travel overseas bringing herbs that would be used for specific wounds. Soon, like most industries, patients began to skip the doctors altogether and purchased the herbs directly from the traders who were also aware of the effects and quantities that should be taken
585:
In the 1990s, improvements in composite and hybrid polymers expanded the range of materials available for wound dressing. Grafting and biotechnology have produced usable and useful protective covering of actual human skin generated through cloning procedures. These improvements, coupled with the
581:
and Howard
Maibach reported on the superior efficacy of moist wound dressings. The adoption of moist wound dressing technique as recommended best wound dressing practice reflected a large advance in approach producing markedly superior clinical outcomes. This dawn of modern wound care treatment
230:. This book includes the author's observation of the effects of the herbal medicine on specific parts of the human body. This then became the beginning of scientific research on herbal remedies on humans, which has been modified and significantly changed from modern wound remedies.
726:: dressings that require additional padding utilize foam pads to help absorb and provide a moist healing environment. They also act as a shield to the wound and prevent any damage from friction or pressure. They can be tricky when applying and removing due to the surrounding skin.
756:: unlike transparent film dressings, hydrocolloid dressings do not allow oxygen to reach the wound. It is a wet-to-dry technique but is not recommended for infected areas. This type of dressing can last up to 7 days with a close eye and must be removed with care.
483:, began in the 1890s producing gauze and wound dressings sterilized with dry heat, steam, and pressure. These innovations in wound-site dressings marked the first major steps forward in the field since the advances of the Egyptians and Greeks centuries earlier.
708:: these dressings are typically composed of a gauze material and used for wounds with a small amount of drainage. These dressings are good for keeping the wound covered after cleaning and to promote healing as well as taking out small amounts of infection.
750:: this type of dressing is more directed towards infected areas and those in need of a moist environment to heal properly. It helps promote the body's own natural functions of removing necrotic tissue. It is advised not to be used on dry wounds.
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Fonder, Margaret A.; Lazarus, Gerald S.; Cowan, David A.; Aronson-Cook, Barbara; Kohli, Angela R.; Mamelak, Adam J. (2008). "Treating the chronic wound: A practical approach to the care of nonhealing wounds and wound care dressings".
744:: this specific type of dressing is more like a plastic covering for the wound. It allows oxygen to reach it and help heal but does not absorb any fluids. Transparent film dressings are used primarily on dry wounds.
144:
1600 BCE, describes closing wounds with sutures (for wounds of the lip, throat, and shoulder), bandaging, splints, poultices, preventing and curing infection with honey, and stopping bleeding with raw meat. The
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circa 120–201 A.D., made many contributions to the field of wound care. The most important was the acknowledgment of the importance of maintaining wound-site moisture to ensure successful closure of the wound.
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used wine with sesame infusions, which were "purified and pulverized" before application along with the many beers. Another peoples to take advantage of the cleansing properties of alcohol were the
797:, and even reconstructive surgeries. The leeches help localize the wound and help produce blood flow. This is helpful in operations where blood clots occur and they help dilate the blood vessels.
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provided new materials from which researchers and doctors in the field of wound care could explore better protecting of healing wounds and even accelerating the natural wound healing process.
732:: these dressings are composed of calcium, sodium salts and also provide a moist environment for the healing process. They are better used with a larger wound such as ulcers or donor sites.
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initiated a process of improvement in the clinician's ability to bolster wound-site re-epithelialization and healing. The focus on evidence-based best practices and research continues.
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There were limited advances that continued throughout the Middle Ages and the
Renaissance, but the most profound advances—both technological and clinical—came with the development of
720:: these are provided by manufacturers and they contain chemicals and agents that promote the healing process. Some of these dressings come in sheets and require secondary dressings.
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treatments for wounds. The lint provided its natural absorbency, the animal grease provided a barrier to environmental pathogens, and the honey served as an antibiotic agent. The
219:, or gatherers of roots, in Ancient Greece. The earliest known list of herbs and remedies was probably written for these herbal merchants. The earliest known to men is the
86:
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Sipos P, Gyõry H, Hagymási K, Ondrejka P, Blázovics A (February 2004). "Special wound healing methods used in ancient egypt and the mythological background".
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A glass container containing tubocurarine chloride. Tubocurarine was used in ancient times as a poison, but was used in the 20th century as a muscle relaxant.
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and experimentally showed that excision of open wounds substantially reduced the risk of infection. The next advances would arise from the development of
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is placed on a wound where burned or scarred skin has been removed. The two-layer membrane provides scaffolding to regrow a new layer of dermis.
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was utilized for its antibacterial properties that helped heal infected wounds. Moreover, honey was used as a topical ointment. Other than
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475:, and subsequently dropped his surgical team's mortality rate by 45%. Building on the success of Lister's pretreated surgical gauze,
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1282:, 51–92. Edited by Elisabeth Hsu. Cambridge, New York, Oakleigh, Madrid, and Cape Town: Cambridge University Press, pp. 28–29.
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did extensive research into wound management and experimentation with wound disinfection methods, publishing his comprehensive
468:
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Vyas KS, Vasconez HC. Wound
Healing: Biologics, Skin Substitutes, Biomembranes and Scaffolds. Healthcare. 2014; 2(3):356-400.
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believed that making sure a person's wound stayed closed would help their own spirit not be invaded by external evil spirits.
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Erfahrungen und
Studien ĂĽber Wundinfektion und Wundbehandlung (Experiences and studies on wound infection and wound care)
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Ovington LG (October 2002). "The evolution of wound management: ancient origins and advances of the past 20 years".
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The Greeks also acknowledged the importance of wound closure, and were the first to differentiate between acute and
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synthetics for wound dressings and the "rediscovery" of moist wound-site care protocols in the mid 20th century.
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while also informing their "patients" of them. These merchants that supplied people with herbs were known as
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Krasner D (May 1998). "Painful venous ulcers: themes and stories about living with the pain and suffering".
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Broughton, George; Janis, Jeffrey E.; Attinger, Christopher E. (2006). "A Brief
History of Wound Care".
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they became the first organism in the United States that were used as a medical device in
January 2004.
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to create an ointment that healed surgical wounds within a month. One of his surgical procedures was
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Numerous ancient herbal remedies and poisons now serve as models for modern medicine. For example,
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Hsu, Elisabeth. (2001). "Pulse diagnostics in the
Western Han: how mai and qi determine bing," in
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876:"The Civilizing of Curare: A History of Its Development and Introduction into Anesthesiology"
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along with the dressing of wounds, using up to 19 different types of beer. Other ancient
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emergency wound treatment priority and is now viewed as an integral part of treatment.
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1330:(2001). "Honey as a topical antibacterial agent for treatment of infected wounds".
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have survived which document herbal, surgical and magical remedies for wounds. The
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Early Arabic
Pharmacology: An Introduction Based on Ancient and Medieval Sources
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were also used in ancient medical practices. One of the first uses was by the
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1261:. Indianapolis and Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc., pp. 181–182.
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1641:"Forgotten Great Men of Medicine -- Baron Dominique Jean Larrey (1766-1842)"
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285:) compiled between the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC (i.e. originating in the
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A Biographical
Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD)
55:
would speed up or assist the process, especially if it was grievous. In
1139:. Vol. 113. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 57–68.
628: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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from the womb of a woman whom he diagnosed and cured of her ailments.
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Green
Pharmacy: The History and Evolution of Western Herbal Medicine
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The first advances in wound care in this era began with the work of
451:, who was the first doctor to begin to sterilize his surgical gauze.
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As tribal healers developed into doctors, it spurred on a primitive
375:, honey also contains a variety of trace amounts of many different
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The Journal of the American College of Certified Wound Specialists
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1671:"Alternative Treatments for Wounds: Leeches, Maggots, and Bees"
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Erfahrungen und Studien ĂĽber Wundinfektion und Wundbehandlung
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793:. These capabilities help in surgeries such as transplants,
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62:, this was followed by the realisation of the necessity of
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and cleanliness in general in medical procedures prevents
467:. Semmelweis's work was furthered by an English surgeon,
327:. The first known physician in China to describe the use
847:
Griggs, Barbara; Zee, Barbara Van der (1 October 1997).
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offered practical advice for certain procedures such as
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917:"The Identity and Work of the Ancient Egyptian Surgeon"
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and significantly reduced the frequency of infections.
206:
wounded by an arrow (Attic red-figure kylix, c. 500 BC)
1778:
WOUNDS: A Compendium of Clinical Research and Practice
772:
Alternative treatments for wounds: leeches and maggots
301:, and stated a belief in two circulatory channels of
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51:would have noticed several factors and certain
1077:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
459:, a Hungarian obstetrician who discovered how
1773:Association for the Advancement of Wound Care
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8:
1768:European Wound Management Association (EWMA)
339:(d. 208 AD), who utilized his knowledge of
1547:http://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/2/3/356/htm
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1234:
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946:
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688:Learn how and when to remove this message
267:Science and technology of the Han dynasty
120:The clinical history of the treatment of
1114:. New Delhi: JP Medical Ltd. p. 4.
985:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt
922:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
842:
840:
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331:for patients undergoing surgery was the
1619:"INTEGRA® DERMAL REGENERATION TEMPLATE"
1209:"Recent advances in topical wound care"
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785:inhibitor, antibiotic properties and a
577:In the 1960s, research and articles by
78:also assisted in improving wound care.
1170:
1160:
407:cultures, including the Sumerians and
70:, where wound dressing techniques and
1509:. Frauenfeld, Switzerland: J. Huber.
1309:. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill, p. 332.
1112:Principles and Practice of Wound Care
808:'s Grande Armée pioneered the use of
293:through the lens of the metaphysical
128:wounds can also trace its origins to
7:
1026:The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt
853:. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co.
781:saliva contains a local anesthetic,
626:adding citations to reliable sources
359:Remedies used in ancient treatments
1476:10.1097/01.prs.0000225429.76355.dd
1464:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
25:
1352:Shah, Jayesh B. (19 April 2012).
1213:Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery
915:Sullivan, Richard (August 1996).
226:, a student of Greek philosopher
1702:10.1097/00004045-200210000-00009
1572:10.1097/00152192-199805000-00008
1409:Levey, Martin (1 January 1973).
1257:Csikszentmihalyi, Mark. (2006).
1188:Nutton, Vivian (9 August 2014).
893:10.1213/00000539-197703000-00032
602:
498:, which marked the beginning of
289:), which viewed the human body,
1757:. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Nov. 2015.
1437:"Debunking Myths of Wound Care"
1280:Innovations in Chinese Medicine
1259:Readings in Han Chinese Thought
1207:Sarabahi, Sujata (1 May 2012).
613:needs additional citations for
1753:"Dressing and Bandage Types."
1560:J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs
874:Betcher, Alber M. MD. (1977).
759:Biologically based dressings:
718:Chemical-impregnated dressings
1:
245:, a Greek surgeon who served
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153:1500 BCE, details the use of
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141:
1798:Emergency medical procedures
530:During World War I, chemist
283:Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon
273:traditional Chinese medicine
263:Traditional Chinese medicine
1354:"The History of Wound Care"
554:The advent in the 1950s of
534:was consulted and invented
237:, calling them "fresh" and
1814:
1370:10.1016/j.jcws.2012.04.002
1089:10.1016/j.jaad.2007.08.048
1039:Metropolitan Museum of Art
939:10.1177/014107689608900813
880:Anesthesia & Analgesia
742:Transparent film dressings
260:
188:
177:1200 BCE, stated that the
113:
74:developed. Eventually the
1731:10.1007/s00268-003-7073-x
1137:Ancient Egyptian Medicine
1110:Sarabahi, Sujata (2012).
510:in 1898. That same year,
116:Ancient Egyptian medicine
1505:Brunner, Conrad (1898).
1226:10.4103/0970-0358.101321
457:Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis
82:Ancient medical practice
1533:Encyclopædia Britannica
1194:Encyclopædia Britannica
637:"History of wound care"
224:of Diocles of Carustius
212:pharmaceutical industry
185:Ancient Greece and Rome
134:Egyptian medical papyri
804:, surgeon-in-chief of
754:Hydrocolloid dressings
512:Paul Leopold Friedrich
452:
447:This is a portrait of
399:, who used beer as an
291:its organs and tissues
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191:Ancient Greek medicine
91:
76:germ theory of disease
1043:Yale University Press
823:Wound bed preparation
802:Dominique Jean Larrey
736:Hydro-fiber dressings
481:Johnson & Johnson
477:Robert Wood Johnson I
446:
435:in the 19th century.
287:Warring States period
261:Further information:
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189:Further information:
114:Further information:
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29:history of wound care
1135:Nunn, J. F. (1996).
761:Integra LifeSciences
712:Wet-to-dry dressings
622:improve this article
532:Henry Drysdale Dakin
496:surgical instruments
1793:History of medicine
1470:(SUPPLEMENT): 10S.
1328:Peter Charles Molan
1190:"Galen of Pergamum"
987:(Online ed.).
558:synthetics such as
540:sodium hypochlorite
526:Wound-site dressing
138:Edwin Smith Papyrus
66:and the halting of
47:by themselves, but
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1645:Medicinski Pregled
1639:Gajić, V. (2011).
1598:www.atitesting.com
1529:"Dakin's solution"
1303:de Crespigny, Rafe
981:Redford, Donald B.
748:Hydrogel dressings
730:Alginate dressings
492:heat sterilization
488:Ernst von Bergmann
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433:cellular pathology
271:A seminal work of
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1415:. Brill Archive.
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998:978-0-19-518765-6
971:Ritner, Robert K.
931:SAGE Publications
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391:Various types of
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1127:
1121:978-9350258644
1120:
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886:(2): 305–319.
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818:
815:
773:
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724:Foam dressings
721:
715:
709:
696:
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610:
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551:
548:
527:
524:
516:wound excision
504:Conrad Brunner
440:
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424:
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388:
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365:
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360:
357:
307:vital energy.
258:
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235:chronic wounds
186:
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83:
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24:
14:
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2:
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1696:(10): 652–6.
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1288:0-521-80068-4
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1219:(2): 379–87.
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706:Dry dressings
704:
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692:
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681:
678:November 2019
670:
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642:
639: –
638:
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633:Find sources:
627:
623:
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611:This section
609:
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600:
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593:
591:
587:
583:
580:
579:George Winter
575:
573:
569:
568:polypropylene
565:
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469:Joseph Lister
466:
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449:Joseph Lister
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317:Chinese texts
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257:Ancient China
256:
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244:
240:
239:"non-healing"
236:
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184:
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159:animal grease
156:
148:
147:Ebers Papyrus
139:
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130:ancient Egypt
127:
123:
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110:Ancient Egypt
109:
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1754:
1725:(2): 211–6.
1722:
1719:World J Surg
1718:
1693:
1689:
1665:
1648:
1644:
1634:
1625:
1613:
1601:. Retrieved
1597:
1594:"Wound Care"
1588:
1563:
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1553:
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1532:
1523:
1506:
1500:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1445:. Retrieved
1440:
1431:
1411:
1404:
1364:(3): 65–66.
1361:
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879:
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684:
675:
665:
658:
651:
644:
632:
620:Please help
615:verification
612:
588:
584:
576:
564:polyethylene
553:
550:1950s onward
529:
507:
485:
461:hand washing
454:
439:19th century
429:microbiology
426:
405:Mesopotamian
390:
367:
344:
302:
299:yin and yang
282:
276:
270:
232:
223:
220:
216:
209:
119:
104:tubocurarine
97:
93:
28:
26:
1603:24 November
1447:29 November
795:skin grafts
791:vasodilator
514:introduced
490:introduced
423:Middle Ages
417:Hippocrates
349:the removal
333:Eastern Han
313:Han dynasty
295:five phases
221:Rhizotomika
217:rhizotomiki
132:, and many
31:spans from
1787:Categories
1755:Wound Care
1422:9004037969
1338:(7–8): 96.
1332:Nurs Times
1305:. (2007).
1083:(2): 192.
1061:2005016908
976:"Medicine"
933:: 467–73.
829:References
648:newspapers
572:polyvinyls
544:boric acid
401:antiseptic
351:of a dead
335:physician
329:anesthesia
309:In surgery
250:gladiators
43:naturally
35:to modern
33:prehistory
1378:1876-4983
1173:ignored (
1163:cite book
1035:New Haven
973:(2005) .
787:histamine
486:In 1886,
409:Akkadians
397:Sumerians
325:abscesses
228:Aristotle
204:Patroclus
179:Egyptians
1739:14708054
1710:12394337
1657:21548278
1515:14781957
1492:20906267
1484:16799371
1396:24525756
1245:23162238
1155:10326089
1097:18222318
1031:New York
1023:(2005).
1007:99054801
817:See also
806:Napoleon
783:thrombin
776:Medical
381:proteins
377:vitamins
275:was the
202:tending
200:Achilles
68:bleeding
37:medicine
1747:1210892
1682:Sources
1580:9678007
1387:3601883
1236:3495389
983:(ed.).
957:8795503
948:1295891
810:maggots
778:leeches
662:scholar
556:fibrous
520:polymer
393:alcohol
387:Alcohol
337:Hua Tuo
167:topical
126:chronic
72:surgery
64:hygiene
60:history
57:ancient
1745:
1737:
1708:
1655:
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1513:
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800:Baron
789:-like
664:
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570:, and
473:phenol
413:Greeks
161:, and
100:curare
41:Wounds
1743:S2CID
1622:(PDF)
1488:S2CID
979:. In
929:(8).
669:JSTOR
655:books
560:nylon
373:sugar
369:Honey
364:Honey
353:fetus
247:Roman
163:honey
122:acute
1735:PMID
1706:PMID
1653:PMID
1605:2015
1576:PMID
1511:OCLC
1480:PMID
1449:2015
1417:ISBN
1392:PMID
1374:ISSN
1311:ISBN
1284:ISBN
1263:ISBN
1241:PMID
1175:help
1151:PMID
1141:ISBN
1116:ISBN
1093:PMID
1057:LCCN
1047:ISBN
1003:LCCN
993:ISBN
953:PMID
898:PMID
855:ISBN
641:news
542:and
431:and
379:and
315:era
297:and
265:and
155:lint
124:and
45:heal
27:The
1727:doi
1698:doi
1626:FDA
1568:doi
1472:doi
1468:117
1382:PMC
1366:doi
1231:PMC
1221:doi
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