226:
218:
210:
79:
269:
36:
365:
carry the recessive allele. All female children of an affected father will be carriers (assuming the mother is not affected or a carrier), as daughters possess their father's X chromosome. If the mother is not a carrier, no male children of an affected father will be affected, as males only inherit their father's Y chromosome.
166:
preferably targets a certain parent's X chromosome (the father's in this case). If the father is affected, the son will not be affected, as he does not inherit the father's X chromosome, but the daughter will always be a carrier (and may occasionally present with symptoms due to aforementioned skewed
364:
and some will express the other. All males possessing an X-linked recessive mutation will be affected, since males have only a single X chromosome and therefore have only one copy of X-linked genes. All offspring of a carrier female have a 50% chance of inheriting the mutation if the father does not
170:
In X-linked dominant inheritance, a son or daughter born to an affected mother and an unaffected father both have a 50% chance of being affected (though a few X-linked dominant conditions are embryonic lethal for the son, making them appear to only occur in females). If the father is affected, the
157:
In X-linked recessive inheritance, a son born to a carrier mother and an unaffected father has a 50% chance of being affected, while a daughter has a 50% chance of being a carrier, however a fraction of carriers may display a milder (or even full) form of the condition due to a phenomenon known as
276:
Each child of a mother affected with an X-linked dominant trait has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutation and thus being affected with the disorder. If only the father is affected, 100% of the daughters will be affected, since they inherit their father's X chromosome, and 0% of the sons will be
249:
with one copy of the X-linked dominant allele: both daughters and sons will have 50% probability to be affected. (C) the heterozygous mother is called "carrier" because she has one copy of the recessive allele: sons will have 50% probability to be affected, 50% of unaffected daughters will become
154:. Only females are able to be carriers for X-linked conditions; males will always be affected by any X-linked condition, since they have no second X chromosome with a healthy copy of the gene. As such, X-linked recessive conditions affect males much more commonly than females.
280:
There are fewer X-linked dominant conditions than X-linked recessive, because dominance in X-linkage requires the condition to present in females with only a fraction of the reduction in gene expression of autosomal dominance, since roughly half (or
569:
Sex-influenced or sex-conditioned traits are phenotypes affected by whether they appear in a male or female body. Even in a homozygous dominant or recessive female the condition may not be expressed fully. Example:
171:
son will always be unaffected, but the daughter will always be affected. A Y-linked condition will only be inherited from father to son and will always affect every generation.
1085:
139:. The inheritance and presentation of all three differ depending on the sex of both the parent and the child. This makes them characteristically different from autosomal
356:
Females possessing one X-linked recessive mutation are considered carriers and will generally not manifest clinical symptoms of the disorder, although differences in
1141:
1005:
1041:
852:
436:
901:
470:
410:
1348:
1196:
582:
These are characters only expressed in one sex. They may be caused by genes on either autosomal or sex chromosomes. Examples: female sterility in
368:
The incidence of X-linked recessive conditions in females is the square of that in males: for example, if 1 in 20 males in a human population are
1230:
1267:
1343:
1010:
986:
1186:
921:
561:
It is important to distinguish between sex-linked characters, which are controlled by genes on sex chromosomes, and two other categories.
976:
1262:
1220:
1046:
725:
1191:
1126:
845:
1353:
972:
740:; Joron M. (1999). "The evolution of diversity in warning color and mimicry: polymorphisms, shifting balance, and speciation".
1295:
875:
612:
459:
351:
400:
1377:
891:
702:
Studies in the history of science and learning offered in homage to George Sarton on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday
607:
314:
263:
896:
475:
652:
146:
There are many more X-linked conditions than Y-linked conditions, since humans have several times as many genes on the
1433:
1358:
1252:
906:
838:
426:
183:
179:
140:
389:
69:
This article is about sex-linked inheritance. For hybrid chickens with sexually differentiated hatchling color, see
1428:
1015:
1131:
369:
303:
1388:
1248:
911:
357:
338:
175:
1423:
1090:
186:
used by birds, the mammalian pattern is reversed, since the male is the homogametic sex (ZZ) and the female is
45:
1393:
1317:
1107:
1036:
512:
1408:
1257:
1215:
1165:
1117:
1059:
700:(1946). The discovery of sex-influenced, sex limited and sex-linked heredity. In Ashley Montagu M.F. (ed)
587:
360:
can lead to varying degrees of clinical expression in carrier females since some cells will express one X
319:
1240:
1072:
544:
282:
159:
1028:
954:
926:
394:
50:
1225:
936:
416:
1398:
1098:
996:
631:
539:
309:
194:
128:
83:
1458:
1290:
981:
964:
816:
721:
549:
532:
132:
1403:
1277:
806:
796:
749:
507:
245:
for the recessive allele: only daughters (all) will be affected. (B) the affected mother is
225:
217:
209:
198:
87:
54:
1338:
1285:
1161:
1156:
1077:
883:
453:
405:
298:
785:"A conserved supergene locus controls colour pattern diversity in Heliconius butterflies"
1418:
1333:
1206:
1171:
1103:
811:
784:
464:
286:
268:
163:
120:
78:
1452:
1413:
1176:
1136:
1064:
1051:
949:
944:
916:
753:
697:
448:
444:
431:
420:
324:
187:
1023:
737:
151:
147:
801:
441:
17:
766:
528:
91:
648:
680:
Doncaster L. & Raynor G.H. 1906. Breeding experiments with
Lepidoptera.
595:
487:
330:
105:
820:
372:, then 1 in 400 females in the population are expected to be color-blind (/
571:
246:
242:
136:
124:
112:
101:
70:
535:, with both black (or gray) and orange pigment, is nearly always female.
241:(A) the affected father has one X-linked dominant allele, the mother is
591:
334:
830:
527:: the gene that causes orange pigment is on the X chromosome; thus a
361:
272:
An example pedigree chart of the inheritance of a sex-linked disorder
116:
1309:
267:
1305:
1146:
517:
109:
1375:
873:
834:
538:
The first sex-linked gene ever discovered was the "lacticolor"
524:
494:
29:
174:
The inheritance patterns are different in animals that use
277:
affected, since they inherit their father's Y chromosome.
664:
Morgan T.H. 1910. Sex-limited inheritance in
Drosophila.
201:
is performed to test if an animal's trait is sex-linked.
716:
King R.C; Stansfield W.D. & Mulligan P.K. 2006.
164:
inactivating half of the female body's X chromosomes
1326:
1304:
1276:
1239:
1205:
1116:
995:
963:
935:
882:
590:characters in insects, especially in relation to
783:Joron M, Papa R, Beltrán M, et al. (2006).
1052:Danon disease/glycogen storage disease Type IIb
682:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
239:Illustration of some X-linked heredity outcomes
100:describes the sex-specific reading patterns of
1157:Color blindness (red and green, but not blue)
1142:Alpha-thalassemia mental retardation syndrome
846:
285:) of a particular parent's X chromosomes are
123:(allosome) rather than a non-sex chromosome (
8:
1042:Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
594:. Closely linked genes on autosomes called "
437:Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
86:, illustrating the X-linked inheritance of
1372:
870:
853:
839:
831:
902:X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency
810:
800:
516:flies was one of the earliest sex-linked
471:Ornithine carbamoyltransferase deficiency
742:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
638:. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company.
598:" are often responsible for the latter.
411:Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome
77:
1296:X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
1221:Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (EDA)
624:
1231:X-linked endothelial corneal dystrophy
712:
710:
1187:Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (CMTX2-3)
1011:Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency
987:X-linked adrenal hypoplasia congenita
7:
922:X-linked lymphoproliferative disease
892:Chronic granulomatous disease (CYBB)
27:Sex-specific patterns of inheritance
1268:Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 1
720:. 7th ed, Oxford University Press.
977:Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy
502:Sex-linked traits in other animals
25:
1047:Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency
162:, in which the normal process of
1127:X-linked intellectual disability
754:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.30.1.201
649:genetic conditions illustrations
647:Genetics home reference (2006),
224:
216:
208:
82:Experimental cross performed by
34:
973:Androgen insensitivity syndrome
233:
203:
197:, a mating experiment called a
127:). In humans, these are termed
1349:Simpson–Golabi–Behmel syndrome
704:. New York: Schuman, p167–194.
636:The physical basis of heredity
613:X-linked recessive inheritance
460:nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
352:X-linked recessive inheritance
346:X-linked recessive inheritance
1:
1318:AMELX Amelogenesis imperfecta
1258:Centronuclear myopathy (MTM1)
955:X-linked sideroblastic anemia
608:X-linked dominant inheritance
315:Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism
264:X-linked dominant inheritance
258:X-linked dominant inheritance
1344:Smith–Fineman–Myers syndrome
1192:Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease
1086:Purine–pyrimidine metabolism
802:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040303
653:National Library of Medicine
283:as many as 90% in some cases
1434:Craniofrontonasal dysplasia
1359:Nasodigitoacoustic syndrome
907:X-linked agammaglobulinemia
427:Duchenne muscular dystrophy
401:Bruton's agammaglobulinemia
250:carriers like their mother.
184:ZW sex-determination system
141:dominance and recessiveness
43:It has been suggested that
1475:
1429:Orofaciodigital syndrome 1
1263:Conradi–Hünermann syndrome
1016:Oculocerebrorenal syndrome
485:
349:
261:
68:
1389:X-linked hypophosphatemia
1384:
1371:
1249:Becker muscular dystrophy
912:Hyper-IgM syndrome type 1
869:
773:. p17-25. MIT Press 1965.
358:X chromosome inactivation
339:X-linked hypophosphatemia
176:sex-determination systems
60:Proposed since July 2024.
1354:Mohr–Tranebjærg syndrome
897:Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome
718:A dictionary of genetics
493:Various failures in the
476:Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome
46:X-linked genetic disease
1394:Focal dermal hypoplasia
1108:Occipital horn syndrome
1037:Carbohydrate metabolism
513:Drosophila melanogaster
1409:Incontinentia pigmenti
1216:Dyskeratosis congenita
1060:Lipid storage disorder
982:KAL1 Kallmann syndrome
523:Fur color in domestic
390:Aarskog–Scott syndrome
320:Incontinentia pigmenti
273:
94:
1132:Coffin–Lowry syndrome
1073:Mucopolysaccharidosis
565:Sex-influenced traits
545:Abraxas grossulariata
467:(kinky hair syndrome)
370:red–green color blind
304:Coffin–Lowry syndrome
271:
160:skewed X-inactivation
81:
1424:Lujan–Fryns syndrome
1091:Lesch–Nyhan syndrome
1029:Adrenoleukodystrophy
927:Properdin deficiency
771:Genetic polymorphism
395:Adrenoleukodystrophy
53:into this article. (
1226:X-linked ichthyosis
632:Morgan, Thomas Hunt
417:aqueductal stenosis
1399:Fragile X syndrome
1209:and related tissue
876:X-linked recessive
578:Sex-limited traits
540:X-linked recessive
310:Fragile X syndrome
274:
195:classical genetics
129:X-linked recessive
119:) is present on a
95:
84:Thomas Hunt Morgan
1446:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1378:X-linked dominant
1367:
1366:
1327:No primary system
550:Leonard Doncaster
542:gene in the moth
533:tortoiseshell cat
255:
254:
251:
232:
231:
167:X-inactivation).
133:X-linked dominant
67:
66:
62:
16:(Redirected from
1466:
1404:Aicardi syndrome
1373:
871:
855:
848:
841:
832:
825:
824:
814:
804:
780:
774:
764:
758:
757:
734:
728:
714:
705:
695:
689:
678:
672:
662:
656:
645:
639:
629:
237:
234:
228:
220:
212:
204:
199:reciprocal cross
58:
38:
37:
30:
21:
18:X-linked disease
1474:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1438:
1380:
1363:
1339:McLeod syndrome
1322:
1300:
1286:Alport syndrome
1272:
1235:
1201:
1162:Ocular albinism
1112:
1078:Hunter syndrome
991:
959:
931:
878:
865:
859:
829:
828:
782:
781:
777:
765:
761:
736:
735:
731:
715:
708:
696:
692:
679:
675:
663:
659:
646:
642:
630:
626:
621:
604:
580:
567:
559:
504:
490:
484:
454:Hunter syndrome
406:Color blindness
386:
379:
375:
354:
348:
299:Alport syndrome
295:
266:
260:
74:
63:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1472:
1470:
1462:
1461:
1451:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1419:CHILD syndrome
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1334:Barth syndrome
1330:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1314:
1312:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1291:Dent's disease
1288:
1282:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1245:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1212:
1210:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1172:Norrie disease
1169:
1159:
1154:Eye disorders:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1122:
1120:
1118:Nervous system
1114:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1104:Menkes disease
1094:
1093:
1081:
1080:
1068:
1067:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1032:
1031:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1001:
999:
993:
992:
990:
989:
984:
979:
969:
967:
961:
960:
958:
957:
952:
947:
941:
939:
933:
932:
930:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
888:
886:
880:
879:
874:
867:
866:
860:
858:
857:
850:
843:
835:
827:
826:
775:
759:
729:
706:
698:Zirkle, Conway
690:
673:
657:
640:
623:
622:
620:
617:
616:
615:
610:
603:
600:
579:
576:
566:
563:
558:
555:
554:
553:
536:
521:
503:
500:
499:
498:
486:Main article:
483:
480:
479:
478:
473:
468:
465:Menkes disease
462:
456:
451:
439:
434:
429:
424:
413:
408:
403:
398:
392:
385:
382:
377:
373:
350:Main article:
347:
344:
343:
342:
328:
322:
317:
312:
307:
301:
294:
291:
262:Main article:
259:
256:
253:
252:
230:
229:
221:
213:
121:sex chromosome
65:
64:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1471:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1414:Rett syndrome
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1241:Neuromuscular
1238:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1177:Choroideremia
1175:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1137:MASA syndrome
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1065:Fabry disease
1062:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1003:
1002:
1000:
998:
994:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
974:
971:
970:
968:
966:
962:
956:
953:
951:
950:Haemophilia B
948:
946:
945:Haemophilia A
943:
942:
940:
938:
934:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
889:
887:
885:
881:
877:
872:
868:
863:
856:
851:
849:
844:
842:
837:
836:
833:
822:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
794:
790:
786:
779:
776:
772:
768:
763:
760:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
733:
730:
727:
726:0-19-530761-5
723:
719:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
694:
691:
687:
683:
677:
674:
670:
667:
661:
658:
654:
650:
644:
641:
637:
633:
628:
625:
618:
614:
611:
609:
606:
605:
601:
599:
597:
593:
589:
585:
577:
575:
573:
564:
562:
557:Related terms
556:
551:
547:
546:
541:
537:
534:
530:
526:
522:
519:
515:
514:
509:
506:
505:
501:
496:
492:
491:
489:
481:
477:
474:
472:
469:
466:
463:
461:
457:
455:
452:
450:
446:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
432:Fabry disease
430:
428:
425:
422:
421:hydrocephalus
418:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
396:
393:
391:
388:
387:
383:
381:
371:
366:
363:
359:
353:
345:
340:
336:
332:
329:
326:
325:Rett syndrome
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
305:
302:
300:
297:
296:
292:
290:
288:
284:
278:
270:
265:
257:
248:
244:
240:
236:
235:
227:
222:
219:
214:
211:
206:
205:
202:
200:
196:
191:
189:
188:heterogametic
185:
181:
177:
172:
168:
165:
161:
155:
153:
149:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
111:
107:
103:
99:
93:
89:
85:
80:
76:
72:
61:
56:
52:
48:
47:
41:
32:
31:
19:
1183:
1153:
1125:
1097:
1084:
1071:
1058:
1035:
1024:Dyslipidemia
1022:
1004:
861:
795:(10): e303.
792:
788:
778:
770:
762:
745:
741:
732:
717:
701:
693:
685:
681:
676:
668:
665:
660:
643:
635:
627:
583:
581:
568:
560:
543:
511:
367:
355:
289:in females.
279:
275:
247:heterozygous
238:
192:
173:
169:
156:
152:Y chromosome
148:X chromosome
145:
106:presentation
97:
96:
90:mutation in
75:
59:
44:
937:Hematologic
748:: 201–233.
588:polymorphic
586:; and many
574:in humans.
520:discovered.
442:Haemophilia
415:Congenital
287:inactivated
178:other than
102:inheritance
92:fruit flies
1006:Amino acid
767:Ford E. B.
619:References
596:supergenes
584:Drosophila
458:Inherited
333:resistant
243:homozygous
98:Sex linked
88:white-eyed
997:Metabolic
965:Endocrine
864:disorders
789:PLOS Biol
738:Mallet J.
688:: 125–133
671:: 120–122
488:Y linkage
331:Vitamin D
182:. In the
150:than the
1459:Genetics
1453:Category
1278:Urologic
1253:Duchenne
862:X-linked
821:17002517
602:See also
572:baldness
510:eyes in
482:Y-linked
384:Examples
293:Examples
137:Y-linked
125:autosome
113:mutation
71:Sex-link
1099:Mineral
812:1570757
769:(1965)
666:Science
592:mimicry
335:rickets
108:when a
55:Discuss
1184:Other:
884:Immune
819:
809:
724:
634:1919.
529:Calico
362:allele
190:(ZW).
117:allele
51:merged
1310:tooth
1197:SMAX2
518:genes
508:White
497:genes
397:(ALD)
306:(CLS)
1306:Bone
1207:Skin
1147:PHF8
917:IPEX
817:PMID
722:ISBN
525:cats
447:and
376:)*(/
327:(RS)
223:(C)
215:(B)
207:(A)
135:and
110:gene
104:and
807:PMC
797:doi
750:doi
548:by
531:or
495:SRY
380:).
193:In
49:be
1455::
1063::
815:.
805:.
791:.
787:.
746:30
744:.
709:^
684:.
669:32
651:,
378:20
374:20
180:XY
143:.
131:,
1308:/
1251:/
1168:)
1166:1
1164:(
1129::
1106:/
1101::
1088::
1075::
1039::
1026::
1008::
975:/
854:e
847:t
840:v
823:.
799::
793:4
756:.
752::
686:1
655:.
552:.
449:B
445:A
423:)
419:(
341:)
337:(
115:(
73:.
57:)
20:)
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