1265:
1214:
219:
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215:(CT scanning), an X-ray source and its associated detectors rotate around the subject, which itself moves through the conical X-ray beam produced. Any given point within the subject is crossed from many directions by many different beams at different times. Information regarding the attenuation of these beams is collated and subjected to computation to generate two-dimensional images on three planes (axial, coronal, and sagittal) which can be further processed to produce a three-dimensional image.
330:
871:, the Society for Pediatric Radiology developed and launched the Image Gently campaign which is designed to maintain high quality imaging studies while using the lowest doses and best radiation safety practices available on pediatric patients. This initiative has been endorsed and applied by a growing list of various professional medical organizations around the world and has received support and assistance from companies that manufacture equipment used in radiology.
1166:
922:
465:) are imaged, and the bone density (amount of calcium) is determined and given a number (a T-score). It is not used for bone imaging, as the image quality is not good enough to make an accurate diagnostic image for fractures, inflammation, etc. It can also be used to measure total body fat, though this is not common. The radiation dose received from DEXA scans is very low, much lower than projection radiography examinations.
649:
4810:
3834:
404:
3864:
3874:
483:
theatre, using a portable fluoroscopy machine called a C-arm. It can move around the surgery table and make digital images for the surgeon. Biplanar
Fluoroscopy works the same as single plane fluoroscopy except displaying two planes at the same time. The ability to work in two planes is important for orthopedic and spinal surgery and can reduce operating times by eliminating re-positioning.
911:
3854:
3844:
51:
900:
1290:
pushed for radiography to be used to treat wounded soldiers in World War I. Initially, many kinds of staff conducted radiography in hospitals, including physicists, photographers, physicians, nurses, and engineers. The medical speciality of radiology grew up over many years around the new technology.
874:
Following upon the success of the Image Gently campaign, the
American College of Radiology, the Radiological Society of North America, the American Association of Physicists in Medicine, and the American Society of Radiologic Technologists have launched a similar campaign to address this issue in the
835:
is the most common shield against X-rays because of its high density (11,340 kg/m), stopping power, ease of installation and low cost. The maximum range of a high-energy photon such as an X-ray in matter is infinite; at every point in the matter traversed by the photon, there is a probability of
523:
is the use of fluoroscopy to view the cardiovascular system. An iodine-based contrast is injected into the bloodstream and watched as it travels around. Since liquid blood and the vessels are not very dense, a contrast with high density (like the large iodine atoms) is used to view the vessels under
1256:
material, within the tube. On 3 February 1896 Gilman Frost, professor of medicine at the college, and his brother Edwin Frost, professor of physics, exposed the wrist of Eddie McCarthy, whom Gilman had treated some weeks earlier for a fracture, to the X-rays and collected the resulting image of the
1209:
which he had wrapped in black cardboard to shield its fluorescent glow. He noticed a faint green glow from the screen, about 1 metre away. Röntgen realized some invisible rays coming from the tube were passing through the cardboard to make the screen glow: they were passing through an opaque object
422:
or CT scan (previously known as CAT scan, the "A" standing for "axial") uses ionizing radiation (x-ray radiation) in conjunction with a computer to create images of both soft and hard tissues. These images look as though the patient was sliced like bread (thus, "tomography" – "tomo" means "slice").
675:
Image quality will depend on resolution and density. Resolution is the ability an image to show closely spaced structure in the object as separate entities in the image while density is the blackening power of the image. Sharpness of a radiographic image is strongly determined by the size of the
482:
The technique provides moving projection radiographs. Fluoroscopy is mainly performed to view movement (of tissue or a contrast agent), or to guide a medical intervention, such as angioplasty, pacemaker insertion, or joint repair/replacement. The last can often be carried out in the operating
1077:
A radiopaque anatomical side marker is added to each image. For example, if the patient has their right hand x-rayed, the radiographer includes a radiopaque "R" marker within the field of the x-ray beam as an indicator of which hand has been imaged. If a physical marker is not included, the
692:(AAPM) have stated that the "risks of medical imaging at patient doses below 50 mSv for single procedures or 100 mSv for multiple procedures over short time periods are too low to be detectable and may be nonexistent." Other scientific bodies sharing this conclusion include the
1221:
Röntgen discovered X-rays' medical use when he made a picture of his wife's hand on a photographic plate formed due to X-rays. The photograph of his wife's hand was the first ever photograph of a human body part using X-rays. When she saw the picture, she said, "I have seen my death."
423:
Though CT uses a higher amount of ionizing x-radiation than diagnostic x-rays (both utilising X-ray radiation), with advances in technology, levels of CT radiation dose and scan times have reduced. CT exams are generally short, most lasting only as long as a breath-hold,
1319:
as well. Although a nonspecialist dictionary might define radiography quite narrowly as "taking X-ray images", this has long been only part of the work of "X-ray departments", radiographers, and radiologists. Initially, radiographs were known as roentgenograms, while
676:
X-ray source. This is determined by the area of the electron beam hitting the anode. A large photon source results in more blurring in the final image and is worsened by an increase in image formation distance. This blurring can be measured as a contribution to the
1120:
by capturing the electrons produced when the X-rays hit the detector. Direct detectors do not tend to experience the blurring or spreading effect caused by phosphorescent scintillators or by film screens since the detectors are activated directly by X-ray photons.
194:
and it is projected towards the object. A certain amount of the X-rays or other radiation are absorbed by the object, dependent on the object's density and structural composition. The X-rays that pass through the object are captured behind the object by a
1104:
adjacent to it to emit electrons. These electrons are then focused using electron lenses inside the intensifier to an output screen coated with phosphorescent materials. The image from the output can then be recorded via a camera and displayed.
1185:
discovered the X-ray and noted that, while it could pass through human tissue, it could not pass through bone or metal. Röntgen referred to the radiation as "X", to indicate that it was an unknown type of radiation. He received the first
290:
Since the body is made up of various substances with differing densities, ionising and non-ionising radiation can be used to reveal the internal structure of the body on an image receptor by highlighting these differences using
1010:
may be placed between the patient and the detector to reduce the quantity of scattered x-rays that reach the detector. This improves the contrast resolution of the image, but also increases radiation exposure for the patient.
697:
427:
are also often used, depending on the tissues needing to be seen. Radiographers perform these examinations, sometimes in conjunction with a radiologist (for instance, when a radiologist performs a CT-guided
315:. Some radiographers also specialise in image interpretation. Medical radiography includes a range of modalities producing many different types of image, each of which has a different clinical application.
356:
and capturing the resulting remnant beam (or "shadow") as a latent image is known as "projection radiography". The "shadow" may be converted to light using a fluorescent screen, which is then captured on
891:
Contrary to advice that emphasises only conducting radiographs when in the patient's interest, recent evidence suggests that they are used more frequently when dentists are paid under fee-for-service.
1264:
174:, or similar ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation to view the internal form of an object. Applications of radiography include medical ("diagnostic" radiography and "therapeutic") and
1096:
are analog devices that readily convert the acquired X-ray image into one visible on a video screen. This device is made of a vacuum tube with a wide input surface coated on the inside with
855:
In response to increased concern by the public over radiation doses and the ongoing progress of best practices, The
Alliance for Radiation Safety in Pediatric Imaging was formed within the
2267:
1193:
There are conflicting accounts of his discovery because Röntgen had his lab notes burned after his death, but this is a likely reconstruction by his biographers: Röntgen was investigating
1213:
1233:, on 11 January 1896, when he radiographed a needle stuck in the hand of an associate. On 14 February 1896, Hall-Edwards also became the first to use X-rays in a surgical operation.
621:
where many types of manufactured components can be examined to verify the internal structure and integrity of the specimen. Industrial
Radiography can be performed utilizing either
453:
tests. It is not projection radiography, as the X-rays are emitted in two narrow beams that are scanned across the patient, 90 degrees from each other. Usually the hip (head of the
479:
Fluoroscopy is a term invented by Thomas Edison during his early X-ray studies. The name refers to the fluorescence he saw while looking at a glowing plate bombarded with X-rays.
1248:
tested all of the discharge tubes in the physics laboratory and found that only the Pulyui tube produced X-rays. This was a result of Pulyui's inclusion of an oblique "target" of
688:
The dosage of radiation applied in radiography varies by procedure. For example, the effective dosage of a chest x-ray is 0.1 mSv, while an abdominal CT is 10 mSv. The
847:
Table in this section shows the recommended thickness of lead shielding in function of X-ray energy, from the
Recommendations by the Second International Congress of Radiology.
701:
1738:
956:. The resultant images from the radiograph (X-ray generator/machine) or CT scanner are correctly referred to as "radiograms"/"roentgenograms" and "tomograms" respectively.
2206:
218:
868:
693:
689:
4484:
4168:
883:(IAEA) of the United Nations have also been working in this area and have ongoing projects designed to broaden best practices and lower patient radiation dose.
836:
interaction. Thus there is a very small probability of no interaction over very large distances. The shielding of photon beam is therefore exponential (with an
4298:
860:
4310:
4638:
3363:
637:. X and gamma rays have the shortest wavelength and this property leads to the ability to penetrate, travel through, and exit various materials such as
3910:
3704:
2923:
4746:
2986:
2933:
1793:
4276:
3303:
2605:
1108:
Digital devices known as array detectors are becoming more common in fluoroscopy. These devices are made of discrete pixelated detectors known as
292:
2845:
252:
248:
4281:
2860:
2499:
2477:
1983:
1586:
705:
244:
2275:
3603:
2943:
2938:
1381:
2123:
497:
4122:
3016:
3001:
2870:
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4553:
4293:
4202:
3739:
3081:
2247:
880:
4132:
2061:
1880:
1615:
1518:
1491:
3857:
1742:
1690:
1286:
opened a radiographic laboratory in the United
Kingdom in 1896, before the dangers of ionizing radiation were discovered. Indeed,
4117:
4112:
3995:
2918:
2897:
2157:
1140:
712:(ACR), as well as multiple government agencies, indicate safety standards to ensure that radiation dosage is as low as possible.
446:
441:
2828:
4197:
4180:
2214:
1283:
856:
4558:
4405:
4305:
4288:
3729:
3163:
1129:
642:
554:, to make the structures of interest stand out visually from their background. Contrast agents are required in conventional
4684:
4538:
4137:
4012:
4004:
3903:
2948:
2913:
864:
709:
4795:
4729:
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125:
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4427:
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2991:
2958:
2928:
2892:
2598:
971:
361:, it may be captured by a phosphor screen to be "read" later by a laser (CR), or it may directly activate a matrix of
2865:
2396:
Oakley, PA; Harrison, DE (2020). X-Ray
Hesitancy: Patients' Radiophobic Concerns Over Medical X-rays. Dose-Response.
1739:"Optimal levels of radiation for patients – Pan American Health Organization – Organización Panamericana de la Salud"
4533:
4268:
4008:
3333:
3037:
2877:
2765:
1787:"World Health Organisation: Global Initiative on Radiation Safety in Healthcare Settings: Technical Meeting Report"
1534:
Schueler BA (July 2000). "The AAPM/RSNA physics tutorial for residents: general overview of fluoroscopic imaging".
1316:
585:
4774:
4442:
4432:
3762:
1182:
876:
630:
362:
353:
117:
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2567:
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559:
334:
324:
303:-rich bones). The discipline involving the study of anatomy through the use of radiographic images is known as
259:
208:
187:
55:
377:) especially lend themselves to projection radiography. It is a relatively low-cost investigation with a high
4712:
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4185:
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3534:
3508:
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3126:
3074:
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2855:
2591:
1187:
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609:
389:
body parts stems mostly from the fact that carbon has a very low X-ray cross section compared to calcium.
175:
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1631:
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4244:
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4046:
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3609:
3561:
3515:
3210:
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2643:
1931:
DeWerd LA, Wagner LK (January 1999). "Characteristics of radiation detectors for diagnostic radiology".
366:
329:
2882:
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4790:
4479:
4417:
4239:
3797:
3757:
3624:
3438:
3433:
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3200:
2803:
2735:
2668:
2438:
2184:
1361:
1109:
1066:
1058:
580:
Although not technically radiographic techniques due to not using X-rays, imaging modalities such as
304:
109:
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4614:
4437:
4173:
3877:
3819:
3802:
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398:
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2996:
2775:
2740:
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1258:
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658:
513:
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by using photo detectors that detect light emitted from a scintillator material such as CsI, or
2562:
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2135:
1165:
4563:
4528:
4523:
4464:
4212:
4061:
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3719:
3689:
3668:
3631:
3614:
3529:
3493:
3483:
3378:
3298:
3242:
3205:
3190:
3131:
3098:
3067:
3044:
2976:
2971:
2798:
2770:
2663:
2526:
2495:
2473:
2346:
2243:
2124:"Dual Energy CT Imaging for Suspected Pulmonary Embolism Using a Lower Dose of Contrast Agent"
2104:
2057:
2049:
2030:
1979:
1948:
1913:
1876:
1870:
1851:
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1582:
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1278:), from James Green & James H. Gardiner's "Sciagraphs of British Batrachians and Reptiles"
1245:
1226:
1030:
1007:
358:
239:
200:
183:
2558:
NIST's XAAMDI: X-Ray
Attenuation and Absorption for Materials of Dosimetric Interest Database
2237:
4501:
4390:
4249:
4021:
3973:
3539:
3524:
3401:
3276:
3232:
2760:
2638:
2518:
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2411:
2401:
2373:
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2094:
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2020:
2012:
1971:
1940:
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1831:
1603:
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1543:
1481:
1452:
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1312:
841:
506:
502:
458:
179:
2001:"A clinical audit of anatomical side marker use in a paediatric medical imaging department"
1569:
Quader MA, Sawmiller CJ, Sumpio BE (2000). "Radio
Contrast Agents: History and Evolution".
1547:
4599:
4051:
4017:
3990:
3985:
3919:
3867:
3812:
3673:
3658:
3641:
3581:
3576:
3520:
3498:
3195:
3141:
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3032:
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2750:
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2633:
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949:
935:
593:
551:
338:
204:
191:
133:
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of the material); doubling the thickness of shielding will square the shielding effect.
4741:
3699:
3653:
3466:
3396:
3215:
2416:
2099:
2078:
2025:
2000:
1694:
1457:
1433:"Radiation Doses of Various CT Protocols: a Multicenter Longitudinal Observation Study"
1432:
1356:
1237:
1202:
1097:
1078:
radiographer may add the correct side marker later as part of digital post-processing.
1050:
1020:
509:
342:
196:
1944:
1261:
obtained from Howard
Langill, a local photographer also interested in Röntgen's work.
648:
4828:
4373:
4342:
4330:
4325:
4083:
3978:
3782:
3571:
3566:
3428:
3368:
3271:
2808:
1325:
1062:
424:
96:
1764:
633:. The difference between various forms of electromagnetic energy is related to the
4756:
4609:
4604:
4511:
4335:
4320:
4254:
3847:
3787:
3772:
3598:
3323:
3173:
3158:
3104:
2850:
2745:
2658:
2648:
2487:
1836:
1819:
1677:
1411:
1406:
1292:
1206:
1194:
1170:
1136:
1101:
966:
are possible, and may be used in industrial radiography or research; these include
915:
663:
653:
638:
597:
450:
412:
403:
308:
282:
278:
151:
35:
1431:
Jang J, Jung SE, Jeong WK, Lim YS, Choi JI, Park MY, et al. (February 2016).
2460:
2364:
Ritchey B, Orban B (April 1953). "The Crests of the Interdental Alveolar Septa".
1578:
265:
17:
4679:
4234:
4066:
4056:
4036:
4026:
3968:
3963:
3646:
3591:
3488:
3343:
3318:
3136:
2699:
1975:
1448:
1304:
1296:
1287:
1253:
1198:
1178:
1038:
995:
987:
983:
975:
555:
533:
520:
492:
474:
312:
141:
137:
3734:
1244:'s design. In January 1896, on reading of Röntgen's discovery, Frank Austin of
1025:
Detectors can be divided into two major categories: imaging detectors (such as
4315:
4078:
4073:
4041:
3619:
3586:
3358:
3308:
3293:
3288:
3281:
3266:
3256:
2823:
2689:
2551:
2492:
Fundamentals of Computerized Tomography: Image Reconstruction from Projections
2341:
2324:
2090:
1875:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 210.
1308:
1241:
1230:
1034:
953:
634:
626:
529:
2406:
2377:
1295:
to be trained in and to adopt this new technology. Radiographers now perform
4642:
4578:
4031:
3807:
3549:
3544:
3408:
3386:
3261:
3225:
1610:(3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 3.
1391:
1054:
991:
979:
910:
589:
462:
378:
171:
129:
31:
2530:
2108:
2034:
1952:
1917:
1855:
1555:
1466:
2350:
1656:
Goldberg J (September–October 2018). "From the Spectral to the Spectrum".
4665:
3313:
3090:
2694:
2577:
967:
525:
1820:"First do no harm - The impact of financial incentives on dental X-rays"
50:
4694:
4097:
3792:
3252:
3220:
3113:
2818:
2509:
Yu SB, Watson AD (September 1999). "Metal-Based X-ray Contrast Media".
1846:
945:
568:
563:
300:
273:
2522:
4689:
2653:
2580:
The radiology information resource for patients: Radiography (X-rays)
2451:
2426:
2016:
1970:. Graduate Texts in Physics. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. 1–78.
1181:
can both be traced to 8 November 1895, when German physics professor
963:
622:
429:
296:
92:
2301:
899:
1328:
words for "shadow" and "writer") was used until about 1918 to mean
4716:
3927:
3888:
2628:
2614:
2545:
1263:
1212:
1164:
1160:
960:
920:
909:
904:
898:
647:
496:
454:
402:
349:
328:
217:
167:
113:
2239:
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen and the early history of the roentgen rays
1291:
When new diagnostic tests were developed, it was natural for the
2583:
1371:
1249:
832:
374:
370:
295:, or in the case of ionising radiation, the absorption of X-ray
3892:
3063:
2587:
1236:
The United States saw its first medical X-ray obtained using a
1716:
1100:(CsI). When hit by X-rays material phosphors which causes the
307:. Medical radiography acquisition is generally carried out by
121:
2468:
Shroy Jr RE (1995). "X-Ray equipment". In Bronzino JD (ed.).
1896:
Ranger NT (1999). "Radiation detectors in nuclear medicine".
1069:
equipment and procedures are effective on an ongoing basis).
532:), new vessel growth, and placement of catheters and stents.
2552:
Video on X-ray inspection and industrial computed tomography
2268:"'I Have Seen My Death': How the World Discovered the X-Ray"
3059:
1282:
X-rays were put to diagnostic use very early; for example,
550:
Contrast radiography uses a radiocontrast agent, a type of
27:
Imaging technique using ionizing and non-ionizing radiation
1486:(2nd ed.). Springfield: Charles C Thomas. p. 9.
698:
UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation
30:
For the medical specialty covering all imaging modes, see
1225:
The first use of X-rays under clinical conditions was by
704:. Nonetheless, radiological organizations, including the
1347:, shares its etymology with the original English term.
2400:(Report). Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency.
2325:"The first clinical X-ray made in America – 100 years"
1999:
Barry K, Kumar S, Linke R, Dawes E (September 2016).
2056:(4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
1678:
Lead Shielding Sheet Lead For Shielding Applications
1065:, and/or dose rate, for example, for verifying that
4783:
4755:
4711:
4660:
4637:
4627:
4592:
4509:
4500:
4351:
4267:
4227:
4146:
4105:
4096:
3940:
3926:
3750:
3688:
3449:
3377:
3332:
3241:
3112:
3097:
3025:
2957:
2906:
2791:
2784:
2723:
2682:
2621:
2207:"5 unbelievable things about X-rays you can't miss"
702:
International Commission on Radiological Protection
365:detectors (DR—similar to a very large version of a
272:
258:
238:
233:
147:
102:
85:
75:
63:
2427:"Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen and the Glimmer of Light"
2079:"Flat-panel detectors: how much better are they?"
588:are sometimes grouped in radiography because the
1510:Radiation Protection in Diagnostic X-Ray Imaging
1135:is where images are acquired using two separate
694:International Organization of Medical Physicists
348:The creation of images by exposing an object to
80:Interventional, Nuclear, Therapeutic, Paediatric
1966:Anwar K (2013). "Nuclear Radiation Detectors".
1333:
203:or a digital detector). The generation of flat
2568:NIST's FAST: Attenuation and Scattering Tables
2472:. CRC Press and IEEE Press. pp. 953–960.
1741:. New.paho.org. 24 August 2010. Archived from
1340:
869:American Association of Physicists in Medicine
690:American Association of Physicists in Medicine
449:, or bone densitometry, is used primarily for
3904:
3075:
2599:
8:
861:American Society of Radiologic Technologists
592:department of hospitals handle all forms of
311:, while image analysis is generally done by
43:
2563:NIST's XCOM: Photon Cross Sections Database
2335:(1). American Roentgen Ray Society: 241–3.
1717:"Radiation Safety in Adult Medical Imaging"
641:and other metals. Specific methods include
4634:
4516:
4506:
4102:
3946:
3937:
3911:
3897:
3889:
3364:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
3109:
3082:
3068:
3060:
2788:
2606:
2592:
2584:
2573:A lost industrial radiography source event
2554:, Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences
1691:"IG new: The Alliance | image gently"
875:adult population called Image Wisely. The
719:
49:
3705:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
2450:
2415:
2405:
2340:
2300:. Birmingham City Council. Archived from
2098:
2024:
1845:
1835:
1456:
4747:Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging
1872:The Essential Physics of Medical Imaging
1632:"Reducing Radiation from Medical X-rays"
1332:. The Japanese term for the radiograph,
1045:) and dose measurement devices (such as
596:. Treatment using radiation is known as
2185:"The Nobel Prizes in Physics 1901–2000"
1423:
656:, such as for these radiographs of the
182:, (where "body scanners" generally use
2261:
2259:
1548:10.1148/radiographics.20.4.g00jl301115
1092:As an alternative to X-ray detectors,
1082:Image intensifiers and array detectors
230:
42:
2242:. Norman Publishing. pp. 10–15.
2005:Journal of Medical Radiation Sciences
1910:10.1148/radiographics.19.2.g99mr30481
1268:1897 sciagraph (X-ray photograph) of
706:Radiological Society of North America
190:, a beam of X-rays is produced by an
58:of the knee in a modern X-ray machine
34:. For treatment using radiation, see
7:
3843:
3604:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
1799:from the original on 29 October 2013
1608:Fundamentals of Diagnostic Radiology
1382:List of civilian radiation accidents
3853:
2470:The Biomedical Engineering handbook
524:X-ray. Angiography is used to find
207:images by this technique is called
4554:Sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy
3740:Medical Scientist Training Program
1818:Chalkley M, Listl S (March 2018).
1765:"Radiation Protection of Patients"
1139:. This is the standard method for
1033:), now mostly replaced by various
881:International Atomic Energy Agency
25:
2329:American Journal of Roentgenology
2187:. Stockholm: The Nobel Foundation
1437:Journal of Korean Medical Science
1169:Taking an X-ray image with early
1147:to decrease the required dose of
178:. Similar techniques are used in
4809:
4808:
3872:
3862:
3852:
3842:
3833:
3832:
2398:Specific Safety Guide No. SSG-11
948:generally use X-rays created by
652:Radiography may also be used in
536:is often done with angiography.
442:Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry
436:Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry
4311:Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
3873:
2183:Karlsson EB (9 February 2000).
2048:Hendee WR, Ritenour ER (2002).
1284:Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton
857:Society for Pediatric Radiology
299:by the denser substances (like
222:A medical radiograph of a skull
4559:Radioactive iodine uptake test
3730:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
3164:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
1933:Applied Radiation and Isotopes
1837:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2017.12.005
1767:. Rpop.iaea.org. 14 March 2013
1483:Radiography in the Digital Age
1252:, used for holding samples of
1210:to affect the film behind it.
643:industrial computed tomography
381:yield. The difference between
352:or other high-energy forms of
1:
4539:Radionuclide ventriculography
4013:Lower gastrointestinal series
4005:Upper gastrointestinal series
2366:The Journal of Periodontology
2266:Markel H (20 December 2012).
2077:Seibert JA (September 2006).
1945:10.1016/S0969-8043(98)00044-X
1507:Seeram E, Brennan PC (2016).
959:A number of other sources of
952:, which generate X-rays from
925:A hand prepared to be X-rayed
865:American College of Radiology
710:American College of Radiology
4730:Optical coherence tomography
4652:Myocardial perfusion imaging
4240:Dental panoramic radiography
3710:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
3477:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
2425:Seliger HH (November 1995).
1693:. Pedrad.org. Archived from
1680:. Retrieved 7 December 2008.
1676:Alchemy Art Lead Products –
1604:"Diagnostic Imaging Methods"
1579:10.1007/978-1-4612-1190-7_63
1387:Medical imaging in pregnancy
1112:(TFT) which can either work
678:modulation transfer function
2323:Spiegel PK (January 1995).
2085:. 36 Suppl 2 (S2): 173–81.
1976:10.1007/978-3-642-38661-9_1
1824:Journal of Health Economics
1602:Brant WE, Helms CA (2007).
1449:10.3346/jkms.2016.31.S1.S24
1334:
1259:gelatin photographic plates
1201:screen painted with barium
940:In medicine and dentistry,
4851:
4534:Ventilation/perfusion scan
4009:Small-bowel follow-through
2878:X-Ray Fluorescence Imaging
2766:Anomalous X-ray scattering
2494:(2nd ed.). Springer.
2122:Cochrane Miller J (2015).
1317:magnetic resonance imaging
1177:Radiography's origins and
1158:
1085:
1057:used to measure the local
1018:
946:computed tomography images
933:
903:A plain radiograph of the
607:
558:, and can be used in both
543:
490:
472:
439:
396:
322:
29:
4804:
4775:Dynamic angiothermography
4519:
4443:Abdominal ultrasonography
3949:
3828:
2342:10.2214/ajr.164.1.7998549
2298:"Major John Hall-Edwards"
2091:10.1007/s00247-006-0208-0
1341:
877:World Health Organization
631:electromagnetic radiation
373:and some organs (such as
354:electromagnetic radiation
186:). To create an image in
48:
4765:Non-contact thermography
4544:Radionuclide angiography
4396:Doppler echocardiography
3664:Transplantation medicine
3555:Clinical neurophysiology
3472:Obstetric anesthesiology
3392:Interventional radiology
3152:Digestive system surgery
2705:Synchrotron light source
2407:10.1177/1559325820959542
2378:10.1902/jop.1953.24.2.75
2158:"History of Radiography"
1513:. Jones & Bartlett.
1367:Computer-aided diagnosis
1145:CT pulmonary angiography
942:projectional radiography
560:projectional radiography
335:projectional radiography
325:Projectional radiography
319:Projectional radiography
209:projectional radiography
188:conventional radiography
56:Projectional radiography
4549:Radioisotope renography
3535:Intensive care medicine
3509:Mass gathering medicine
3354:Maternal–fetal medicine
2724:Interaction with matter
2683:Sources and instruments
2164:. Iowa State University
2054:Medical Imaging Physics
1402:Radiation contamination
1088:X-ray image intensifier
680:of the imaging system.
619:non-destructive testing
4584:Gastric emptying study
3127:Cardiothoracic surgery
2856:Diffraction tomography
2548:Medical Image Database
1279:
1218:
1188:Nobel Prize in Physics
1183:Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
1174:
926:
918:
907:
859:. In concert with the
667:
615:Industrial radiography
610:Industrial radiography
604:Industrial radiography
517:
416:
407:Images generated from
369:in a digital camera).
345:
223:
176:industrial radiography
4245:X-ray motion analysis
4128:X-ray microtomography
4047:Hysterosalpingography
3954:Pneumoencephalography
3778:Personalized medicine
3637:Reproductive medicine
3562:Occupational medicine
3516:Evolutionary medicine
2967:X-ray crystallography
2836:Soft x-ray microscopy
2804:Panoramic radiography
2644:Synchrotron radiation
2461:10013/epic.43596.d001
2274:. PBS. Archived from
1571:Textbook of Angiology
1267:
1216:
1179:fluoroscopy's origins
1173:apparatus, late 1800s
1168:
1159:Further information:
1143:. It is also used in
1110:thin-film transistors
934:Further information:
924:
914:AP radiograph of the
913:
902:
651:
629:. Both are forms of
576:Other medical imaging
503:transverse projection
500:
406:
332:
221:
4770:Contact thermography
4480:Emergency ultrasound
4418:Transcranial Doppler
4169:Abdominal and pelvis
3798:Traditional medicine
3758:Alternative medicine
3625:Addiction psychiatry
3439:Transfusion medicine
3434:Medical microbiology
3349:Gynecologic oncology
3201:Reproductive surgery
2736:Photoelectric effect
2669:Characteristic X-ray
2304:on 28 September 2012
1869:Bushberg JT (2002).
1573:. pp. 775–783.
1362:Background radiation
1217:The first radiograph
1161:X-ray § History
1067:radiation protection
1043:flat panel detectors
540:Contrast radiography
528:, leaks, blockages (
501:Angiogram showing a
305:radiographic anatomy
4737:Confocal microscopy
4615:Indium-111 WBC scan
4438:Echoencephalography
4174:Virtual colonoscopy
3820:History of medicine
3803:Veterinary medicine
3610:Preventive medicine
3462:Adolescent medicine
3304:Infectious diseases
2756:Photodisintegration
2731:Rayleigh scattering
2710:Free-electron laser
2443:1995PhT....48k..25S
2217:on 24 December 2020
2162:NDT Resource Center
2134:(7). Archived from
2083:Pediatric Radiology
1830:(March 2018): 1–9.
1480:Carroll QB (2014).
1443:(Suppl 1): S24-31.
1397:Digital radiography
1301:computed tomography
1271:Pelophylax lessonae
1231:Birmingham, England
1190:for his discovery.
1047:ionization chambers
1027:photographic plates
972:linear accelerators
840:being close to the
725:peak voltages below
723:X-rays generated by
564:computed tomography
546:Radiocontrast agent
534:Balloon angioplasty
420:Computed tomography
415:image at upper left
409:computed tomography
399:Computed tomography
393:Computed tomography
213:computed tomography
45:
4725:Optical tomography
4574:Dacryoscintigraphy
4569:Immunoscintigraphy
4208:Whole body imaging
3959:Dental radiography
3768:Molecular oncology
3725:Doctor of Medicine
3715:Master of Medicine
3632:Radiation oncology
3504:Emergency medicine
3457:Addiction medicine
3424:Clinical chemistry
3419:Clinical pathology
3211:Transplant surgery
3169:Orthopedic surgery
3147:Colorectal surgery
2997:X-ray reflectivity
2776:X-ray fluorescence
2741:Compton scattering
2674:High-energy X-rays
2236:Glasser O (1993).
1659:Skeptical Inquirer
1280:
1219:
1175:
1149:iodinated contrast
1094:image intensifiers
1059:radiation exposure
927:
919:
908:
838:attenuation length
668:
518:
514:posterior cerebral
417:
346:
224:
4822:
4821:
4784:Target conditions
4707:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4623:
4622:
4564:Bone scintigraphy
4529:Scintimammography
4524:Cholescintigraphy
4369:contrast-enhanced
4263:
4262:
4223:
4222:
4213:Full-body CT scan
4113:General operation
4092:
4091:
4062:Angiocardiography
3886:
3885:
3720:Master of Surgery
3684:
3683:
3669:Tropical medicine
3615:Prison healthcare
3530:Hospital medicine
3494:Disaster medicine
3484:Aviation medicine
3299:Hospital medicine
3206:Surgical oncology
3191:Pediatric surgery
3185:
3132:Endocrine surgery
3057:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3045:X-ray lithography
2977:Backscatter X-ray
2972:X-ray diffraction
2799:X-ray radiography
2771:X-ray diffraction
2664:Siegbahn notation
2523:10.1021/cr980441p
2501:978-1-85233-617-2
2479:978-0-8493-8346-5
2278:on 20 August 2020
1985:978-3-642-38660-2
1588:978-1-4612-7039-3
1246:Dartmouth College
1227:John Hall-Edwards
1141:bone densitometry
1031:photographic film
1008:anti-scatter grid
830:
829:
728:Minimum thickness
359:photographic film
288:
287:
201:photographic film
184:backscatter X-ray
164:imaging technique
157:
156:
18:X-ray radiography
16:(Redirected from
4842:
4812:
4811:
4635:
4517:
4507:
4391:Echocardiography
4250:Hounsfield scale
4103:
4022:Cholecystography
3947:
3938:
3913:
3906:
3899:
3890:
3876:
3875:
3866:
3856:
3855:
3846:
3845:
3836:
3835:
3540:Medical genetics
3525:General practice
3402:Nuclear medicine
3277:Gastroenterology
3233:Vascular surgery
3183:
3110:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3061:
2883:X-ray holography
2789:
2761:Radiation damage
2608:
2601:
2594:
2585:
2534:
2511:Chemical Reviews
2505:
2483:
2464:
2454:
2452:10.1063/1.881456
2421:
2419:
2409:
2382:
2381:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2344:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2263:
2254:
2253:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2213:. Archived from
2203:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2128:Radiology Rounds
2119:
2113:
2112:
2102:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2028:
2017:10.1002/jmrs.176
1996:
1990:
1989:
1968:Particle Physics
1963:
1957:
1956:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1849:
1839:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1798:
1791:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1687:
1681:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1460:
1428:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1337:
1313:nuclear medicine
1029:and X-ray film (
986:sources such as
950:X-ray generators
887:Provider payment
842:radiation length
720:
268:
231:
180:airport security
106:
89:
53:
46:
21:
4850:
4849:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4818:
4800:
4779:
4751:
4699:
4685:PET mammography
4656:
4619:
4605:Gallium-67 scan
4600:Octreotide scan
4588:
4496:
4347:
4259:
4219:
4142:
4123:High-resolution
4088:
4052:Skeletal survey
4018:Cholangiography
3931:
3922:
3920:Medical imaging
3917:
3887:
3882:
3824:
3813:Chief physician
3746:
3691:
3680:
3674:Travel medicine
3659:Sports medicine
3642:Sexual medicine
3582:Palliative care
3577:Pain management
3521:Family medicine
3499:Diving medicine
3445:
3373:
3335:
3328:
3244:
3237:
3196:Plastic surgery
3142:General surgery
3122:Cardiac surgery
3103:
3101:
3093:
3088:
3058:
3049:
3033:X-ray astronomy
3021:
2953:
2902:
2888:X-ray telescope
2780:
2751:Photoionization
2719:
2715:X-ray nanoprobe
2678:
2634:Absorption edge
2622:Characteristics
2617:
2612:
2578:RadiologyInfo -
2542:
2537:
2508:
2502:
2486:
2480:
2467:
2424:
2395:
2391:
2389:Further reading
2386:
2385:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2322:
2321:
2317:
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2295:
2291:
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1494:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1377:Imaging science
1353:
1338:
1257:broken bone on
1163:
1157:
1127:
1090:
1084:
1075:
1051:Geiger counters
1023:
1017:
1004:
938:
936:X-ray generator
932:
897:
889:
853:
729:
724:
718:
708:(RSNA) and the
686:
673:
617:is a method of
612:
606:
578:
552:contrast medium
548:
542:
495:
489:
477:
471:
457:), lower back (
444:
438:
425:Contrast agents
401:
395:
339:X-ray generator
333:Acquisition of
327:
321:
264:
229:
205:two-dimensional
192:X-ray generator
134:ultrasonography
110:screening tests
104:
87:
69:Musculoskeletal
59:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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4778:
4777:
4772:
4767:
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4759:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4749:
4744:
4742:Endomicroscopy
4739:
4734:
4733:
4732:
4721:
4719:
4709:
4708:
4705:
4704:
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4700:
4698:
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4682:
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3800:
3795:
3790:
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3754:
3752:
3751:Related topics
3748:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3700:Medical school
3696:
3694:
3686:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3654:Sleep medicine
3651:
3650:
3649:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3601:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3518:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3467:Anesthesiology
3464:
3459:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3397:Neuroradiology
3394:
3383:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3340:
3338:
3334:Obstetrics and
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3249:
3247:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3218:
3216:Trauma surgery
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3179:Otolaryngology
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3118:
3116:
3107:
3105:subspecialties
3095:
3094:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3064:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2795:
2793:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2549:
2541:
2540:External links
2538:
2536:
2535:
2517:(9): 2353–78.
2506:
2500:
2484:
2478:
2465:
2422:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2356:
2315:
2289:
2255:
2249:978-0930405229
2248:
2228:
2198:
2175:
2149:
2138:on 10 May 2017
2114:
2069:
2062:
2040:
1991:
1984:
1958:
1923:
1904:(2): 481–502.
1888:
1881:
1861:
1810:
1778:
1756:
1745:on 25 May 2013
1730:
1719:. Image Wisely
1708:
1697:on 9 June 2013
1682:
1669:
1648:
1623:
1616:
1594:
1587:
1561:
1542:(4): 1115–26.
1526:
1519:
1499:
1492:
1472:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1357:Autoradiograph
1352:
1349:
1276:Rana Esculenta
1238:discharge tube
1203:platinocyanide
1156:
1153:
1126:
1123:
1098:caesium iodide
1086:Main article:
1083:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1021:X-ray detector
1019:Main article:
1016:
1013:
1003:
1000:
974:(linacs), and
931:
928:
896:
893:
888:
885:
852:
849:
828:
827:
824:
820:
819:
816:
812:
811:
808:
804:
803:
800:
796:
795:
792:
788:
787:
784:
780:
779:
776:
772:
771:
768:
764:
763:
760:
756:
755:
752:
748:
747:
744:
740:
739:
736:
732:
731:
726:
717:
714:
685:
684:Radiation dose
682:
672:
669:
608:Main article:
605:
602:
577:
574:
544:Main article:
541:
538:
491:Main article:
488:
485:
473:Main article:
470:
467:
440:Main article:
437:
434:
411:, including a
397:Main article:
394:
391:
323:Main article:
320:
317:
286:
285:
276:
270:
269:
262:
256:
255:
242:
236:
235:
228:
225:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
107:
100:
99:
97:bone fractures
90:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
65:
61:
60:
54:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4847:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4815:
4807:
4806:
4803:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4782:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4754:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4626:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4610:Ga-68-DOTATOC
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4591:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4499:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4423:Intravascular
4421:
4419:
4416:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4389:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4344:
4343:Synthetic MRI
4341:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4179:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4167:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4133:Electron beam
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4085:
4084:Orbital x-ray
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3980:
3979:Bronchography
3977:
3976:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3914:
3909:
3907:
3902:
3900:
3895:
3894:
3891:
3879:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3859:
3851:
3849:
3841:
3839:
3831:
3830:
3827:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3783:Public health
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3763:Allied health
3761:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3687:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3572:Oral medicine
3570:
3568:
3567:Ophthalmology
3565:
3563:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3429:Cytopathology
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3369:Urogynecology
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3331:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3272:Endocrinology
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3240:
3234:
3231:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3085:
3080:
3078:
3073:
3071:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2809:Tomosynthesis
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2639:Moseley's law
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2615:X-ray science
2609:
2604:
2602:
2597:
2595:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2437:(11): 25–31.
2436:
2432:
2431:Physics Today
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2360:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2319:
2316:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2232:
2229:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2186:
2179:
2176:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2070:
2065:
2063:9780471461135
2059:
2055:
2051:
2050:"Fluoroscopy"
2044:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2011:(3): 148–54.
2010:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1992:
1987:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1939:(1): 125–36.
1938:
1934:
1927:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1898:Radiographics
1892:
1889:
1884:
1882:9780683301182
1878:
1874:
1873:
1865:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1811:
1795:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1766:
1760:
1757:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1652:
1649:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1624:
1619:
1617:9780781761352
1613:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1595:
1590:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1536:Radiographics
1530:
1527:
1522:
1520:9781284117714
1516:
1512:
1511:
1503:
1500:
1495:
1493:9780398080976
1489:
1485:
1484:
1476:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1424:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1326:Ancient Greek
1323:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1293:radiographers
1289:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1137:tube voltages
1134:
1132:
1124:
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1119:
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1111:
1106:
1103:
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1044:
1040:
1037:devices like
1036:
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850:
848:
845:
843:
839:
834:
826:51.0 mm
825:
822:
821:
818:34.0 mm
817:
814:
813:
810:22.0 mm
809:
806:
805:
802:15.0 mm
801:
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790:
789:
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734:
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727:
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721:
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691:
683:
681:
679:
671:Image quality
670:
665:
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632:
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368:
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344:
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331:
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318:
316:
314:
310:
309:radiographers
306:
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91:
84:
81:
78:
74:
71:
70:
66:
62:
57:
52:
47:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4791:Acute stroke
4757:Thermography
4512:scintigraphy
4502:Radionuclide
4490:pre-hospital
4336:Tractography
4255:Radiodensity
4157:calcium scan
4118:Quantitative
3932:
3788:Rural health
3773:Nanomedicine
3324:Rheumatology
3255: /
3174:Hand surgery
3159:Neurosurgery
2907:Spectroscopy
2851:Ptychography
2785:Applications
2746:Auger effect
2649:Water window
2514:
2510:
2491:
2469:
2434:
2430:
2397:
2372:(2): 75–87.
2369:
2365:
2359:
2332:
2328:
2318:
2306:. Retrieved
2302:the original
2292:
2280:. Retrieved
2276:the original
2272:PBS NewsHour
2271:
2238:
2231:
2219:. Retrieved
2215:the original
2210:
2201:
2189:. Retrieved
2178:
2166:. Retrieved
2161:
2152:
2140:. Retrieved
2136:the original
2131:
2127:
2117:
2082:
2072:
2053:
2043:
2008:
2004:
1994:
1967:
1961:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1871:
1864:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1801:. Retrieved
1781:
1769:. Retrieved
1759:
1747:. Retrieved
1743:the original
1733:
1721:. Retrieved
1711:
1699:. Retrieved
1695:the original
1685:
1672:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1639:. Retrieved
1635:
1626:
1607:
1597:
1570:
1564:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1509:
1502:
1482:
1475:
1440:
1436:
1426:
1412:Thermography
1407:Radiographer
1330:radiographer
1329:
1321:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1235:
1224:
1220:
1207:Crookes tube
1195:cathode rays
1192:
1176:
1171:Crookes tube
1130:
1128:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1102:photocathode
1091:
1076:
1073:Side markers
1039:image plates
1024:
1005:
976:synchrotrons
958:
939:
916:lumbar spine
890:
873:
854:
846:
831:
794:9.0 mm
786:5.0 mm
778:4.0 mm
770:3.0 mm
762:2.5 mm
754:2.0 mm
746:1.5 mm
738:1.0 mm
687:
674:
657:
654:paleontology
639:carbon steel
613:
598:radiotherapy
579:
567:
549:
519:
481:
478:
461:), or heel (
459:lumbar spine
451:osteoporosis
445:
418:
386:
382:
347:
313:radiologists
289:
274:OPS-301 code
227:Medical uses
159:
158:
152:Radiographer
103:Significant
86:Significant
79:
76:Subdivisions
67:
40:
36:Radiotherapy
4835:Radiography
4680:Cardiac PET
4453:renal tract
4428:Gynecologic
4360:Techniques
4331:restriction
4306:Angiography
4289:Neurography
4235:Fluoroscopy
4181:Angiography
4162:angiography
4106:Techniques:
4067:Aortography
4057:Angiography
4037:Cystography
4027:Mammography
3969:Myelography
3964:Sialography
3933:radiography
3858:Wikiproject
3647:Venereology
3592:Neonatology
3489:Dermatology
3344:Gynaecology
3336:gynaecology
3319:Pulmonology
3137:Eye surgery
3099:Specialties
2700:Synchrotron
2191:24 November
1847:2066/190628
1792:. Who.int.
1641:9 September
1322:skiagrapher
1305:mammography
1297:fluoroscopy
1288:Marie Curie
1254:fluorescent
1242:Ivan Pulyui
1199:fluorescent
1133:radiography
1131:Dual-energy
1125:Dual-energy
984:radioactive
954:X-ray tubes
823:900 kV
815:600 kV
807:500 kV
799:400 kV
791:300 kV
783:225 kV
775:200 kV
767:175 kV
759:150 kV
751:125 kV
743:100 kV
569:contrast CT
556:angiography
521:Angiography
516:circulation
493:Angiography
487:Angiography
475:Fluoroscopy
469:Fluoroscopy
413:3D rendered
363:solid-state
293:attenuation
283:3–20...3–26
279:3–10...3–13
234:Radiography
160:Radiography
142:fluoroscopy
138:mammography
44:Radiography
4593:Full body:
4379:endoscopic
4353:Ultrasound
4282:functional
4079:Lymphogram
4074:Venography
4042:Arthrogram
3620:Psychiatry
3606:(PM&R)
3599:Phlebology
3587:Pediatrics
3414:Anatomical
3379:Diagnostic
3359:Obstetrics
3309:Nephrology
3294:Hematology
3289:Geriatrics
3282:Hepatology
3267:Cardiology
3257:Immunology
2959:Scattering
2824:Helical CT
2690:X-ray tube
2221:23 October
2142:5 February
1418:References
1324:(from the
1309:ultrasound
1114:indirectly
1055:dosimeters
1035:digitizing
998:are used.
980:gamma rays
867:, and the
735:75 kV
700:, and the
635:wavelength
627:gamma rays
530:thromboses
379:diagnostic
337:, with an
172:gamma rays
148:Specialist
4796:Pregnancy
4675:Brain PET
4643:gamma ray
4579:DMSA scan
4433:Obstetric
4326:diffusion
4321:Sequences
4299:perfusion
4191:Pulmonary
4138:Cone beam
4032:Pyelogram
3808:Physician
3692:education
3550:Neurology
3545:Narcology
3409:Pathology
3387:Radiology
3262:Angiology
3226:Andrology
2488:Herman GT
1803:16 August
1771:16 August
1749:16 August
1723:16 August
1701:16 August
1392:Radiation
1015:Detectors
968:betatrons
895:Equipment
851:Campaigns
716:Shielding
659:Darwinius
590:radiology
526:aneurysms
463:calcaneum
130:bone scan
32:Radiology
4829:Category
4814:Category
4666:positron
4186:Coronary
3838:Category
3314:Oncology
3245:medicine
3243:Internal
3091:Medicine
2695:Betatron
2531:11749484
2490:(2009).
2282:27 April
2168:27 April
2109:16862412
2035:27648278
1953:10028632
1918:10194791
1856:29408150
1794:Archived
1556:10903700
1467:26908984
1351:See also
1335:rentogen
1197:using a
1118:directly
730:of lead
566:(called
507:vertebro
343:detector
240:ICD-9-CM
199:(either
197:detector
88:diseases
4713:Optical
4695:PET-MRI
4475:Carotid
4470:Scrotal
4364:doppler
4294:Cardiac
4203:Thyroid
4147:Targets
4098:CT scan
3878:Outline
3848:Commons
3793:Therapy
3690:Medical
3253:Allergy
3221:Urology
3114:Surgery
3038:History
2792:Imaging
2439:Bibcode
2417:7503016
2351:7998549
2211:vix.com
2100:2663651
2026:5016612
1636:FDA.gov
1458:4756338
1155:History
964:photons
930:Sources
662:fossil
594:imaging
510:basilar
505:of the
301:calcium
297:photons
266:D011859
4690:PET-CT
4465:Breast
4460:Rectal
4384:duplex
4316:Breast
4153:Heart
3868:Portal
3735:MD–PhD
3026:Others
2987:GISAXS
2659:L-edge
2654:K-edge
2546:MedPix
2529:
2498:
2476:
2414:
2349:
2308:17 May
2246:
2107:
2097:
2060:
2033:
2023:
1982:
1951:
1916:
1879:
1854:
1614:
1585:
1554:
1517:
1490:
1465:
1455:
1274:(then
1205:and a
1053:, and
978:. For
863:, the
696:, the
623:X-rays
430:biopsy
350:X-rays
341:and a
168:X-rays
166:using
162:is an
93:Cancer
64:System
4717:Laser
4639:SPECT
4448:renal
4277:Brain
4228:Other
3928:X-ray
3450:Other
3017:EDXRD
2939:XANES
2934:EXAFS
2924:ARPES
2871:3DXRD
2629:X-ray
1797:(PDF)
1790:(PDF)
1342:レントゲン
994:, or
961:X-ray
905:elbow
455:femur
375:lungs
211:. In
114:X-ray
105:tests
4485:FAST
4198:Head
3002:RIXS
2992:WAXS
2982:SAXS
2893:DFXM
2861:XDCT
2846:STXM
2841:XPCI
2829:XACT
2527:PMID
2496:ISBN
2474:ISBN
2347:PMID
2310:2012
2284:2013
2244:ISBN
2223:2017
2193:2011
2170:2013
2144:2018
2105:PMID
2058:ISBN
2031:PMID
1980:ISBN
1949:PMID
1914:PMID
1877:ISBN
1852:PMID
1805:2013
1773:2013
1751:2013
1725:2013
1703:2013
1666:(5).
1643:2018
1612:ISBN
1583:ISBN
1552:PMID
1515:ISBN
1488:ISBN
1463:PMID
1372:GXMO
1315:and
1250:mica
1063:dose
1002:Grid
944:and
879:and
833:Lead
584:and
562:and
512:and
447:DEXA
387:hard
385:and
383:soft
371:Bone
260:MeSH
253:88.6
249:88.0
4662:PET
4630:ECT
4628:3D/
4510:2D/
4411:ICE
4406:TEE
4401:TTE
4269:MRI
4000:DXR
3996:DXA
3991:KUB
3986:AXR
3974:CXR
3184:ENT
3102:and
3007:XRS
2949:XFH
2944:EDS
2929:AES
2919:XPS
2914:XAS
2898:DXA
2866:DCT
2814:CDI
2519:doi
2457:hdl
2447:doi
2412:PMC
2402:doi
2374:doi
2337:doi
2333:164
2095:PMC
2087:doi
2021:PMC
2013:doi
1972:doi
1941:doi
1906:doi
1842:hdl
1832:doi
1575:doi
1544:doi
1453:PMC
1445:doi
1240:of
1229:in
1041:or
1006:An
664:Ida
625:or
586:MRI
582:PET
572:).
432:).
367:CCD
126:PET
122:MRI
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4374:3D
3942:2D
3523:/
3012:XS
2819:CT
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2515:99
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2455:.
2445:.
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2433:.
2429:.
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2370:24
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2003:.
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1947:.
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1049:,
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992:Co
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988:Ir
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645:.
600:.
281:,
247:,
245:87
170:,
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132:,
128:,
124:,
120:,
118:CT
116:,
112:,
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4664:(
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4020:/
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