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1995:
1985:
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40:
49:
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PARC's developments in information technology served for a long time as standards for much of the computing industry. Many advancements made at the center were not equaled or surpassed for two decades. Xerox PARC has been the inventor and incubator of many elements of modern computing, including:
652:
Xerox has been heavily criticized, particularly by business historians, for failing to properly commercialize and profitably exploit PARC's innovations. Xerox management failed to see the global potential of many of PARC's inventions, but this was mostly a problem with its computing research, a
288:
Unlike Xerox's existing research laboratory in
Rochester, New York, which focused on refining and expanding the company's copier business, Goldman's "Advanced Scientific & Systems Laboratory" aimed to pioneer new technologies in advanced physics, materials science, and computer science
402:
in April 2023. As part of the deal, Xerox would keep most of the patent rights inside PARC, and benefit from a preferred research agreement with SRI/PARC. On
January 18, 2024, SRI announced the research group from the PARC will become its Future Concepts division.
664:
workstation (with office software called Star) by the Xerox
Systems Development Department. It heavily influenced future system design, but was deemed a failure because Xerox only sold about 25,000 units of the computer. A small group from PARC led by
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After three decades as a division of Xerox, PARC was transformed in 2002 into an independent, wholly owned subsidiary company dedicated to developing and maturing advances in science and business concepts.
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2401:
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2406:
539:. These developments unified into a single model most aspects of now-standard personal computers use. The integration of Ethernet into the computer prompted the development of the
339:, afforded scientists at the new lab great freedom in their work, but it increased the difficulty of persuading management of the promise of some of their greatest achievements.
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559:. Its functionality depends on the user's location, by receiving location-specific information via infrared sensors from gateway nodes installed in a particular location.
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1028:
887:
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2376:
935:
1405:
1999:
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In 2002, Xerox spun off Palo Alto
Research Center Incorporated as a wholly owned subsidiary. In late April of 2023, Xerox announced the donation of the lab to
1523:
1306:
2416:
726:
said that "Xerox could have owned the entire computer industry, could have been the IBM of the nineties, could have been the
Microsoft of the nineties."
677:. Metaphor Computer Systems extended the Star desktop concept into an animated graphic and communicating office-automation model and sold the company to
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graduate students to be involved in PARC research projects and PARC scientists to collaborate with academic seminars and projects.
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637:
625:
1909:
1743:
511:
2311:
757:
833:." PARC. Retrieved on November 11, 2010. "PARC (Palo Alto Research Center) 3333 Coyote Hill Road Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA"
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technology, and laser printing were actively and successfully introduced by Xerox to the business and consumer markets.
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Much of PARC's early success in the computer field was under the leadership of its
Computer Science Laboratory manager
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846:
505:
501:
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1054:"SRI announces its new Future Concepts division — and a renewed focus for the PARC campus that draws on its heritage"
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321:
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On July 1, 1970, the Xerox Palo Alto
Research Center opened. Its 3,000-mile distance from Xerox headquarters in
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1984:
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1989:
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566:. Xerox designed the similar and larger PARCPad. Both devices were developed around the same time as the
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1978:
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Xerox PARC has been foundational to numerous revolutionary computer developments, including
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In its early years, PARC's West Coast location helped it hire many employees of the nearby
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has said that the Xerox graphical interface has notably influenced
Microsoft and Apple.
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2018:
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The Dream
Machine: J.C.R. Licklider and the Revolution That Made Computing Personal
471:, a resolution-independent graphical page-description language and the precursor to
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1954:
1934:
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223:
1347:
Fumbling the Future: How Xerox
Invented, Then Ignored, the First Personal Computer
1237:
Fumbling the Future: How Xerox Invented, then Ignored, the First Personal Computer
520:, an aspect-oriented programming (AOP) extension for the Java programming language
304:
234:, tasked with creating computer technology-related products and hardware systems.
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Xerox PARC became the first research group to widely adopt the mouse invented by
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architecture, which is structured much like the modern Internet's architecture.
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39:
1029:"As Xerox PARC Turns 47, The Lesson Learned Is That Business Models Matter"
888:"As Xerox PARC Turns 47, The Lesson Learned Is That Business Models Matter"
843:
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The PARCTab is an experimental mobile computer as an early experiment in
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2070:
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Xerox announced that it would donate the lab and its related assets to
1463:
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Most of these developments were included in the Alto, which added the
1600:
660:(GUI), initially developed at PARC for the Alto and then sold as the
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Dealers of Lightning: Xerox PARC and the Dawn of the Computer Age
1084:
608:(ACM) Software System Award recognized the Alto system in 1984,
388:
354:
2014:
1512:
936:"Xerox PARC turns 40: Marking four decades of tech innovations"
1832:
678:
1406:
Xerox PARC turns 40: Making four decades of tech innovation
504:(the second most popular inheritance model in OOP) in the
2010:
1420:
379:
Work at PARC since the early 1980s includes advances in
2357:
Software companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
1080:"The Xerox Alto Struts Its Stuff on Its 40th Birthday"
963:"Xerox Gives Legendary PARC Lab to SRI International"
349:(ARC) as that facility's funding began reducing from
332:, about starting a second research center for Xerox.
2402:
Science and technology in the San Francisco Bay Area
163:
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1210:"Lynn Conway | The National Inventors Hall of Fame"
158:
133:
117:
109:
91:
81:
58:
1307:"Bill Gates credits Xerox, not Apple, for Windows"
806:"Jacob Goldman, Founder of Xerox Lab, Dies at 90"
2372:Computer science institutes in the United States
1438:Oral history interview with Terry Allen Winograd
920:PARC, Palo Alto Research Center ... and Ethernet
491:inheritance, the most popular OOP model) in the
1451:Oral history interview with Paul A. Strassmann
1235:Douglas K. Smith; Robert C. Alexander (1988).
844:driving & public transportation directions
584:PARC's distinguished researchers include four
2407:Research and development in the United States
2026:
1524:
8:
1464:Oral history interview with William Crowther
653:relatively small part of PARC's operations.
32:
2382:Research organizations in the United States
988:"Jack Goldman, Founder of Xerox PARC, Dies"
2278:
2159:
2104:
2033:
2019:
2011:
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1812:
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1531:
1517:
1509:
956:
954:
47:
38:
31:
799:
797:
2392:Technology companies established in 1970
2387:Companies based in Palo Alto, California
910:
908:
873:." PARC. Retrieved on November 11, 2010.
853:." PARC. Retrieved on November 11, 2010.
2397:Software companies of the United States
2377:Computer science research organizations
1345:Douglas K. Smith, Robert C. Alexander,
930:
928:
793:
555:or UbiComp. Its appearance resembles a
2093:John Visentin (vice chairman​ and CEO)
1140:from the original on December 17, 2023
498:and integrated development environment
2352:History of human–computer interaction
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
7:
1288:"How to avoid the 'competency trap'"
975:from the original on April 25, 2023.
881:
879:
632:in 2004 for their work on the Alto.
1261:"Milestones, PARC, a Xerox company"
771:List of people associated with PARC
684:Several GUI engineers left to join
656:One notable example of this is the
606:Association for Computing Machinery
580:List of people associated with PARC
562:It has a touch screen, stylus, and
452:windows and icons, operated with a
961:Savitz, Eric J. (April 24, 2023).
804:John Markoff (December 21, 2011).
330:Washington University in St. Louis
25:
2417:1970 establishments in California
946:spun off by Xerox in January 2002
704:(LCD), some major innovations in
485:object-oriented programming (OOP)
53:Aerial view of Xerox PARC in 2020
2069:
1994:
1993:
1983:
1305:Fried, Ina (February 27, 2017).
750:
736:
696:. Technologies pioneered by its
480:as a local-area computer network
1428:Xerox Star Historical Documents
1189:Homepage of Matthias Rauterberg
1160:"Xerox PARCTab Prototype - PDA"
638:National Inventors Hall of Fame
626:National Academy of Engineering
18:Xerox Palo Alto Research Center
1286:Robson, David (June 9, 2020).
1:
2126:Defunct, divested or acquired
758:San Francisco Bay Area portal
662:Xerox 8010 Information System
312:In 1969, Goldman talked with
1105:Augmentation Research Center
347:Augmentation Research Center
279:very-large-scale integration
222:. It was founded in 1969 by
200:SRI Future Concepts Division
1239:. William Morrow & Co.
1109:Stanford Research Institute
783:(a.k.a. Xerox Windows 6085)
624:, and Thacker received the
502:Prototype-based programming
385:aspect-oriented programming
259:object-oriented programming
2433:
1351:William Morrow and Company
630:Charles Stark Draper Prize
577:
528:
322:nuclear magnetic resonance
2281:
2107:
2067:
1967:
1736:Graphical user interfaces
1467:Charles Babbage Institute
1454:Charles Babbage Institute
1441:Charles Babbage Institute
675:Metaphor Computer Systems
574:Distinguished researchers
204:Palo Alto Research Center
180:/future-concepts-division
68:(1970–2002, 2024–present)
46:
37:
658:graphical user interface
446:graphical user interface
251:graphical user interface
216:research and development
2133:Scientific Data Systems
1471:University of Minnesota
1458:University of Minnesota
1445:University of Minnesota
620:in 1994. Lampson, Kay,
564:handwriting recognition
224:Jacob E. "Jack" Goldman
2090:Keith Cozza (chairman)
1495:37.40278°N 122.14861°W
1117:Menlo Park, California
944:. September 20, 2010.
702:liquid-crystal display
636:was recognized by the
424:
416:
363:Stanford Research Park
309:
196:
97:; 54 years ago
2291:Xerox Network Systems
1744:Model–view–controller
1408:" Computerworld, 2010
1363:M. Mitchell Waldrop,
618:remote procedure call
541:PARC Universal Packet
514:software architecture
512:Model–view–controller
422:
414:
361:. By leasing land at
307:
226:, chief scientist of
220:Palo Alto, California
194:
123:Palo Alto, California
1979:Open-source software
1542:programming language
1500:37.40278; -122.14861
1327:Michael A. Hiltzik,
1089:. November 15, 2017.
1087:.org (IEEE Spectrum)
698:materials scientists
553:Ubiquitous Computing
508:programming language
496:programming language
381:ubiquitous computing
273:) applications, the
263:ubiquitous computing
2412:Corporate spin-offs
2362:Technology transfer
2138:Diablo Data Systems
1491: /
437:Computer-generated
367:Stanford University
337:Rochester, New York
230:, as a division of
34:
1371:, New York, 2001)
1353:, New York, 1988)
1335:, New York, 1999)
1060:. January 18, 2024
986:McMillan, Robert.
869:2014-08-08 at the
849:2014-08-29 at the
829:2014-08-23 at the
810:The New York Times
776:PowerCloud Systems
598:Charles P. Thacker
425:
417:
310:
308:Xerox PARC in 1977
197:
2367:Flexible displays
2334:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2305:Operating systems
2275:Software products
2270:
2269:
2156:Hardware products
2151:
2150:
2008:
2007:
1963:
1962:
1905:
1904:
1757:
1756:
1700:
1699:
1579:Dolphin Smalltalk
1387:Tools for Thought
1164:Computing History
1134:Buxton Collection
1113:SRI International
1101:Douglas Engelbart
1058:SRI International
616:in 1992, and the
465:modal text editor
400:SRI International
294:SRI International
271:amorphous silicon
247:personal computer
228:Xerox Corporation
189:
188:
149:SRI International
95:July 1, 1970
16:(Redirected from
2424:
2279:
2203:Xerox 500 series
2160:
2105:
2073:
2056:Joseph C. Wilson
2035:
2028:
2021:
2012:
1997:
1996:
1987:
1945:Trygve Reenskaug
1930:Mark P. McCahill
1864:L. Peter Deutsch
1854:
1813:
1669:Pocket Smalltalk
1648:Little Smalltalk
1563:
1554:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1424:
1423:
1421:Official website
1404:Todd R. Weiss, "
1382:Howard Rheingold
1315:
1314:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1263:. Archived from
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1250:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1185:"History of HCI"
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746:
744:Companies portal
741:
740:
739:
640:for her work on
365:, it encouraged
320:specializing in
267:electronic paper
255:desktop paradigm
184:
181:
179:
177:
175:
173:
168:
165:
113:Jacob E. Goldman
105:
103:
98:
51:
42:
35:
27:American company
21:
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2326:
2300:
2266:
2245:
2213:
2207:
2190:
2184:
2147:
2121:
2096:
2074:
2065:
2061:Chester Carlson
2044:
2039:
2009:
2004:
1982:
1959:
1925:Julian Lombardi
1901:
1845:
1802:
1784:
1753:
1730:
1718:Croquet Project
1706:Virtual reality
1696:
1627:
1558:Implementations
1543:
1537:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1433:MacKiDo article
1419:
1418:
1415:
1324:
1322:Further reading
1319:
1318:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1270:
1268:
1267:on July 2, 2013
1259:
1258:
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1247:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1219:
1217:
1216:. June 17, 2024
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1094:
1078:
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1052:
1051:
1047:
1037:
1035:
1027:Viki, Tendayi.
1026:
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1002:
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980:
960:
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952:
934:
933:
926:
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913:
906:
896:
894:
886:Viki, Tendayi.
885:
884:
877:
871:Wayback Machine
861:
857:
851:Wayback Machine
841:
837:
831:Wayback Machine
821:
817:
803:
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735:
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650:
628:'s prestigious
602:Robert Metcalfe
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2286:Bravo (editor)
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2023:
2015:
2006:
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2003:
1973:= discontinued
1968:
1965:
1964:
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1876:
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1869:Adele Goldberg
1866:
1860:
1858:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1835:
1830:
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1823:Cincom Systems
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1414:
1413:External links
1411:
1410:
1409:
1402:
1379:
1369:Viking Penguin
1361:
1343:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1297:
1278:
1252:
1246:978-0688069599
1245:
1227:
1214:www.invent.org
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1955:Larry Tesler
1935:Andreas Raab
1915:Gilad Bracha
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1269:. Retrieved
1265:the original
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1213:
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1194:December 17,
1192:. Retrieved
1188:
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1167:. Retrieved
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1142:. Retrieved
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1032:
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991:
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916:"Xerox PARC"
895:. Retrieved
891:
858:
838:
818:
809:
710:
706:optical disc
700:such as the
683:
671:Charles Irby
667:David Liddle
655:
651:
604:(2022). The
600:(2009), and
586:Turing Award
583:
568:Apple Newton
561:
550:
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450:skeuomorphic
448:, featuring
426:
407:Developments
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311:
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287:
277:, and VLSI (
236:
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199:
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118:Headquarters
59:Company type
29:
2191:and servers
1950:David Smith
1894:David Ungar
1889:Diana Merry
1879:Ted Kaehler
1874:Dan Ingalls
1837:Object Arts
1790:Workstation
1724:Open Cobalt
1623:VisualWorks
1597:Smalltalk/X
1498: /
1486:122°08′55″W
1064:February 2,
722:co-founder
714:co-founder
688:to work on
634:Lynn Conway
489:class-based
314:George Pake
218:company in
145:(1970–2023)
74:(2002–2024)
2341:Categories
2296:Interpress
2250:Prototypes
2231:Xerox 9700
2226:Xerox 2700
2143:Fuji Xerox
2112:Xerox PARC
1920:Urs Hölzle
1841:Xerox PARC
1798:Xerox Alto
1768:GemStone/S
1690:Strongtalk
1585:GemStone/S
1483:37°24′10″N
1038:October 4,
897:August 13,
788:References
766:GlobalView
724:Steve Jobs
720:Apple Inc.
716:Bill Gates
622:Bob Taylor
531:Xerox Alto
473:PostScript
469:Interpress
415:Xerox Alto
374:Bob Taylor
357:, and the
212:Xerox PARC
202:(formerly
102:1970-07-01
72:Subsidiary
2257:NoteTaker
2221:Xerox 914
2101:Divisions
2083:Directors
2080:Corporate
1857:Designers
1808:Community
1709:platforms
1618:Smalltalk
1616:VisualAge
1540:Smalltalk
1392:MIT Press
1130:"PARCtab"
1005:March 30,
1000:1059-1028
712:Microsoft
694:Macintosh
614:InterLisp
612:in 1987,
610:Smalltalk
588:winners:
493:Smalltalk
318:physicist
178:/research
2317:Xerox OS
2312:UTS/CP-V
2262:Dynabook
2241:DocuTech
2212:Scanners
2180:Daybreak
2049:Founders
2000:Category
1910:Lars Bak
1884:Alan Kay
1828:Gemstone
1816:Business
1762:AIDA/Web
1682:StepTalk
1655:Newspeak
1641:F-Script
1633:Dialects
1549:Software
1394:, 2000)
1271:June 14,
1220:June 17,
1138:Archived
973:Archived
968:Barron's
867:Archived
847:Archived
827:Archived
730:See also
644:(2023).
596:(2003),
594:Alan Kay
592:(1992),
478:Ethernet
441:graphics
423:PARC Tab
269:, a-Si (
243:Ethernet
82:Industry
66:Division
1970:Italics
1779:Seaside
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1107:at the
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673:formed
547:PARCTab
518:AspectJ
463:WYSIWYG
326:provost
300:History
249:, GUI (
214:) is a
159:Website
110:Founder
100: (
92:Founded
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2236:Phaser
1850:People
1601:Squeak
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648:Legacy
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1115:) in
1111:(now
992:Wired
459:Bravo
454:mouse
351:DARPA
232:Xerox
143:Xerox
2175:Star
2170:Alto
1990:Book
1977:° =
1721:° →
1675:Self
1396:ISBN
1373:ISBN
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1273:2010
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1222:2024
1196:2023
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1085:IEEE
1066:2024
1040:2019
1007:2023
996:ISSN
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692:and
690:Lisa
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525:Alto
506:Self
444:The
389:IPv6
355:NASA
324:and
316:, a
285:.
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176:.com
174:.sri
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128:U.S.
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2117:ACS
1833:IBM
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557:PDA
344:SRI
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